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E-Flows in Indian Rivers- Methodologies, Issues, Indicators E - Flows in Indian Rivers Methodologies, Issues, Indicators and Conditions Learnings from Hasdeo Basin Latha Anantha, Shripad Dharmadhikary and Neha Bhadbhade E-flows in Indian Rivers: Methodologies, Issues, Indicators and Conditions — Learnings from Hasdeo Basin. Latha Anantha, Shripad Dharmadhikary and Neha Bhadbhade © Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune, Maharashtra, India Supported by: Arghyam, Bengaluru, India Cover Design and Layout by: Deepti Devendra and Mudra. Cover Photographs by: Neha Bhadbhade Published by: Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune c/o Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) 16, Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra, INDIA Tel: +91-20-20251168 / 2588 6542 Fax: +91-020-2588 6542 Email: [email protected]/ [email protected] URL: waterconflictforum.org ; conflicts.indiawaterportal.org Copies are available at the above address First published in July 2017 The contents of this publication may be used with due acknowledgement of the source. Any form of reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission by any means requires a prior written permission from the publisher. Citation: Anantha.L, Dharmadhikary.S & Bhadbhade.N (2017). E-flows in Indian Riv- ers: Methodologies, Issues, Indicators and Conditions —Learnings from Hasdeo Basin. Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune Contributory Price: Rs. 200/- Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Some Important Issues in the Indian Context ................................................. 2 1.1.1 Issues in Setting Objectives ......................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Absence of Data ......................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Inputs from Experts..................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Overview of Environmental Flows- Concept, Objectives and Methodologies ........................................................................................ 6 2.1 From River to Flow Regime —The Concept and Linkages .............................. 6 2.2 E-Flows — Evolution, Need and Interpretations ............................................. 7 2.3 Objective Setting in E-Flows ............................................................................. 9 2.4 Overview of Methodologies ............................................................................. 9 2.4.1 Hydrological ............................................................................................. 10 2.4.2 Hydraulic Rating ....................................................................................... 10 2.4.3 Habitat Simulation .................................................................................... 11 2.4.4 Holistic Methodologies ............................................................................. 11 2.5 Indicators in E-flow Assessment ..................................................................... 13 Chapter 3: Overview of E-flows Assessment in Indian River Basins .................... 15 3.1 Ganga Basin ..................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Assessment of Cumulative Impact of Hydropower Projects in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basin ................................................................................. 15 3.1.2 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts of Hydroelectric Projects on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Basins, Uttarakhand ............................................................................................. 16 3.1.3 Assessment of Environmental Flows in Upper Ganga Basin ....................... 18 3.1.4 Report of Inter Ministerial Group (IMG) on Issues Relating to Ganga ......... 19 3.1.5 MoWR, RD and GR: Report of the Three Member Committee on Assessment of Environmental Flows ......................................................... 20 3.2 Brahmaputra Basin ......................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Lohit Basin Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) and Carrying Capacity Study (CCS) Report ................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Perspective Plan of Development of Tawang River Basin ............................ 23 3.2.3 Cumulative Impact and Carrying Capacity Study of Subansiri Sub-basin Including Downstream Impacts ................................................................. 24 i 3.3 E-flow Assessment under the Current ToR for River Valley Projects ........... 25 3.4 Important Concerns and Discussions from the Review of the Methodologies Used to Assess E-Flows in Indian River Basins ..................... 25 Chapter 4: Evolving Indicators for E-flows for the Hasdeo River Basin ............... 28 4.1 Description of the Hasdeo basin .................................................................... 28 4.2 Description of the Study Area ........................................................................ 29 4.3 Indicators used in the Hasdeo basin .............................................................. 31 4.3.1 Percentage of Watershed Area under Natural Vegetation .......................... 31 4.3.2 Percentage of the Floodplains in the Basin having Natural Vegetation ........ 32 4.3.3 Percentage of Rare/Endemic Aquatic Species Present in the Basin .............. 32 4.3.4 Percentage of Exotic/Introduced Species .................................................... 32 4.3.5 Overall Species Richness ............................................................................. 32 4.3.6 Degree of Flow Regulation ......................................................................... 33 4.3.7 Degree of Flow Modification ...................................................................... 33 4.3.8 Human Population Pressure ....................................................................... 35 4.3.9 Overall Water Quality in the Basin .............................................................. 35 4.3.11 Inter State Water Conflict ........................................................................ 36 Chapter 5: Conditions for e-flows assessment in the Hasdeo sub-basin ............. 42 5.1 Comprehensive Carrying Capacity Study (CCS) with Post-Facto Assessment of the Dams, Barrages and Anicuts on the Flows ..................... 42 5.2 Maintenance of the Existing Natural Vegetation in the Basin .................... 42 5.3 Maintenance of the Natural Variability of the Flow .................................... 42 5.4 Conservation of Endemic and Endangered Fish Species............................... 43 5.5 Water Quality .................................................................................................. 43 5.6 Preserving the Existing Livelihoods and Ensuring the Revival of more Livelihoods ...................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 6: Legal, Policy, Institutional and Regulatory Regime for E-flows ......... 44 Chapter 7: Insights and Recommendations ........................................................... 48 7.1 E-flows Assessment is not for Environmental Clearance Alone ................... 48 7.2 Participation — the Core of E-flows Assessment, Implementation and Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 49 7.3 Lack of Relevant Data ..................................................................................... 50 7.4 Community Led Field Research ...................................................................... 50 7.5 Monitoring and Compliance of E-flows by the Government is on Paper.... 51 ii 7.6 Ensure Proper Objective Setting ................................................................... 51 7.7 Post-facto CCA and CIA Recommended for Hasdeo .................................... 52 7.8 Enabling Policy and Legal Provisions ............................................................ 52 7.9 The Indicator Approach Needs to be Refined and Enhanced ..................... 53 7.10 A Comprehensive, Participatory River Basin Planning Recommended for Mahanadi ....................................................................................................... 53 References ................................................................................................................ 55 Forum Publications .................................................................................................. 59 iii List of Tables Table 2.1: Summary of holistic methodologies used for e-flow assessment ........................11 Table 4.1: Average live storage, inflows, outflows and Tan river flows ...............................39 Table 4.2: Scenario 1: live storage levels after providing rabi irrigation and e-flows according to MOEFCC recommendation for an average year ............................39 Table 4.3: Scenario 2: live storage levels under water scarcity scenario ..............................40 Table 4.4: Scenario 3: live storage levels under a scenario of flows higher than average flows ...................................................................................................40 List of Figures Figure 4.1: Hasdeo basin profile ........................................................................................29
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