WORDS INTO TYPE A GUIDE IN THE PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS; FOR WRITERS, EDITORS, PROOFREADERS AND PRINTERS WORDS ' INTO TYPE
BASED ON STUDIES BY MARJORIE E. SKILLIN, ROBERT M. GAY, AND OTHER AUTHORITIES
. .
APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS, INC. NEW YORK CoPYlliGHT, 1948, BY ' APPLETON-CENTIJRY-CROFTS, INC.
All rights reserved. This boo I(, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
I'BlKTBD IX TBB UKITBD STATBB OF AIIBBICA PREFACE
In the half century just passed the manufacture of printed matter has changed from the simple routine of the old-time printer, who had a few cases of text type and two or three boldface fonts with which to work, to a complex process involving machines and scores of different type faces. A phenomenal growth in volume of printing began when the invention of typesetting machines ac celerated the composing of type, at the same time decreasing the cost; and today an amazing number of persons are striving to write for publication, their output ranging from short articles in newspapers or periodicals to reports, essays, short stories, and book-length manuscripts. In the manufacture of printed matter, certain rules must be followed if the work is to conform to a high standard of good printing. Footnotes, for instance, are to be used for specific purposes and set in a certain fashion. The use of punctuation and the manner of setting punctuation marks are more or less definitely prescribed; italics are for particular purposes, not to be used with out reason. Th~;se rules of printing were formulated in the decades just pre ceding the widespread introduction of typesetting machines. Mechanization caused a general speeding up of all printing processes. Unless the author and the editor, who still have to a degree the time and opportunity to work mod erately and thoughtfully, prepare their manuscripts to conform with standards of good printing, the sensibilities of trained readers may be offended and their attention to the message of the writer thereby lost. Not all the rules of the old-time printer are worth retaining, and printing rules, like all others, are subject to change. But, it would be unfortunate indeed if the high standards once attained were lowered. Therefore, it is desirable to modernize and re-illustrate these rules for the guidance of authors and editors in preparing copy and for the convenience of all printing-<>ffice workers. For students and professionals this manual is a textbook of printing practice. M.E.S. R.M.G.
y INTRODUCTION
The text has been divided into six Parts and an Appendix, but not to indicate thereby that Part I is solely for writers, Part III for editors, fart V for students, and so on, but to achieve an orderly grouping of content which will make it easy for the searcher to find quickly whatever he is looking for. In Part I are presented instructions about desirable' physical form which the typist should observe, an explanation of the term "printing style," details relating to tht acceptable forms for headings, quotations, footnotes, bibliographies, and tables, and as much information about illustrations as a writer needs. Following these general instructions for printing are sections describing the special responsibili ties of a book writer and a brief summary of the copyright and libel laws. The aim is to show writers how t~ secure the best possible result without unnecessary expense. The first time a writer receives proofs from a publisher he may quite naturally be somewhat uncertain about what is expected and required of him and what he is entided to expect from the publisher and printer. Part ll therefore seeks to remove all these uncertainties, instructing him at the same time how to do his work on proofs most efficiendy. An incidental purpose of Part II is to present a picture of the work of editors, copyreaders, proofreaders, and copy holders that will reveal to the person unacquainted with these professions how intricate and exacting the work is. Part III is the most technical part of the book, dealing exclusively with prob lems of typography and illustration. It has been written expressly for the person beginning a career in an editorial office, the student of editorial practice, and the writer who wishes to inform himself about the problems of the editor of a book. Rules of present~ay usage in all the details of printing style arc presented in Part IV, with due recognition of the fact that rules are for guidance, not for slavish following, that they are continually changing, and that no rule can be universally applied to all kinds of printing. Part V, Part VI, and the Appendix deal with usage, grammatical and verbal, as well as the aspects of grammar and the usc of words that seem to be most troublesome to writers and editorial workers. What is given will suffice for those workers who a~ not concerned with complete discussions of disputed points. Several lists for further reference have been appended. M.E.S. R.M.G. yjj TABLE OF CONTENTS
A BirJ's-Eye View of Book
PART I-MANUSCRIPT
TECHNICALITIES OF FORM 1 Use of ''op. cit.:' "ibid.," etc. 22 Physical Form 1 Capitalization 23 Typewritten manuscript 1 Page references 24 Margins 2 Tables 24 Spacing 2 Purpose 24 Reprint copy 6 Credit 24 Numbering 6 Construction 24 Additions 6 Column headings 2S Illustrations 6 Units of measurements 29 Shipping 6 Captions 30 Printing Style 6 Numbering 31 Spelling 7 Footnotes 31 Punctuation 7 Copy 31 Capitalization 7 1 Bibliographies 32 Abbreviations 7 ,.Content 32 Headings 7 Annotated bibliographies 3S Uses 7 The book-list style 36 Construction 8 Subheadings 8 Arrangement 36 Illustrations 36 · Side headings 8 Excerpts 11 Line engravings 36 Excerpts denoted by quotation Size 37 marks 12 Lettering 37 Reduced type 12 Halftones 37 Points of ellipsis 12 SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF Style within excerpts 13 THE BOOK WRITER J8 Acknowledgments 14 Front Matter 39 Footnotes IS Imprimatur 39 Uses IS Title page 40 References to footnotes 1 S Epigraph 40 Position of references 16 Dedication 40 Content and order 17 Preface 40 Shortened forms 21 Table of contents 41 Abbreviations 21 List of illustrations 41 ix X CONTENTS Indexes 43 Words with more than one mean- Procedure 43 ing 50 Kinds 43 Words with different uses 50 Index of authors 43 Singular and plural forms 51 Table of cases 44 Subheadings 51 Index of titles 44 Cross references 52 Index of authors and titles 44 Alphabetical Order 52 Compiling an Index of the The dictionary method. 52 Dictionary Form 45 The book-index method 53 Entries 45 Compound words 53 'Choice of the key w~rd 45 Names with a prefix 54 Compound nouns 45 Exact titles 54 Phrases 46 Apostrophes 54 Inversions 47 Abbreviations 54 Conciseness 47 Me and M' 55 Geographic names 48 Numerals 55 Names of persons 48 Insignificant words 55 , English compound names 48 LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF Spanish compound names 48 THE AUTHOR 55 Noblemen 48 The Copyright Law 55 Sovereigns, princes, writers 48 Infringement of copyright 56 Pseudonyms 49 Acknowledgments 56 Names with prefixes 49 Securing permission to quote 57 Arabic names 49 Securing a copyright 57 Oriental names 50 The Libel Law 58 Alternative foreign names 50 Libel of the dead 59 Right of privacy 60
PART II-TECHNIQUES FOR COPY AND PROOF 61
TECHNIQUES OF PREPARING Hyphens and dashes .65 COPY 61 Peculiar spellings 65 Final Reading of the Manuscript 61 WORKERS ON COPY AND Author's Corrections 62 PROOF 65 Editorial Marks 64 The Editor 66 Capitals and small letters 64 The Copyreader 68 Italic and boldface 64 The Proofreader 68 Paragraphs 64 Typographical 'errors 69 Insertions 64 : Style 69 Deletions 64 Grammar and rhetoric 69 Restorations 65 The Copyholder 70 Indentions 65 - · Reading practices 70 Alignment 65 Reading type and punctuation 70 Spaces 65 Reading names 71 Transpositions 65 Reading numbers 71 Abbreviations 65 Reading accents and signs 72 Superiors ..and inferiors 65 Application of methods 72 CONTENTS xi TECHNIQUES FOR READING lllustrations 76 PROOF 73 Return of proofs 76 Proofreader's Marks 73 Page proofs 76 The Author's Reading of Proof 73 Revision 77 Galley proofs 73 Long and short pages 77 Marking proofs 75 Cuts, etc. 77 Correction 75 Front matter 78 Queries 76 Return of proof 78
PART Ill-TYPOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION 79
