i Nations under God EDITED BY LUKE M. HERRINGTON, ALASDAIR MCKAY & JEFFREY HAYNES Nations under God The Geopolitics of Faith in the Twenty-First Century i Nations under God The Geopolitics of Faith in the Twenty-First Century EDITED BY LUKE M. HERRINGTON ALASDAIR MCKAY & JEFFREY HAYNES ii E-IR Edited Collections Series Editors: Stephen McGlinchey, Marianna Karakoulaki and Robert Oprisko E-IR’s Edited Collections are open access scholarly books presented in a format that preferences brevity and accessibility while retaining academic conventions. Each book is available in print and e-book, and is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. As E-International Relations is committed to open access in the fullest sense, free electronic versions of all of our books, including this one, are available on the E-International Relations website. Find out more at: http://www.e-ir.info/publications Recent titles Popular Culture and World Politics: Theories, Methods, Pedagogies Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives Caliphates and Islamic Global Politics Forthcoming Restoring Indigenous Self-Determination (New edition) System, Society & the World: Exploring the English School (2nd Edition) About the E-International Relations website E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info) is the world’s leading open access website for students and scholars of international politics. E-IR’s daily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and interviews – as well as a range of high quality student contributions. The website was established in November 2007 and now reaches over 200,000 unique visitors a month. E-IR is run by a registered non-profit organisation based in Bristol, England and staffed with an all-volunteer team. iii E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England Published 2015 (e-book and print) This book is published under a under a Creative Commons CC BY- NC-4.0 license. You are free to: • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries. Other than the license terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials / scholarly use. Copy Editing: Gill Gairdner Production: Ran Xiao Cover Image: Iryna_Rasko ISBN 978-1-910814-04-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-910814-06-2 (e-book) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library iv Acknowledgments The editors would first like to thank Stephen McGlinchey who agreed to green light this ambitious project for E-International Relations. The contributors to the book must also be thanked for taking the time to produce their pieces. Some of the content in the editors' introduction to this volume was adapted from Luke M. Herrington's MA thesis written for the University of Kansas. As such, he would like to extend his gratitude to Hal Elliott Wert, Brent J. Steele and Eric A. Hanley for their thoughtful encouragement and feedback on that embryonic work. He would also like to thank Dan G. Cox, Hal Elliott Wert and Brent J. Steele for the professional guidance and mentorship they have provided through the years. v Abstract Nations under God: The Geopolitics of Faith in the Twenty-first Century is a timely contribution to the ongoing discussion on religion and global politics. The volume brings together over thirty leading scholars from a variety of disciplines such as political science, international relations theory, sociology, theology, anthropology and geography. Utilising case studies, empirical investigations and theoretical examinations, this book focuses on the complex roles that religions play in world affairs. It seeks to move beyond the simplistic narratives and overly impassioned polemics which swamp the discourse on the subject in the media, on the internet and in popular nonfiction by acting as a vessel for scholarly research on religion. Overall, the book presents a more balanced analysis of the multifaceted roles taken on by religions (and religious actors) in global politics. --- Luke M. Herrington is an editor-at-large at E-International Relations and Assistant Reviews Editor for Special Operations Journal. He is a PhD student in the Department of Political Science at the University of Kansas where he previously earned an MA in Global and International Studies. His interests include the role(s) of religion in international politics, hegemonic stability theory and ontological security. Alasdair McKay is an editor-at-large at E-International Relations. He holds undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in politics from the universities of Manchester and Aberystwyth. He has worked for an African human rights NGO and in the parliamentary office of an MP. His research interests include intrastate conflict, African