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THE FIREFLY TRAIL, ATHENS, GA by Y PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS IN ADDITION TO RECREATIONAL BENEFITS IN RAIL-TO-TRAILS DESIGN: THE FIREFLY TRAIL, ATHENS, GA By YiRan Zhao (Under the direction of Katherine Melcher) ABSTRACT A rail-to-trail project is the conversion of an abandoned railway into a multiple use trail. A number of cases in the U.S. have shown that rail-to-trail transfers can serve to create recreational opportunities for jogging, cycling, and walking. However, providing ecological benefits along with recreational ones have not been widely considered in rail conversion projects. Furthermore, the conflicts between ecological use and recreational use along abandoned rail development sites are not fully understood. This thesis explores the concept of combining ecological conservation and recreational goals in developing rail-to-trail projects through the design of a practical application. A final framework followed the form of a greenway showing how its design can allow for harmonious use by both humans and wildlife. Design solutions were examined through the lens of a real project: Firefly Trail, Athens, GA. INDEX WORDS: Rail-to-trail, Greenway, Ecological benefits, Corridor, Recreational benefits, Recreational ecology, Firefly Trail, Athens, Georgia. PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS IN ADDITION TO RECREATIONAL BENEFITS IN RAIL-TO-TRAILS DESIGN: THE FIREFLY TRAIL, ATHENS, GA By YIRAN ZHAO Bachelor of Agriculture, Beijing Forestry University, China, 2013 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Landscape Architecture Athens, Georgia 2015 © 2015 YiRan Zhao All Rights Reserved PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS IN ADDITION TO RECREATIONAL BENEFITS IN RAIL-TO-TRAILS DESIGN: THE FIREFLY TRAIL, ATHENS, GA By YIRAN ZHAO Major Professor: Katherine Melcher Committee: Judith Wasserman John Crowley Ron Thomas Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………….………..VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………...2 1.2 Significance………………………………………………………………………3 1.3 Limitations………………………………………………………………………..6 1.4 Delimitations……………………………………………………………………...6 1.5 Problem, issues or opportunities …………………………………………………7 2 ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS AND GREENWAY DESIGN……………………….12 2.1 Greenway History………...……………..………………………..…………….13 2.2 Greenway Ecology……………………..………………………..……………15 2.3 Conflict between recreational use and ecological use in greenway……………..20 2.4 Conflicts between natural conservation and recreation needs…………………...20 2.5 Conflict between different recreational uses………………….............................22 2.6 Conclusions and recommendations……………………………………………22 3 CASE STUDIES……………………………………………………………………24 3.1 Boulder Creek Greenway Plan, City of Boulder, Colorado…………………….24 iv 3.2 Baird Creek Greenway in Fox-Wisconsin Heritage Parkway, the City of Green Bay, WI…………………………………………………………..…………………30 3.3 Greenway Compact Program, Dutchess County, NY…………………………40 3.4 Conclusion-Application of case studies to design problem ……..………...…..45 4 GEORGIA RAILROAD - RAIL TO TRAILS…………………………………………51 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………51 4.2 Project location……………………………………………………………..…54 4.3 Design Goals…………………………………………………………………..54 4.4 Determine design zone…………………………………………………………56 4.5 Maintenance and management…………………………………………………58 4.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…….59 5 THE FIREFLY TRAIL PLANNING FRAMEWORK (BY AUTHOR)………………62 5.1 Existing conditions and design considerations………………………………….62 5.2 Guiding design principles………………………………………………………63 5.3 Determine design scope…………………………………………………………64 5.4 Segments………………………………………………………………………..64 5.5 Masterplan…..………………………………………………………………….85 5.6 Evaluation criteria…..…………………………………………………………..89 5.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….89 6 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY………………………………………………..92 v REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..…..95 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………..….105 A Proposed species for the Segment 1………………………………………………105 B Proposed species for the Segment 2………………………………………………..107 C Proposed species for the Segment 3………………………………………………..109 D Proposed species for the Segment 4………………………………………………..111 E ACC Existing Landuse Map……………………………………………………….113 F ACC Future Development Map……………………………………………………113 G 2014 Greenway Network Plan……………………………………………………..114 H Existing Tree Cover Map…………………………………………………………..115 I Local Water Resource Map………………………………………………………….115 J Existing Open Space Map………………………………………………………..…116 K Transportation Network Map……………………………………………………….116 L Topographic Map……...