THE MECHANICS OF Finish 101 PRINTING 79 Weight 101 Type 80 Grain 102 Typesetting methods 80 Bulk 103 _ Parts of a type 81 Computation of paper needed 103 A type font 82 Book Sizes 104 LigaturQ 83 PROBLEMS OF TYPOGRAPHICAL Spacing material 83 STYLE 108 Fractions 83 Leading 109 Superior figures 83 Spacing 109 _ Reference marks 83 Text 109 The "slant'' 84 Sentences 110 Type Measurement 84 Punctuation 111 The point system 84 - Letterspacing 111 The em 85 Indention 112 Sizes of type faces 86 Paragraphs 112 Classification of Type Faces 88 Outlines and similar matter 112 COMPUTATIONS OF COPY Explanation of terms 113 AND TYPE 89 Headings 113 . Estimating the Length of Copy 90 Type 113 Character counts 90 Arrangement 114 Word counts 91 Punctuation 115 Ways to simplify estimating 91 Division 115 Computing the Length in Type 91 Figures 115 PROBLEMS OF FORMAT 93 Small capitals 115 The Tasks of the Editor 93 "Continued" 115 The Tasks of the Production Man 94 Side headings 116 The Size of the Book 94 Running headings 117 Determination of Page Dimensions 95 Excerpts 118 Margins 98 Prose 118 Choice of Size and Face 98 Poetry 118 Factors in choice of face 99 Footnotes 119 Limitations on choice 99 Copy check-up 120 Method of Printing_ 100 Tables 120 Paper 101 Type and spacing 120 Texture 101 Lists in columns 12Q xii CONTENTS Two-column tabulation 122 Capitalization 150 Compactness 122 Alphabetical divisions 151 The stub 123 Special problems 151 Alignment 124 Checkup of copy 151 The dollar sign 124 Colophon 152 Ditto marks 125 DETAILS OF PAGE MAKEUP 152 Captions 126 Folios 152 Braces 126 Front matter 153 Column headings 127 Running heads 153 Number columns 128 "Widows" 153 Rules 128 Long and short pages 154 "Continued" tables 130 Headings 154 Tables without figures 131 Blank lines 154 Footnotes 132 Poetry 154 Credits 132 Columns 154 Bibliographies 132 Ditto marks 154 Names of authors 133 "Continued" 154 Titles 133 Illustrations 155 Publication data 134 Page-width cuts 155 Annotations 134 Narrow and small cuts 155 Book lists 134 Footnotes 155 Initials 135 Turnovers 156 Form and position of the initial Position in line 156 word 135 Signatures 156 Abutting lines 136 TYPOGRAPHY OF VARIOUS Quotation marks -136 LITERARY FORMS 156 Sy~opses 136 Letters 156 Epigraphical Quotations and Credits Heading 156 137 Salutation 157 - Front Matter 138 Complimentary close and signa Arrangement 138 ture 157 Certificate of limited editions 139 Use of quotation marks 157 Bastard title 139 Poetry 158 Card page 139 Position 158 Title page 139 Indention 159 Copyright 140 Scansion 159 Dedication 141 Plays 159 Preface 141 Dramatis personae 159 Table of contents 141 Stage directions 159 List of illustrations 143 Metrical lines 161 Errata 144 Fiction 162 End Matter-Appendix 145 , Paragraphing 162 Bibliography 145 Nicknames 162 Glossary 145 Slang, cant, specialized words 162 Indexes 146 Abbreviations 163 Forms 146 Dialect 163 Indention 148 Legal Writing: Citations, etc. 163 Punctuation 150 Names of cases 163 CONTENTS xiii References 164 ILLUSTRATIONS 171 Court reporters 164 , Photoengraving 171 Book titles 165 Wax engravings 171 Writings on Religion 165 Line. engravings 172 References 165 Ben Day cuts 172 Proper names 166 Line color plates 172 Type 166 . Tint blocks 172 Symbols 167 ~alftone process 173 Scientific Writing: Equations, Form- Halftone color plates 173 ' ulas, etc. 167 Determination of Size 173 Type 167 Preparing Copy and Ordering Cuts Superior figures 167 174 Spacing 168 Indication of Size 174 · Position 168 Retouching 175 Division 168 Finish of halftones 175 Capitalization 169 Screens 175 Punctuation 169 Photogravure 176 Notes on the use of mathematical Lithography 176 signs 170 Photo-offset 176 Mathematical signs in a read Photogelatin, or Collotype 177 ing text 170 I.:egends (''Captions") 177 Credits 178
PART IV-PRINTING STYLE ISO ABBREVIATIONS 182 Time 194 Use 182 Titles 194 Beginning a sentence 182 .. United States" 196 The Bible 182 Symbols 197 Compass directions 185 Chemical elements 197 Dates 185 Book sizes 197 - Dialogue 185 Chess 198 Firm names 185 Trigonometry 198 Forenames 186 Signs 198 Geographical terms 186 NUMBERS 198 Government agencies 188 Numbers Expressed in Figures 198 Latin words and phrases 188 Large numbers 198 Laws, constitutions, by-laws 190 Small numbers 199 Measure and weight units and Numbers with abbreviations 200 terms 190 Fractions 200 Metric measurements 191 Ages 200 Prescriptions 191 Decimals 200 Organizations 192 Degrees 200 Philological terms 192 Dimensions 200 References 193 Divisions 201 Scholastic, military, or civil honors House and room numbers 201 193 Page numbers 201 Temperature and gravity 193 Percentage 201 xiv CONTENTS Proportion 201 Sounds 214 Street numbers 201 -Vessels, airships 214 Votes, ballots, scores, etc. 201 Foreign words 214 Years 202 CAPITALIZATION 215 How Figures Should be Set 202 Use of Capitals to Mark Beginnings Use of commas 202 215 Division 202 Sentences 215 Fractions 202 Exceptions 215 Numbers Expressed in Words 202 Partial sentences 216 General rule 202 Poetry 217 Exception one 203 Direct discourse 217 Exception two 203 Direct questions 217 Numerical expressions 203 Direct quotations 217 Fractions 203 Rules, slogans, mottoes 218 Form determined by position 203 Following a colon 218 Numbers in dialogue 204 Letters 218 How to Express Numbers in Words Subjects for debate, legislative 204 acts 218 - Whole and mixed numbers 204 The vocative "0" 219 Fractions 204 Titles, Headings, Legends 219 Money 205 General rule 219 Foreign money 205 Prepositions 219 Dates 206 Articles 220 The year 206 Hyphenated compounds 220 The month 206 Proper Nouns 221 The day 206 General rule 221 Decades 207 Exceptions 221 Elision 207 Words used as proper nouns 221 "A.D." and "B.C." 207 Geographical Terms 222 Numerical dates 208 Divisions of the earth's surface Time of Day 208 222 Roman Notation 208 Divisions of the world or of a ITALICS 209 country 222 Use 209 Regivns and localities 223 ' General Rules 209 Rivers, lakes, mountains 223 Emphasis 209 Religious Terms 224 · Differentiation 210 The Deity 224 Book ·titles 210 The Bible 225 Characters in books 211 Ancient manuscripts 225 Latin abbreviations 211 Creeds 225 Legal citations 211 Denominations, monastic orders Letters 211 225 Musical compositions 212 Theological terms 226 Newspapers and periodicals 212 Ecclesiastic terms 226 Resolutions and legislative acts Other religions 227 213 Quaker dates 227 Salutations 213 Historical Terms 227 Scientific names 213 Historical epochs 227 CONTENTS XV Periods in the history of language, Titles 239 art, liter~ture 227 Trade names 241 Philosophical, literary, and artistic Trains 241 schools 228 Use of Capitals for Distinction and Congresses, councils, expositions~ Emphasis 241 fairs 228 Quasi-quotations 241 Important events 228 Announcements, etc. 241 Historic documents 228 Checks, etc. 242 Treaties 228 Foreign languages 242 · Military and Naval Terms 228 PUNCTUATION 242 Officers 228 The Period 243 Organizations 229 Sentences 243 Combatants 229 Abbreviations 243 Decorations 229 Exceptions 243 Governmental and Political Terms Contractions 244 .229 Shortened forms 244 Political divisions 229 Letters 244 Judicial bodies 230 Numerals 244 Legislative bodies 230 Headings, non-sentences, indexes The President 231 245 Departments, bureaus, offices, Use with other marks 245 services, etc. 231 With quotation marks 245 Civil titles 231 With parenthesis 245 _ Laws 232 The Exclamation Point and the Inter- Political parties 232 rogation Point 246 Miscellaneous 232 Exclamations 246 Academic degrees 232 Emphasis or irony 246 Building and organizations 232 Direct questions 246 Epithets 233 Indirect questions 247 Estates 234 Requests 248 family appellations 234 Doubt 248 Flags 234 Use with other marks 248 Games 234 With quotation marks and pa- Geologic names 234 rentheses 248 Heavenly bodies 236 With a period 249 Holidays 236 With each other 249 Nouns with numerals 236 With a comma 249 Personal names with "de," "le," With a semicolon 250 "von," etc. 237 Type 250 Parts of books 237 The Colon 250 Peoples, races, tribes 238 Personifications 238 Side headings 251 Prefixes 238 Salutations 251 Scientific names 238 Scripture references 251 Seasons 239 Time 251 "The" 239 Use with other marks 251 Thoroughfares, parks, squares, Type 252 aviation fields, etc. 239 The Semicolon 252 xvi ·coNTENTS Coordinate clauses without a con Interrogative phrases 274 junction 252 Inflection or smphasis 274 Coordinate clauses with a con: Constructions likely to be misread junction 252 274 Seri~ 253 Unnecessary comma punctuation Resolutions 253 274 Use with other marks 253 Use with other marks 275 Type 254 Type 276 The Comma 254 The Em Dash 276 Open and close punctuation 254 Appositives 277 Compound sentences. 254 Parenthetical expressions 278 Compound predicate 255 Divided quotations 279 Series 256 · Unfinished sentences 279 Coordinate adjectives 258 Dash or colon? 279 Nonrestrictive and restrictive Mechanical uses 280 modifiers 259 The En Dash 281 Appositives 260 The 2-em Dash 281 Appositional "or" 261 Parentheses 282 · Restrictive appositives 261 Type 282 Parenthetical expressions 262 Brackets 283 Interpolations and transition Parenthetical matter 283 words 263 Use with other marks 284 ''Do you think" 263 - Quotation Marks 284 · Introductory words 264 Direct quotations 284 Adverbial phrases 265 Excerpts 285 Adverbial clauses 266 Direct discourse 286 Absolute phrases 268 Direct thoughts 287 Infinitive phrases 268 Indirect discourse 287 Participial phrases 268 Direct questions 288 Direct questions or quotations 269 After "entitled," "signed" 288 Quotations as parts of speech 269 After "called," "known as" 288 Phrases used with quoted conver- Differentiation 289 sation 270 Technical words 289 Antithetical elements 270 Explanations 290 Correlative phrases 271 Definitions 291 Omission of a common verb 271 Translations 291 Elements common to more than Articles, e5sa ys 291 one phrase 271 Art objects 292 Repeated words 272 Musical compositions 292 Residence, position, title 272 Buildings, thoroughfares 292 Specifying phrases 272 Nicknames and sobriquets 292 Addresses 273 Slang 293 Distinct proper nouns 273 Horses, dogs; rifle matches, races, Numbers 273 stakes, cups; estates, cot Dimensions, weights, and meas tages 293 ures 273 Unnecessary quoting 293 Direct address 273 Single quotation marks 293 "0" and "oh" 274 Use with other marks 293 CONTENTS xvii Type 294 The alphabet 312 The Apostrophe 294 References 312 The Hyphen 294 Bohemian 312 ' Division 294 · The alphabet 312 Syllabication 295 Divisions 312 Prefixes and suffixes 295 Punctuation 313 Connection 295 Danish 313 Separation 295 The alphabet 313 