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Proton-Proton Interactions and Onset of Deconfinement Proton-proton interactions and onset of deconfinement A. Aduszkiewicz15, E.V. Andronov21, T. Antici´ c´ 3, V. Babkin19, M. Baszczyk13, S. Bhosale10, A. Blondel23, M. Bogomilov2, A. Brandin20, A. Bravar23, W. Brylinski´ 17, J. Brzychczyk12, M. Buryakov19, O. Busygina18, A. Bzdak13, H. Cherif6, M. Cirkovi´ c´ 22, M. Csanad 7, J. Cybowska17, T. Czopowicz17, A. Damyanova23, N. Davis10, M. Deliyergiyev9, M. Deveaux6, A. Dmitriev 19, W. Dominik15, P. Dorosz13, J. Dumarchez4, R. Engel5, G.A. Feofilov21, L. Fields24, Z. Fodor7;16, A. Garibov1, M. Ga´zdzicki6;9, O. Golosov20, M. Golubeva18, K. Grebieszkow17, F. Guber18, A. Haesler23, S.N. Igolkin21, S. Ilieva2, A. Ivashkin18, S.R. Johnson25, K. Kadija3, E. Kaptur14, N. Kargin20, E. Kashirin20, M. Kiełbowicz10, V.A. Kireyeu19, V. Klochkov6, V.I. Kolesnikov19, D. Kolev2, A. Korzenev23, V.N. Kovalenko21, K. Kowalik11, S. Kowalski14, M. Koziel6, A. Krasnoperov19, W. Kucewicz13, M. Kuich15, A. Kurepin18, D. Larsen12, A. László7, T.V. Lazareva21, M. Lewicki16, K. Łojek12, B. Łysakowski14, V.V. Lyubushkin19, M. Mackowiak-Pawłowska´ 17, Z. Majka12, B. Maksiak11, A.I. Malakhov19, D. Manic´ 22, A. Marchionni24, A. Marcinek10, A.D. Marino25, K. Marton7, H.-J. Mathes5, T. Matulewicz15, V. Matveev19, G.L. Melkumov19, A.O. Merzlaya12, B. Messerly26, Ł. Mik13, S. Morozov18;20, S. Mrówczynski´ 9, Y. Nagai25, M. Naskr˛et16, V. Ozvenchuk10, V. Paolone26, M. Pavin4;3, O. Petukhov18, R. Płaneta12, P. Podlaski15, B.A. Popov19;4, B. Porfy7, M. Posiadała-Zezula15, D.S. Prokhorova21, D. Pszczel11, S. Puławski14, J. Puzovic´ 22, M. Ravonel23, R. Renfordt6, E. Richter-W˛as12, D. Röhrich8, E. Rondio11, M. Roth5, B.T. Rumberger25, M. Rumyantsev19, A. Rustamov1;6, M. Rybczynski9, A. Rybicki10, A. Sadovsky18, K. Schmidt14, I. Selyuzhenkov20, A.Yu. Seryakov21, P. Seyboth9, M. Słodkowski17, P. Staszel12, G. Stefanek9, J. Stepaniak11, 1 M. Strikhanov20, H. Ströbele6, T. Šuša3, A. Taranenko20, A. Tefelska17, D. Tefelski17, V. Tereshchenko19, A. Toia6, R. Tsenov2, L. Turko16, R. Ulrich5, M. Unger5, F.F. Valiev21, D. Vebericˇ 5, V.V. Vechernin21, A. Wickremasinghe26, Z. Włodarczyk9, A. Wojtaszek-Szwarc9, O. Wyszynski´ 12, L. Zambelli4;1, E.D. Zimmerman25, and R. Zwaska24 1National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan 2Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria 3Ruder¯ Boškovic´ Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 4LPNHE, University of Paris VI and VII, Paris, France 5Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany 6University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany 7Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 8University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 9Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland 10Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland 11National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland 12Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 13AGH - University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland 14University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 15University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 16University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland 17Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland 2 18Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia 19Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 20National Research Nuclear University (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia 21St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 22University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 23University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 24Fermilab, Batavia, USA 25University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 26University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA 3 Strongly interacting matter at very high densities is expected to be in a state of quasi-free quarks and gluons - the quark-gluon plasma. Such form of matter likely existed in the first moments after the Big Bang. This hypothesis motivates experimental and theoretical studies of phases and transitions of strongly interacting matter. In particular, the study of high en- ergy collisions between two atomic nuclei offers the possibility to address these issues in well controlled laboratory experiments, which are now conducted at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN, the SPS and LHC accelerators) as well as at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (the RHIC accelerator). The study of the transition to the quark-gluon plasma in high energy nuclear collisions by varying collision energy and nuclear mass num- ber is the main focus of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS. This paper reports new results on proton-proton interactions which uncover similarities, and at the same time confirm with increased precision previously known qualitative differences, with results on