…………………………………………………………….117 M Existing Species List for Segment 1………………………………………………..118 N Exisitng Species List for Segment 2………………………………………………..119 O Exisitng Species List for Segment 3………………………………………………..120 P Exisitng Species List for Segment 4………………………………………………..121 Q Evaluation criteria for Segment 1………………………………………………….122 R Evaluation criteria for Segment 2………………………………………………….123 vi S Evaluation criteria for Segment 3………………………………………………….124 T Evaluation criteria for Segment 4………………………………………………….125 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2-1: 1894 plan for the Emerald Necklace Park System.……………………………14 Figure 2-2: Greenway network structure.…………………………………………..……….16 Figure 2-3: Corridor, matrix, mosaic, and patch.……………………………………………17 Figure 2-4: Corridors’ ecological functions.………………………………………………..18 Figure 3-1: Boulder Creek Greenway Plan.…………………………………………..……..25 Figure 3-2: Criteria for evaluating program success.………………………………………..27 Figure 3-3: The potential users for Boulder Creek Greenway Plan.……………………..…28 Figure 3-4: Criteria for evaluating program.………………………………………………..28 Figure 3-5: Criteria for evaluating program.…………………………………..……………29 Figure 3-6: Fox-Wisconsin Heritage Parkway.……………………………………….……31 Figure 3-7: Priority for Fox-Winsconsin Heritage Parkway.………………………….……32 Figure 3-8: Habitats along the Bairdy River corridor.…………………………………..….33 Figure 3-9: The Bairdy Creek Greenway Master Plan Process.……………………………..34 Figure 3-10: Public Engagement Process.……………………………..…………………..36 Figure 3-11: Hudson River Valley Greenway, NY.……………………………………..…41 Figure 3-12: Bike Routes Design Standard.………………………………………………..44 Figure 3-13: The General Greenway Planning Framework.………………………………..46 viii Figure 4-1: The Firefly Trail Masterplan.…………………………………………………..52 Figure 4-2: Three types of ecological zones.………………………………………………..57 Figure 4-3: The Firefly Trail Planning Framework.………………………………………..61 Figure 5-1: Two types of trails based on field conditions.………………………….……….63 Figure 5-2: Trail Head Plaza of the Firefly Trail.…………………………………………65 Figure 5-3: The only remaining trail creek trestle.…………………………………………..66 Figure 5-4: Proposed trail design for the segment1.………………………………………..68 Figure 5-5: Plan for the Segment 1 (part 1).……………………………………………….69 Figure 5-6: Plan for the Segment 1 (part 2).……………………………………………….70 Figure 5-7: The existing site condition.…………………………………………………….71 Figure 5-8: Proposed path design for Segment2.…………………………………………73 Figure 5-9: Proposed path design for Segment2.………………………………………….74 Figure 5-10: Plan for the Segment 2 (part 1).……………………………………………..75 Figure 5-11: Plan for the Segment 2 (part 2).………………………………………………76 Figure 5-12: Proposed path design for Segment3.………………………………………..78 Figure 5-13: Plan for the Segment 3 (part 1).……………………………………………..79 Figure 5-14: Plan for the Segment 3 (part 2).……………………………………………..80 Figure 5-15: Proposed trail design for Segment4.……………………………….………..82 Figure 5-16: Plan for the Segment 4 (part 1).……………………………….……………..83 Figure 5-17: Plan for the Segment 4 (part 2).…………………………………….………..84 ix Figure 5-18: The Firefly Trail Masterplan..…………………………………….…………..86 Figure 5-19: The Firefly Trail Ecological Zones Map.…………………………………….87 Figure 5-20: The Firefly Trail Facility Map.………………………………………..………88 Figure 5-21: The Firefly Trail Planning Framework.……………………………..………91 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, with the growth of urban areas, many natural landscapes have been dramatically cleared, making way for city construction. Forests have been cleared and replaced by new neighborhoods, rivers and channels have been lined and polluted, and wildlife habitats have been damaged or destroyed. However, there is a growing demand for linear open spaces for physical activities, such as walking, jogging and biking, and a growing awareness of the need to preserve natural resources (Swim, Zawadzki, Cundiff, and Lord 2014). To resolve this critical conflict, Congress enacted the Rail-to-trail Act in 1968 to balance the growing number of abandoned railways and the need for recreational spaces. This Act seeks to make full use of existing abandoned rail lines and protect natural resources (Fowler 2009). In 1986, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, a group whose major responsibility is to facilitate rail-to-trail programs all over the United States, was founded (http://www.railstotrails.org/about/history 2015). Since then, a large number of abandoned railways have been transformed into hiking, cycling or walking trails for public use. According to the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy’s database, more than 160,000 members had joined Rails-to-Trails Conservancy and over 21,000 miles of rail-to-trail programs had been railbanked by August 2014 (http://www.railstotrails.org/about/history 2015). The railbanking 1 is a voluntary agreement between a railroad owner and a rail-to-trail agency who intends to
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