Points of Ellipsis 296 Capitalization 313 Function 296 Divisions 313 · "And so forth" 296 Punctuation 313 Use with other marks 297 Dutch 313 COMPOUNDING OF WORDS 297 The alphabet 313 Principles of compounding nouns Capitalization 313 297 Divisions 314 Temporary compounds 298 Finnish 314 Form dependent on meaning 299 The alphabet 314 "Full" and '"-ful" 299 Divisions 314 Names of kindred 299 French 314 Two nouns of equal value 300 The alphabet 314 Noun and possessive 300 Capitalization 314 "Like" 300 Titles and captions 316 "Self" 300 Divisions 317 Adjective and noun 300 Punctuation 318 Modified compounds 301 Quotation marks 318 Adjectives 301 The dash 319 Verb and preposition 303 Points of suspension 320 Numeral and noun 303 Numbers 320 Fractions 304 Abbreviations 321 Colors 305 Phonetics 323 Compounds . with the present German 324 participle 305 The alphabet 324 Compounds with noun plus "-d" Ligatures 325 or "-ed" 305 Use of i and f 326 Compounds with the past parti Capitalization 326 ciple 306 Division 327 Adverb-and-adjective compounds • Punctuation 328 306 Italics 329 Suspended compounds 307 Numbers 329 Phrases 308 Dates 329 DIVISION OF WORDS 309 Hyphen 329 General Rules 310 Accented letters 330 COMPOSITION OF FOREIGN Abbreviations 330 LANGUAGES 312 Classic Greek 333 Albanian 312 ' The alphabet 333 The alphabet 312 Accents and aspirates 333 Divisions 312 Subscript 334 Anglo-Saxon 312 Diastole 334 XV111 CONTENTS Capitalization 334 Polish 341 Punctuation 334 · The alphabet 341 Divisions 334 Divisions 341 Numbers 335 Punctuation 342 Hebrew 336 Portuguese 342 Hungarian 336 The alphabet 342 The alphabet 336 Divisions 342 Capitalization 336 Russian 342 Division 336 Spanish 343 Italian 337 The alphabet 343 T~e alphabet 337 Accents 343 Capitalization 337 Capitalization 343 Headings, titles, captions 337 Headings and captions 344 Division 338 Punctuation 344 Punctuation 338 Points of suspension 345 Abbreviations 339 Divisions 345 Latin 339 Abbreviations 346 Capitalization 339 Swedish 349 Divisions 340 The alphabet 349 Norwegian 341 Capitalization 349 The alphabet 341 Divisions 349 Capitalization 341 PHONETICS 349 Divisions 341
PART ¥-GRAMMAR 353 VERBS 353 Plural and singular substantives Voice 353 joined by "or" or "nor" Mood 354 365 The subjunctive 355 Positive and negative subjects 365 Infinitives 3 56 ''Each," "every" etc. 365 Shift of mood 356 "None" 366 Tense 357 Collective nouns 366 The present tense 357 Subjects plural in form but sin- The future and future perfect gular in effect 367 tenses 357 Participial phrases 367 Past tenses 358 Relative clauses 367 Sequence of tenses 358 Expletives 368 Auxiliaries 359 - "What" 368 "Can," "could," etc. 360 Predicate nouns 368 "Do" 360 Agreement in person 369 "Shall" and "will" 361 NOUNS 369 Agreement 362 Number 370 General rule 362 Accord 370 Singular substantives joined by Singular with a plural possessive "and" 363 370 Singular substantives joined by ''Kind," "sort'' 370 "or" or "nor" 364 Possessive Case 371 CONTENTS xix Inanimate objects 371 • Faulty use of "and" before a Possessive with an appositive 372 "which" clause 385 Double possessive 373 Faulty omission of "and" 386 Possessive with a gerund 373 Permissible omissions 386 PRONOUNS 373 •·or,'' "nor" 386 Case 373 • "So" 387 Antecedents 375 Subordinating Conjunctions 387 Doubtful references 375 "So that" 387 Double reference 375 · "But that" 387 Relative pronouns 375 "But what'' 389 "It" 375 ''That" 389 "They" 376 "When,'' "where" 389 "This," "lhese" 376 "Until". 390 Number 377 "While" 390 Gender 378 Correlative Conjunctions 390 Person 378 Correlatives 390 Reflexive pronouns 378 PREPOSITIONS 391 Editorial forms 378 Terminal prepositions 391 "Each other," "one another" 379 Allowable omissions of preposi "Either,'' "any one" 379 tions 391 "Anyone," "everyone," "someone" Incorrect omissions 392 379 Series 392 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 379 Part of a verb 392 Predicate adjeetives 379 Faulty use of prepositions 392 Comparison 380 "Among,'' "between" 393 Adjectives misused for adverbs ''In," "into,'' "in to" 393 381 "On," "onto,'' "on to" 394 Nouns as adjectives 381 SENTENCE STRUCTURE 394 "ALove" 382 Mixed constructions 394 "Barely," "hardly," "scarcely" 382 Violations of parallelism 394 ''Different" 382 Two questions, one parenthetical "Due to" 383 395 "Very," "very much" 383 Position of Modifiers 395 ARTICLES 383 Adjectives 396 The Indefinite Articles 384 Adverbs within verbs 396 Abbreviations 384 Split infinitives 396 Series 384 Squinting construction 397 Unnecessary articles 384 Phrases of time, place, or manner The Definite Article 384 397 Series 384 Dangling modifiers 398 Use determined by meaning 385 Awkwardness 399 Unnecessary articles 385 Omissions 399 Elliptical style 385 Series 400 CONJUNCTIONS 385 Words used in a double capacity Coordinating Conjunctions 385 401 XX CONTENTS-
PART VI-USE OF WORDS 402 WORDINESS 402 Words ending in "-able" or "-ible" Redundant expressions 402 506 Tautology 403 Words ending in "-ance" or Circumlocution 404 "-ence,'' etc. 506 TRITE EXPRESSIONS 405 Formation of Plurals 506 APPROPRIATENESS 411 General rule 506 AMERICAN AND BRITISH Nouns ending in "f,'' "ff,'' or "fe" USAGE 450 506 THE RIGHT PREPOSITION 453 Nouns ending in "i" 506 WORDS LIABLE TO BE MISUSED Nouns ending in "o" 507 OR CONFUSED 466 Nouns ending in "y" 507 WORD LIST FOR CHECKING Change of vowel 507 ONE'S VOCABULARY Nouns with two plurals 508 495 Singular forms used as plurals SPELLING 502 508 The "ei" or "ie" Difficulty 502 Nouns with only one form 509 Forming Derivatives by Adding Suf- Compound nouns 510 fixes 503 Proper names 511 Words ending in "e" 503 Letters, figures, etc. 511 Words ending in "ce" or "ge" 503 Formation of the Possessive Case 512 Words ending in "ie" 504 Common nouns 512 Words ending in "y" 504 Proper names 512 Words ending in a consonant 504 Compound nouns 513 Words ending in "c" 505 Phrases 514 Troublesome Suffixes 505 Joint ownership 514 The terminations "-eeed," "-sede," Words often Misspelled or with Vari and "-eede" 505 ant Spellings 514 The terminations "-ise" and "-ize" BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PARTS V 505 AND VI 521
APPENDIX 523 · GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL BOOK PUBLISHERS 548 TERMS 523 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES GLOSSARY OF PRINTING TERMS 552 538
INDEX 559 APPENDIX 557 rencontre savoir-faire tout court rendezvous savoir-f!ivre tout ensemble repertoire seance tuyere repoussl sec ultimo· resume seriatim ultra vi~es retrousse seme vade mecum reveiUe sme t~ale revenant sine die variorultf rigor mortis sine qua non verbatim- riposte soi-Jisant vers libre risotto soiree versus risque_ sotto voce via rissole soubrette vice versa ritardando SOU~D-- t~ide ante role _status quo - vide infra rotisserie stemma vide post roue subpoena duces tecum vide supra roulade sub rosa vid~Iicet· rouleau suede virtu rumba sui generis visa safari sui juris vis-a-vis sahib ·summum bonum uiva/ salle a ma~ger svelte vivandiere salle J'attente table d'hOte viva voce salmi tabula rasa vt~lte-face , salon tant mie" IIOZ P_opu/i samurai tapis voyageur_ • sanctum sanctoJum . terra firma 11raisemblance sangfroid terra incognita wanderlust sans-culotte tertium quid\ Weltanschauung sans doute ~te4-tete Zeitgei!_t saute ."' the Jansant zenana sauve-qui-peut toilette, Zollverein savant tour de force ·INDEX
A, an, 384. See also Ai:ticles · M., Mme, Mile, 195 Abbreviations, lsi-198 , in manuscript, 7 acad!=mic -degrees, l9l measure units, 190 A.D. and B.C., 207 medical publications, reference, 22 • addresses, 186 - mc:trie mc:as~remc:rits, 191 Apocalyptic books, 185 Mr.. Mrs... Dr., 194, 195 beginning a sentence, 182 • pot followed by period, 243, 244 Bible versions~ 185 organizations~ 192 · books. of the: Apocrypha,- 184 ~ philological terms, 192 books of the. Bible, 183 postal districts of London, 188 Canadian provinces, 188 - prc:cc:dc:d by article:, ·384 ~hemical publ~tions, 1'c:fex:.c:nce, 22 prescriptions, 191 chemical symbols, 197. · - JI«:v "A. 194 · · -t.. chess, 198 _ scientific publications, reference, 22 .compass dirc:ctiqns; 185 . Scripture referenceS, 182, 183 1 _ dates, 207 -· - .Spanish, 346 Dewey dates; 206 _ , Sr., Srta., 195 1 .in dialogue, 163. 185 - sta~ of the U.S., 187, 188 divisions of a work (CAap;, etc.), -symbols, 197.:.198, 243, 244 193 temperature thermometers, 193 -e.g~, 189r _ titles of position 'and rank, 196 English countries, 244 ·trigonometry, 198 ' in expressing dates, 207 Unitetl States, 196 - in expressing time, 208 weight ·units, 190 firm names, 185 when appropriately used, 182 in footnotes, 21 ABC's, 243 . forenames, 186 format sizes, 197 Above,. 382 French, 321 Absolute phrases, punctuation, 268 geographical terms, 186 Academic degrees, 193, 232 German, 330 Accents, 538 _ government agencies, 188 in a font of type, 83 gravity thermometers, 193 in French, 314 Hon .. 194 , in German, 330 honors (scholastic, military, civil), grave accent in poetry, 159 193 in Greek, 333 in indexes, 54 in Italian, 337 Italian, 339 names used by copyholdc:rs, 72 Latin words and phrases, 188, 207 in Spanish, 343 - in law work, _164 and footnote Acid,· symbol, 171 559 560 I WORDS INTO TYPE Acknowledgments for. excerpts, 14, 56, Alphabetical order in indexes, 52-55 57 . abbreviation,s, 54 phrasing, 56 apostrophes, 54 position, 57 . Arabic names, . 