Tanzania Country Level Knowledge Network
Exploiting the Potentials of the National Information and Communication Technology Broadband Backbone (NICTBB) in Tanzania.
A Study Report
By
Eng. August B. Kowero
July 2012
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank all the friendly and cooperative assistance I received from ESRF, Tanzania
Online (TO) and Tanzania Knowledge Network (TAKNET) M/s Margareth Nzuki; and
Tanzania Global Learning Agency (TaGLa), Clknet Project staff supported by African
Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF), my long time colleagues Mr Masegese Kamulika;
Mr Jeremiah Mchomvu and others for their assistance in the preparation of this research document.
Special gratitude and sincere thanks are due to Hon. Minister for Education and Vocational
Education Dr J. S. Kawambwa (MP) for his attention, constructive criticism and encouragement.
My thanks should also go to the higher authorities from the Ministry of Communication
Science and Technology (MCST) for their guidance and cooperation.
Lastly, I would also like to thank all my friends from TCRA, NIDA, RITA TRA, TIC, both fixed and mobile operators, for their unwavering support to make sure I get all the information needed within their reach.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This research paper was carried out between June-July 2012 by CLKnet with support of
African Capacity Building and the government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Tanzania Global Learning Agency (TGLA) aimed at the findings out reasons for the underutilization of the NICTBB. The Government of Tanzania spend over 250 billion in investment of this national fiber optic; however, despite of the effort done by the government of Tanzania still the NICTBB is not being fully utilized to its full potential. The backbone is currently operating at less than 10% of its installed capacity and even lower at its design capacity.
The study was conducted mainly at three groups, 36 respondents from general consumers (ordinary user and big users), 5 respondents from government officials and the remaining 9 respondents were from service providers (operators) making a total of
50 respondents.
Based on the comprehensive field study, the researcher framed major observations, findings, list out the major gaps, developed outlines to address the major challenges facing NICTBB in leading to underutilization. Due to uncertain political decisions environments, operators are likely to favor investments in scalable wireless networks instead of fiber-optic networks (which have high fixed, sunk costs) or at their own infrastructure. This uncertainty limits the extent to which operators are willing to invest in high-capacity infrastructure that could then be used to consolidate traffic and reduce average costs. These risks can be reduced by building confidence in the regulatory
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process and mitigated by using instruments such as partial risk guarantees by sharing backbone network infrastructure, builders of backbone networks can reduce costs and so make such investments more commercially viable.
There is a need for the government to regulate the connectivity prices through TCRA, to make it affordable to the large number of users. The government should make provisions of providing free access to education and research institutions; there is a need to come up with a framework on the utilization of the National ICT policy which will act as template guidance to the stakeholders to use NICTBB. Stakeholders should keep on stirring the agenda in NICTBB in order to make it louder voices and create impact using awareness in the society leading to reduce digital divide. The ministries like
MOFEA, MOEVT should join forces in the knowledge generation and sharing agenda as it is the key stakeholder when it comes to the production of the intellectual nation.
The Government should establish an independent Agency to manage, administer and operate the National ICT Backbone instead of running it under TTCL,
The NICTBB should operate under Open Access Framework to enable many potential users countrywide to take advantage of the infrastructure. There was general outcry that the NICTBB should be managed by impartial transparent stakeholders when doing key decisions but not on daily operations, maybe the ICT Commission to be in operation soon which was long overdue,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iv
LIST OF TABLES ...... viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... ix
CHAPTER ONE ...... 1
INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 Introduction ...... 1
1.2 Overview of Tanzania ...... 2
1.3. Statement of the Problem ...... 6
1.4 Objective of the study ...... 8
1.5 Rationale for the NICTBB Project ...... 8
CHAPTER TWO ...... 11
LITERATURE REVIEWS ...... 11
2.1 Introduction ...... 11
2.2 ICT Overview in Tanzania ...... 11
2.2.1 Legal and Regulation of the Communications Sector ...... 12
2.2.2 Facilitation of National Economic Development ...... 13
2.2.3 To Fulfill the Increasing Demands to Information Services ...... 14
2.2.4 Necessity to Develop the High Speed Broadband Transmission ...... 14
2.2.5 To efficiently exploit the benefits from the Submarine Cable Projects ...... 15
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2.3 Infrastructure Fiber-optic cables ...... 16
2.3.1 Backbone networks in India ...... 17
2.3.2 Backbone networks Japan ...... 17
2.3.4 Backbone networks Kenya ...... 17
2.4.1 The Economic Impact of Backbone Networks ...... 18
2.4.2 Policies to Improve the Development of Backbone Networks ...... 18
2.4 3 Create an Enabling Environment for Competition in Infrastructure and Services
...... 19
2.5 Building of the National ICT Infrastructure in Tanzania ...... 20
2.5.1 MODEL of Building NICTBB in Tanzania ...... 23
2.5.2 Characteristics of NICTBB in Tanzania ...... 24
2.5.3 Best practise of the Tanzania model ...... 24
2.5.4 Advantages of NICTBB in Tanzania ...... 25
CHAPTER THREE ...... 27
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Introduction ...... 27
3.2 General Study Methodology ...... 27
3.3 Client Participation ...... 29
3.4 Specific Study Methodology ...... 29
3.5 Selected Areas and Persons to be interviewed...... 30
3.5.1 Population of the Study ...... 30
3.4 The Sample Size and Sampling Strategy ...... 30
3.4.1 The Sample ...... 30
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3.4.2 Sampling Techniques ...... 31
3.4.2.1 Purposive Sampling Technique ...... 31
3.4.2.2 Random Sampling ...... 32
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 33
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 33
4.1 Introduction ...... 33
4.1.2 Study and Response Rate...... 33
4.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Total respondents ...... 34
4.2.1 Age of Respondents ...... 34
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents ...... 35
4.2.3 Educational level of Respondents...... 36
4.2.4 Working status of the Respondents ...... 37
4.3.1 Use of computer ...... 38
4.3.2 Awareness of ICT usage ...... 38
4.3.3 Awareness about NICTBB ...... 39
4.3.4 Sources of information: ...... 40
4.3.5 Conducive and Relevant of NICTBB in the organization ...... 41
4.3.6 Type of communication media available in the organization ...... 42
4.3.7 Currently connected to NICCB ...... 43
4.3.8 Plan to build a Fibre Optic Infrastructure ...... 44
4.3.9 The advantage of using NICTBB ...... 45
4.3.10 Challenges to slow connection to NICTBB ...... 45
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CHAPTER FIVE ...... 49
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 49
5.1 Introduction ...... 49
5.2 Conclusion ...... 49
5.3 Recommendations ...... 50
5.3.1 Content Development ...... 51
REFERENCE ...... 52
APPENDICES ...... 54
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Ages of the Respondents ...... 35
Table 2: Gender of Respondents...... 36
Table 3: Education distribution of the respondents ...... 36
Table 4: Working status of the Respondents ...... 37
Table 5: Use of computer ...... 38
Table 6: Awareness of ICT usage ...... 39
Table 7:Awareness about NICTBB ...... 39
Table 8: Sources of information: ...... 40
Table 9: Conducive and Relevant of NICTBB in the organization ...... 41
Table 10:Type of communication media available in the organization ...... 42
Table 11: Currently connected to NICCB ...... 44
Table 12: Plan to build a Fibre optic Infrastructure ...... 44
Table 13: The advantage of using NICTBB ...... 45
Table 14: Challenges to slow connection to NICTBB ...... 46
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CITCC Chinese International Telecommunications Construction
Corporation
CCC Consumer Consultative Council
CLKnet Tanzania Country Level Knowledge Network
DPs Developing Partners e-Government Electronic Government
ESRF Economic and Social Research Foundation
ICT Information Communication technology
IP Internet Protocol
ISPs Internet Service Providers
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MMS Multimedia Messages Services
MOATS Media Association of Tanzania MOATS
MoH Ministry of Health,
NEC National Electoral Commission
NEGPRS National Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy
NICTBB National Information Technology Backbone
NICTP Tanzania National ICT Policy
NIDA National Identification Authority
NSGRP National Strategy for Growth And Reduction Of Poverty
ODEL Open Distance and e-Learning
PPP Public-Private Partnership
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RITA Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency
SMS Short Message Services
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science
STI Science, Technology and Innovations
TAKNET Tanzania Knowledge Network
TANESCO Tanzania Electrical Supply Cooperation
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
TCRA Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority
TTCL Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited
TO Tanzania On line
UNDP United Nation Development Programme
UNMDGs United Nations Millennium Development Goals
WSSIS World Summit for Informations Society
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This research paper concern the National Information Communication Technology
Backbone (NICTBB) targeting its utilization in speeding up development across all sectors of economies. The gap between those able, and those unable, to participate in the knowledge economy is currently termed as the “digital divide.” This digital divide is evident within nations, and between the developing and the developed world. The current Tanzania Information Communication Technology (ICT) situation requires urgent steps to enable Tanzanians to participate meaningfully in the knowledge economy, recognizing that Tanzania has low levels of human capital development, local content creation; ICT infrastructure and access, which together lead to high costs of participation. In 1985, the landmark “Missing Link” report of Independent Commission for Worldwide Telecommunications Development recommended that by year 2000 every village on planet should have access to basic telephone. Two decades later, despite repeated and nuanced efforts by governments, business, civil society, and international organization aimed at bridging the digital divide, this simple goal remains elusive. While unexpected market forces in the use of mobile telephone and the internet have driven the explosion of worldwide ICT diffusion during this period, the evolving and multi-dimension nature of the digital divide has stalled moves to adequately express the severity of the problem in the ICT for Development policies and programmes.
