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Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin a Study of the Agricultural and Industrial Sectors

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Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin a Study of the Agricultural and Industrial Sectors The Forum and Its Work The Forum (Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India) is a dynamic initiative Water Allocations and Use in the of individuals and institutions that has been in existence for the last ten years. Initiated by a handful of organisations that had come together to document conflicts and supported Mahanadi River Basin by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), it has now more than 250 individuals and organisations attached to it. The Forum has completed two phases of its work, the first A Study of the Agricultural and Industrial Sectors centring on documentation, which also saw the publication of ‘Water Conflicts in India: A Million Revolts in the Making’, and a second phase where conflict documentation, conflict Craig Dsouza | Abraham Samuel | Sarita Bhagat and K.J. Joy resolution and prevention were the core activities. Presently, the Forum is in its third phase where the emphasis is on backstopping conflict resolution. Apart from the core activities like documentation, capacity building, dissemination and outreach, the Forum would be intensively involved in right to water and sanitation, agriculture and industrial water use, environmental flows in the context of river basin management and groundwater as part of its thematic work. The Right to water and sanitation component is funded by WaterAid India. Arghyam Trust, Bangalore, which also funded the second phase, continues its funding for the Forums work in its third phase. The Forum’s Vision The Forum believes that it is important to safeguard ecology and environment in general and water resources in particular while ensuring that the poor and the disadvantaged population in our country is assured of the water it needs for its basic living and livelihood needs. The Forum is committed to the core values of equity, environmental sustainability, efficiency, livelihood assurance for the poor and democratisation. The Forum’s Mission The Forum’s mission is to influence policies and actions at all levels and work towards resolving, and preventing water conflicts in an environmentally and socially just manner, and creating awareness for achieving participatory, equitable, and sustainable water use. The Forum aims to carry out these through stakeholder interactions, knowledge creation, policy advocacy, training, networking and outreach. Contact Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India c/o SOPPECOM, 16 Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India Phone: 0091-20-2025 1168, 2588 6542 Fax: 0091-20-2588 6542 URL: www.waterconflictforum.org; www.conflicts.indiawaterportal.org Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin A Study of the Agricultural and Industrial Sectors Craig Dsouza | Abraham Samuel | Sarita Bhagat | K.J. Joy July 2017 Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin: A Study of the Agricultural and Industrial Sectors Authors:Craig Dsouza, Abraham Samuel, Sarita Bhagat and K.J. Joy © Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune, Maharashtra, India Supported by: Arghyam, Bengaluru, India Layout: Rohinee, Mudra Cover Photograph: Seema Ravandale Cover Design and Printing: Mudra, 383 Narayan Peth, Pune. Published by: Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune c/o Society for Promoting Participative Ecosystem Management (SOPPECOM) 16, Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra, INDIA Tel: +91-20-20251168/ 2588 6542 Fax: +91-020-2588 6542 Email: [email protected] URL: waterconflictforum.org ; conflicts.indiawaterportal.org Copies are available at the above address First published in July 2017 The contents of this publication may be used with due acknowledgement of the source. Any form of reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission by any means requires a prior written permission from the publisher. Citation: Dsouza, C., Samuel, A., Bhagat, S. and Joy, K.J. (2017). Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin: A Study of the Agricultural and Industrial sectors. Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune Contributory Price: Rs. 250/- Contents Acronyms x Glossary xii Foreword & Acknowledgement xv Executive Summary xvii Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methodology 1 • Study Background 1 • Research Questions 2 • Methodology 3 The Process 4 Data Sources 7 Limitations and Guide to Interpreting Findings 9 • Report Roadmap 11 Chapter 2: Profile of the Mahanadi River Basin 12 • Agricultural Land Use 14 • Water Resources: Availability 17 • Water Resources: Development 20 • Agriculture 22 • Industry 23 • Water Conflicts in the Mahanadi River Basin 24 Chapter 3: Policy and Institutional Environment 26 • Odisha 26 Water Resource Planning 26 Legal Instruments and Rules 28 Institutions 30 Key Insights and Issues 32 • Chhattisgarh 34 Water Resource Planning 34 Legal Instruments and Rules 36 Institutions 37 | Contents | iii | Key Issues and Insights 38 Summing Up 40 Chapter 4: Case Study – Minimata Bango 41 • Context 41 • Process 43 • History and Project Specifications 44 • Status of Water Resources: The Minimata Bango Project 46 • Allocation of Water Resources 47 Agriculture 47 Industry and Urban 48 • Water Use 50 • In Conclusion 55 Chapter 5: Case Study – The Hirakud Project 56 • Context 56 • Process 57 • History and Project Specifications 58 • Status of Water Resources: The Hirakud Project 58 • Allocations of Water Resources 61 Agriculture 62 Industrial Water Allocations 62 • Water Use 64 Agricultural Water Use 64 Water for Hydro Power Production 66 • In Conclusion 67 Chapter 6: Agriculture and Its Water Use in the Mahanadi River Basin 70 • Seasonal Variations in Cropping 70 • Geographical Variations in Cropping 72 • Cropping Patterns 75 • Irrigation Coverage – Seasons and Crops 78 • Sources of Irrigation 82 • Estimated Water Allocations and Use 84 Chapter 7: Industries in the Mahanadi Basin 90 • Overview 90 • Estimating Water Allocations and Use 93 | iv | Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin | Chapter 8: Potential Avenues for Water Savings and Their Basin-wide Implications 97 • Agriculture 97 Rice Cultivation 97 • Industry 100 Thermal Power 100 Mining 104 Iron and Steel Plants 107 • Future Water Use Scenarios 108 Business-as-Usual (BAU) Method 108 Use of Water Saving Technologies 109 Use of Biomass-based Approach 110 Chapter 9: Way Forward 112 • Water Allocations and Distribution between Agriculture and Industry 112 • Policy and Legal Issues 113 • Institutions and Norms for Determining Water Allocation and Use 115 • Knowledge Gaps 116 • Water Resources Planning 116 • The Issue of Conflict Framing 117 Bibliography 119 Annexures 126 | Contents | v | List of Figures Figure 1 : Rivers of the Mahanadi Basin 31 Figure 2 : Trends in Land Use in the Mahanadi Basin (NRSC) 34 Figure 3 : Land Use Map of the Mahanadi Basin 35 Figure 4 : Three-year Running Average Monsoon Runoff at Tikarpara 38 Figure 5 : Three-year Running Average Non-monsoon Runoff at Tikarpara 38 Figure 6 : Live Storage Capacity in the Mahanadi Basin (MCM) 40 Figure 7 : Large Dams and Major Irrigation Projects in the Mahanadi Basin 41 Figure 8 : Various Institutions Responsible for Decision-Making, Planning and Allocation, Odisha 52 Figure 9 : Various Institutions Responsible for Decision Making, Planning and Allocation, Chhattisgarh 60 Figure 10 : Minimata Bango Project and Command Area 65 Figure 11 : Minimata Bango Project – Canal-wise Net Irrigable Area 69 Figure 12 : Minimata Bango Reservoir – Daily Reservoir Levels (in MCM) 75 Figure 13 : Map of Minimata Bango Command Area – Rabi Irrigation Coverage 79 Figure 14 : Hirakud Project and Command Area 82 Figure 15 : Hirakud Project – Historical Monsoon Rainfall 84 Figure 16 : Average Weekly Reservoir Levels in the Hirakud Reservoir (1983–2011) 85 Figure 17 : Hirakud – Area Irrigated and Water Released for Irrigation 90 Figure 18 : Hirakud – mm/Ha of Water Provided for Irrigation Season-wise 91 Figure 19 : Installed Capacity at Hirakud for Power Generation 91 Figure 20 : Hirakud – Annual Power Generated (Million Units) and Water Released (MCM) 92 Figure 21 : Hirakud – Seasonal Releases of Water for Power (MCM) 93 Figure 22 : Season and Gross Cropped Area – Chhattisgarh port of the Mahanadi Basin 97 Figure 23 : Season and Gross Cropped Area – Odisha port of the Mahanadi Basin 98 Figure 24 : Kharif Cropping (as percentage of Basin Cropped Area) 100 Figure 25 : Rabi Cropping (as percentage of Basin Cropped Area) 101 Figure 26 : Major Crop Groups in Chhattisgarh (Gross Cropped Area in Th Ha) 102 Figure 27 : Season-wise Crop Groups – Chhattisgarh part of Mahanadi Basin 103 Figure 28 : Major Crop Groups in Odisha (Gross Cropped Area in Th Ha) 104 Figure 29 : Season-wise Crop Groups – Odisha part of Mahanadi Basin 105 | vi | Water Allocations and Use in the Mahanadi River Basin | Figure 30 : Season-wise Irrigation in Mahanadi Basin - Chhattisgarh 106 Figure 31 : Kharif Irrigation (as percentage of Basin Area Irrigated) 2013-14 107 Figure 32 : Rabi Irrigation (as percentage of Basin Area Irrigated) 2013-14 107 Figure 33 : Season-wise Irrigation in Mahanadi Basin - Odisha 108 Figure 34 : Cumulative Water Allocations to Thermal Power Plants vs. Cumulative Thermal Power Capacity Installed in Chhattisgarh in the Mahanadi Basin 122 Figure 35 : Cumulative Water Allocations to Thermal Power Plants vs. Cumulative Thermal Power Capacity Installed in Odisha in the Mahanadi Basin 123 Figure 36 : Industries and Irrigation in the Mahanadi Basin
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