United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names

Twentieth Session New York, 17 - 28 Januarv 2000

NATIONAL ATLAS OF SLOVENIA AND DIGITAL ATLAS OF SLOVENIA

National Atlas of Slovenia (first edition, 1999)

Article summaries

AtIas of Slovenia (second edition, 1999)

A database of around 37,000 geographical names of Slovenia

Prepared by Milan Orozen Adamic, Slovenia ARWCLE SUMMARIES

FOREWARD 36-71 CARTOGRAPHIC WAGE MAN OR&EN ADAh& EOITOR Dear Reader 38-49 SLOVENIA ON OLD MAPS LUBUANA huHEvc The GeographicalAflot of Slovenio with its eloquent subtitle The State in Space and lime is Like today’s mops, old mopr represented the sum ond ~yn- o highly scientific and cultural work containing the combined knowledge of collaborators from thesis of known facts about the Earth’s surface. Along with the Institute of Geography, the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research extracting numerous interesting old doto, a specific Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Geography Department of problem for cartography is the choice of the method or manner for presenting the doto. Formony centuries, this the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ljubljana, and other institutions. The individual has been the most difficuh task of map makers. In ond collective work of more than fifty experts is now ovailable on the book market, and the foreground is the effort to overcome distorted pro- readers will hove the opportunity to judge its usefulness. jections ond to occumtefy reflect lo actual conditions in I am certain thot this nationol otlos will be well received. We Slovenes need this book. Anyone the terrain. This oppfies, of COUIJB, not onfy to the depic- tion of land oreos, rivers, ond oceans but also to wishing to live a full life in his homeland will definitely try to leorn OS much as possible about the names ond locations of places, drowing borders, poli+ it, about its demographic, social, and ethnic structure, about ih settlements, society, economy, icol divisions, etc. Such emminotions of oki cortogrophic and ecology, about its notural and cultural characteristics, riches, and monuments, about depictions of the present territory of Siovenio ore the post and present of Slovenio and its citizens, and obout the dimensions of the Slovene described in this part of the otlos. identity at home, across its borders, ond throughout the world. I see a special value of 50-5 1 AN OUJLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT the book in its historical coverage, and I believe the geographic01 illustrotions of Slovene OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY territory from Roman times to the present will ottroct the interest of many readers. XRNE/A FRWl It is well known that no generation of Slovenes ever lived for its own time alone. They oil Along with foreign map makers and geographical respected the work of their predecessors, and all their actions also bore in mind progress for research the first Slovene cartographers appeared in the 17th century ond established the foondotions for following generotions. Such considerations preserved the Slovene identity in the harshest of the rapid development of Siovene cartography and gee. times ond shaped o country ond a stote which has its own uniquely recognizoble graphic sciences. Since hen, ever more aumerous ond ebb chorocteristics and is simultoneously included in European currents of civilization. orate works hove oppeored that won recognition not only This national atlas is a professionally and scientifically prepared work that bears witness to our omong the Slovenet but worldwide. Todoy, the SWXJJ~ ful work of these individuofs in the fields of cortogrophy place in history ond today in a popular, clear, concise, and readable monner, ond it should ond geogrophy is being continued by numerOuJ experts therefore find its way into every Slovene home. It will also be useful for foreigners interested in in the fromework of scientific, educational, and technical our country. I therefore hope the outhors and the publisher will find o way to publish instituteJ. the GeographicaiAfhs ofS/ovenia in several foreign ianguoges. 52-55 SLOVENE CARTOGRAPHY TODAY My sincere congratulations to the outhors and the publisher, ond I wish this book mony eo.?Er44 LVEI reoders. Becoure of its thematic variety, quofity, ond diversity of stoles, the work of Slovene cortogrophy is the equal of ony in Europe. Various types of plons ond mops intend- ad for wider use ore briefly presented.