The dangers posed by the digital divide, and the risk of being excluded further from the knowledge economy and social development, has propelled the Government to put in
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place a policy framework through which coordinating mechanisms and harmonized strategies might be nurtured. This policy framework makes it possible for “enabling sectors” (such as telecommunications, information, or broadcasting) to work together whereby “enabled sectors” (such as education, health, governance, or agriculture) can become further empowered through the appropriate development and application of
ICT. The intervention of building the National Information Communications Backbone
(NICTBB) provides robust platform whereby government, business, civil society, and international organization initiatives and interventions can coexist. Mainstreaming the
ICT for achievement of Tanzania Mission Vision 2025 and realizing the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) must quickly be diffused by hard data connectivity, on development impact and the real potential to scale and up and replicate process of Last
Mile connectivity through this research.
1.2 Overview of Tanzania
Tanzania is a union of two countries namely, Tanganyika (Tanzania Mainland) and
Zanzibar (Unguja & Pemba). The country is located in East Africa, sharing a boarder with Kenya and Uganda (North), Rwanda, Burundi and Republic of Congo (West),
Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique (South) and Indian Ocean (East). The country covers an area of 945,087km2 (continental-mainland 942,430km2, Islands 2657km2 including
Zanzibar and Pemba Islands).The total population of Tanzania, according to 2000 census is 32 Million with a growth rate of 2.8%. Administratively, the United Republic of Tanzania has 30 Regions (Mainland 25 and Islands 5) and 148 Districts. The 30 regions are Arusha, Coast, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Katavi, Kigoma, Mbeya, Mara,
Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Lindi, Manyara, Njombe, Ruvuma, Simiyu,
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Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Kagera, Rukwa, Dar es salaam, Zanzibar
Town/West, Zanzibar north, Zanzibar south, Pemba north, Pemba south. (URT, 2012)
The majority of Tanzanians (75%) dwell in rural areas while only 25% live in urban areas. However, in recent years the rate of urbanization has been increasing tremendously. The country is 45% forestry. The country is blessed with natural resources like Diamond, Gold, Coal, Iron and Natural Gas while staple food for the population include Corn, Wheat, Rice and Green bananas. Coffee, Cotton, Sisal,
Cashew and Clove serve as main economic crops in the United Republic of Tanzania.
The GDP (in 2002) stood at 8400 Billion Tanzanian Shilling (about 865.9 Billion USD) at a growth rate of 6.2% (in 2002).
The Government of Tanzania being one of developing country has strategically embraced technological mainstreaming in Tanzania. Tanzania seeks to accelerate economic growth and improves social well-being of its citizens by introducing Science,
Technology and Innovations (STI) into the key sectors of development. STI form the basis for sustainable economic growth and prosperity in a society through increased productivity and competitiveness, and creation of employment opportunities. These initiatives are in line with the National ICT policy of Tanzania [2], which is based on the National vision 2025 [3], MKUKUTA meaning “NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR
GROWTH AND REDUCTION OF POVERTY (NSGRP)” [4] and Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) [5]. The National ICT policy of Tanzania aims at developing a country-wide ICT infrastructure to facilitate empowerment of the people and to support socioeconomic development. The Government of Tanzania believe that
STI capacity, embodied in knowledge and well-trained human resources can help
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transform economies; enhance productivity and make social sectors more productive and effective.
The government’s efforts to influence the use of technology into our key sectors of economy, can be seen in both Public and Private Hospitals; Education institutions like
Universities, Colleges and High secondary schools; Government Ministries,
Departments and Agencies; Private institutions, etc. throughout the country. In 2006, the Government of Tanzania did establish the concept of Public-Private Partnership
(PPP) for service delivery in Tanzania With PPP, the government aimed to bring in private sector to join hands with the government and play its role in the development of this country by improving both public and private service deliveries relating to physical infrastructure development, roads, water, electricity; Electronic infrastructure development like, internet coverage, access to information; and Education, Health services deliveries to all Tanzanians up to the rural areas.
In 2003 the Government of Tanzania’s started a National ICT policy which among other issues included the application of ICT in the Government services, the embarked on the
National information and Communication Technology Broadband Backbone (NICTBB)
Project the NICTBB roll out began in 2009 with an aim of creating service point at all regional and district headquarters as well cross border connections for all neighboring countries. By June 2009, the first phase completed with a network reach to 16 regions and phase II will be for addition of 5 more regions. The installation of the National
Fiber Optic Broadband Backbone connectivity will enable able to get fast, reliable and affordable internet connections. This will boost the nation’s internet connectivity and coverage rate. Tanzania has a rapid penetration of mobile phones which is facilitated by
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the private mobile operators. Mobile phone is the major communication tool being used by all Tanzanians currently. The development and deployment of Local mobile applications such as mobile education, mobile health, mobile business, etc. are very critical for greater impact that shall be realized through leveraging benefits of national
ICT broadband backbone network to Tanzanians, especially improving the quality of life for rural citizens.
The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 envisages a nation filled with five main attributes: high quality livelihood; peace, stability and unity; good governance; a well- educated and learning society; and a strong and competitive economy capable of producing sustainable growth and shared benefits. On the other hand, this Policy has articulated ten main focus areas in harnessing ICT in Tanzania which include strategic
ICT leadership; ICT infrastructure; ICT Industry; Human Capital; Legal and Regulatory
Framework; Productive Sectors; Service Sectors; Public Service; Local Content; and
Universal Access.
It is also noteworthy that Vision 2025 explicitly includes ICT by noting, “The new opportunities that ICT is opening up can be harnessed to meet the goals of the Vision”.
Therefore this ICT Policy is a reflection of national goals, objectives and aspirations as expressed in Vision 2025, setting out digital opportunities that Tanzania can exploit towards meeting the Vision 2025 as set out below:
1. High Quality Livelihood:
i. Service Sectors
ii. Availability of Universal Access
2. Peace, Stability and Unity:
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i. Strategic ICT Leadership
ii. Legal & Regulatory Framework(trust, security & values)
3. Good Governance:
i. Public Service (e-Government)
ii. ICT infrastructure (Effective use of unutilised ICT capacity and
infrastructure)
4. A Well-Educated and Learning Society:
i. Human Capital (Gender issues and disadvantaged groups)
ii. Local Content
5. A Strong and Competitive Economy Capable of Producing Sustainable Growth and
Shared Benefits:
i. Productive Sectors (Adverse effects of globalization)
ii. ICT Industry
1.3. Statement of the Problem
The International development organizations, has played a significant role in influencing developing countries leaders that technology opens the doors to socio- economic improvement. These organizations in partnership with local developing countries governments have been engaging in capacity building of technological awareness in majority of developing countries. Developing countries leaders have now started to engage their nation’s limited resources into creation of their nation’s knowledge based economy and society through technological capacity building of citizens and use of technology like ICTs in all key sectors of development being
Education, Health, Agriculture, Local governance, etc. The overall achievements of these initiatives will be accelerated development process of nations and minimization of
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development gap between developed and developing countries. Henceforth through some authoritative meetings of International Telecommunications Union and World
Summit for Information Societies (WSSIS), reached the conclusions to improve the information usage to speed up development especially in the developing countries. It was decided then to improve the national and Regional connectivity through national backbones and submarine cables.
The Government of Tanzania through its project embarked on the National information and Communication Technology Broadband Backbone (NICTBB) Project. The
NICTBB roll out began in 2009 aimed at installation of the National fiber optic broadband backbone connectivity which will enable to get fast, reliable and affordable the internet connections. This will boost the nation’s internet connectivity/coverage rate. The Government of Tanzania spent over 250 billion in investment of this National fiber optic, despite of the effort done by the government of Tanzania still the NICTBB is not being fully utilized to its full potential. The backbone is currently operating at less than 10% of its installed capacity and even lower at its design capacity. So reasons for the underutilization of the NICTBB could be as follows:
The purchasing power of the consumer is low and hence they are unable to demand better quality at more affordable cost, whole sellers to whom the bandwidth is sold
(licensed telecom operators) do not buy enough capacity, Telecom operators have invested in build out of their own infrastructures and hence do not see a need.
Government who is currently the biggest consumer does not use ICT to its fullest potential e,g office automation and use of multimedia, Lack of local content to
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encourage and stimulate use of information by consumers especially education and research institutions, Lack of last mile connectivity after regional termination.