politics, Islamism, political anthropology, religion and violence, and IR theory. Jeffrey Haynes is Associate Dean of Faculty (Research and Postgraduate Studies) and Director of the Centre for the Study of Religion, Conflict and Cooperation, London Metropolitan University. He is recognised as an international authority in five separate areas: religion and international relations; religion and politics; democracy and democratisation; development studies; and comparative politics and globalisation. He has written many books, journal articles and book chapters, totalling around 160 such publications since 1986. His most recent book is Faith-Based Organizations at the United Nations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). vi Nations under God Contents INTRODUCTION Luke M. Herrington and Alasdair McKay 1 PART ONE – UNDERSTANDING RELIGION(S) IN THE WORLD TODAY 1 THE RELIGIOUS RESURGENCE: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Stephen Dawson 23 2 ‘LittLE DO THEY KNOW…’ HOW (NOT) TO THEORISE RELIGION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Jodok Troy 30 3 SHIFTING TERRITORIAL ORDERS AND RELIGION Gertjan Dijkink 39 4 THE FOUR RELIGIONS OF FOREIGN POLICY John A. Rees 45 5 LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORwaRD: ROMANTICISM, RELIGION AND THE SECULAR IN MODERNITY Mark S. Cladis 56 6 THE CONTEMPORARY AMBIGUITIES OF RELIGIONS AS A SOURCE OF CIVILISATIONAL IDENTITY Fabio Petito 63 PART TWO – THE NATION-STATE AND SOCIETY 7 RELigion’s CHANGING FORM AND RELATION TO THE STATE SINCE 1989 Linda Woodhead 72 8 THE SECULAr–RELIGIOUS COMPETITION PERSPECTIVE Jonathan Fox 80 9 CHURCH, STATE AND CULTURE: SHOULD RELIGION BE A PRIVATE MATTER? Brendan Sweetman 88 Contents vii 10 HOLISM, RELIGION AND GEOPOLITICS Don Handelman 95 11 RELIGIOUS POLITICS AND THE RISE OF ILLIBERAL RELIGION Scott W. Hibbard 103 12 ASSESSING STATE AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS: A COMMENT FROM THE CASE OF ANGOLA Ruy Llera Blanes 112 13 THE GEOPOLITICS OF RELIGIOUS PERFORMANCE IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TaIwaN Fang-long Shih 119 14 MORE RUSSIAN THAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY: RUSSIAN PAGANISM AS NATIONALIST POLITICS Kaarina Aitamurto 126 PART THREE – VIOLENCE AND PEACE 15 SOCIOTHEOLOGY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEWS Mona Kanwal Sheikh 134 16 WHAt’s GOD GOT TO DO WITH IT? VIOLENCE, HOSTILITY AND RELIGION TODAY Lee Marsden 144 17 THE FUTURE OF ISLAMIC STATE SYSTEMS IN LIGHT OF RISING SECTARIAN TENSIONS Shireen T. Hunter 152 18 THE GEOPOLITICS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY Nilay Saiya 161 19 IS THERE A RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY PEACE DIVIDEND? Dan G. Cox 169 20 INTER-RELIGIOUS WORK FOR PEACE THROUGH GLOBALISED TRANSNATIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY Pauline Kollontai 176 PART FOUR – HUMAN RIGHTS AND INSTITUTIONS 21 FaITH-BASED ORGANISATIONS AT THE UNITED NATIONS Jeffrey Haynes 186 viii Nations under God 22 NATIONAL RELIGIONS: HOW TO BE BOTH UNDER GOD AND UNDER THE EUROPEAN UNION? François Foret 196 23 RELIGION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE FORGOTTEN FaCTOR Brent F. Nelsen and James L. Guth 203 24 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND RELigion’s CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY Paul S. Rowe 211 25 WHOSE GOD? A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH J. Paul Martin 218 26 GLOBAL CHRISTIAN NETWORKS FOR HUMAN DIGNITY Allen D. Hertzke 229 27 ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN Ishtiaq Ahmed 237 28 BUILDING A REFORM MOVEMENT: COULD MUSLIMS EMULATE NINETEENTH CENTURY JUDAISM? Jonathan Benthall 246 29 THE RELIGION AGENDA: THE SAHRawI REFUGEES AND THE POLITICS OF TOLERANCE Elizabeth Shakman Hurd 255 CONCLUSION Tim Fitzgerald 266 CONTRIBUTORS 278 NOTE ON INDEXING 286 ix ‘Le vingt et un siècle sera religieux ou ne sera pas’ (The twenty-first century will be religious or it will not) -- André Malraux Introduction 1 Introduction ‘The World is the Mighty Temple of the Gods’ LUKE M. HERRINGTON & ALASDAIR MC KaY E-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS This introductory chapter is divided into five parts. The opening section provides a brief overview of why religion matters in today’s world. Considering various polling data and demographic studies, the section demonstrates how levels of religiosity are increasing in the world and consequently that the world as a whole is becoming a more religious place. The next section presents a discussion of the secularisation debate and the global religious resurgence. Section three examines the popular literature concerning religion and global politics