56-6 1 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS L?oiEua UPEI 1-11 PREFACE other Europeon countries (surface area, populotion, den- Cyclical and other oeriof photogrophs of Slovenio ore pm MIUN cQOiENADMilt, EOflOR thy of settlement, ond GDP]. The table compares Slovenio rented with a survey of characteristic block and white and with its neighbouring countries ond members of colour shoh. 8-9 ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS OF the Errapeon Union. StOVENlA 62-65 DIGITAL REUEF MODEL DR. ANDREI &WE 2 130 MAPS OF SLOVENIA DAUBOR RADOVAN KRNElA RID1 Mop in scale 1 : 500.000, Geodetski zavod Sloveniie. A digitol relief model is o way of presenting relief using IXAW KlADMK Ljubliano, 1998. a computer dotobase of the coordinoter of points on CU. hillAN CRO&N ADA& Mapr in stole 1 :300.000, Inftitut zo geoderijo in the physical surface of the krroin. The points are usually OR DRAW PERK0 fotogrometrijo FGG. Ljubliono, 1998. selected ot the corners-of a ~qyors grid cefi but can also lx.MARlANRAmAR be irregularfy distributed on mauntoin peaks, valleys, and hlAuAf.uoslR 3 l-35 ADMINISTRATIVE DMSION other typical relief forms. Stovenio’s Geogrophicaf DR. XRNEI i’UR&c WOFIRY Information System boosts o computer dotabose on Books ore lenses through which we perceive the world, hUlAiVC+tOfENADAMd the altitude of more thon two million such points anonged and a notion01 otlos-the boric geographical ond carto- Slovena territor experienced numerous politico1 and in a grid composed of 100 x 100 meter cefis. gmphical book of every state-is o porticulorfy graphic administrative x anges in the past OJ a result of its bca- presentation of a nation or country. The mphiiAlrar tion at the juncture of the Alpine, Mediterranean, 66-7 1 SATELLITE PICTURES c&Skwenia, subtitled The S&ta in Spacean7 Tie, is devo+ Pannonian, and,Dinoric worlds, which is olro the mee& BRANKO PAWN ed to our homeland, presenting it in mops, texts, and pic- ing point of the Slavic, Romonic, Germanic, and Mankind observes the universe from increosin ly closer tures that reveal the great geogmphical wealth of this smolf Hungorion cullures. For the greater art of the fort mic distances and the Earth from increosingfy !arther in country ot the canter of Europe. Iennium, Slovena territory fefl whol or partly under space. Under the combined influence of the development the rule of the Hopsburgs, thot is, o pr Austro+fungory. of computer science and of instruments and methods for 1 O-l 1 INDEPENDENT SLOVENlA The primorrko ond Gorilko regions were ruled by remote obrervotion, the quantity of digital dato ond con- hUL4N OROiEN ADAMIt the Venetion Republic and foter by holy for a long peri- sequently the knowledge of the Earth’s surface has Some of the most important facts about Slovenio ore pre- od. During the period of Napoleon’s lflyrion Provinces, increased rapidly in the Iast quarter century. Earth-wotch- sented, from nation.1 holidays ond onthemr to diplomoc these two regions along with Carniolo were under ing satellites circle the Eorth at distances of 700 lo ic offiias abroad. French administration ond then ogain under the AUJI~O- 900 kilometers. Satellite data an the Earth’s srrfoce has Hungarion Monarchy until the end of World War I. certain characteristics that oiler dato xlurcet lack it is dig- Prekmurja wos under Hopsburg authority ollthis time but ital ond therefore con be processed by computers; it is 1245 SLOVENIA IN EUROPE belonged to the Hungarian part of the Monarchy. For geocoded (furnished with coordinates) and i%erefore can MAN CnOs?EN AD&, EDITOR centuries, the border between &trio and Hungary ran be linked to other doto; it is global, providing a uniform along he Muro River, while the western border with source of informotion on extensive svrfoce areas; it is un& 14-I 8 MAPS OF EUROPE the territories of lfie Counh of Goririo, the Aquileion formlygothered and therefore hevarious sciences ahat inter- Mode by De Agostini [holy), Veliki odas rveto, DZS, Patriorchote. Le Venetian Republic, and bter the Kingdom pret it hove o uniform source of informution; it is period- tibliono, 1996. of Italy changed frequentfy. Aker World War I, me greater icol ond therefore enobtes observation of changes over port of Slovenio was ioined b Yugoslavia. Ail thir is reflea time; ond it is reletivefy inexpensive. Thus, we have ot our 19-20 SLOVENIA IN EUROPE ed in numerous changes to the administrotiva division disposal an ever Iarger number of different sotelfite ph* MIL4N oROrtENADAM~ of Slovenio, changes which ore stifl ongoing in the newly tographs of Slovenio, scveralaxompies of which are pra- The graphs present o comparison between Slovenio ond independent Slovenio. rented in this chapter.