1.4 Objective of the study
The objective of the study were
i. Providing comprehensive analysis to efficient use of the NICTBB
ii. Establish why the utilization is at stated at current Low level
iii. Formulate recommendations to increase the current use indicating the
impact and benefit
iv. Identify policy intervention to be made
1.5 Rationale for the NICTBB Project
Experience has shown that where a country has good connectivity and a workforce with good ICT skills and a good command of the English/Kiswahili languages then such a country can attract business from developed countries requiring back-office business process solutions and voice transaction support services. To attract such outsourcing opportunities would require a balanced workforce with appropriate skills at the certificate, diploma, degree and advanced degree levels.
More Tanzanians can gain access to education and training opportunities by proper exploitation of open, distance and e-learning (ODEL) opportunities. The challenge here is to convince society that the quality of such education is equal to that of face-to-face instruction. This is best achieved by shifting quality assurance and accreditation to
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emphasis on outcome-based education measures rather than the current practice which is more focused an inputs and processes of educational systems.
It will bring to Tanzania enormous socio-economic strides, as well as investment and business opportunities. The benefits to the Tanzanian economy will be, such as:
Attainment of the Internationally Agreed Development Goals, particularly in the Sectors of Education, Health, Public, Agriculture(Kilimo Kwanza), Good governance and etc;
Increase number of internet users in offices and at homes;
Low cost of operating businesses in the East Africa Region;
Affordable telephone communications within Tanzania, East Africa, the Rest of Africa and to the outside World;
Undersea Optic Fiber Networks will encourage a host of new opportunities and activities in the national economy, including: establishment of call centers, technology transfer to local people, employment opportunities, e-Learning and cost effective online studies and telemedicine.
Tanzania stands a chance of becoming the East Africa’s Digital Hub as is the only
Country that borders eight Countries, of which six are Landlocked Countries.
Tanzanian scientists and engineers need to carry out research and development leading to the application of cutting-edge ICT knowledge for the reduction of poverty. The rapid penetration of mobile cellular telephones will reach the rural areas and the urban poor and that penetration is destined to grow deeper. What is needed is development of
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innovative mobile applications and services designed to play a constructive role in the fight against poverty. Beyond money transfer applications currently in vogue, are there mobile agricultural advice or mobile healthcare applications possible which would have significant and positive impacts in rural areas?
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Introduction
This chapter visits ideas and literatures produced by different authors in the field of ICT and introduction of fibre optic cable. It also focuses on the researches done by others relating to the topic. The aim of the chapter is to enable the researcher to know and refer to what others have done knowing gaps and need for further studies.
2.2 ICT Overview in Tanzania
Tanzania has a vision with relation to the development of ICT, that’s “Tanzania to have a universally accessible broadband infrastructure and ICT solutions that enhance sustainable socio-economic development and accelerated poverty reduction nationally; become a hub of ICT Infrastructure regionally and be a full participant in the global
Information Society.” It is a well known phenomenon that telecommunication plays a vital role in facilitating the social-economic development thus well positioned to contribute significantly to the achievement of the objectives of the National strategy for
Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania (MKUKUTA), National
Development Vision 2005, World Summit for Information Society (WSSIS) and objectives of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UNMDGs) 2015 for poverty reduction.
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“Advances in Information, Communication Technologies (ICT) have led to multiple convergences of content, computing, telecommunications and broadcasting. They have brought changes in knowledge management and human resources development”
National ICT Policy (NICT) of 2003. With the introduction of the internet, it is now possible to conduct e-business, e-learning, e-health, e-tourism and knowledge sharing.
ICT has created wealth and economic growth resulting in a global information society.
The digital divide within nations and between developed and developing world is still evident. In short power of ICTs hinges on “Interactivity, Permanent Availability, Global
Reach, Reduced per Unit Transaction Costs, Creates increased Productivity and Value
(Wealth), and Multiple Sources of Information and Knowledge” Eng. Dr. Zaipuna O.
Yonah, Director of ICTs; Presentation of NICTBB during a monthly ICTs Professional
Forum, 29th October, 2010, at UNDP venue, in Dar es Salaam. ICTs requires capacity and the right HR skills to guarantee for efficiency and effectiveness in Connectivity-for creating Service Availability and accessibility, and Affordability in terms of costs of
Service.
2.2.1 Legal and Regulation of the Communications Sector
The liberalization of the communications sector has opened doors for more operators to enter the market. The convergent licensing framework was introduced on 23rd February
2005. This has enabled the introduction of four categories of licenses namely, network facilities, network services, application services and content services. The four license categories have four market segments to allow investors to get operating licenses at community, district, regional and national levels. The convergent licensing framework embraces technology and service neutral principles that permit any form of
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communications infrastructure to be used to provide any type of communication services that is technically capable of providing and structure the market accordingly.
Fair playing level ground being promoted by the National sector Regulator, Tanzania
Communications Regulatory Authority-(TCRA) has increased effective competition amongst both, Operators and Communication Service Providers in the country, resulting into increased access to ICTs services.
2.2.2 Facilitation of National Economic Development
Communication is an important component of social fertility; Information industry is basic for sound and strong national economy. The higher demands from the communication industry are asked to facilitate rapid acceleration in the development of the national economy. ICT is the key part of communication and the basic of industry development and realization of sound rural economy. For developing country like
Tanzania, ICT backbone infrastructure is at the cross-roads, the impaired developments of national communication system has caused unbalanced developments between urban and rural economies. Therefore, for the long term benefits, the government intension is to pioneer investments flow for support the economy developments of balanced economies of scale. With this avail, the government intends to construct the nationwide
OFC backbone transmission network, to increase the long distance circuit capacity. In her endeavors to take the ICT services further, the Government has listed all potential remote and rural areas to be considered for ICT services provision. The national ICT backbone infrastructure aims at achieving this endeavor for facilitation of rapid economic development.
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2.2.3 To Fulfill the Increasing Demands to Information Services
Communication network is the principal part of information infrastructure, the carrier of information exchanging and transmission. A long with the tremendous increase of the new services and the market competition intensification, Tanzania is facing a new challenge and chance. The needs of varies social fields to the multi-layer and diversification of information transmission also grow tremendously. For fulfilling the increasing demands to information services, expending the market shares and developing the fields of new services, the construction of a long distance transmission network is imperative under the cornered situation.
2.2.4 Necessity to Develop the High Speed Broadband Transmission
The developments of telecommunication technologies are changing quickly. The terms for updating the frameworks of telecom products are shorter and shorter again. The data flux on the telecom network must exceed the voice one. It pushes the traditional fixed telephone networks turn its development direction to the data services, especially to that of centralized on IP services. Finally, the ICT must support the new generation of
Telecom Network that converged all of the confluent services including voice over IP.
Therefore, towards the new services, leading ahead properly, to construct and improve the Tanzania national OFC Backbone as soon as possible, adopting the advanced and successful network organization technologies and in lower cost, Tanzania could rapidly and smoothly transit to an exceeding capacity, flexible and high efficient, safe and reliable, economical and applicable and wide bandwidth and high speed information network.
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2.2.5 To efficiently exploit the benefits from the Submarine Cable Projects
The EASSy, TEAMS, SeaCom, Nepad projects aims at providing high quality capacity optic fibre international connectivity from Tanzania, to within Africa and the rest of the world and reducing out payments to satellite telecommunications facility providers. In broad perspectives, the objectives of the project are:
i To improve high capacity optic fibre connectivity within East Africa and
provide a gateway for the region to the rest of the world;
ii To bring the power of high speed and bandwidth connectivity to African
countries and the rest of world;
iii To reduce unit costs (capital & operational) for global connectivity leading to
increased profits, lower tariffs and charges for end users;
iv To provide direct routes through own infrastructure, obviating the need for
transits through third parties hence, reduced out payments;
v To meet growing demand for Broadband (high bandwidth) Connectivity by
users such as Internet Service Providers, Data service providers, Broadcasters
and voice Service Providers; and
vi To facilitate the expansion of inter-Africa trade through provision of better and
affordable communications in the region.
Countries in the Northern, Western and the Southern part of Africa currently are connected by various undersea optical fibre cable systems which not only provide intra- regional access for the countries connected to these systems, but also access to other international submarine optical fibre cable systems to the rest of continents.
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A broadband service via satellites in comparison with similar access via optical fibre cables is very expensive. Satellite technology has technical constraints in terms of limited available bandwidth / capacity, transient transmission delays, quality and related prohibitive high bandwidth cost.
2.3 Infrastructure Fiber-optic cables
The Internet backbone is a conglomeration of multiple, redundant networks owned by numerous companies. It is typically a fiber optic trunk line. The trunk line consists of many fiber optic cables bundled together to increase the capacity. The backbone is able to reroute traffic in case of a failure. The data speeds of backbone lines have changed with the times. In 1998, all of the United States backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s. However the changing technologies allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have data rates of 2,488 Mbit/s or faster by the mid 2000's
(Malecki, E. J. (2002). "The economic geography of the Internet's infrastructure.".
Economic Geography 78 (4): 399) Fiber-optic cables are the medium of choice for
Internet backbone providers for many reasons. Fiber-optics allow for fast data speeds and large bandwidth; they suffer relatively little attenuation, allowing them to cover long distances with few repeaters; they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of
EM interference which plague electrical transmission (Williams, Edem E.; Essien Eyo
(2011). "Building a Cost Effective Network for E-Learning in Developing Countries.".
