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Wczesna Historia Pojęć W Stanach Zjednoczonych HUMANISTYKA I PRZYRODOZNAWSTWO 18 Olsztyn 2012 Dorota Sepczyñska Uniwersytet Warmiñsko-Mazurski University of Warmia and Mazury w Olsztynie in Olsztyn LIBERTARIAÑSKI, LIBERTARIANIN, LIBERTARIANIZM. WCZESNA HISTORIA POJÊÆ W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH Libertarian, Libertarianism. The Early History of the Concepts in the United States S³owa kluczowe: libertarianizm, indywi- Key words: libertarianism, individualism, dualizm, optymizm antropologiczny, anar- anthropological optimism, anarchism, minar- chizm, minarchizm, pesymizm polityczny, uto- chism, political pessimism, utopia, socialism, pia, socjalizm, kapitalizm, postêpowoæ, capitalism, progressivism, conservatism. konserwatyzm. Streszczenie Abstract Celem artyku³u jest ukazanie nieznanych The aim of this paper is to show the unk- w Polsce dziejów libertarianizmu w Stanach nown in Poland, history of libertarianism in Zjednoczonych. Porz¹dkuj¹c sposoby rozumie- the United States. Through organizing ways nia i opisywania libertarianizmu, podejmuje siê how libertarianism is understood and descri- tu dyskusjê z tezami uto¿samiaj¹cymi liberta- bed, it starts the discussions of the theses that rianizm z doktryn¹ prokapitalistyczn¹ czy pro- recognize libertarianism as the pro-capitalist or socjalistyczn¹, a tak¿e identyfikuj¹cymi go z pro-socialist doctrine, identifying it with anar- anarchizmem. Prezentacja historii u¿ycia pojêæ chism. The presentation of the history of the libertariañski, libertarianin, libertaria- use of the terms libertarian, libertarianism, nizm od II po³owy XIX wieku do lat 40. XX since the second half of the 19th century to the wieku koncentruje siê przede wszystkim na 40s the 20th century, is primarily focused on aspekcie myli, choæ odwo³uje siê te¿ do dzie- the aspect of thought, but it also refers to the jów ruchów spo³ecznych. Koñczy siê prób¹ history of social movements. The article ends zdefiniowania libertarianizmu. with an attempt to define libertarianism. 184 Dorota Sepczyñska Pomimo rosn¹cego zainteresowania libertarianizmem w Polsce jego wczesna historia wci¹¿ pozostaje w du¿ej mierze niezbadana, a tym samym nieznana. Celem artyku³u jest prezentacja zastosowañ terminów libertariañski, liberta- rianin i libertarianizm w Stanach Zjednoczonych przed Star¹ Prawic¹ (Old Right). Wybory kraju i cezury czasowej nie s¹ przypadkowe. W Stanach Zjed- noczonych narodzi³o siê pojêcie libertarianin (i od niego pochodne) w rozu- mieniu etyczno-spo³ecznym. Poza tym to w³anie z amerykañskim mylicielami skrajnie prowolnorynkowymi II po³owy XX wieku (m.in. Murrayem Rothbar- dem i Robertem Nozickiem) najczêciej uto¿samia siê libertarianizm w ogóle. Rzecz w tym, ¿e autorzy polskich opracowañ na temat libertarianizmu zazwy- czaj utrzymuj¹, ¿e reprezentanci Starej Prawicy (przede wszystkim Leonard E. Read) s¹ twórcami nazwy libertarianizm1 czy propagatorami jej w³aciwe- go znaczenia2 , do którego nieco póniej odwo³ywali siê anarchokapitalici i mi- narchici. Tezê niniejszych rozwa¿añ wyra¿a lapidarnie zdanie: libertarianizm nie jest tak prokapitalistyczny jak go maluj¹ polscy badacze. Mo¿na te¿ przedstawiæ j¹ mniej zwiêle: idea libertarianizmu jako specyficznej propozycji filozofii spo- ³ecznej jest znacznie starsza, ni¿ siê potocznie wydaje, nie zosta³a stworzona przez wspó³czesnych kapitalistycznych libertarian. Nadto, co to znaczy byæ li- bertarianinem w sensie etyczno-spo³ecznym by³o i jest kwesti¹ sporn¹, szczegól- nie wród samych libertarian. Nie ma bowiem jednej teorii, któr¹ mo¿na by zi- dentyfikowaæ jako libertariañsk¹. Co nie znaczy, ¿e nie jest mo¿liwe wskazanie zestawu zasad, który wystêpuje w ka¿dej odmianie libertarianizmu. *** Jak ju¿ wspominano, historia u¿ycia terminów libertariañski, libertarianin i libertarianizm w znaczeniu etyczno-spo³ecznym3 rozpoczê³a siê w Stanach Zjednoczonych w II po³owie XIX wieku. Przejdmy do szczegó³ów. W 1857 r. 1 Zob. T. Teluk, Libertarianizm. Krytyka. Koncepcje pañstwa we wspó³czesnym liberta- rianizmie, Instytut Globalizacji, Gliwice Warszawa 2009, s. 46. 2 Zob. J. Bartyzel, Geneza i próba systematyki g³ównych nurtów libertarianizmu, (w:) W. Bulira, W. Gog³oz (red.), Libertarianizm: teoria, praktyka, interpretacje, Wyd. UMCS, Lublin 2010 lub [online] <http://legitymizm.org/libertarianizm-geneza-systematyka>, s. 17, dostêp: 12.05.2011; M. Modrzejewska, Libertariañskie koncepcje jednostki i pañstwa we wspó³czesnej amerykañskiej myli politycznej, Wyd. UJ, Kraków 2010, s. 20. Trzeba oddaæ sprawiedliwoæ Bartyzelowi, który jako jeden z nielicznych polskich autorów wykazuje (skró- towo) wczesne zastosowania spo³eczno-polityczne pojêcia libertarianizm. 3 Neologizmu libertarianin po raz pierwszy u¿y³, w znaczeniu metafizycznym, William Belsham (angielski polityk, historyk i zwolennik Partii Wigów) w eseju On Liberty and Ne- cessity w roku 1789. W jego ujêciu by³o to okrelenie indeterministów, którzy uznaj¹ istnie- nie wolnej woli. Zob. D. Boaz, Libertarianizm, prze³. D. Juru, Zysk i S-ka, Poznañ 2005, s. 42. Libertariañski, libertarianin, libertarianizm. Wczesna historia pojêæ... 185 francuski dzia³acz i pisarz anarchistyczny osiad³y w Ameryce, Joseph Déjacque, wyda³ w Nowym Orleanie (stan Luizjana) list otwarty do Pierrea-Josepha Pro- udhona (De lEtre-Humain mâle et femelle. Lettre à P.J. Proudhon). Déjacque ustawi³ siê w nim na pozycji anarchisty libertariañskiego4 krytykuj¹cego mutu- alizm za antyfeminizm. Zastosowa³ okrelenie libertariañski (fr. libertaire) jako przeciwieñstwo terminów autorytarny i liberalny, wi¹¿¹c je ze zniesieniem wszelkiej w³adzy, emancypacj¹ proletariatu, kobiet, dzieci i ludzi starych5 . W 1858 r. Déjacque przeniós³ siê do Nowego Jorku (stan Nowy Jork), gdzie wydawa³ pismo, w którego tytule pojawi³o siê s³owo libertarianin. Do 1861 r. ukaza³o siê 27 numerów Le Libertaire. Journal du Mouvement Social. Owo francuskojêzyczne czasopismo by³o rozprowadzane w nak³adzie 1000 egzempla- rzy w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Londynie, Brukseli i Genewie. W artyku³ach Déjacque u¿ywa³ nie tylko rzeczownika libertarianin, przymiotnika liberta- riañskie (fr. libertaire, w odniesieniu do idei fr. lidée libertaire, braterstwa fr. la fraternité libertaire i spo³eczeñstwa fr. la société libertaire)6, ale rów- 4 Terminy libertaire (fr.), libertarian (ang.) czy libertaria (hiszp.) w jêzyku polskim t³u- maczy siê jako libertarny, libertariañski lub