354 0 1998 DZS, d d. ZbbtnlitvoIii . . ARTICLE SUMMARIES, GECGRAROCAL AllAS OF SLOVENIA

72-l 25 TERRITORY ’ The lowest point is the coastfine (0 m). ond the highest is the largest part of the surface orea has a southern expo. DRAG0 PERKO, EDiTOR the top of MountTriglav (2864 m). Altitude belts between sitton, and the least on sostern exposition. 0 ond 200 meters which include the Ponnonian and 74-77 ROCKS Mcditerroneon plains ohogether encompass less thon one 90-91 KARST SURFACE T0MA.f WRBIC tenth of Sfavenio’s surface; belts between 200 and ANOREl h.UHEVC The rocks comprising the Eortb’s crust ore composed of 400 meters thot include mainly the Panmrnion and The korst is a region witft unique relief, woter systems, ond minerals. They hove diverse physical ond chemical prop Mediterranean hill areas ond la bottoms of subalpine vol. underground phenomena thot developed on water-sob erttcs ond also differ according to their origin and age. lays encompass almost one tftird; belts between 400 ond ble rock, in Slovsnio mosdy OR limestone and dolomite. Lithology [Gr. figtos, rock] or petrology (lat. p&a, rock) 800 meters that include the greater port of the hilly sub- Chorocteristic of the korst landscapes which cover almost deals with the characteristics of rocks while stratigraphy alpine and Dinoric regions encompass almost two fifths; holf of Slorenio ore rocky surfaces with sinkholes, depres- Bat. stratum, cushion, blanket, layer} deok with their age; belts between 800 and 1200 meters tftot include noinfy sions, uvalos, karst poljes, korst ploinr, and dry ond blind off are branches of geology. Lithological mops sbow high karst plateaus and the highest subalpine mountain volleys. A surface water system is very rare because rain. the types of rock lying an the surface or under the soil and raages encompass one eighth; and belts above water flows underground through the permeable rock ond vegetation, while stratigraphical maps show the oge of 1200 meters encompass onfy 6%. forms korst coves. About 6500 korst coves hove been these rocks. The snow line in Slovenio lies at approximately explored in Slovenia; the longest is the Portojno covq and Some 93% of Slovenio’s surface is composed of red& 2700 meters; the upper forest line indicotiig the altitude the deepest shoft is Cehi 2 on Mount Rombon. The Skoc- mentary rock, 3% of igneous rock, and 4% of matamor. ot which thick forest con stiff grow in the alpine region fiis ‘on Coves which ore included art the UNESCO list of world I. ‘. phic rock. The most frequent sedimentary rocks ore lime. between 1600 meters in the west and 1800 meters in erttage sttes, are distinguished by their vast halls. The stone which comprises more than o quarter of the surface the cost. The overage altitude border of human settlement largest is tba Mortei Hal, I23 meters wide ond 145 meters ond dolomite which comprises one saventb of the surface. runs obout 500 meters below the forest line. The highest high with o volume of 2.100.000m’. formrteods are in the eortem Korovonke Mountains Because the study of karst phenomena begon in the sec. 78-79 SURFACE IN THE QUATERNARY where tbe altitude border exceeds 1300 meters. The high- ond half of the 19th century in the Slovene region of Kros, mw .SIFRFR estfarmstead io Slovenia is Ie Bukovnik form below Mount the Germon form of ib name [llantj entered the interno. During the Ice Ages in the cold periods of the Pleistocene, Raduha at 1330 meters. The altitude border for corn is tionol scientific vocabulary olong with numerous other extensive glaciers developed in Ie Alps and the Dinaric 800 meters. For vfneyords, it is 500 meters although in Slovene terms such OS ‘doline’ and ‘polje.’ Mountafns that shorpetted numerous eaks. hoffowed the Brktni and Gorjanci regions it extends to 600 meters. basins, widened glacial valleys, and kft ! ehind enormous 92-93 KARST WATER SYSTEMS omoonts of moroinic gravel. Water flowed from under 86-87 SURFACE INCLINATION ANORB KRANK the glaciers, carryiin “way gravel ond depositing it in LXA W PERK0 Woter is the essential component of korst regions. Relottve lower oreos os rub ?I le (fluvioglacial rubble). Due to loclinolion (slope, gradient) is a characteristic of every u&r- to the How of water through the korst, there ore N/O hydra the worhing down of gravel from the slopes into the voE el surface and denotes the angle between tfte direction logical types of karst in Slovenia: shallow and deep korst. lays, grovelling was also cboracteristfc in unglaciated, of the rfse of the surface and the horizontal ffadand. It is Deep korrt dominotes, where water from underground perigiacial oreos ~erifluviogbciolgravel). Periods of grav- expressed itt angular dimensions, usually in degrees (‘J streams and precipitation accumulates in large korst el accumulation were faffawed by periods of erosion. or in percentages [Xl, which tell us how many meters aquifers due to the great permeability of the rock. There Because Slovene rivers removed more material each time the surface rises over a distance of 100 meters. An incli. are oreor of relief or lithologicolly seporoted masses of thon had been deposited in o previous period, the volleys notion of 0” or 0% indicates a flat surface, while on incli. korstified rock that occumulote economically significant were deepened rubstantiaffy b the repeoted alternation nation of 90’ or 100% indtcates a vertical wolf quantities of water (Krot, Trnovski gord, Jovorniki, of deposition ond erosion, and Frve to seven terraces were The overage inclination in Slovanio, colculoted using SneinikJ. forge volumes of flow ond the influx of woter created on the slopes. The fatest four levels of depositspro the 100 x 100 mekr digital relief model, is 13’. The steep- from great de ths ore chorackrirtic of korst springs, mok- serve momittic deposits belonging to the Giinr, Mindel, est port of Slovenio’s surface is the alpine region which ing them suita 1 Is sources of drinking water; however, since Riss, ond Wfirm periods. has att overage inclination of 18” (high mountain region they ore htghfy vulnerable to pollution, many ore unusable. 