Computer and Information Science 4 (1): 53.)
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2.3.1 Backbone networks in India
India's backbone is very extensive. This country has nearly 100 million Internet users as of 2009. Four of India's top Internet service providers are Tata Communications, BSNL,
MTNL, and Reliance Communications. Tata Communications is a Tier-1 IP network, with connectivity to more than 200 countries across 400 PoPs and nearly 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of data center and colocation space worldwide. It is India's largest provider in data center services and also operates India's largest data center in
Pune. The backbone structure keeps on getting stronger because of the huge number of new emerging mobile operators which leads to decrease in prices due to competition in the market.
2.3.2 Backbone networks Japan
Japan's Internet backbone needs to be very efficient due to the high demand for the
Internet and technology in general. Japan had over 86 million Internet users in 2009, and it is projected to climb to nearly 91 million Internet users by 2015. Since Japan has a demand for fiber to the home, Japan is looking into tapping off of a fiber-optic backbone line of NTT, a domestic backbone carrier, in order to deliver this service at cheaper prices (Japan telecommunications report - Q2 2011". Japan
Telecommunications Report (1). 2011.)
2.3.4 Backbone networks Kenya
The landing of three fibre-optic international submarine cables in Kenya, ending its dependency on limited and expensive satellite bandwidth, has revolutionised the country’s internet and broadband sector. Kenya's international internet bandwidth
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increased more than eleven-fold in 2011. Wholesale prices have fallen by more than
90%, finally taking the internet to the mass market.
2.4.1 The Economic Impact of Backbone Networks
Backbone networks have a major impact on the commercial viability of ICT services, particularly broadband. In a typical mobile phone network, the backbone network accounts for 10–15 percent of total network costs.5 The cost of backbone networks is much higher for operators providing broadband connectivity, particularly in small towns and rural areas. If an area does not have a backbone network offering low-cost network services, broadband connectivity is unlikely to be commercially viable.
2.4.2 Policies to Improve the Development of Backbone Networks
Sub-Saharan Africa has widespread but low-capacity backbone networks operating in parallel. Higher-capacity fiber-optic networks are concentrated in urban areas, between cities and, increasingly, on cross-border routes. These patterns have emerged because operators initially designed their networks to carry voice traffic, which requires lower- capacity backbone networks. Where high capacity networks have been built, they have focused on the most profitable and populated areas. In addition, regulatory restrictions on infrastructure competition have often limited the development of high-capacity backbone networks, as have the considerable political and commercial risks associated with investing in fixed wireline infrastructure in the region.
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Policy makers face two main challenges in developing backbone network infrastructure.
The first is establishing and encouraging competitive markets in backbone infrastructure.
The second is providing some form of financial support to encourage the development of high-capacity networks in commercially unattractive areas. Addressing these challenges will require a twin-track approach:
Create an enabling environment for competition in infrastructure and services by
fully liberalizing markets to encourage infrastructure competition and allow
aggregation of traffic onto higher-capacity networks.
Stimulate rollout in underserved areas, especially rural areas and small towns.10
Several policy options can be used to tackle these issues.
2.4 3 Create an Enabling Environment for Competition in Infrastructure and
Services
Many sub-Saharan African countries do not provide incentives for private investment and competition in backbone networks—and, in some cases, discourage or obstruct it.
Promoting private investment and competition among backbone networks allows market forces to aggregate traffic onto higher-capacity networks, lowering costs and stimulating downstream investment and competition among ISPs and other providers.
Several policy initiatives are needed to create an enabling environment for infrastructure competition; they fall into four groups.
1. Remove regulatory obstacles to investment and competition
Remove limits on the number of network licenses. Many sub- Saharan African countries that have nominally liberalized their network markets still have formal or informal
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limits on the number of licenses that they issue (World Bank 2008). There is little economic justification for such limits.
Encourage the entry of alternative infrastructure providers in the backbone network market.
Electricity transmission networks, oil and gas pipelines, and railway networks can provide major cost advantages in the development of fiberoptic backbone networks. By encouraging these (usually state-owned) networks to establish operating companies that run fiber-optic assets and by licensing them, countries can bring them into the telecommunications market as providers of backbone capacity. This practice has been successful in other regions (box 4.1) and in sub-SaharanAfrican countries such as
Uganda and Zambia (though not in others, such as Ghana).
Lift constraints on the market for backbone services.
Many sub-Saharan African countries impose constraints on operators with backbone networks and those that use them. These constraints include restrictions on the sale of network services and requirements to buy backbone network services from specific operators—usually state-owned incumbent operators. Removing these restrictions would allow operators to buy and sell backbone services to and from whatever operator they wished. Such an environment would consolidate traffic, providing an incentive to upgrade backbone networks to fiber-optic technology and so lowering average costs.
2.5 Building of the National ICT Infrastructure in Tanzania
In recognition of the importance of infrastructures for attracting investment and facilitating growth and use of ICTs services and the related applications for supporting
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other sectors of the economy and enhancing the Government’s e-government initiative, the Government of Tanzania made a decision in 2005 to build a National ICT
Broadband Infrastructure Fibre Optic Backbone (NICTBB) that will create connectivity within the country and link other landlocked neighbouring countries. The NICTBB network project with a total length of 10,500 km started in February, 2009 and expected to be completed in February, 2012. It has a capacity of 10Gbps designed to meet growing domestic and international demands for high-capacity bandwidth. NICTBB is built in collaboration with the Chinese Government through the Chinese International
Telecommunications Construction Corporation (CITCC) under bilateral agreement.
Phase I of NICTBB completed and operational
Phase I of the project constitute 5,780 km, out of which 3,500 km network exists under the ownership of public and private institutions such as TANESCO, Railways
Companies, Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL) and SONGAs, and a newly constructed 2,280 km. This Phase covering most of the northern, eastern and western parts of the country was completed in June, 2010 and provided connectivity to some critical institutions including Ministries, the National Parliament, and the
University of Dodoma; NICTBB has also provided link to four operators; TTCL,
ZANTEL, SimbaNet, and ZAIN (Celtel Tanzania Ltd), and to 2 undersea cables;
SEACOM and EASSy. The project is expected to cover all regions and districts in
Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. The NICTBB will also provide cross border connectivity and virtual sea landing station for eight neighbouring land locked countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.
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Rwanda Uganda 肯尼Kenya亚
Burundi
83.54 48P Seacom International submarine cable
Eassy International submarine cable
78.53 48P 104.16 48P
Zambia
Malawi 1 1
Source: NICTBB Management Unit
Figure 1: National ICT Broadband Infrastructure Backbone (NICTBB)
The NICTBB is part of the implementation of the Tanzania National ICT Policy
(NICTP) of 2003 as acknowledged by the Government in the National Development
Vision 2025, on its importance in enabling ICTs to accelerate achievements of goals and objectives of the National Development Vision 2025, National Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (NEGPRS), MDGs as well as the WISIS of fighting
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poverty and transforming the country into an Information Society and Knowledge based economy. That is “realizing five TZ-MDGs goals namely, high quality of livelihood peace, stability and unity, good governance, a well educated and learning society and a strong competitive economy capable of producing sustainable growth and shared benefits. The NICTBB will enable the majority of Tanzanians to access communications services and to participate meaningfully in the information and knowledge economy” Eng. Dr. Zaipuna O. Yonah, Director for ICTs-MCST, Consulting
Engineer in ICTs, on ICTs as Tools for Poverty Reduction, March 18th – 19th 2005
Phase II commences in 2010
Phase II covering the central and southern parts of the country with connections to
Malawi and Zambia commenced in August, 2010, and is expected to be completed in
February, 2012. The Government of Tanzania has mandated Tanzania
Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL) to supervise project implementation and management of the NICTBB once it is commissioned.
2.5.1 MODEL of Building NICTBB in Tanzania
The decision to take the lead in the building of NICTBB came after a number of years spent by the Government looking for prospective investors who were willing to invest in that capital intensive-long-term risky investment. No investor come upfront until in year 2004 when two Governments of Tanzania and China discussed and agreed to partner in the project. Experienced showed that Development of Infrastructure related services mainly remain under the responsibility of Governments due to huge financial capital investment requirements not being favourable to private companies wishing to recoup their investment costs within shortest time possible. Early this year Vodacom
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Tanzania Ltd had started building own strategic Backbone Network extending from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma about 600 km apart with the intention to link her two switches located in the two cities to maintain existing and capture new more living along that critical route to Vodacom business. NICTBB charges are based on amount of bandwidth usage and not by distance making the provider and the customer both gain out of the services. Security and maintenance issues are the critical matters which have been dealt with.
2.5.2 Characteristics of NICTBB in Tanzania
Terms and Conditions were to build a Developmental Strategic project which would be operated under principles of Open Access and Non-discrimination, National coverage
(To District and Regional HQs), Adequate capacity (10Gbps x 40 lambdas), Reliable and speedy connection at global level, Switching capabilities nationally, Free from vandalism, Easily accessible, Affordable services, with a view to enabling operators providing efficient, high quality and at affordable by Tanzanians, and empower them with the ability to use ICTs in exploiting available opportunities for business surrounding them, and so fight poverty.
