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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Ceramic building materials in early medieval churches in north-western France and south-eastern England. Application of luminescence dating to building archaeology. BLAIN, SOPHIE,EMILIE,LEA How to cite: BLAIN, SOPHIE,EMILIE,LEA (2009) Ceramic building materials in early medieval churches in north-western France and south-eastern England. Application of luminescence dating to building archaeology. , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/151/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THÈSE présentée devant L'UNIVERSITÉ de BORDEAUX Ecole doctorale Humanités pour l'obtention des titres de Docteur de l'Université de Bordeaux, France & PhD University of Durham, Grande-Bretagne Sciences archéologiques / Archaeology par SOPHIE BLAIN Maître ès Lettres Les terres cuites architecturales des églises du haut Moyen Age dans le nord-ouest de la France et le sud-est de l’Angleterre. Application de la datation par luminescence à l’archéologie du bâti. ~ Ceramic building materials in early medieval churches in north-western France and south-eastern England. Application of luminescence dating to building archaeology. Soutenue le 28 avril 2009 devant la Commission d'Examen Rapporteurs M. Didier MIALLIER Professeur, Université de Clermont-Ferrand M. Christian SAPIN Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, UMR 5594 Examinateurs M. Philippe ARAGUAS Professeur, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux M. Andrew MILLARD Senior Lecturer, University of Durham, Royaume Uni M. David STOCKER English Heritage, Royaume Uni Directeurs de thèse M. Ian BAILIFF Professeur, University of Durham, Royaume Uni M. Pierre GUIBERT Ingénieur de Recherche CNRS, HDR, UMR 5060 - 2009 - Remerciements Je souhaite remercier l’ensemble des deux équipes de recherche qui m’ont accueillie : l’équipe de CRP2A à Bordeaux et le Department of Archaeology à Durham, ainsi que le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, la Région Aquitaine et le programme Alliance (Egide) pour leur soutien financier. I would like to express my gratitude for advice and help given to me while I was working on this thesis. I would like especially to thank Ian K.Bailiff, Pierre Guibert, Pam Graves and Sarah Semple for supervising and reading this thesis and to thank them and Prof. Rosemary Cramp, Maylis Baylé, Daniel Prigent, Christian Sapin for giving up their time to discuss the subject and answer my questions. Thank you to Sandra Garside-Neville, Andrew Morrisson, Rev. Jon Partridge, Rev. Susan Cooper, Rev. Noelle Hall, Rev. Jan Dash and Paul Sealey who believed in the interest of this study and allowed me sampling materials from the archives of the Museum of York or from the masonries of the churches they were in charge of. I would like to thank also Gerard Lynch, Peter Minter, Pat Ryan and John F. Potter and of course my workmate Tom Gurling for having spent a lot of time discussing about historic bricks. Merci à Françoise Bechtel pour m’avoir introduite la première dans le milieu anglo-saxon de la luminescence. I am grateful to the members of the panel who accepted to read and advise this work: Christian Sapin, Didier Miallier, Philippe Araguas, Andrew Millard and David Stocker. Un grand merci à tous mes amis, je leur suis profondément reconnaissante du soutien et de la confiance qu’ils m’ont témoignés au cours de ces trois dernières années : mes collègues de bureau : le rasta-chanteur Fred et son successeur : FD-Laeti, le ronchon Manu-boy, Manue-girl qui a grandement participé aux relectures du manuscrit, Marion-la-basque qui va incessamment sous peu dépasser les limites temporelles, Béa : son arbitrage infaillible et ses carreaux-lapins, Céline O et ses « aligato » ; les « autres » du bureau 8 : mon frère d’armes Memel l’invincible, l’homme-croquette cataplasmique FX, Céline L (merci pour la carte !), la toujours souriante Agnès, le nouveau métalleux Ziad, la péruvienne Carolita, la visiteuse Nanou ; la jeune maman Clairette. Un grand merci à l’attachante Chri pour sa disponibilité et son écoute, à Steph, Ayed, Guillaume, Aurélie, Laetitia M et Anne pour leur amitié, Guy et Pierre pour leur sourire et leur aide, merci à Nadia pour ses coups de mains en pétro, Yannick pour le MEB et Claude pour tous les services rendus. Sans oublier les expatriés de Rennes : Philippe L. (merci pour les dépannages bayésiens de dernière minute), Philippe D. et Gwen. Un spécial teşekkür ederim à Céline T, ma colocataire et re-lectrice. For the English side, I’d like to thank Scott for his help and his kindness, my officemate