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Proquest Dissertations An Assessment of Mountain Hazards and Risk-Taking Activities in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada by Derrick S. Brown A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Copyright © 2009 by Derrick S. Brown Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-63484-4 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-63484-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nntemet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES k •& k k k COPYRIGHT PERMISSION An Assessment of Mountain Hazards and Risk-Taking Activities in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada By Derrick S. Brown A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree Of Master of Science Derrick S. Brown©2009 Permission has been granted to the University of Manitoba Libraries to lend a copy of this thesis/practicum, to Library and Archives Canada (LAC) to lend a copy of this thesis/practicum, and to LAC's agent (UMI/ProQuest) to microfilm, sell copies and to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. AN ASSESSMENT OF MOUNTAIN HAZARDS AND RISK- TAKING ACTIVITIES IN BANFF NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA, CANADA "If we view a great mountain soaring into the sky, it may excite us, evoke an uplifted feeling within us. There is interplay of something we see outside of us with our inner response." Lawren S. Harris. 1924 Mt. Temple Banff National Park u ABSTRACT Human and economic costs associated with human activities in mountain regions have been increasing in Banff National Park (BNP) and in the Bow Valley (BV) in particular. Human activity in mountain environments inextricably juxtaposes humans and environment in a potentially deadly manner due in part to the plethora of natural hazards and their unpredictable nature but also due to the level of experience and decision making process of an individual or group. The combination of these factors determines the level of risk and vulnerability for humans, infrastructure, and ecosystems from various hazards, dangerous processes and human activity. Understanding the complex temporal and spatial relationship between landform, process, people, is thus critical to determining and mitigating anthropogenic risk and vulnerability to hazard in mountain regions. This study looks at a new approach to assessing risk for humans from mountain hazards and risk-taking activities in BNP by analysis of death, injury, and non-injury incident reports. Additionally, this study incorporates a spatial and temporal analysis, including inter-annual and seasonal variations, of hazards. Hazards were identified and categorized in one of five hazard groups - animal, rockfall/icefall, recreation, mass movement processes, and snow avalanche and evaluated against high risk activities such as hiking, scrambling, skiing, bicycling, and climbing. The risk potential framework consists of assigning weighted ranks of 100, 1000, 10000, and 100000 based on the level of incident severity - no injury, minor injury, serious injury and fatality respectively. Risk potential is calculated using a variation of Blaikie's et al. (1994) risk equation, R = HxV->R = IRPn = (I* t/T0 / (Hc*Vp) * SWF which equates to ((incident probability) / (user population x hazard population)) x severity weighted rank (SWF). Annual and seasonal risk along with event counts were further analyzed to develop a set of hazard matrices (low, medium, considerable, high, and extreme) and a set of hazard maps for specific hazards and risk-taking activities spatially in BNP. in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has benefited from the assistance of many people and organizations, and I have many to thank. I appreciate the generous financial, logistical, and in kind support from Parks Canada, Banff National Park Warden Services, Nav Canada, Banff National Park Library, The Whyte Museum, University of Manitoba Faculty of Graduate Studies, Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation, and the Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba. The Banff Park Warden Services provided assistance and data on mountain and animal hazards, rescue occurrences and incident data on injuries and fatalities. I thank Tao Gui for providing much of the Parks Canada data, and for providing logistical assistance and support. I also thank Cliff White, Gord Erwin, Ian Syme Bradford White, and Ron Allen (Lake Louise Ski resort) for their input, discussion and thoughts on this project. Thank you to Cathy Hourigan of the Banff National Park Library whose tireless dedication in providing me with the numerous reports, papers and studies that I requested, was instrumental in the completion of this project. To Jim Gardner, whose passion for the mountain environments, their natural beauty, their inhabitants and the processes that shape them has been so influential in driving my research and shaping my affection for mountain ecosystems. Your influence as a professor, mentor, and a friend will be forever valued. To Brian Stimpson, Thank you for providing so much valuable input and for the stimulating conversation on various topics that transcended the requirements of this project. To Tim Papakyriakou and Emdad Haque, thank you for being there to push me to develop a project that was manageable, interesting and contributory. To Tim, thank you for listening and keeping me focused on the goal at hand. To John Iacozza, Rob Gerry and Alison Buckingham, Thank you for your assistance on developing the hazard maps. John, Thank you for all the other invaluable suggestions and contributions you have made over the years. Thank you to my family - Mom Dad, David, Debbie and Stephen your assistance was invaluable to completing this project. To my daughter Meghan, thank you for your assistance during the field research and putting up with me during the home stretch. © Finally, I wish to express my thanks to Banff National Park. The many years I have spent hiking, climbing, skiing and observing through this marvellous park have shown me there are still many wild beautiful places in the world and much that is truly incredible to see. Banff National Park is a jewel among wild lands everywhere. I have seen a Banff that few others have seen and I feel privileged to have had the opportunity to see it in all its glorious nature. My great hope is that we continue to appreciate and preserve through research and adventure the intrinsic beauty of what remains of the world's great natural environments. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract Hi Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xii List of Acronyms xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Issues and rationale 1 1.2 Banff National Park 4 1.2.1 A brief history 4 1.2.2 Park management 9 1.2.3 The town of Banff and hamlet of Lake Louise 12 1.2.4 Tourism and human use 14 1.2.5 Visitor safety 17 CHAPTER 2: MOUNTAIN HAZARD, HIGH RISK ACTIVITY, AND RISK 2.1 Mountain hazard 24 2.2 The intrinsic benefit of mountain activities 26 2.3 High risk activities 30 2.4 Hazard, risk, and risk perception 35 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Page 3.1 Study area 47 3.2 Data collection 52 3.3 Baseline determination 54 3.4 User group population 54 3.5 Animal populations and hazard inventory 60 3.6 Incident data 62 3.7 Risk potential calculations 63 3.8 IPTPD and FPTPD calculations 67 3.9 Hazard matrix and bulletin 67 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Results 72 4.1.1 Overall annual incidents and rescue response in BNP 1985-2004 72 4.2 Hazard based risk potential 78 4.2.1 Mass movement 78 4.2.2 Snow Avalanche 80 4.2.3 Rockfall/icefall 86 4.2.4 Elk 91 4.2.5 Grizzly Bear 95 4.2.6 Cougar 100 4.2.7 Wolf 101 VI CHAPTER 4 continued..
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