2.5.3 Best practise of the Tanzania model
Sweden, South Korea and Seychelles are the Top World countries in high-speed connectivity networks, facilitating efficient and effective use of ICTs applications for increased socioeconomic growth. Tanzania opted for a similar model which was used by Sweden in 1994 where the Government decided to build its own 1.2 million km network and handled it over to Sweden Municipalities (Local Government or
Authorities) to manage the provision of services to customers with no discrimination.
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“Today the 1.2 million km has more than 90 operators and 450 enterprises as primary customers. The infrastructure is used by the city’s administration and by 100,000 students and schoolchildren in the Stockholm” ITU News, A Look at Digital cities,
Stockholm, Sweden, encouraging competition with an open access broadband network, page 3639. Apart from open access broadband connectivity, there is now “online services for all” this is the type of innovation and investment in infrastructure development that has pushed Sweden to the top of ICTs ranking. The city now provides e-services for citizens. For example; “citizens can follow City Council meetings online, make appointments, application, permits, etc. Other countries like Australia, Singapore and the US are learning from Sweden who have also established a Science City around people and not Universities, it has attracted business investments, created employment opportunities, and enhanced R&D industry.
Tanzania expects to achieve its goals and objectives of enhancing e-government to make government processes more transparent, to encourage informed public participation, to foster collaboration across government and with other sectors of the society, and to make government administration more cost-effective, leading to effective governance and socio-economic growth as well.
2.5.4 Advantages of NICTBB in Tanzania
NICTBB has the following advantages; Reduction in Transport, Travel and Distribution costs: ICTs applications enable efficient communication online, where information and reports can be shared amongst members without physical gathering, meetings can be held remotely, and some assignments can be carried out from homes or without
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necessarily travelling all the way from homes to the work places or in another country, particularly in cities where traffic jams are order of the day. A typical example of heavy traffic congestions is the Dar es Salaam City. “Every month with 22 working days, Dar es Salaam city residents lose three hours a day, making it a total of 66 hours, which is equivalent to 792 hours per year in traffic jams. This is equivalent to 31,680 hours or
1,320 days or 3.62 years of one’s working life of 30 years” The Guardian, www.ippmedia.com ISSN 0856 – 5422 ISSUE No. 4665, November 9, 2009 It is equivalent to one tenth or 10% of the worker’s active life. For an average worker, paid a monthly salary equivalent to US$ 450, or US$ 20.50 per day, or US$ 2.60 per hour, his/her employer loses US$ 169 per month per employee, leave alone other loses due to fuel consumption, tear and wear and depreciation of a car or a bus. All these have negative impact to the national economy but with ICTs applications, these costs are kept very low.
E-government services: Mean to include e-services comprising of e-education, e- schools, elearning, online studies, e-health, Tele-medicine, e-agriculture, e-tourism, e- procurement, and other applications such as video conferencing. With introduction of video conferencing facilities between MDAs, a lot of cost saving would be realized. For example; the Government would save hundreds of millions of money if video conferencing facilities were used to provide communication services between officials who are supposed to travel from Dar es Salaam all the way to Dodoma to submit a few copies of report documents to Members of Parliament who spend almost 3 months discussing Government Annual Budgets. Number of Trips and Government heavy cars
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travelling from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma are minimized, so lowering transport and distribution costs.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed the research design, study areas, research methods, data collection and techniques that were used. It described various type and source of data techniques which were used in data analysis.
3.2 General Study Methodology
The research methodology process was oriented at exploring the extent to which
NICTBB has been utilized in Tanzania The general methodology for undertaking this assignment was a combination of desk study, field visits, observations, consultations, interviews with various actors, stakeholders, workshops and debriefing with the client.
One of important moves in this process is create awareness of the development potential of ICT is often not fully reflected in the formulation of the application of which lay primary emphasis on real time power of information such as money transfer, short messages ( SMS), broadcasting sms and famous M-PESA on basic development and time saving. The problem is lack of full awareness on directly potential of ICT and
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adoption of mutually exclusive sectoral approaches for development towards connectivity to the NICTBB. There is a need to make consensus decisions in appreciating that access to public infrastructure remains tangible coverage to rural and remote areas. Traditionally this access gap has been addressed piecemeal fashion by the government and developing partners, with limited ability within the Development communities to move beyond pilot project which never flies. This research breakthrough to provide policies, priorities, and mobilization of resources both financial and human to efficient usage of the NICTBB.
Research has shown that in the context of ICT maximum utilization benefits have accrued in the countries that have adopted and implemented bottom up and holistic strategies that are aligned with overall national development strategies, thus bringing
ICT to bear on all diverse groups of sectors such as governance, health, education, local content development, agriculture, science, commerce etc towards access to infrastructure NICTBB.
i. Desk review: Reviewed various reports on NICTBB development, The National
ICT Policy ICT- Stakeholders, ICT Workforce and Power Consumption in
Tanzania main land
ii. Interview:-; Interviews guided by checklists were used to complement the
questionnaires. Thus researcher carried a personal interview with each of the
targeted persons in the selected areas. This was used for the selected top
management from the different ministries, government officials who are
connected and not connected to NICTBB, Consumer Consultative Councils
(CCC); NGOs development partners.
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iii. Observation: In some cases observational method was used to assess the actual
situation e.g. the performance of ICT and the use ICT in general.
3.3 Client Participation
1n order to address the long term capacity of proper efficient utilization of the NICTBB and cost efficiency to ensure proper planning and management of the process of project formulation, smooth execution of the consultancy and long-term sustainability, maximum access of information and data, the research assignment was executed with close contact with main stakeholders ie Internet Providers, Mobile Operators, Private sector, Government, Developing Partners (DPs), Politicians, Members of Parlieament
(MPs) and any other specific consultative group.
The close participation of the client and other stakeholders were necessary to ensure ownership of the study results, build capacities of the officers involved and ensure proper project planning, formulation, management, smooth implementation and long term project sustainability recommendations.
3.4 Specific Study Methodology
The study methodology involved the following:
(i) Literature reviews on the general and discussions with target groups
(ii) Selecting the institutions and areas to be visited
(iii) Developing the data collection instruments
(iv) Pre-testing the questionnaire and the data collection instruments
(v) Data analysis
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(vi) Report writing and submission of the report;
(vii) Selected Stakeholders
3.5 Selected Areas and Persons to be interviewed.
3.5.1 Population of the Study
The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam Region, in Tanzania, with a population of
2,497,940 as of official 2002 census. It is also the country’s richest city and a regionally important economic centre and more ICT users. The region has three municipals which are. Kinondoni, Temeke and Ilala. The 2002 Tanzanian National Census showed that the population of Kinondoni was 1,083,913, Temeke Municipal was 768,451 and Ilala the population was 634,924
Population is described as the entire group of people or item on which information is collected (KrishnaSwami, 1995). The populations of study were from Internet Service
Providers (ISPs), Mobile Operators, Media Association Of Tanzania (MOATS), Fixed
Operators of Network (TTCL, Zantel,) Ministry of Communications Science and
Technology, Ministry of Education, National Electoral Commission (NEC),
Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA), National Identification
Authority (NIDA), Ministry of Health, Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority
(TCRA) and all other reachable interested Stakeholder (NGOs, Associations, consumers groups etc)
3.4 The Sample Size and Sampling Strategy
3.4.1 The Sample
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Kothari (2004) contends that the sample size of the study should neither be excessively large nor too small. An optimum sample is the one which will fulfill the efficiency, representative, reliability and flexibility requirements. Also the sample size is the exact number of items selected from a population. The sample size was 55 in total which contained three groups that were 41 respondents from general consumers (ordinary user and big users), 5 respondents were from government officials and the remaining 9 respondents were from service providers (operators).
3.4.2 Sampling Techniques
Kothari (2004) define sampling techniques as a selection of some part of an aggregate or totality of what the population is made. Sampling procedure are techniques which are to determine the number of respondents that are involved in the study to provide the necessary knowledge. In this study purposive and convenience sampling techniques were employed.
3.4.2.1 Purposive Sampling Technique
Babbie (2004) define purposive sampling technique as the one which enables a researcher to select a sample based on his /her knowledge of population, research elements and objectives. Purposive sampling is also based on researcher’s judgment and purpose of the study. This study was therefore selected purposely 5 respondents from
Government officials, 5 respondents from big users and 9 respondents from service
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providers The purposive or judgment sampling technique was used to select representatives from directors, officers and non-officers.
3.4.2.2 Random Sampling According to Yates et al. (2008), in random selection each individual is chosen randomly entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process and each subset of individuals have the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of individuals. For this study, random selection was used to the 36 respondents from ordinary and big consumers.
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CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the data, research findings and discussions. The study aimed at assessing the reasons for the underutilization, affordability, connectivity and awareness of the NICTBB. The backbone is currently operating at less than 10% of its installed capacity and even lower at its design capacity. The study was conducted at different offices and places, precisely business centres, local government offices, health centres, hospitals, police posts, and Head offices.