Matt Whintcop, my precious friends Eleanor, Michelle, Thomas the French and his wife Jill, Rosa, Tom “Blanc”, Aihua, l’Homme-de-R, Abby, Liam, Aki, Chris D, Kristen, Arthur… Merci papa et maman pour votre soutien, votre patience et votre confiance, ainsi que mon petit frère Ludo. A LN pour sa longue amitié. Merci à Chris Simpson qui a également porté cette thèse pendant ces trois dernières années. Merci à tous ces gens du fond du cœur qui ont partagé cette expérience avec moi et qui m’ont toujours encouragée. AVANT -PROPOS Jusque dans les années 1960, l’architecture religieuse du haut Moyen Age a été victime du peu d’intérêt que lui a porté l’archéologie. Ce manque d’engouement a entraîné un réel besoin pour l’amélioration des connaissances de cet art. Très liée avec le pouvoir civil et la société médiévale en pleine effervescence, l’architecture religieuse du haut Moyen Age en constitue le reflet matériel et l’un des rares témoins de cette période qui nous soit parvenu. Elle n’est pas figée mais bien dynamique, en particulier au cours de la période charnière comprise entre le IX e et le XI e siècle où s’esquissent transfert et nouveauté. L’une des caractéristiques de cette architecture est l’utilisation de terres cuites architecturales dans la construction, dont l’emploi débute à l’Antiquité et se poursuit jusqu’au XI e-XII e siècle. Cette particularité architecturale est notamment visible dans des zones touchées par les traditions romaines et en particulier dans le nord-ouest de la France et le sud-est de l’Angleterre, qui bénéficient de surcroît d’une concentration de monuments pour le haut Moyen Age. D’autre part, ces régions de proches contacts ont souvent exercé des influences artistiques mutuelles. L’un des objectifs de ce travail est donc d’estimer les caractères communs des tendances architecturales et des choix techniques. Pour ce faire, il s’avère nécessaire de préciser le positionnement chronologique de certains édifices qui constituent des repères architecturaux. L’errance des datations des édifices religieux du haut Moyen Age, traditionnellement attribuées à partir de sources écrites, a entraîné le développement de l’archéologie du bâti et le recours à l’archéométrie. Le couplage des deux disciplines ouvre désormais de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension des monuments. Parmi ces méthodes, la datation par luminescence appliquée aux matériaux de construction en terre cuite présente un attrait particulier. Elle contribue à l’archéologie du bâti (mieux dater permettant de mieux comprendre) et en retour son emploi dans ce but spécifique permet de tester la méthode et d’en améliorer le potentiel. C’est dans cette double optique archéologique et archéométrique que s’est inscrit ce travail de thèse. Il a bénéficié d’un contexte favorable puisqu’il s’intègre dans le cadre du Groupe de Recherche Européen (dirigé par Christian Sapin et Pierre Guibert) qui réunit des spécialistes de disciplines variées (archéologie, histoire de l’art, datation par radiocarbone, dendrochronologie, archéomagnétisme, luminescence) et de différentes institutions (Universités françaises, anglaise, italiennes, CNRS, …) sur le thème des « Terres Cuites Architecturales et nouvelles méthodes de datation ». Cet aspect européen s’est vu renforcé par la cotutelle qui a été mise en place pour cette thèse entre les deux universités de Durham en Angleterre et de Bordeaux en France. Dans un premier temps, quelques rappels sur les situations politiques et religieuses de la période comprise entre le IX e et le XI e siècle en France et en Angleterre seront exposés, ainsi que l’architecture et ses composantes qui leur sont associées. Une deuxième partie sera consacrée à la présentation et la définition de la méthode de datation par luminescence. Ces éléments de base permettront de mieux aborder par la suite les études de cas des douze sites i français et anglais qui ont été retenus pour ce travail de recherche sur la chronologie. Pour terminer, une étude détaillée du mode d’utilisation des terres cuites architecturales au haut Moyen Age sera proposée ainsi qu’une tentative d’interprétation de ce choix architectural. ii FOREWORD Until the 1960’s, early medieval religious architecture suffered from a general lack of interest by the field of archaeology resulting in a real need for the improvement in knowledge of this often- misinterpreted art. Initially considered as outmoded or backward, early medieval architecture is actually dynamic, particularly the transition period between the 9 th and the 11 th centuries marked by its themes of transference and novelty.
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