lead-lead collisions - the latter showing evidence for the transition to the quark-gluon plasma at the low SPS energies. Recent results on p+p interactions serve as an important reference with respect to which new phenomena are searched for in strongly interacting matter cre- ated in collisions of heavy nuclei. NA61/SHINE results presented here allow to study the question whether effects related to the phase transition are also present to some degree in proton-proton collisions already at SPS energies. Interestingly, results on proton-proton in- teractions with high particle multiplicity at the CERN LHC in fact suggest the creation of strongly interacting matter in this class of collisions. The NA61/SHINE results demonstrate clearly that understanding particle production in proton-proton interactions, and, in general 4 in collisions of small atomic nuclei, is an essential objective of heavy-ion physics today. One of the important issues of contemporary physics is the understanding of strong interactions and, in particular, the study of the properties of strongly interacting matter in equilibrium. What are the phases of this matter and what do the transitions between them look like? At sufficiently high energy densities one expects a transition from the phase in which quarks and gluons are confined in hadrons to the quark-gluon plasma - a state of quasi-free quarks and gluons. These questions motivate broad experimental and theoretical efforts since about 50 years. The study of high energy collisions between two atomic nuclei offers the unique possibility to address these issues in well controlled laboratory experiments. Rich experimental results on central Pb+Pb and Au+Au collisions from experiments at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (BNL), the Super Proton Synchrotron (CERN), the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (BNL) and the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) lead to two main observations: (i) The data from the lowest to the highest collision energies indicate that a system of strongly interacting particles close to, at least local, equilibrium is created. At freeze-out the system occupies a volume which is much larger than the volume of an individual hadron. These findings are based on the failure of the Wounded Nucleon Model 1 - the simplest proxy for microscopic dynamical models - and the success of statistical 2 and hydrodynamical models 3. Thus, one concludes that strongly interacting matter is created in heavy-ion collisions. (ii) Several basic hadron production properties rapidly change their dependence on collision energy in a common, narrow energy interval, 7-12 GeV 4–6. This behaviour indicates 7 the beginning 5 of the creation of a quark-gluon plasma with increasing collision energy. It is referred to as the onset of deconfinement. Models which do not assume the onset of deconfinement cannot reproduce the data, for a review see Ref. 6. Proton-proton interactions played a special role in these two discoveries. It was commonly assumed that neither of the two effects is present in these interactions and thus experimental results on p+p interactions served as an important reference with respect to which new physics in heavy-ion collisions was searched for. Strong, qualitative deviations of data on heavy-ion collisions from the p+p reference as well as the agreement of measurements in heavy-ion collisions with predictions of models assuming creation of strongly interacting matter and its phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma at intermediate SPS collision energies are convincing arguments for the two discoveries. The most popular models of p+p interactions are qualitatively different from the most popular models of heavy-ion collisions. The former are resonance-string models 8 in which hydrodynamic expansion of the matter is replaced by exiciting resonances and/or stretching a string between colour charges of quarks and/or di-quarks. The assumption of statistical hadronization of matter is replaced by dynamical modelling of resonance and/or string decays as well as quark/gluon fragmentation into hadrons. Since the early days the different modelling of p+p interactions and heavy-ion collisions was supported by qualitative disagreement of the p+p data with predictions of statistical and hydrodynamical models - large particle multiplicity fluctuations and a power-law 9 shape of transverse momentum spectra at high pT . On the other hand, the different modelling has been questioned by striking agreement of the p+p data with other predictions of statistical and hydrodynamical models - mean multiplicities of hadrons follow a pattern predicted by statistical 6 models and transverse mass spectra at low and intermediate pT are close to statistical approach expectations 2, 10. Moreover, recent LHC data on the azimuthal angle distribution of charged particles in high multiplicity p+p interactions 8, 11 show anisotropies up to now observed only in heavy-ion collisions and
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