The data collected focuses on the awareness of NICTBB and important of ICT to the society and while addressing the digital divide among the stakeholders. Most of the results are presented in percentage tables, graphs and charts. The presentation of findings is mainly based on research questions.
The response rate in the study was dealt with first, followed by the findings from the respondents. In the tables, the frequency distribution of responses has been ordered in the order of occurrences from the highest to the lowest from the findings obtained from the responses. Furthermore, the tables, graphs and charts were drawn using microsoft excel, as well as the statistical package for social science (SPSS).
4.1.2 Study and Response Rate.
The sample size was 55 respondents in total which contained three groups that were 41 respondents were from general consumers (ordinary user and big users), 5 respondents
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were from government officials and the remaining 9 respondents were from service providers (operators). Out of the 55 questionnaires, interview and observation made to the respondents, 50 responses were collected, coded and analysed, this represent a response rate of 90.9 % of total respondents. 5 questionnaire from the general consumers were not returned
4.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Total respondents
The researcher found that it was necessary to investigate total respondents in terms of demographic characteristics such as age, sex and education so as to understand the general characteristics of the total respondents. Understanding demographic characteristics was necessary to assist in actual analysis as it is well known that personal biographic status can have a great relation to ones general knowledge to the problem under study awareness of NICTBB and ICT in general.
4.2.1 Age of Respondents
The study revealed that there were various age groups of respondents about the awareness of NICTBB. However, the single largest age group who responded were 26 to 35 years 40(40%), followed by the age group of 16 to 25 and 36-45 years 12(24%).
The remaining was the age above 45 who were 6(12%) of total respondents. The following table has details.
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Table 1: Ages of the Respondents
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid 16-25 12 24 24 24 26-35 20 40 40 64 36-45 12 24 24 88 Above 45 6 12 12 100 Total 50 100.0 100.0 Source: Field Data, 2012
The younger groups seem to appreciate the technology and its simplicity. The mid group is surer of what they want, very specific operations, play very safe between the uses of technology. The older group seems to have doubts on the technology but have focus on accuracy and credability on technology. They all appreciate what technology can do but needed comfortability in the whole applications and services to be undertaken. All in all seems to appreciate the wonders of technology especially on the speed and simplicity process. More awareness can make an impact in the reception to all target groups.
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents
Sex or gender of respondents was sought by the researcher in order to examine the relationship between sex and the awareness of NICTBB. The finding showed that
27(54%) of respondents were male and the remaining 23(46%) were female. This depict that, there is gender balance in the office, service providers and users of ICT. This also reflect the employment process in this technology has taken female quickly than previous technologies ie industries and other professional sector. Female are more comfortable in this sector.
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Table 2: Gender of Respondents. N= 50
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Male 27 54 54 54 Female 23 46 46 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Data, 2012
4.2.3 Educational level of Respondents.
The researcher was interested to know the educational level of the respondents. This process helped the researcher on how to proceed with data collection whether through interview or questionnaire. Also, the researcher was interested to know the level of education in order to assess effectiveness of the contribution of respondent’s education level towards awareness on the NICTBB. The finding showed that 16(32%) of respondents were secondary lever, 14(28%) of respondents were degree holders, 7(14%) of respondents were masters holders and primary level, 4(8%) of respondents were doctorate holders and the remaining were professors
Table 3: Education distribution of the respondents
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Primary 7 14.0 14.0 14 Secondary 16 32.0 32.0 46 Degree 14 28.0 28.0 74 Masters 7 14.0 14.0 88 PhDs 4 8.0 8.0 96 Professors 2 4.0 4.0 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012
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The table above depicts that 32% of the total respondents were secondary leavers and these are those who sells retails vouchers and M Pesa, Tigo Pesa and Airtel Money, handsets, repairs handsets, making photocopies and sells stationeries. Remaining of respondents was educated as shown; from degree level up to professors. The latter groups of professionals are well conversant on the technology so as to be efficient in their offices and workplaces. Professionals at different areas needs to get the right information perform their daily routines work.
4.2.4 Working status of the Respondents
The researcher was interested to know whether the respondents were employed or self employed. The finding showed that 28(56%) of respondents were employed and the remaining 22(44%) of respondents were self employed. This may show where focus of awareness should be target in order to have desired impact.
Table 4: Working status of the Respondents
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Employed 26 52 52 52 Self Employed 24 48 48 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
Therefore, the findings depict that a large percent of total respondents had knowledge of the technology without realizing its importance. This shows awareness maybe the solution to increase the usage of the NICTBB.
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4.3.1 Use of computer
The respondents were asked if they use computer. The finding showed that 36(72%) said they use computer and the remaining 14(28) of respondents said they don’t use computer.
Table 5: Use of computer
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 14 28 28 72 No 36 72 72 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
The survey revealed that a large portion of users do not know how to use computers although they appreciate its exixtence The survey found that Some are having computers of their own, part of portion use in collegues, offices, internet cafés etc.
Some are having very expensive mobile sets with internet facility but do not know how to access the internet.
4.3.2 Awareness of ICT usage
The general consumers, government official and network providers were asked if they are aware with ICT usage. The finding showed that 38(76%) of respondents said they are aware of ICT usage, the remaining 12(24%) of respondents said they are not ware about the ICT usage.
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Table 6: Awareness of ICT usage
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 38 76 76 76 No 12 24 24 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
The survey revealed that most of the people know about ICT but they don’t know about the details and advantages. They have very less idea of its usage and its importance.
4.3.3 Awareness about NICTBB
The question was posed to the respondents if they have heard or aware of NICTBB. The finding showed that 28(56%) of respondents have heard the NICTBB and the remaining
22(44%) of respondents have not heard about the NICTBB.
Table 7: Awareness about NICTBB
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 28 76 76 76 No 22 24 24 100.0 Total 50 100.0 100.0 Sources: Field Data, 2012.
The survey above implied that few people know about or existency of NICTBB, but most of them they don’t know the advantage and disadvantage of this NICTBB. This was reflected in the interviews as most people were eager to learn and know its
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existence and very scared to criticize its operations since it is understood to be mandatory as means of development. Most people think it may create job opportunities and since the younger generation believe this may bring the anticipated changes.
Integrating these people may bring changes as anticipated.
4.3.4 Sources of information:
The respondents were asked about the source of information about the NICTBB. There are different ways to acquire information in society as shown in the table below. In the survey it was revealed that main ways to receive information is from. Radio 20(40%),
14(28%) of respondents said they read from the newspaper, 12(24% ) of respondents said they saw in TV and the remaining 4(4%) said from internet. Other groups which were seen are those who have heard through the word of mouth or discussion and pointed the interview have awakened their desire to follow the NICTBB now. The latter group was not included as the process was not an awareness project or program.
Table 8: Sources of information:
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Radio 20 40.0 40.0 40 TV 12 24.0 24.0 64 Internet 4 8.0 8.0 72 Newspapers 14 28.0 28.0 100 Total 50 100.0 100.0 Sources: Field Data, 2012.
Table above reveled Radio is the most popular source of information to the community
Television, internet; newspapers were also convenient sources of information. Besides
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that some traditional sources like notice board, school library, and concerned office were also reliable sources for availing the information. It is known that radio which has far wider coverage is the popular way of selling the technology and solicit participation of the public. Properly used and coordinated will bring the desired effect and passing the knowledge information to the public as anticipated. It is not known with the analogue to digital change over whether it will affect the audiences.
4.3.5 Conducive and Relevant of NICTBB in the organization
The question was asked to the respondents about the conducive and relevant of
NICTBB at their organization. The finding reveled that 17(34%) of respondents said there was improvement of connectivity, 14(28%) of respondents said the speed has improved, 12(24%) of respondents said the cost of operation has decreased and the remaining 7(14%) of respondents said the storage capacity has increased. There is gap between implementation and looks like it is more theoretical process than practical implementation.
Table 9: Conducive and Relevant of NICTBB in the organization
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Improve connectivity 17 34.0 34.0 34 Improve speed 14 28.0 28.0 62 Value of money 12 24.0 24.0 86 High storage 7 14.0 14.0 100 Total 50 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
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The table above shows the responses of the main and big users are worried at the speed of the project being undertaken and implemented, shows that the essence of value for money is yet to be realized as they are not part of decision making process. How the
NICTBB should go and be approached needs to be looked into so as not to became another white elephant. There is some urgency in the implementation to march the expectation of the big users. The big users should be part of desiciosn making process on how the Broad Band is implemented it should more transparent and public
4.3.6 Type of communication media available in the organization
Respondents were asked about the type of communication media available in the organization. The finding showed that 11(55%) of respondents said they use microwave link, Towers, 5(55%) of respondents said they use network similar to NICTBB, but not sure 3(15%) of respondents said they use satellite and the rest 1(5%) said they use wire link
Table 10: Type of communication media available in the organization
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid NICTBB 5 25.0 25.0 25 Microwave link 11 55.0 55.0 80 Wire links 1 5.0 5.0 85 Satellite 3 15.0 15.0 100 Total 20 100.0 100.0
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
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The traditional means of communication was microwave links in most areas; whereas alternative common means of communications were satellite networks. However survey and interview showed that, users are not interested in technology used.