49 Acknowledgments in front matter, 40 compound words, 53 .Acts (legislative), capitalization, 232 English words, 52, 53 A.D., use and typographical form, 207 geographical mimes with a prefix, Adaptable fractions, 83 · 54 - Adapted, use, 15 insignificant words, 55 Additions tB' manuscript; 6 Me and M', 55 Addresses, 186, 273 ..... numerals, 55 · Adjectives, 379.:._383, 523, 524 personal names with a prefix, 49 comparison, 380 titles of books, etc., 54 . misused for adverbs, 381 American Library Association: abbrevi- position, 396 - ations of forenames, 186 Adjutant General, The, 228 footno~e book sizes, 105 Administration, 231 '-- Among, betwe;n, 393 Adverbial clauses, punctuation, 266 & in firm names, 186 Adverbial phrases: position, 397 Ancient manuscripts, 211, 225 punctuation, 265 And: in expression of numbers, 204 Adverbs, 379-383, 524 in firm names, 186- comparison, 380 omitted, 386 misused for adjectives, 381 in a series, 386 within ·verbs, 396 And so forth, 189, 296- Advertising card, 139 And which clauses, 385 - Agate, 538 Anglo-Saxon, 312 · Age (era), 235 Annotated bibliographies, 35, 134 __-Ages, 200 Announcements, 241 Agreement in case, 374 Antecedents: of personal pronouns, 375:.:. Agreement in number: pronouns, 377 379 verbs 362-369 . of relative pronouns, 367, 368 Agreement in person, 369 Antique (type face), 89 • Airplanes, 214 Antique (paper), 101 1 Airships, 214 Antithetical elements, punctuation, 270 Albanian, 312 - Anyone, everyone, 379 · ·.Algebra, 167-170. See Equations Apocalyptic books, abbreviations, 185 Algorism, 538- · Apocrypha, abbreviations, 184 Alignment: columns of items, 121 Apostrophe: in' decades, 207 . cut-in headings, 116 expressions of time or measure, 372 , marginal notes, 117 /' to form plurals, 511 tables, 124 to form possessives, 512-514 Alkaloid, symbol, 171 for omitted letters,_ 294. Alphabet length, 538 1 , Apothecaries' weights and measures, .Aiphabetieal order: Anglo-Saxon, 312 signs, 192 Danish, 313 Appendix, 145 Finnish, 314 Appositional or, 261 Norwegian, 341 Appositives, punctuation, 260, 261, 277 Spanish, 343 . Appro'fhes, arrows p~eferred, 170 INDEX 561 Army, 229 · BaStard ti tie, 39 Army officers, 228, 229 Batter, 538 · Arrow in formulas, 169 Battles, 228 Art objects, 292 B.C., 207 Art periods, W Beard of a type, 81, 82 Articles, 383-385 Bearers, 538 · before abbreviations, 384 / B!cause, sign, 170 capitalization in headings and tides, Ben Day cuts, 172 220 Berne Convention, 58 in foreign languages, reference, 54 Bernhard Cursive, 89 · and footnote Bible: abbreviations for books,. 183 in index entries, 47 , capitalization of pronouns referring inverted in indexing a title, 44 to Deity, 225 - · 1 omitted in book titles, 211 names of the Bibk capitalized, 225 in titles of newspapers, etc., 212 names of ·parts capitalized, 225 before words defined. 210, 384 not italicized, 211 Artistic schools, 228 , quotation marks, 286 As if, 355- • references; 165, 166, 182, 183 1 Ascender of a letter, 82 SPelling of biblical 'names, 166 Aspects, 538 . use of cap-and-small, 166 -Assemble; 538 . · Bible versions, abbreviations, 185 Asterisk: as mark of special. significance, Bibliographies, 32-36, 132-134' 84 \ annotation, 35, 134 reference to footnote, 15 . in Appendix, 145 1 Asterisks (3, 5, 7), for ellipsis, 296 arrangement, alphabetical or other, position on page, 154 36 Atlas folio,, 105 ' -book lists, J6, 134, 135 · Author's correcti~ns, 62, 63 content, 32 Author's reading of proof, 73-78. dashes for repeated names, 133 galley proofs, 73 makeup, 154 illustrations, 76, 78 models, 34-36 long and short pages, 77 names of authors, 133 marking proofs, 75 publication data, 134 ' page proofs, 76 subtitles, 133 _ · queries, 76 . titles, 133, 134 revision, 77 Bibliography, printing arts, 181 style, 75 grammar and use of words, 522 Authority, 231 Bills (legislative), capitalization, 232 Auxiliary verbs, 359-362 Black-letter, 89 Avenues, 239 Blank line, 109 Aviation fields, 239 in makeup, 154 Bleed, 538 _ Backbone, backstrip, 538 Blind stamp, 539 Ballots, 201 Blind-blocking; -tooling, 538 Bank, 538 Block indention, 113 Barely, 382 Block 'quotations, 539 Basis (paper), 102 Block-letter, 89 Baskerville, 86 Block-style heading, 114, ps -·562 WORDS INTO .TYPE- Blocks, 539 · ' Buildings, 233, 292 · - Boa]:'d~, 539 .foreign 'names set roman, 214 Bodoni, 88 Built fractions, 83 Bodoni Book, 86 - Bulk: of _a book, 539 Body mark of a letter, 82 of p~per, 103 Body of a type, 81 Bureaus of the government, 231 Rohemian, 312 abbreviations,.. 188 Boldface, 89 Burnishing, 1.75 Bolt, 539 But that, 387 Book card, 139 But what; 389 Book chase, -540 Butted, 539 - Book of Common' Prayer, 211, 225 Book divisions: abbreviations, 193 Caledonia, 87 capitalization, 237,- " Cal~ndet, 539- Book format, 93 -Calometry, 539 symbols, 197 Can, could, etc., 360 Book lists, 36, 134, 135, C~adian provinces, abbreviations, 1§_8 Book' paper, see Paper Cancel,_ 539 Book publishers, list, 548-552 Canceled figures, 539 ~ . . 'Book sizes, 104-108 Cant, 162 symbols, 197 _ _ -Capital and question mark replaced by Book.titles: in bibliographies, 133, 134 italic, 217, 246 · in book lists and reviews, 211 . Capitalization, 215-242 , capitalization, 220 ' academic degrees, 232' · in law work, 165 Bible, names, books, divisions, 225 set italic, 210 Book of_Common P!'ayer, 225 · set roman; 211 book divisions (Chap., etc.), 237 Bore (revolver), 200 buildings, 232 ' Botany, 213, 238 . centigrade, 194 and footnote Bourgeois, 539 checks, 242 Boxed tables, 130 chess, 234 Braces: in equations, 167 Church, 225, 226 in tables, 126 civil and 'religious titles, 239, 240 .Brackets, 283, 284, 287 classes (science) , 238 ' in equations, 167 after colon, 218 - · in excerpts, 14 Company, 233-- Brayer, 539 - COJll pass directions, 223 - Br~ak up, 539 constellations, 236 - Breakline, 539 Constit;~tion, 231 Brevier, 539 in Danish, 313- British usage:.. law citations, 164 de, le, von, etc., in names, 237 meaning of words, 450-A-53 debate subjects, 218 quotation marks, 286 direct discourse, 217 reference: handbooks, 181 direct questions, 217 spelling, 515-521- direct quotations, 217, 218 . syllabication, 310 documents, 218 -'Broadside, 539 down-style, 220, 222 Broken line; 539 -- . - in Dutch, 313 INDEX- . 563 for emphasis, 241 pronouns with titles (your· Horwr, epithets, 233 etc.), 240 .in equations, 169 proper adjectives, 221 estates, 234 · proper nouns, 221-241 · families (science) , 238- quasi-quotations, 241 . Father, Sister., etC., 234 ·races and tribes, 238 : ~ Bags, 234 _' religious terms, 224-227 in footnotes, 23, 24, after Resolved, 218 .. in French, 31-h317 - tules, ~18 . . . . 1 games, 234 ralutations (letters), 218 · · genera, 238 \ · · scientific names, 238 geographical tx:nns,. 222, 223 seasons, 239 'geologic._ names, 234 sentences, 215 - in German, 326 , .oo: slogans, 218 governmental terms; 229-232 in Spanish, 343 , in Greek, 334 species, '"238 ~ headings and titles, 219, 220 state (of the U.S.), 223' heavenly bodies, 236 _State vs: Church. (body politic), 226 historical terms, 227, 228 . streets, etc., 239 · · . holidays, 236 Jn Swedish, 349 '· in Hungarian, 336 · · -. the, 228, 234, 23!r · hyphenated compo~nds, 220 titles in direl::t address, 240 · • ·after initials, 135 · titles of honor or respect, 239, 240. in Italian, 337 trade names,.241 , in Latin, 339 ' trains, 241 . · in law work, 165' _ . tribe.s, 238 1n legends!... 219;220 up-style, 222- legislative acts, 218 after Wllemu, 219 , , library style, 24 Caps and small: in thc;._Bible, 166 in manuscript, 7 - _in book lists, 134, . military and naval terms, 228, 229 in credits,,4· miss, sir, in direct address, 240 in law citations, 165 mottoes, 218 - name of _publieation within itself, names with prefixes, 238 · 213 . in Norwegian, 341 ~ Section in constitutions, etc., 190 nouns with numerals, 236 Captions, legends, .177 · 0, oil, 219 for tables, •30, 126 orders (science), 238 See also Headings organizations, 232 Card page, 139 · parts of books, 237 Caret, 170 • peoples, 237 Case (for type), 540 persorlifications, 238 Case: of nouns, 371-373, 512-514 phyla, 238 of pronouns, 373-374 poetry, 217 See also Possessive case political terms, 229, 232 Caslon, 86, 88 prefixes, 238 Caston Old Face, 86 pronouns · referring to- the Deity, Cast. 540 225 Cast off, 540 564 WORDS INTO TYPE Cast proof, 100 unne~essary use, 251 Cast up, 540 . type, 252 Caster, 80 - Colophon (emblem), 540 Catchline, 540 Colophon (end matter), 152 Catchwords in running head, 118 Color filters, 173 - Center point, 540 Color printing, 173 Centigrade, 194 and footnote Column tabulation, 120-122 Character count, 90 ' in makeup, 154 Characters per line of type (table), 92 Comma, 254-276 Characters (persons): in books, 211 absolute phrases, 268 in plays, 159 - addresses, 273 Chase, 540 - adverbial clauses, 266 Checks, 242 adverbial phrases,- 265 Cheltenham, 86 'antithetical elements, 270 Chemical formulas, 212 appositional or, 261 Chemical symbols, 197, 212 appositives, 260 Chemical wood pulp; 101 "close punctuation," 254 Chess: capitalization, 234 compound predicate, ?55 , symbols, 198 compound sentence, 254 _Choke, 71 conversation, 270 \ Church, 225, 226 - ,coordinate adjectives, 258 Circumlocution, 402, 404 _ corrdative phrases, 271 Citations in law work, 163-165 dates, 273 Cities used without state names, 187 for decimal point, 206 Civil honors, abbreviation, 193 dimensions, -273 Civil titles, capitalization, 231, 239, 240 direct address, 273 Classes (science), 238 direct question, 269 Clean proofs, 540 . direct quotation, 269 Cliche (plate),· 540- do you think, 263 ' - Ciiches, list, 405-411 elements common to more than one Cloister Black, 89 phrase, 271 ~mphasis, 274 Close paren, 245 . with exclamation point, 249 _ Close up, 540 geographical names, 272 Coated p!J.per, 101 - -infinitive phrases, 268 Cold metal, 540 inflection, 27 4 Collate, 540 interpolations, 263 - - Collating marks, 540 with interrogation point, 249 Collective nouns, 366, 367 interr~gative phr~ses, 27 4 Colloquialisms, 411 introductory· words, 264 Collotype process, 177 measures, 273 - Colon, 250-252 nonrestrictive and restrictive modi- in expressing time, 208 fiers, 259 after name initials, 186 numbers in figures, 202, 273 with other punctuation, 251, 252 numbers spelled, 204 salutations, 251 0, oh, 274 side headings, 251 omission of verb, 271 substitute for that is, 250 "open punctuation," 254 - INDEX 565 with parenth-eses, 275, 276 with past participle, 306 parenthetical expressions;- ~62 ' phrases, 308 participial phrases, 268 · with present participle, -305 to prevent misreading, 274 principles, 297 · with question mark, 249 -self, 300 before quotation or question, 251_ suspended compounds, 307 with quotation marks, 275 - temporary compounds, 298 quotations. as parts of speech, 269 two nouns of equal value, 30( n::peated words,- 272 _ · verb and preposition, 303 residence, 272 Computation of Length; 89-93 restrictive appositive,· 261 copy, 90, 91 series, 256, 258 - type, 91-~3 - titles,_ 272 Computation of papet, 103 .: two proper names, 273 Condensed type face, .86 type, 276 .: Conditional mood, 354 unnecessary punctuation, 274 Confessions of faith, 225 weights, 273 Conjunctions, 385-391 Common nouns used as proper names, coordinating" conjunctions, 385-387 capitalization, 224, 233 correlatives, 390, 391 .' Company: abbreviation, 186 in series,- 400 · capitalization, 233 subordinating conjunctions, 387- Comparison of adjectives, 380, 525, 526 .... 390 Compass points: abbreviation, 185 · Constellations, 236 capitalization, 223 · Constitution, 231 Compose, 541 Contents page, 40-42, 141-143 Compound predicates, punctuation; 255, examples, 40-42 , 256 Continued: in heading$, us·_ Compound prepositions, 220 in makeup, 154 Compound sentences, punctuation, 252, "Continued" tables, flO. 254, 255 Contracting, a manuscript,' 94 Compound word: defined, 297 Contractions: not followed by period, capitalization, 220 244 permanent compound, 298 sp~g, 111 plural, 510 Contrary-to-fact conditions, 355 ' possessive, 513, "514 Coordinate adjectives, punctuation, 258 temporary compound, 298 CoOrdinate clauses, punctUation, 252 Compounding of words, 297-309 Coordinating conjunctions, 385-387 adjective and noun, 300, 301 Copy, 66 adverb and adjective, 306 Copy-fitting, Mergenthaler Linotype colors, 305 fractions, 304, 305 Company, 93, 94 Copyholding, 70-72 · . full and -Jul, 299 kindred, 299 Copyreading, 68 -kk_e, 300 Copyright, 55-58 meaning determining form, 299 ad interim, 58 noun plus ..J or the law, 55' De, le, von, etc~, in names, 215, 237 -renewals, 58 - in indexes, 49, 54 - -securing a copyright, 57 Dead reprint, 541 , -copyright notice, 140, -141 Debate. subjects, capitalization, 218 Copyright_sign, 539 Decades, 202, 207 Correlative conjunctions, 390, 391 .Decimal point, replaced by oomnia or Correlative. phrases, punctuation, 271 space, 206 - Counter of a type,-81, 82 ,Decimals: for fractions, 200 Court cases, titles, 211 in tables, 128 _ Court reporters, 164 Dedication page, 40, 141 Cour~ of law, 230 Definitions, 291 f Councils, 228 Deity, 224 · Credi t:r: defined, 14 , Demy (paper size), 105 - for illustrations, 178 Denominations (;eligious), 225 for tables, 24, 132 Derived from, sign, 170 - use of Adapted, 15 Descender of a letter, 82 · ·Creeds, 225 -De Vinne, 88 Cropping, 174 Dewey dates, 206 Crown (paper size), 105 Diagonal indention, 113 ,_• Crown (tide), 240 Dialect, 163- ~ · -Cups, 293 Dialogue: abbreviations, 185_ Cursive, 541 not enclosed in quotes, 286 Cuts, see Illustrations numbers, 204- Cut dummy, 76 Diastole, 334 Cut edges, 5~1 Dictionary of Modern English' Usage, Cut-in side headings, 10, 116 ·A, H.W. Fowler, 217 alignment~ 116 Dies, 541 limitations, 10 Different, 382~ ~ in makeup, 154 Digraph, 541 position, 116 Dimensions, 200, 201, 273 spacing, 116 of book pages, 95, 96 Cut-line ~(legend), 543 Dingbats, 541 Cut-Off, 152 Diphthongs, 541 Direct address: capitalization . of tides, Dagger: "dagger sign" incorrect; 110 240 punctuation,· 273 as mark of special significance, 84 Direct discourse: capitalization, 217. reference to footnote, 15 · punctuation, 286 -Dangling modifiers, 398 Direct questions: capitalization, 217. Danish, 313 punctuation, 246, 269, 270, 288 Dash, see Em dash Direct quotations: capitalization, 217 Dates, 206-208 punctuation, 269, 270, 284-288 Dewey dates, 206 Diiect thoughts: capitalization, 217 expressed with figures, 208 pu~ctuation, 287 ' in formal writing, 206 Direct-typing offset, 541 Latin abbreviations, 207 Display matter, indention, 113 punctuation, 273 Display type, 541 Dative case, 374 Distribute, 541 INDEX 567 Ditto marks; makeup, 1~4 Electrical charges, symbols, 171- in tables, 125 Eiectrotyping, 541 _ _ Division of numbers, 202 Elephant folio (paper size), 105 Division of words, 309-311 Elision: in dates, 207 in foreign languages, 312-349 in page references, 24 in headings, 115 Ellipses, 12, 13, 296 - last word of. paragraph~ 110 line of points _or star~. number to in manuscript, 2 ·use, 296-- - Divisions of the earth's surface, 222 Elliptical style, 385 Divisions of the world or of a country, Elzevir, 87 222 - \ - Em, 85 Do, 360 Em dash, 276-280 Do you thinl{: construction, 395 appositives, 277, 278 punctuation; 263 for blank in tables, 128 · "Dollar mark: in Brazilian and Portu- · definitions, 280 guese money expressions, ~06 divided quotations, 279 - referred to, 170 - for en-dash in referenCes, 165_ in tables, 124, 125- - in Frendl., 319 . · Doric, 89 - · · _mechanical uses; 280 - Douay Bible: abbreviations, 183 parenthetical expressions; 278, 279 spellings, 166 · unfinished sentences, 279 Double, doublet, 541 Em quad before sentences, 110 " Double dagger, 15. Emphasis: indicated by capitals, 241 - Double; possessive, 373 indicated by-exclamation point, 246 Doubt expressed by question mark, 248 indicated by italic; 209 l)oubt, followed· !>Y tluzt, 387 indicated by punctuation, 263 - Dramatis personae, 159- indit:ated by small caps, 215 Drop-folios: defined, 152 En dash:..means to, 281 with full-page cuts or tables, 153 not to be used after f'om, 281 on pages with sinkage, 153 not a substitute for anti, 281 to replace hyphen, 281 Drop-line indention, 113 - End mark, 541 .. Due 383 to, End matter,_145 Dutch, 313 End papers, 541' ' English counties, abbreviations, 24. E.clt. other, 379 English Finish (paper), 101 Ecclesiastical terms, capitalization, 226 Epigraph: defined,_40 Echelon indention, 113 position in front matter, 139 Edge-bolt, bolt, 539 Epigraphical quotations, 14, 137, 138 Editing, 64-68, 162 Epithets, 233, 234 editorial marks, 64-65 Epochs, 234 Edition, distinguishea from impression, Equations, 167-169 _ 141 - alignment, 168 Editorial forms of pronouns, 378 capitalization, 169 Editorial marks, 64, 65 - centering, 168 E.g., 189, 264 . displayed, 168 , Eith~,, any on~, 379 division, 169 Electra, 87 - exponents, 167 568 WORDS- INTO 'TYPE , italic for letters, '167 _ f. or ff., use, 193 and footnote primes, 167 · . / , , Fade of a type, 81 ' ' size of parens apd brackets, -167 Face title, 39 - 1 spacing of signs, 168 - Facer, 54Z Errafa list, 139 Fairs, 228 ' makeup, 153 False title, 139 _ position of list in front matter, 139 Families (science), 238' wording, 144 Family appellations: capitalization, 234, Estimating length of manuscript, 90, 91 240 ' - - Et al. in bibliographies, 133 ' hyphenation, 299 Etc.: replaced by points of ellipsis, 296 Federal, 231 use, 189 Feet of a type, 81 Fiction editing, 162, 163 Etymology, signs; 170 . abbreviations, 163 Even pages, 541 cant, 162 Excerpts, 12-15, 118, 119 dialect, 163 acknowledgments, 14, 56 editing problems, 162 brackets, 14 nicknames, 162 ellipses, 12, '13 paragraphing, 162 extracts, 12, 13 slang, 162 infringements of copyright, 56. · Figures (illustrations), 36, 144 italics, 14 Figures · (numerals), 198-202, 542 permission to quote, 57 hanging figures, 88 · plays, 285 in headings, 115 poetry, 118 in a line of capitals, 115 prose, 118 · in a line of small capitals, ·115 punctuation, 14, 118, 119 how set, 202 quotes, 12, 285 lining figures, 88 spelling~ 13 plural, 511 style, 13 r~nging figures, 88 ·typing, 12 See also Numbers Exclamation point, 246-250 Figures and letters, order in showing after exclamations, 246 subordination, 114 _ after ,ironical comment, 246 Filters for color plates, 173 with other punctuation, 248, 249 _ Finish of paper, 101 Finnish, 314 to show emphasis, 246 Firm names, 185, 186 type, 250 Flags, 234 Exclamations, use of period and ex- Fluent, 542 , clamation -point, 246 Flush, $42 Exit (rom.)