25’, subalpine region 151, followed by the Dinoric Protecting korst springs from pollution is difficult because 80-83 SURFACE region with 1 1 ‘, the Mediterranean region with IO”, ond they have extensive, up to I00 km’cotchment areas ond hiAlElGABROi’EC the Pattnonian region with 6”. The steepest Sfovene lond- con be simuftoneousfy connected with several ten-kilometer hlAuR0 HRVAnN scope with an inclination of 26” is in the Julian Alps, and distant underground streams. In the middle of the Pliocene, the surface of presentday the flattest with an inclinatton of less than 1’ is the Mura Slavenio wos largely kveffed due to strong chemical weatb- Pbin. The inclination class between 12’ and 20’ errcorn- 94-95 SURFACE WATERS ertng ond extensive denudation in the then moderately posses almost one quarter of Slovenio, between 6” ond MARK0 KCXREZEN humid ond warm dimate. Numeross Bat oreas remain from 12” a good fifth, and between 20’ and 30” olmost one Sbvenio is richly endowed with rater. All the forms of sur. this period. Due to the gradual cooling of the climate, sixth. The two lowest cbsses encompass kss surface Oreo: face water occur here from torrenb, brooks, thorns, creeks, mechanical weathering increased in the Upper Pliocene, the inclination class between 0” ond 2’ covers less than and rivers to lakes and the seo or well OS underground primarily reducing surface areas of httpemteable rock that one sixth of tfte surface are0 of Slovenio-mostly plains, streams and rivers that crisscross the korstregion. The out- were then considetably more widespread than Ihey ore polies, Ihe bottoms of borinr, ond the bottoms of larger flow of water depends on the rock, relief, &mote, ond today. With deepening and the erosion of banks, the rivers valleys-and he inclination class between 2’ to 6” cov- weather chomcteristtcs of indtviduol regions. The great dif. corred deep valleys, above which the remains of former ers one seventh of Slovenia, mainfy the more leveled ports ferences between the Alpine, Ponnonion, Dinoric, ond terraces were preserved. Even rester changes occurred of the Pannoniott and Mediterroneon hill oreas ond Mediterranean regions ond the uneven distribution of onnu- with the frequent changes of cfi mate ia tbe Pleistocene. the region of the bwer karst ploteous. 01 precipitation determine the characteristics of the river Frequent freezing caused extremely stron mechanical systems. River systems with the most odvontageous dis- weathering, ond tbe rivers deepenedtheir M Ifeys by 100 to 88-89 SURFACE EXPOSITION tribution (Drava, Muro) hove high summer oufflows for 300 meters whiie simultaneoosfy depositing vast amounts iXAW ERKO expbitatfon, whik river systems with the least odwntageout of grovel in young tectonic depressions. In the Holocene, Surface exposition (exposure] is a chorocteristic of ony distribution (Riiono, Reko, Siovnfco, Ledova] hove low periodic deposition of material from the upper parts of unlevel relief. It is defined using the onglr between north outflows in summer when the demond for water is great. the valleys followed the initially very rapid river erosion. and the line of sight from a higher to a lower altitude ond est. Slovens rivers hove simple nivol systems (Muro, Powerful tectonic and geomorphologtcalprocesses shoped is expressed as on azimuth between 0’ to 360” in Drove), transitional nivol systems (upper Soto), nivol-plu- the bndscape which was cam osed of various genefic ond o clockwise direction. The exposition of the relief here- vial systems (Meio, upper Savinfo, upper Sovo, KomniTko morpholo ical types of relic P According to the geomor. fore indicates which direction the surface faces occord- Bistrica), continental pluriofoivol systems (lower Sovo), hoiogica development in Slovenia, we distinguish four iag to compass directions. We con also speak of sunny Mediterroneon pluriaktvol systems (Vipovo, Kofpo, Krko, E asic genetic‘I types of relief: Huviodenudated (destructtve and sunless (chody) exposition. Liublfonico, Idrifco, Reko, Riiano], ond pluviol systems ond accumubttve). glacial, korstk Cestanc end dofomfte), If the surface were evenly or symmetricolfy formed, each (Soda, Pest&o, Ledovo). ond littoral. In some regions, the genetic relief types are of the eight basic expositions would theoretically occupy interwoven. Among the genetic refief types, korstic and an equal proportion or 12.5% of the territory. In actual 96-97 THE SEA Huviodenudated dominate. Flatlands, elevations, hills, fact, southern expositions occur most hequentty in Slovenio, huLANoRo2EN.4oAh4t mourttoins. and high ond bw ploteous belong among the occupying 15.2% of its surface, while northwestern expo- IRENA REtEC BRANCEU morphological relief types. sdions ore the kwest, occupying 9.5%. Northeostem, south. Sbrenio lies along the northernmost port of the Adriatic western, and eastern expositions hove obove.oreroge Sea, colled the Bay of Triaste oftsr the largest Adriatic 84-85 SURFACE ALTITUDE occurrences, white western, northern, ond soutbeastern port. The bay extends lrom Trirste to on opproximotely DRAW PERK0 expositions havebelow-overage occurrences. In the alpine 21.kilometer loag imaginary line drown between Altitude, the third dimension bat together with gee- region where be ridges predominantly run west to cost, Sovudriio and Grodo. The surface oreo of the bov is aood graphical btttude and bngituds precisely defines the posh olmost one third of tfte surface has northern or southern 550 krni-(steod$ decreasing due b the Ruvial aid oithro. ttion of every point ht he fandrcape, is the vertical distance expositions and onfy one fifth hos eastern or western expo- aoaenic build-uo of coostol olainsl. almost orte third 01 from on imoginaq plone ot the overage sea kvel axtend- sitions. In the Dlnaric region where the ridges mainly run whych belongs’to Slovenid. The”greatest measured ad under the bnd. On maps, altttude is:mdicated by,cott from northwest to routbeast, almost one third of the sur- depth of the boy is 37 meters beside Cope Modona OR tour lines connecttng points on the surface at the same bee area bas norheostettt or southwestern expositions ond the Piran peninsulo, and ib average depth is 16.4 meters. height above sea kvelar by a cobur scale indicating aC less than one fifth has northwestern or southeastern expo- The Slovene coast is 47 kilometers long. Old tude belts. sftions. lo the Pannonian region, tfte moiortty of the sur Mediterroneon towns lie along the coast: the port of The average altitude in Slovenia, calculated using face orea has an eastern exposftion and the kast hos Koper, tbe industrial town of Irolo, and the tourist town the 100 x 100 meter digital relief model, is 557 meters. o northwestern exposition. In the Medtterranean region, of Piron.