4.3.7 Currently connected to NICCB
The big customers and government officials were asked if they are connected to
NICTBB. The finding showed that 11(55%) of respondents said they are not connected to the NICTBB and the remaining 9(45%) said they are connected to the NICTBB.
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Table 11: Currently connected to NICCB
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent No 11 55 55 55 Yes 9 45 45 100.0 Total 20 100 100
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
The survey showed that the last mile connectivity has not been coordinated well and such there gaps in connectivity equipment truncks and ducting. Resources have identified as bottleneck in the project, the survey found this should be included into budgets of intended users like ministries etc.
4.3.8 Plan to build a Fibre Optic Infrastructure
The question was asked to Government and service providers if the company
/organization have a plan to build a fibre optic infrastructure. The finding showed that
10(50%) of respondents have no any plan to build a fibre optic infrastructure and the remaining 10(50%) said they have a plan to build a Fibre optic infrastructure.
Table 12: Plan to build a Fibre optic Infrastructure
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent No 10 50 50 50 Yes 10 50 50 100.0 Total 20 100 100
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
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The survey found out the process of building their own infrastructure is to cater the connectivity in their areas of operations and access to their strategic locations.
4.3.9 The advantage of using NICTBB
The respondents were asked about the advantage of using NICTBB
The finding showed that 48(96%) of respondents out of 50 said one of the advantage was tell medicine, 46(92%) of respondents out of 50 said both Tele-Judiciary
Framework and Tele-Education Framework. These sectors were targeted by survey as crucial areas where most people spend time and affect their livehood. It was realized if properly utilised will bring changes to their lives.
Table 13: The advantage of using NICTBB
Ranking No Response Frequency Percentage Total 1 The Tele-Medicine Framework 48 96 50 1 2 Tele-Judiciary Framework 46 92 50 2 3 Tele-Education Framework 46 92 50 3
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
4.3.10 Challenges to slow connection to NICTBB
The respondents were asked on the challenges to why the connection and utilization of
NICTBB is slow. The finding showed that 46(92%) of respondents out of 50 said
Promote awareness infrastructure sharing thus reaching the last mile connectivity and having equipments at the centre, followed by 43(86%) of respondents who said Promote competition in downstream markets and speed of implementation and The role of
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application and services in utilization in NICTBB and awareness, 40(80%) of respondents said political obstacles to investment and competition and the market for backbone services and the remaining 38(76%) of respondents said Government policies and public private partnership in implementation and Political, transparent and commercial risks
Table 14: Challenges to slow connection to NICTBB
No Response Frequency Percentage Total Ranking Promote awareness and 46 1 infrastructure sharing 92 50 1 Promote competition in downstream 43 markets and speed of 2 implementation 86 50 2 The role of application and services 43 in utilization in NICTBB and 3 awareness 86 50 3 4 Affordability and user friendly 40 80 50 3 5 The market for backbone services. 40 80 50 4 Government policies and public 38 private partnership in 6 implementation 76 50 5 Political, transparent and 38 7 commercial risks 76 50 5
Sources: Field Data, 2012.
By sharing backbone network infrastructure, builders of backbone networks can reduce costs and so make such investments more commercially viable. This is particularly relevant for fiber-optic networks in urban areas, where the costs of laying new fibers can be high, or in rural areas, where the revenues generated by such networks are low
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It is likely in uncertain political and regulatory environments, operators are likely to favor investments in scalable wireless networks instead of fiber-optic networks (which have high fixed, sunk costs). This uncertainty limits the extent to which operators are willing to invest in high-capacity infrastructure that could then be used to consolidate traffic and reduce average costs. These risks can be reduced by building confidence in the political regulatory process, and mitigated by using instruments such as partial risk guarantee. Network operators and service providers wishing to enter downstream marketsshould be encouraged.
Those interested in building access networks and offering services to customers will need either to build their own backbone networks or to access those of other companies.
Governments can stimulate the development of backbone networks by promoting downstream competition and ensuring that operators have access to upstream backbone network infrastructure.
Talking about ICT connectivity, the NICTBB comes on spot. It was argued by inteviewed big users and service providers that the government is investing a lot on this body. It aims to connect all government offices up to the district level in the country.
The basic goal of this body is to influence knowledge sharing in decision making. The gov-ernment works on the infrastructure and the public is required to work on the contents side. How-ever, with the challenge of affordability of the connectivity services provided by NICTBB, it was advised to categorize the customers such as public and nonprofit organizations to have different rates from commercial firms.
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The survey found out as it was previously known restrictions on the sale of network services and requirements to buy backbone network services from specific operators usually state-owned incumbent operators. Removing these restrictions would allow operators to buy and sell backbone services to and from whatever operator they wished.
Such an environment would consolidate traffic, providing an incentive to upgrade backbone networks to fiber-optic technology and so lowering average costs.
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to cover conclusions and recommendations of the study in terms of the data which have been collected and analyzed with the regard of questionnaires and interview distributed to the respondents.
5.2 Conclusion
It can, therefore, be concluded that, despite the fact that the Governemnt of Tanzania used a lot of money for installation of NICTBB but utilization is still very minimum.
This is due to the scanty knowledge and public awareness about NICTBB. It implied that few people know about or existence of NICTBB, but most of them they don’t know the advantage and disadvantage of this NICTBB. Properly used and coordinated will bring the desired effect and passing the knowledge information to the public as anticipated. By sharing backbone network infrastructure, builders of backbone networks can reduce costs and so as to make such heavy investment more commercially viable.
This is particularly relevant for fiber-optic networks in urban areas, where the costs of laying new fibers can be high, or in the rural areas; where the revenues generated by such networks are low. The basic goal of one of this finding in the research is to influence knowledge sharing in decision making at technical level. The government works on the infrastructure and the public are required to work on the contents side.
However, with the challenge of affordability of the connectivity services provided by
NICTBB should be subsidized by the government,
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5.3 Recommendations
According to the above finding researcher has the following recommendation:-
There is a need for NICTBB to increase efficiency and productivity so as to
attract and facilitate more connectivity to the general public and end users,
The NICTBB should also promote itself to the public to increase the awareness,
reduce the connectivity prices and increase the contents.
There is a need for the government to regulate the connectivity prices to make it
affordable to the large number of users.
The government should make token price tag for in providing free access to
education and research institutions and other critical sectors of safety and
lifesaving operations.
The government should also exempt tax or subsidize the knowledge
development and connectivity tools in order to encourage its awareness and
growth.
There is a need to come up with a framework on the utilization of the National
ICT policy which will act as guidance to the stakeholders when it comes to the
knowledge management issues.
All knowledgeable stakeholders should keep on stirring the agenda in order to
make it louder and awareness of NICTBB in the society.
The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training and TAMISEMI should join
forces in the knowledge generation and sharing agenda as it is the key to leap
fogging the civilization and development.
The Government should establish an independent Agency to manage, administer
and operate the National ICT Backbone instead of running it under TTCL,
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The NICTBB should operate under Open Access Framework to enable many
potential users countrywide to take advantage of the infrastructure.
Finally the survey has realized enough literature and academic materials on
NICTBB is abundant and available in most places, but is lacking a practical
implementation utilisation progress template. The already built phases should
show a difference in servise delivery in the government. Let the public be made
aware and how the value of their money is being realized in this state of art of
project in simple language. The survey shows and recommends there should
Operation Performance Appraisal at each stage of link completed.
5.3.1 Content Development
The survey found out content development is only targeted to education sector but responders have pointed simple content development can be started by simplifying government transactions on National Identification Authority (NIDA), Registration
Insolvency Trusteeship Agency, (RITA), Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), Tanzania
Commission for University (TCU), National Election Commission (NEC), Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). If focus could be created it can achieve the initial win win situations in specific sectors. The survey emphasized it is high time to show something practical simple and understood now. The Tanzania Citizens are yet to see value for money for this project.
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REFERENCE
Babbie, E (1989), The Practice of Social Research, 5th Edition, Wardsworth, Inc., USA
Government of Rwanda. 2006. “An Integrated ICT-Led Socio- Economic Development Plan for Rwanda 2006–2010. The NICI-2010 Plan.” Kigali. 2008 “Information Technology and Rural Markets: Theory and Evidence from a Unique Intervention in Central India” Working paper. University of Maryland, College Park, http://www.e-democracy.org/
Information Systems, PO-PSM
Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach.” The American Economic Review 91 (4): 909–23.European Commission 2007
Kothari, C.R, (1990), Research Methodology, Methods `and Techniques: 2nd Edition New Age International Publishers; New Delhi
Krishna swami, O.R, (2003), Methodology of Research in Social, 1st Edition, Himalaya publication House, India
Krishnaswami, O.R. & Ranganathan, (2007) Methodology of Research in social
Science. Himalaya Publishing House: Mumbai.
Regulatory Authority (TCRA), January, 2009.