wolnociowy. Pierwszy przek³ad choæ ma pewn¹ tradycjê wydaje siê byæ dos³own¹ kalk¹ zwrotów obcojêzycznych (zob. m.in. D. Grinberg, Ruch anarchistyczny w Europie Zachodniej 18701914, WN PWN, Warszawa 1994, s. 10 i passim). Trzeci pomija uzus jêzykowy polszczyzny, co mo¿e prowadziæ do k³o- potów komunikacyjnych (zob. np. przek³ad dzie³ P. Kropotkina, Wspólnictwo a socjalizm wol- nociowy, Warszawa 1930 czy Spólnictwo a socjalizm wolnociowy, Poznañ [b.d.w.]). Dlatego te¿ u¿ywam nazwy libertariañski, która jest zgodna z duchem i kultur¹ jêzyka polskiego. 5 Zob. J. Déjacque, De lEtre-Humain mâle et femelle. Lettre à P.J. Proudhon, (w:) idem, Autour de La question révolutionnaire, Mutines Séditions, Paris 2011, s. 5166; [onli- ne] <http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm>, dostêp: 6.02.2010. W literaturze pol- skiej streszczenie listu mo¿na odnaleæ w: P. Laskowski, Szkice z dziejów anarchizmu, Muza, Warszawa 2006, s. 460462. O pierwszym spo³eczno-politycznym u¿yciu terminów liberta- riañski i libertarianizm donosz¹ M. Nettlau, La Anarquía a Través de los Tiempos, Maucci, Barcelona 1935, [online] <http://metalmadrid.cnt.es/cultura/libros/max-nettlau-la-anarquia-a- traves-de-los-tiempos.pdf>, s. 41, dostêp: 8.03.2010; G. Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland New York 1962, s. 233; R. Graham (ed.), Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Black Rose Books, Montreal 2005, t. 1, s. 60, 231; The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective, 150 years of Libertarian, Freedom 2008, t. 69, nr 2324, [online] <http://anarchism.page- abode.com/afaq/150-years-of-libertarian>, dostêp: 30.03.2011; V. Sapon, S. Robino, Right and Left Wings in Libertarianism, Canadian Social Science 2009, t. 5, nr 6, s. 136; w Polsce m.in. Wikipedia; Anarchistyczne FAQ wersja polska, Dlaczego anarchizm zwany jest tak¿e libertariañskim socjalizmem?, [online] <http://www.anarchiaipokoj.republika.pl/dlaczegoanar- chizmzwanyjesttakzelibertarianskimsocjalizmem.htm>, dostêp: 18.10.2006; A. Golicki, Anar- chokapitalizm jako filozofia miêdzy libertarianizmem i anarchizmem, [online] <http://www.go- licki.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=6>, dostêp: 18.10.2007; J. Bartyzel, op. cit., s. 16. 6 Zob. artyku³y J. Déjacquea zamieszczone w czasopimie Le Libertaire: Beaucoup dappelés et peu de Wenus (1858, nr 1); A moi! (1858, nr 7; 1859, nr 12); Le Libertaire à ses lecteurs (1859, nr 13); L’Humanisphère. La législation directe et universelle I (1859, nr 15); 186 Dorota Sepczyñska nie¿ rzeczownika libertarianizm (fr. libertarisme), odnoszonego do stanowiska opozycyjnego do liberalizmu, uznanego za autorytaryzm7. Uogólniaj¹c: Déjacque u¿ywa³ pojêæ libertarianizm i jemu podobnych jako synonimów radykalnej i prawdziwej anarchii, opartej na absolutnej i rów- nej wolnoci wszystkich ludzi we wszelkich sferach stosunków miêdzy nimi (ekonomicznych, spo³ecznych i prywatnych), zwi¹zanej z wol¹ zniesienia wszel- kich typów zniewolenia: pañstwowego, w³asnociowego, rodzinnego czy stanu cywilnego oraz afirmacj¹ postêpu i wiatopogl¹du ateistyczno-materialistycznego8. W 1881 r. zaczêto u¿ywaæ w Stanach Zjednoczonych zwrotu libertariañski komunista.
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