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Open Clusters in APOGEE and GALAH Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. apogee_galah_astroph c ESO 2019 January 29, 2019 Open clusters in APOGEE and GALAH Combining Gaia and ground-based spectroscopic surveys R. Carrera1, A. Bragaglia2, T. Cantat-Gaudin3, A. Vallenari1, L. Balaguer-Núñez3, D. Bossini1, L. Casamiquela4, C. Jordi3, R. Sordo1, and C. Soubiran4 1 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy e-mail: [email protected] 2 INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy 3 Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain 4 Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33615 Pessac, France Received ; accepted ABSTRACT Context. Open clusters are ideal laboratories to investigate a variety of astrophysical topics, from the properties of the Galactic disk to stellar evolutionary models. Knowing their metallicity and possibly detailed chemical abundances is therefore important. However, the number of systems with chemical abundances determined from high resolution spectroscopy is still small. Aims. To increase the number of open clusters with radial velocities and chemical abundances determined from high resolution spectroscopy we used publicly available catalogues of surveys in combination with Gaia data. Methods. Open cluster stars have been identified in the APOGEE and GALAH spectroscopic surveys by cross-matching their latest data releases with stars for which high-probability astrometric membership has been derived in many clusters on the basis of the Gaia second data release. Results. Radial velocities have been determined for 131 and 14 clusters from APOGEE and GALAH data, respectively. This is the first radial velocity determination from high resolution spectra for 16 systems. Iron abundances have been obtained for 90 and 14 systems from APOGEE and GALAH samples, respectively. To our knowledge 66 of these clusters (57 in APOGEE and 9 in GALAH) do not have previous determinations in the literature. For 90 and 7 clusters in the APOGEE and GALAH samples, respectively, we have also determined average abundances for Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Cr, Mn, and Ni. Key words. Stars: abundances - Galaxy: open clusters and associations: general 1. Introduction termination of the iron content, widely known as metallicity1. Moreover, this kind of analysis has been performed for slightly Open clusters (OCs) are groupings of between 10 and a few more than 100 objects (see e.g. the literature compilations by thousand stars that share chemo-dynamical features with a com- Carrera & Pancino 2011; Yong et al. 2012; Heiter et al. 2014; mon birth-time and place. They are probably the only chemi- Donati et al. 2015a; Netopil et al. 2016). They representthe 10% cally homogeneous stellar populations (e.g. De Silva et al. 2007; of the about 3000 known OCs according to the updated versions Bovy 2016) but see also Liu et al. (2016). These systems play of the two most used OCs compilations by Dias et al. (2002, a fundamental role in our understanding of both individual DAML) and Kharchenko et al. (2013, MWSC). The real cluster and group stellar evolution allowing to investigate a variety of population is still largely unknown; not only many of these 3000 astrophysical topics such as initial mass function, initial bi- objects need to be confirmed as real clusters (see e.g. Kos et al. nary fraction, the creation of blue stragglers, mass loss, or 2018b; Cantat-Gaudin et al. 2018, for objects that are likely not atomic diffusion among others. Thanks to the fact that OCs clusters), but new clusters are being discovered thanks to surveys arXiv:1901.09302v1 [astro-ph.GA] 27 Jan 2019 cover a wide range of ages and are found everywhere in the like the Gaia mission (see later). Galactic disk, they have been widely used to trace both the The Gaia mission (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2016) is carry- disk chemistry, e.g. disk metallicity gradient (e.g. Friel et al. ing out a revolution in astronomy providing an unprecedented 2002; Donati et al. 2015a; Jacobson et al. 2016; Netopil et al. large volume of high quality positions, parallaxes and proper 2016; Casamiquela et al. 2017) and its evolution with time motions. This is supplemented by very high-accuracy all-sky (e.g. Andreuzzi et al. 2011; Carrera & Pancino 2011), and dy- photometric measurements. Additionally, for the brightest stars namics, e.g. individual orbits (e.g. Cantat-Gaudin et al. 2016; Gaia is also providing radial velocities (Sartoretti et al. 2018) Reddy et al. 2016) or radial migration (e.g. Roškar et al. 2008; and in the future it will provide some information about their Anders et al. 2017). chemical composition (Bailer-Jones et al. 2013). A