Report on the e-Government Readiness Survey (2009), Directorate of Management
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Roller, Lars-Hendrik, and Leonard Waverman. 2001. “Telecommunications Security, Vol. 16Iss: 3, pp.235 - 250. Stephen M. Mutula, (2008) “Comparison of sub-Saharan Africa’s e-government status with developed and transitional nations”, Information Management and Computer
Study Report on Telecommunications Market in Tanzania-Tanzania Communications
Tanzania National ICT Policy (NICTP) of 2003
Williams, Edem E.; Essien Eyo (2011 www.flexibility.co.uk) www.ippmedia.com www.tcra.go.tz www.tcra.go.tz. www.tznic.or.tz
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APPENDICES Appendix 1 List of Respondents and their Response
No Name Response 1 Omary Male Young man in early 20’s, has completed form four in Mohamed. 2009, never heard of National Information Communication Broad Band Backbone (NICTBB). After brief explanation he understood but he showed interest although he seem not to care and thinks it maybe good idea but not transparent. 2 Jacob Alfred Male completed form 4 (iv)-2005 he has heard about National Mathias. Information Communication Technology back bone through the radio and television since he deals with technology he appreciate the development of NICTBB. Maybe he understands 15% awareness. 3 Msafiri Ali Male He completed for 4, College graduated, never heard Mkenda. about the NICTBB. He works with M-Pesa booth but he does not appreciate the technology as nobody seems to talk about it. It maybe for the few who are privileged however after being made aware of the functions which can be undertaken he agrees this is the best solution then. It will bring work and more revenues the government collections 4 Elvis Yohana Male He completed form 4(iv) only. He heard about the George. backbone nor does appreciate it existence or constitution needs nor awareness and educated. 5 Shaban Omary. Male Fruit vendor, around forty years of age, he once heard on Television something like NICTBB. He is a small business man and sells refill vouchers for telephones handsets etc He has never and did not understand its functions or existence very little. 6 Sharifa Riziki. Female Shop attendant heard very little about information, after explanation on usefulness of the NICTBB appreciates the new technology especially if it brings employment. Needs mare awareness and how it can assist her work 7 Aisha Kassim. Female Completed form 4(iv), works as helper for her sister of local restaurant, never heard about the NICTBB however she appreciates the development being a youth looking for employment. More awareness is needed and explanation on what exactly can be achieved when using the infrastructure 8 Severine Female Completed form 4 she think she heard once on Mendradi. television but not sure what actual its function and how It can assist. She thinks it is not important nor it is not different from other. She made comment the money could be used to build more schools, hospitals and industries or other projects in the government. 9 Issa Mohammed Male Graduate work with Unit Trust Fund UTT-Director Wahichinende operations, he has understanding of the advantages of the NICTBB it will speed communications, a lot of resources
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money……. Be moved around. it will boost the economy, he appreciates technologies to easy up transparent. 10 Josephine Education Graduate Works at Unit Trust Fund- Senior Muhumbila. Operation Officer. She heard through media and appreciates the technology. 11 Mr Shakin Operation manager UNIT Trust Fund (UTT) of the Abdul Karim. development of the NICTBB. He has noticed the speed of transaction especially in ATM mechanism he can now open different means of his complete. He realizes that people are doing more that official work on their laptops or computers. He suggested there should accountability and confidectidity of the functions transected on the networks bandwidth is to check time and resources. Should be addressed on value of coast affection. Properly usage of backbone to bring development and not only for luxury, pleasure and private issues 12 Mr Maiko He has heard about and appreciate the technology advantages Hebeli Zele (UTT) 13 Nicholaus W. Welding and run a small business of oil, fuel and repairs and Malessy. small hardware shop. He started knows about the backbone through TV, radios. Once he seen the DG of TCRA explains the new technology and uses of mobiles, money transfer, SMS messages Technology shift. He ….. of vendor money on NICTBB is…… he appreciate the advantages of utilization of the NICTBB 14 Raina M. never heard, nor care not interested. When explained did Ekamy appreciate and will use and participate in utilization of the NICTBB. 15 M/s Fatuma Mama Ntilie. Never heard but she thinks anything to do Ismaeli. modern, towards improving labor market and Communications helps 16 Mr Lawrence Small business man, Michigan bar (manager), he has heard Albert Cheche. about it through radio, television he thinks it will improve business, appreciate the technology it will bring fast development in the outside world, value for money also 17 Mary Dede. Female Never heard about, thinks maybe food she does not care 18 Eusebia Female Works as M-Pesa agent, she works with refill Lyakame. vouchers, she thinks less it is for people with money and ready to learn if it is to do with her business 19 Prince Malleko Male completed form (iv) never He thinks it may be a good Dala Dala idea thinks that can be useful and assist to bring development Operator and job creation
20 Mary Richard Works as Manager of her operations never heard and although Kimbi Owner of she appreciates if may help her operations from what was said the chain of in through interview interactions.
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MPesa
21 Limangi Works in administration at African Barrick never heard but Mwanaupanga she seems to be interested to know more about it and suggest that people should be aware and taught about its importance’s to the society.
22 Zulfa Rashid Works as a small peasant owner, she is in her late 20’s never come a close it, she is ready to learn about it if at all it’s important for all people 23 Naomi Kazungu She owns a cosmetic shop, she has heard about it but she is not in a good position to explain since she hasn’t had a lot of information about it. She is also interested to learn more about it since she thinks it is good 24 Mary Kitundu Self employed, she is in her early 30’s.she thinks NICTBB is all about technology and communication though not sure and she is very interested to know about it due to the nature of her job 25 Sabraa Zaharan She is a house wife though sometimes she is a businesswoman; she is in her 30’s never heard about it but seems to be much interested about it.
26 Pendo Sadick A form 1V leaver has heard about NICTBB and she think is about technology, communication and ICT.she also has the idea of its importance and she thinks it’s a good idea for development since that is fast and safer for the modern world.
27 George Mbuta He is in his 40’s working with World Vision, He has also heard about NICTBB but he is not that interested and not ready to know about it 28 Majija Seni He works at Ministry of Finance, He is in his late 20’s.He has heard before and he will appreciate to know more about it, he also insisted that people should be trained 29 Nuruana Lori She is a graduate engineer now employed at African Barrick.She seems to know much about NICTBB,She explained it is all about information,tecknology and communication. She also said the importance of this new scientific backbone and she think it should be practiced much in today’s World 30 Zulfa Makoye She is a primary teacher aged 24 years old, she doesn’t know much about NICKBB though she heard something like that in the media, seems to be interested and happy to know more about the importance of NICTBB. 31 Joan Philip She is 8 years old taking her primary school at Mwalimu Nyerere International School. She remembered to have heard about NICTBB on televion, readio and news but she never understood what is all about
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32 Dourine Bhoke She is in her early 20’s study at University of Dar-es-salaam computer science. She has heard about it on a lecture in class, she thinks NICTBB is about inversion of technology, information and modern way of communication. She thinks is about the modern way of communication. She see its good since that it
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Appendix 2
SPECIAL USERS AND BIG CONSUMERS AND SERVICE PROVIDERS This group gave individual assessment as follows:
No Name Place 1 Mr Aziz Mongi ICT Consultant
2 Mr. Paul Bwathande NIDA
3 Dr Raphael Mmasi COSTECH
4 Dr Hassan Mshinda COSTECH
5 Dr Ali Mcharazo Library Services
6 Prof Sifuni Mchome TCU
7 Peter Mile TanRoads
8 M/s Margareth Nzuki ESRF
9 Mr Priscus Kiwango President’s Office Utumishi
10 Mr Frank Shame President’s office
11 Mr Johari Hamza TCAA Consumer Council
12 Kemmy Mtwale ZanTeL
13 Frank Feelman AirTel
14 Charles Komba VodaCom
15 Mwangaza Matotola TiGo
16 Beatrace Kavishe AirTel
17 Zizandovu Mwamsasa TTCL
18 William Mpinga ZanTel
19 Jane Makuti SaSaTeL
20 Mr Philip Saliboko RITA
21 RAHA.COM
22 COMPUTER CENTRE
24 UCC
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Eng. August Kowelo is a graduate of Bachelor degree in Telecommunication from South Bank University. He also holds a Masters of Engineering and Electronics in Information Technology from A&M Prairie View State University, Texas in USA.
He has more than 32 years of working experiences in the ICT ground. He has retired from the public service where he worked at different positions until his retirement as a director in 2009. He has also worked in Hilversum, Netherlands, India, China, United Kingdom and USA. He is currently working at the Economic and Social Research Foundation as a director in the Beyond Technologies project.
He also holds membership of professional associations such as Registered Engineer-IEE London, UK, IEEE -Registered Engineer-USA, Engineers Registration Board Tanzania, Associate Member of Research Sigma Xi (USA) and Member of Institution of Engineers Tanzania.
The Tanzania Country Level Knowledge Network (CLKnet) is a countrywide Knowledge Network for Research and Policy Development which was developed to create a platform where decision makers, professionals and practitioners can learn and share knowledge and information through on line and offline dialogues and discussions. The Project is supported by the Government of Tanzania and the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) and is hosted by the Tanzania Global Learning Agency (TaGLA).
For more details visit www.clknet.or.tz
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