· and exit (ital.), not to be Flush-and-hang paragraphs, 113, 1l4, confused, 214 I. 115 Expanding a manuscript, 94 Fly leaves, 542 Explanations, 290 1 Flyers, 6 Expletives, 368, 405 1 Folio (paper size), 117, 118 Exponents, 62, 167, 190 footnote Folios, pagination of a b_ook, 152 Expositions, 228 drop-folios, 118, 152, 153 Extracts, 12, 13 in running headings, 117 INDEX· 569 Font. 82, 83 in algebra,· 170 _ Foolscap, 105 built fractions, 83 Footline, 542 consistency of form, 202- · Footnotes, 15-24 decimals preferable, 200 · abbreviations, 21 _expressed in ligures, 200, 202 capitalization, 23, 24 expressed in words, 202-204 content and order, 17, 18' - horizontal fractions, 83 ' editor's check-up, 120 hyphenation, 204, 304, 305 f. and ff., 193 footnote kinds in type, 83 - ibid., 22, 23 in manuscrip~- 62 loc. cit., 22, 23 as nouns, 204 in makeup, 155, 156 with of a, 202 models, 19-21 piece fractions, 83 numbering, 15 , - rea~ling, 72 op. cit., 22, 23 slant fractions, 83 page numbers, 24 slant fraction preferable, 170 position in manuscript, 2 solid fractions, 83 posUion on pages, 155, 156 split fractions, 83 - , references, 15, 16 I vertical fraction$ (algebra), 170 run over, 155' French, 314-322 - shortened forms, 21- abbreviations, 321-323 to tables, 31, 132, 155 alphabet, 314 -uses, 15· capitalization, 314-317'- For example, etc., punctuation, 264 , division,- 317 Foreign book title5, when roman, 131 · guillemets, 318 Foreign-language names enclosed in numbers, 320 - quotes, not italicized, 214 phonetics, 323-324 Foreign-lahguage quotations, 284 points of suspension, 320 Foreign money, 205 punctuation, 318 Foreign names in indexes, 48-50 French titles, use, 195 Foreign phrases: not hyphenated, 309 Front matter, 39-42, 138-144 propriety in use, 67 . · list of parts, 138 Forei~n words: italicizing, 214 parts supplied by author, 39-42 list, 552--s57 · ' set roman, 214 size of headings, 114 Forenames, 186 typography, 139-144 - Foreword, 41 .- use of drop-folios, 152, 153 Form, 542 Frontispiece, 153 - Format, 66 _ Furniture, 542 Format signs of books, 197 Full and -ful, 299 Formulas, 167 Futura, 89 Fort, 187 Foundry proofs, 542 Galley, 542 Four-color-process, order of printing, Gmes, 234 173 Garamond, 88 Fournier, Pierre Simon, 84 Garamont, 88 Fractions, 83 Gender of pronouns, 378 adaptable fractions, 83 Genera, 213, 238 570. WORDS INTO TYPE Generic terms used for proper names, ,Oreek, 333-335 224 - accents and aspirates, 333 Geographical 'terms, abbreviations, 186 capitalization, 334 ' capitalization; 222-224 diastole, 334 Geological terms, 23!1-, 235 divisions, 334 · Geometrical figures, letters, 212 numbers, 335, 336 Germ' 175 Glossaries, typographical styles, 145 screens, 175 Glossary of gramma"tical terms, 523-537 H.ilnd Composition, Hugo Jahn, 80 Glossary of printing terms, 538-548 ' footnote Golf scores, 201 Hanging figures, 88 Gothic, 88, 89 Hanging indention, 113 Gothic letters to indicate shape, 212 Hard vignette. halftone, 175 Government, 231 Hardly, 382 Government agencies, 188 Headband, 542 Headings, 7-11, 113-118 Governmental terms, capitalization, 'block headings, 114, 115 229-232 capitalization, 219, 220 Grain(of paper), 102 cut-in side headings, 10, 116 Grammar, 353-401 division of words, 115 adjectives and adverbs, 379-383 figures, 115 articles, 383, 384 flush-and-hang headings, '114,- 115 conjunctions, -385-391 indention, 113 , nouns, 369-373 _ informational headings, 7 prepositions, 391-394 inverted pyramid headings, 114 pronouns, 373-379 - marginal notes, 11, 116 verbs, 353-369 , paragraph headings, 116 Grammatical terms, glossary, 52~537 '-punctuation, 115 Granjo!J., 86 _ pyramid headings, 114 Grave accent in poetry, 159 run-in headings, 8, 116 Gravity thermometers, 194 . running head~ngs, 117, 153 INDEX 571 shoulder headings, 10, 116 _ Illustrations, 36-38, 171-179 side headings, 8, 116 author's responsibilitY, 36, 77 size, 11A _ BelL Day cuts, 172 ift_.mall caps, 115 color printing, 172, 173 styles, 114, 115 . copper line plates, 172 subheadings, 8, 114 -copy, 38- topical headings, 8 credits; 178 type sizes and kinds, 113, 114 -·cropping, 174 use of term ~ontinuetl, 115, •- - direct ,halftones, 37- · wording, 8 . halfoones, 37, 38, 173-175 Headpiece, 542 legends, 177-178 - Heavenly bodies, 236 lettering, 37 - Heavy elements of a letter, 82 line ·engravings, 36, 172 Hebrew, 336 lithography, '176- Height of body of a. type, 82 mailing copy; 38 Height of face of a type, 82 - in makeup, 77, 155 Height to paper of a type, 82- ... ordering cuts, 174, 175 _ Ht:nce, sign,. 170 - photoengraving, ;36, 171-173- High quads, 542 phooogelatin process, 177' - Highlight halftones, '175 phooogravure, 176 Historical epochs, periods, events, ZlJ- pho~ffset, 170, 176, 177 • 228- -- preparing copy, 174, 175 Holidays, -236 ·' rooogravure, 176 Holy days, 236 screeiu; 172, 175 .Homonylll$ and similar words, 495-502 ·sidewise in makeup,._l55 Honorable, 194 , size, 37, 173, 1.(4· ' Horizontal fractions, 83 "_. -steel engravings, 172.. House numbers, 201 tint blocks, 172 - - Hungarian, 336 tipped-in cuts, ·102 Hyphen, 294, 295 wax_ engravings, 171 in a divided number, 202 _ zinc etchings; 36 - to form compound words, 297-309 Illustrations (front .matter page): manu in. a line of capitals, 115 script copy, 41 in. manuscript, 295 _ . typography, 143, ·144 • Imperative sentences,· punctuation, 243 replaced by en dash, 281 Imperial (paper size), lOS to mark prefixes and suffixes, 295 Imposition, 542 See also Compounding of words, Impression, 141 - 297-309 Imprimatur, 39 Hyphenated adjective replacing posses Imprint,· 543 sive, 372 In, into, in to, 393 Hyphenated compounds, capitalization, Indention; 112, 1J3 _ 220 diagonal indention, 113 Hyphenation, see Compounding of display matter, 113 words, 297-309 drop-line indention, 113 echelon indention, 113 Ibid., 22, 23 half-diamond indention, 113 I. e., 264 hanging indention, 113 572 WORDS INTO TYPE headings, 113 ·- words with more than one mean inverted pyramid indention, 113, ing, 50 _. 114 lndexing-Prmciples, Rules and Exam lozenge: indention, 113 ' ples~ Martha Thorne Wheeler, outlines, 112 43 ' parag;aph indention, 112, 113 Indirect discourse not quoted, 287, 288 paragraphs, 112 Indirect questions, 247, 251, 28R - poetry, 158, 159 Indirect quotations: distinguished from reverse indention, 113 • direct quotations, 288 Indexes, 43-55, 146-151 punctuation, 251, 288 alphabetical divisions, 151 Inferior letter_ or figu.re, 543 alphabetical order, 49, 52-55 indicated in manuscript, 62 -capitalization, 150 precedes a superior, 167 chapter headings, 150 Infinitive phrases, 268 Infinitives: capitalization, 220 compound ~ouns, 45 • split infinitives; 396 cross references, 52 use, 356- dashes versus indention, 150 lnfringeruent of copyright, 56, 140 double entry, 46 ' Initials, 135, 136 : editor's check-up of copy,,151 abutting lines, 136 entries, 45 ascending initials, 135 entry-a-line. form, 148, 154 capitalization of following word, forename or initials with surnames, 135 48 descending initials, 135 geographic names, 48, 50 with poetry, 136 how to compile, 43 quotation marks, 136 indention of subheadings, 148-150 spacing, 135 index ~f authors, 43 Initials (nams:): at end of preface, 40 index of authors and titles, 44, 146 not followed by period, 243 - index of titles, 44 used in place of a name, 244 inversions, 47 insert, 543 key words,- 45 Inset, '543 kinds, 43,, 44 Institutions, 232, 233 names of persons, 48-50 foreign, 214 page numbers, 51 Intaglio photoengraving, , 176 International Copyright Union, 58 paragraph form, 147,- 148 International Phonetic Alphabet, 350, phrases, 46 351, 352 prepositions, 47, 55 Interpolations; 263 punctuation, 150 Interrogation point, 246-250 singular and plural forms, 51 after direct question, 246 subheadings, 51,- 147-150 to express doubt, 248 table of cases, 44, 146 with other punctuation, 248-250 typographical forms,· 146-148 position, 247 use of boldface, itali~, and small type, 250 caps, 151 Interrogative phrases, 274 use of le~ders, 146 Interrogative words, 247 words· with different uses, 50 Intertype machine, 80 INDEX Interviews, · 286· type fa~, 88 Introduction, 41 for words discussed, 210 ' listed in table of contents, 41 Item (rom.) and item (ital.), not to be Introduction to Typography, Philip Van confused, 215 Doren Stern, 80 footnote - Inversion: bibliographies and footnotes, JansCin, 86 18 Jenson, Nicolas, 88 in indexes, 44, 47 - Job work, 543 _ , Inverted pyramid indention, 113, 114 · _ Joint 6Wnership, use- of apostrophe, 514 IOU, 243 fr.; Sr., not..spelled ouf, 194 Irony, marked -b)' exclamation poilit, Judicial bodies, 230 ,; 246 Juggled slugs, 543-- It, use, 375 Jus~eation, 81, 543 Italian, 337-339 abbreviations, 339 _ alphabet, 337 · Kabe~ 89 capitalization, 337 Kern of a ·letter, 82 divisions, 338 Keyboard, 543 punctuation, 338 .Kil~ 543 Italics, 209-Z15 Kind, sort, 370, 371 · jn Bible, 166 Kindred, capitalization of names: ?34, book tides, 210, ~11 240 in documents, 218 ~-hyphenation of names, 299 for emphasis, '209 ' King; 240 in excerpts, 14 ' foreign language quotations._ 284 Laid paper, 101 foreign wotds, 214 .. Lakes, ·223 indicated in manuscript by· under. Lapse of time indicated _by line of points, scoring, 18 " · 296 Latin abbreviations, 211 Large Post (paper size), 105 legal citations, 211 Latin, 332--341 legislative acts, 213 ~tin abbreviations, 188, 18~ letters (of the alphabet), 211, 212 in dates, 207, names of airships, 214 italic and rpman, 211 names of musical compositions, 212 in law citations, 211 names of newspapers and period- Latitude, 200 icals, 209, 212 Law work: abbreviations, 164, 187 names of vessels, 214 book tit!CS: 164 in newspapers, 209 . , British citations, 164: ' replaced by eapitals, 241 capitalization, 163 replaced by roman in italic text, 209 case n:imes, 163 resolutions, 213 · citations, 163, 164 s. and d. (shillings and pence), 212 court reporters, 164 salutations, 2_13 Latin phrases, 163 - sci en fific names, 213 punctuation, 164_ for single interrogative word, 217 references, 164 sounds, 214 table of eases, 44, 146 substitute for roman quoted, 210 Layout of a book, 39 574 -I WORDS JNTO TYPE Leader work, 543- Lighter elements of a letter, 82 _ Leaders: in indexes, 146- Lightface, 543 - in tables, 123 Limit page, 139 Leading, 109 - Limited. 