detailed characterisation of the OCs chemical composition is necessary to fully exploit their capabilities to address the top- 1 There is some ambiguity in the use of the term of metallicity in thelit- ics described above. High-resolution spectroscopy (R 20,000) / ≥ erature. Together with the iron abundance, typically denoted as [Fe H], is the most direct way to obtain chemical abundances; how- the term metallicity is also used to refer to the overall abundance of all ever, for some OCs these studies have been limited to the de- elements heavier than helium, denoted as [M/H]. Article number, page 1 of 20 A&A proofs: manuscript no. apogee_galah_astroph Complementing the limited spectroscopic capabilities of Table 1. Number of stars with a membership probability above a given Gaia is the motivation of the several ongoing and forthcom- cut, and the corresponding number of OCs with at least one star. ing ground-based high-resolution spectroscopic surveys provid- p ing radial velocities and chemical abundances for more than Nr Stars Nr OCs 20 chemical species. At the moment the Gaia-ESO Survey 0.1 1638 175 ≥0.2 1559 164 (GES Gilmore et al. 2012; Randich et al. 2013) is the only high- ≥ resolution survey which has dedicated a significant fraction of 0.3 1494 152 ≥0.4 1447 138 time to target open clusters. Gaia-ESO is providing an ho- ≥ mogeneous set for about 80 clusters (see e.g. Jacobson et al. 0.5 1406 131 ≥0.6 1370 129 2016; Randich et al. 2018, and references therein) observed ex- ≥ tensively (100-1000 stars targeted in each of them). The other 0.7 1315 124 ≥0.8 1222 119 two high-resolution surveys with data published until now, ≥ APOGEE (Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Exper- 0.9 1082 108 =≥ iment; Majewski et al. 2017) and GALAH (Galactic Archaeol- 1.0 852 84 ogy with HERMES; De Silva et al. 2015), do not have such a large and specific program on OCs, although they are targeting some of them, also for calibration purposes (see e.g. Donor et al. We refer the reader to that paper for details on how the prob- 2018; Kos et al. 2018a). Their latest data releases include about abilities are assigned. 277,000 (Holtzman et al. 2018) and 340,000 (Buder et al. 2018) stars, respectively. 2.1. APOGEE This paper is the third of a series devoted to the study of OCs on the basis of Gaia DR2. In the first one, membership probabil- In the framework of the third and fourth phases of the Sloan ities for OCs were derived from the Gaia DR2 astrometric solu- Digital Sky Survey (Eisenstein et al. 2011; Blanton et al. 2017), tions (Cantat-Gaudin et al. 2018). In the second, the Gaia DR2 APOGEE (Majewski et al. 2017) obtained R 22,500 spectra in ∼ radial velocities were used to investigate the distribution of OCs the infrared H-band, 1.5-1.7 µm. The fourteenth Data Release in the 6D space (Soubiranet al. 2018). The goal of this paper (DR14, Abolfathi et al. 2018; Holtzman et al. 2018) includes is to search for cluster stars hidden in both the APOGEE and about 277,000 stars and provides RVs with a typical uncertainty 1 GALAH catalogues2 in order to increase the number of OCs of 0.1 kms− (Nidever et al. 2015). Because APOGEE tries to ∼ with radial velocities and chemical abundances derived from observe each star at least three times, the RV uncertainty, called high resolution spectroscopy. To do so, we use the astromet- RV_scatter and defined as the scatter among the individual RV ric membership probabilities obtained by Cantat-Gaudin et al. determinations, provides a possible indication of stellar bina- (2018). rity. Stellar parameters and abundances for 19 chemical species This paper is organized as follows. The observational mate- are determined with the APOGEE stellar parameter and chem- rial utilized in the paper is described in Sect. 2. The radial veloc- ical abundance pipeline (ASPCAP; García Pérez et al. 2016). ities are discussed in Sect. 3. The iron and other elements abun- Briefly, ASPCAP works in two steps: it first determines stellar dances are presented in Sect. 4 and 5, respectively. An example parameters using a global fit over the entire spectral range by of the usefulness of the results obtained in previous sections to comparing the observed spectrum with a grid of synthetic spec- investigate the radial and vertical chemical distribution of OCs tra, and then it fits sequentially for individual elemental abun- in the Galactic disk is shown in Sect.6. Finally, the main conclu- dances over limited spectral windows using the initially derived sions of this paper are discussed in Sect. 7. parameters. APOGEE has observed a few OCs to serve as calibra- tors (see Holtzman et al. 2018). Other OC stars have been ob- served in the framework of the Open Cluster Chemical Abun- 2.
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