186 , . ~eads, 109 Limiting adjectives, 3S3 Legal citations: abbreviations of states, Line, 236 - 187 Line blocks, 36 - -- names of parti.C"s, 163 'Line cLinotype machine, 80 Legislative bodies, 230 List of illustrations, 143, 144 Legzslature, 230 Lists in coll$ns, 120, 121 - Letterpress, 543 Literals, 544 Letters (of the alphabet):' in chemical Literary periods, 227 formulas, 212 Literary schools, 228 designating shape, 212 Lithography, 176 in equations,- 167 Live matter, 544- in place of names, 2~ Localisms, 412 plural, 511 Localities, appellations, 223 referring to illustrations, 212 _ - Loc. cit., 22, 23 single letters referred_ to, 211 Lockup, 544 .:: for subdivisions, 212 Logar~thm tables, comma omitted,-202 Letters (epistles), 156~ 157 Logotype, 544 - abbreviations, 1 56 Long primer, 544 complimentary close, 157 Longitude, 200 heading, '156 Low quads, 542 punctuation, 156 Low to line, 544 quotes, 157, 158 ' Low to paper, 54.4 salutation, '157, 218. Lozenge indention, 113 signature, _157 Ludlow Typograph, 544 Letterspacing, 111 German,· 329- M., Mme, Mller195 headings, 111 M's or M paper, 545 - tables, 131 - Machine Finish paper (M.F.), l01 text, 111 Magazine, 544 Libel:· deflnc:d, .58 Magnification, 171 - -of the dead, 59 Mailing: illustrations, 38 right of privacy, 60 manuscript, 7 · - Ligatures, 83 · Majuscule, 544 INDEX 575 Makeready, 544' Marginal notes, 11, 116, u; Makeup, 152-156 alignment, 117 asterisks,_ I 54 capitalization, 116 blank lines, 154 running gli>ss, 11 • collating marks, 1St spaeing, 117 columns, 154 wording, 11 continued, 154 Margins: for book pages, 96-98 dashes, 1.54 .in manuscript, -2 ditto marks, 154' Masthead, 544 folios, 152 . ._ Mathematical signs, 170 footnotes, 155, .156 MatriJC, matrices, 544 front matter, 153 · Matrix case~ 544 headings, 154 Measure, 544 illustrations. 155 Measurement units,_ abbreviations, 190 long- and short pages, 154 Measurements, punctuation, 273 page breaks, 153 · Mechanical wood pulp, W1· poetry, 154 Mechanics of pri'nting, 79-89 · running headings, 153 Medical terms, 221 signatures, 156 _ Medical textS, scientific names romaJ1i - widows, 153 213 ' Manual of For~ign Langua~~. 9eorge Medium {paper size), 105 _ F. von Ostermann, 312 Mercury process, 176 • ·• : . Manufacturing problems of a book, 93- Metric measurements, 191 108 Metrical lines, division, 161 choice of type, 98-100 Military honors, 193 determination of size, 94 Military titles, 228, 229 margins, 96-98 • Minion, 544 methods of printing, 100, lOL Minuscule, 544 . page dimensions, 95-98 Mixed numbers expressed in words, 204 Manuscript: additions, 6 Modern type,. 88 contracting, 94 for· printing on hard 'or coated expanding, 94 · paper, 99 margins in typing, 2 Molarity, 168 " numbering, 6 • Molder plate, 100 paper, 1 Monastic orders, 193~225 position of footnotes, 2 Monetary units, 205 reprint copy, 6 ~ _ foreign, not italic, 214 spacing in typing, 2 Money, 205, 206 style, 6, 7 - Monotype, adaptability, 80 Manuscript preparation, 61-65 Monsieur, 195 --editorial marks, 64 ' Months, abbreviations, 206 equations, 62 MOOd of verbs, 354-356 final reading, 61 infinitive, 356 formulas, 62 shift of mood, 356 fractions, 62 -subjunctive mood, 355 subscripts, 62 Motion pictures, 210 superscripts, 62 Mottoes, 218 Manuscripts {ancient), 225 Mount, 187 576 /WORDS INTO TYPE Mountains, 223 '· dimensioos, 200 Mr., Mr.r., Dr., 194, 195 division,· 202 MS., 182 elision, 207 Music titles, 212 in formal writing, 198, 206 fractions, 200, 202, 204 Names of persons: with de,. von, 237 in French, 320 in indexes, 48-50, 54 in German, 329 plural forms, 511 gloss, 204 possessive forms, 512, 513 golf scores, 201 shortened forms,· 244 in Greek, 335 Names with prefixes: beginning a sen- house and room nUmbers, 201 . ten~;~:, 215 · how to set figures, 202 capitalization, 237 isolated numbers, 198 in indexes, 49, 54 latitude and longitude, 200 Nat9re, 238 millions, 199 Naval titles, 228 mixed- numbers, 204 Navy, 229 money, 205, 206 Neck of a type, 81, 82 numerical dates, 208 Negroes, 238 numerical expressions, 203 Newspaper titles, 212, 213 order in indexes, 55 Nick on a type, 81, 82 1 ordinals, 201, 206 Nicknames, 162, 292, 293 page numbers, 201 None, 366 parts of a book, etc., 201 Nonpareil, 545 percentage, 201 · Nonrestrictive modifiers, punctuation, proportion, 201 259, 267 roman immerals, 208, 209 Normality, 168 round numbers, 198, 203 . Norwegian, 341 small numbers, 199 Nouns, 369-373 street numbers, 201 as adjectives, 381, 382 temperature readings, 200 - number, 370, 371 tennis scores, 201 with numerals, capitalization, 236 time of day, 208 possessive case, 371-373 in two series, 199 with two plurals, 508 two,together, 204 Number: nouns, 370, 371 votes, 201 pronouns, 377 . wording of numbers spelled, 204 Numbering: footnotes, 15 years, 202 footnotes to tables, 31 manuscript, 6 0, oh: capitalization, 219 tables, 31 punctuation, 274 Numbers, 198-209 Obligative mood, 354 with abbreviations, 200 Octavo, 104, 105 ages, 200 Odd pages, 545 beginning a sentence, 203 Oddments, 545 dates, 206-208 Off its feet, 545 decades, 207 Offcut, 545 decimals, 200 Offices of the government, 231 in dialogue, 204 Offset press, 17~ -INDEX 577 O.K.'d, 185 footnote Paragraph headings, 116 Old Style #7, 87 Paragraph indention, 112, 113 • Old Style, 88 · Paragraph mark for reference, 15 for long letterpress printing, 99, Paragraphing, 162 On, onto, on to, 394 Parallelism, . 394 One another, 379 Parallels, reference mark, 15 Op. cit., 22, 23 Parentheses, 282, 283 Opera titles, 212 · · with brackets, 283 Optical center, 153, 545 . with comma, 275, 276 Or, nor, ~86 in equations, 167 Oratorio titles, 212 with exclamation point, 248 , Orders (science) 238 with interrogation point, 248 Ordinal numerals: in dates, 206 ·with periods, 245 not followed by period, 244 for' stage directions, 160 numbering streets, 201 Parenthetical elements, marked by coal- Organizations, 192, 232 mas, 272. . foreign names roman, 214 marked by dashes, _278, 279 Outlines: indention, 112 marked by parentheses, 282 subordination indicated by figures, within matter in· parentheses, 283 · and letters, 114 Parks, 239 Overlay, 545 Participial phrases, 268, 269 Parts of a book, 39 Page, 236 Pastedowns, 545 Page numbers, 201 Patent insides, 545 in footnotes, 24 Peculiars, 82 See also Folios Peoples, 238 Pages of a book: dimensions, 95-98 Per Cent, 219 makeup, 152-156 Per cent sign, 170, 201 · · margins, 96-98 Percentage, 201 number to a sheet of paper (table), Period, 243-246 103 abbreviations, 243, 244 Paginati6n of a book, 152 ·contractions, 244 inserts not numbered, 153 compass directions, 185 use of drop-folios, 152, 153 · . headings, 245 use of !'Oman numerals, 152 initials, 243 Paging, see Makeup interpolated sentences, 243 letters, 244 Paintings, 292 _,- meaning of two after chemical sym Paleontological terms, 238 bol, 197 Papacy, papal, 227 meaning of two after forenames, Paper, 101-105 186 bulk, 103 metric measurements, 191 computation of amount needed, 103 not used with (1), {a}, 246 finish, 101 numerals, 244 grain, 102 with other punctuation, 245, 249 sizes, 103-108 sentences, 243 texture, 101 shortened forenames, 244 weight, 101, 102 (table} symbols, 243 5.78 WORDS INTO ·TYPE Peribds (geologic), 234, 235 Poems (long, printed separately); 210 Periodicals, titles, 212, 213 (short), 291 _ -Permanent compounds, 2-98 Poetry, 158, 159 ·Person: of pronouns, 378 -capital retained when lines run- in, of verbs, 369 217 Personifications, 238,. 239 · centering, 158 - Pharmaceutical symbols, 191, 192 indentions: 158 Philology, abbreviations, 192 makeilp, 154 Ph9netics, 349-352 - scansion, 159 Photoengraving,-36, 171-173 Point (1/72 inch), 84 - Photogelatin process, 177 Point system, 84 . Photogravure, 176 - Pointed figureS, 542 . Photo-offset printing, 100, 176, 177 _Points of the compass, 185, 223 paper required, 102 - ' Points of ellipsis, 12, 13, 296, 297 reproduction of typescript, 2, 5 Points of suspension~- 320, 345 Phrases, -hyphenation, 308 Polish, 341 possessive, 514 Political terms, capitalization, 229-232 Phyla, 238 Pope, 240 Pi, 545 Port, 187 Pica, 84 Portuguese, 342 _Pica thin space, 109 -Possessive- case, 371-373, 512-514 ''Pick for sorts," 545 apostrophe omitted, 372 Pick-up, 545 with an appositive, 372 Piece fractions, 83 of common nouns, 512 · ' Pigeonholes, 545 of compound nouns, 513 Pin mark on a type, 81, ~2 double possessive, 373 Planets, 236 with a gerund, 373 Planography, 176 inanimate objects, 371 Plate corrections, 63 joint ownership, 514 Plates (illustrations), 36, 144 of phrases, 514 Plates for printing, 100 of proper names, 512j 513 Plays, 159-162 Post (paper size), 105 - characters, 159 Postal districts of London, 188 dramatis personae, 159 Postal Guide, abbreviations, 187 excerpts .quoted beginning and end, Potential mood, ·354. · 285 Pott (paper size), 105 metrical lines, 161, 162 Practice of Printing, R.- W. Polk, 79 stage directions, 159, 160 _ footnote titles italic, 210 . use of cap-and-small, 159 Predicate adjectives, 379, 380 use of parens and brackets, 160 Predicate nouns, 368 Pleonasm,· 402 Preface: listed in table of contents, 41 Plurals, 506-512 ' signed, 40 compound words, 510 typography, 141 figures, 511 Preface to the Second Edition, 139 / letters, 511 Prefixes: capitalization, 238 proper names, Sll hyphenation, 295 Plus sign in symbols, 171 Prepositional idioms, list, 45~66 INDEX 579 Prepositions, 391-394 Pulp !or paper, 101 before appositives, .392 Punctuation, 242-297 capitalization in headings, 219, 220 apostrophe, 294 in series, 392, 400 brackets, '.283-284 termiJ!al prepositions, 391 · mlon, 250-252 Preliminaries, 38 · " comma, 254-276 Prescriptions, abbreviations, 191, 192 em dash, 276-280 President's appellations, 231 , . · en dash, 281 · Prime, 167 · a£ter equation~ 169 Printer's imprint, 140 ,exclamation point, 246-250- Printing distinguished from editio_n, 141 in French, 318-320 Printing arts handbooks, 181 - in German, 328 Printing fOt' School and Shop, F. S.. _in Greek, 334- ' · 79 footnote ·. in heading~ 115 Printing methods, 100, 101 hyphen, 294-295 Printing press, 545 · interrogation point, 246-250 Printing style: defined, 6 in Italian, 338 · · list of handbooks, 181 in manuscript, 1 Printing terms, glossary, 538-548 open and close, 254 Printing Types, Their History, Form1 parentheses, 282, 283 - - and Use, 'D. B.· Updike, 99 period, 243-297- · Process pr~nting, 545 -. points of ellipsis, 296 · Production man, 94 ' quotatio~!_ marks, 284-294 Progressives, 173 semicolon, 252-254 Pronouns: -antecedents, 375-377 to show emphasis, 263 case, 373-374 in Spanish, 344,- 345 · gender, 378 2-em dash, 281, 282 person, 378 Punctuation marks: names used by copy Quaker usage, 369 - holders, 71 referring to Deity, 225 spacing, 111 reflexive pronouns, 378 , Pyramid headings, 114 regal or formal style, 378 in tides (Hit Excellency, etc.), 240 Quad line, l 09 Quads, Proofreader's marks, 73, 74 83, 109 Quaker dates, 227 Proofreading, 68-78 Quaker use of pronouns, 369 by an author, 73-78 Quarto, 104 in a printing office, 68 Quasi-quotation~ 241 Proper adjectives, 221 Queen, 240 Proper names: plurai, 511 Queries, 76_ , possessive, 512, 513 Question · mark, 246-250. See· Inter Proper noun~ 221-241 rogation point Proportion, 170, 201_ Questions, direct and indirect, 247, 251, Propriety in the use of words, 411 288 Provided, 213 . Quotation marks, 284-294 Provincialisms, 412-450 in the Bible, 166 . Publisher's imprint, 139 after called, know• 111, 288 · Publishing office procedu_re, 6fH>8 with comma, 275 - 580 WORDS INT9 TYPE definitions, 291 Relatives, see Kindred direct discoutse, 286 Relief printing, 36 direct questions, 288 Religions, capitalization, 227 direct quotations, 284 Religious symbols, 167 _direct th'oughts, 287 Religious terms, capitalization, 224-227 after entitled, -signed, 288 Repeated words separated l:iy comma, excerpts, 12, 285 · - 272 with exclamation point, 248 Reprint copy, 6 tiplanations, 290 Requests in interrogative form, 248 geological names,\ 235 Resolutions: capital after Resolved, 218 indirect discourse, 287 puncruation, 253 with. initials, 136 ~ use of italics, 213 with interrogation point, 248 Rciponse, symbol, ,16Z with letters quoted, 157, 158 Restrictive adverbial clauses, punctua misused, 287 _ / ' tion, _266-268 nicknames, 792 · Restrictive appositive, 261 withyther marks, 293, 294 Restrictive and nonrestrictive modifiers, with poetry, 118, 119 punctuation, 259-260 replaced by italic, 290 Reverend, ,use, 194 \ ' -side quoting, 285 Reverse' indention, 113 single quotes, f85, 293 Revision, 152 ' slang, 293 Riders, 6 substitute for italic, 209 Right of privacy, 60 substitute for so-called, 289 Ring, meaning in editing, 65 technical words. 289 River, 546 titles (poems, stories, etc.), 291, Rivers, 223 292 Roman notation, 208 transl;tions, 291 Roman numerals: for books of the Bible, type, 294 183 unnecessary uses, 293 for chapters !!J the Bible, 166 , words referred to, 210 not followed by period, 245 Quotations, see Excerpts for front m.atter, 24, 152 ·Quotations as parts of speech, 269· for table numbers, 31 Quoting unnecessary, 293 Roman type, 88 I Room ·numbers, 201 Racial names, 238 Rotogravure, 176 Range, 223 footnote Royal (paper size), 105 Re, 295 Rules, capitalization, 218 Recto pages, 546 Rules for a Dictionary Catalog,-Charles Reduced type for excerpts, 12, 13 A. Cutter, 43 Redundancy, 402 · Rules for Compositors and Readers at' Reference marks, 15 the Univrrsity Press, Oxford, position in text, 16 164 footnote in tables, 132 1 Rules for Filing Cards, 54 References, abbreviations, 193 Ruling in tables, 128 Reflexive pronouns, 378 Run-in headings, 8, 116 Regions, appellations, 223 Running gloss, 11, 117 -INDEX 581 Running headings, 117, US ._ phrases of time, place, and manner, across facing pages, {53 397 - above marginal notes, 153 series, 400 .Russian, 342 · ,5plit' infinitives, 396, 397 squinting construction, 397 S. &: S.C., su Calender, 539 two questions, one p~renthetical, Saddle stitched, 546 ' 395 Saint, 187 ' words used in a double capacity,. Salutations, 213, 218; 251 401 ·Sans-serif, 87, a9 Sentences not beginning with a capij;l, Scansion, 159 215 . Scarcely, 382 Separatrix, 546 Scholastic honors, 193, 232 Sequence of tenses, 358, 359 - Schoo1s of art, literature, philowphy, Series (geology), capitalization, 234 228 Series (type), ~~~ Type family,- 547 Scientific names, 213, 238 Series of adjectives, punctuation, 258 Scored figures, 542 Series of nouns, phrases, etc., 400 Scores, 201 punctuation, 253, 256-258, 280 Scotch, 87 use of a, the, 384, 385 Scotch names, 294 Series of sentences, capitalization, 215 Scratch comma, 546 Series tides, 291 · Screens, 173, 175 . Serifs of a letter, 82 Script, sS - Services of the government, ·capitaliza- Scripture references, 165, 166 ' ' tion, 231 · abbreviation, 182 Set-em, 85 s~~ also Bible Shall and will, 361 Sculptures, 292 Shank of a type, 81 , . Seasons, 239 Shape indicated by gothic letter, 212" &ciion in laws, 190 Sheetwise, s~~ Imposition, 54? Section mark, 15 Shelf. 65 Semicolon, 252-254 . Shelfback, 546 compound sentences, 252- Shell, 541 with exclamation point or interroga- Shipping manuscript, 6 tion point, 250 Ships, 214 , with parentheses, 253 • Shortened forms in footnotes, 21 with quotation marks, 253 Shoulder headings, 10, 116 resolutions, 253 Shoulder notes, 546 series, 253 Shoulder of a type, 81, 82 type, 254 Side headings, 8 Sdior, 195 capitalization, 116 Sentence structure, 394-401 punctuation, 251 adjectives, 396 typography, 116 adverbs within verbs, 396 Side notes, ll6 footnote • awkward expressions, 399 Side quoting, 285 • dangling modifiers, 398 · in French, 318, 319 mixed constructions, 394 Side sorts. 82 omissions, 399-401 Signature, 104, 546 parallelism, 394, 395 in makeup, 156 582 WORDS INTO TYI Signor, 195 . after period, 110 Signs, 198 of punctuation, 111 apothecaries' weights and measures, of signs in equations, 168 192 - " nf .suspension points, 320, 345 in astronomy, 198 Spanish, 343-349 . in oi~logy, 198 abbreviations, 346-349- in mathematics, 170 accents, 343 names used by copyhold~rs, 72 ' - alphabet, 343 plural form, 511 capitalization, ~43 - in a type font, 83 division, 345 See also Symbols ·points of suspension.l 345 Sign redundant, 170 punctuation, 344 Silhouette halftone, :175 Species (science), 213, 238 -Simple, Accurate Mf!thod of Copy-fitting, - Spelling: in excerpts, 13 I A, 93 in manuscript, 7 Single quotati~n marks, 285, 286, 293 . rules, 502-514 Singulal\ forms used as plurals, 508-510 · Spine, 538 Sinkage, 546 Split fractions, 83 Slang, 162, 293 Split infinitives, 396 Slant, 84 Squares, ·239 Slant fractions, 83, 170 Squinting construction, 397 Slogans, 218 Sr., 194- Small capitals: for A_.D. and B.C., 207 Stage directions, 159, 160 · for A.M. and P.M., 208 in brackets, 283 for empha;is, 215- Staircase, 546 in headings, 115 Standard line, 546. Small pica, 546 Star, 15. See also .Asterisk So that, 387 Stars, 236 Sobriquets, 292, 293 State, c~pitalization, 223, 226 Soil groups, 235 State names:'abbreviations, 187, 188 Solid, 109 . omitted, 187 - 'Solid fractions, 83 Statistical Abstract, style of number Solidus, 84 columns, '128 Song titles, 212 Stem of a letter, 82 Sorts, 546 Stereotype, 546 sos, 243 Stet, 65 Sounds, 214 _Stick, 541 Space dot, 295 Stone, 546 ' Space fordecimal point, 206 Stone proo'f, 547 Spacebands, 81 Stonehead or stoneman, 546 Spaces, 109 Street numbers, 201 Spacing, 109-111 ~ Streets, 239 _ _ - to avoid divisions, 110 , foreign names roman, 214, 292 contractions, Ill Stub, 25, 26, 123 after exclamation point, 111 Style: defin~d, 6 of headings, 115 in excerpts, 13 in manuscript, 2-5 rules, 180-352 "after numerals, 111 Style books, list, 181 --INDEX 583 Subheadings, 8, 114 Tables, 24-32, 120-132 examples, 111 alignment of.LOiumns; 124 Subindexes, 62 · hoKed tables,-130 Subjunctive mood, 355 braces, 126 ' -submarines, 214 · . broadside tables, 128 Subordination indicated by figures and captions, 30, 31, 126 letters,_8, 114 , column headings, 127 - Subsidiaries, 38 . column tabulation, 120-122 Substance_ weight of paper, 101 constru~tion, 24-30 Suffixes indicated by hyphen, 295 "continued" tables, 130 ' ·Super, 547 contracting, 122 · , . · Super {paper), 101 copy, 31 Super Royal (paper-.Jlize), 105 · credit, 24, 132 Superfluous words, 404, 405 decimals, 128 _ Superior figur:es, 62,, 65, 83, 167_ . ditto marks,: 125 as exponents, 83, 167 - dollar sign, 124 . in manuscript, 62 em dash, 128 marked by shelf, 65 footnotes, 31, 1~2 _ with punctuation, 83 , leaders~ 123 · as references to footnotes, 15, 16 lists in columns, 120; 121 Suspended compounds, 307 manuscript, 31 - Suspension points, 320, 345 measuring units, 29 Swash letters, 113 number, 126 Sweat on, 547 number .columns, 128 - Swedish, 349 numbering,· 31 • Syllabication, 295 ruling, 128 Symbols, 197-198 _ run-up column headings, 127 ABC's, 243 spacing, 12Q- - book sizes, 197 stubs, 25,-26, 123 , chemical elements, 197 Total, 123 chess, 198 twO