355 ARTICLE SUhUMUES, GECGRAFHCM AMS Cf SLGVENIA

98-99 PREClPiTATlON and southern Slovenio, temperate continental climate of 120-l 25 REGtONS BORIS ZuPAJdS control Slovenia, temperate continental or wbponnonion DRAW PERK0 Greot differences in the distribution of annual precipito- climate of eastern Slovenio, and temperate continental or As o resuh of the confluence of four muior natural units tion ore characteristic of Slovenio. The quantity of pre- subponnonion climate of southeastern Slovcnio), and [the Alps, the Dinaric mountains, ke Pannonion plain, ond cipitation deereores from west to east. With more thon montane climate [the climate of higher mountain regions, the Mediterranean basin) and burculturol spheres (Slovk, 2500mm of precipitation every yeor, the western ond south. the climate of lower mountain regions and iorermediate Germanic, Romonic, and Hungorion] in this smofl corner western arts of Siovenio belong among Is wettest wlleys b western Slovenio, ond Be climate of bwer moun- of Control Europe, Slovenio is exceptional for the diver- regions o PEurope. The deify quontitics of precipitation ore toin regions ond intermediatevalleys in northern Slovenia). sity of its landscapes. The division of territory into regions also exceptional, for example. 400 mm of precipftotion There ore significant local variations between valley bob is called ‘regionolizotion.’ Londscopes ere studied by per day hos been recorded in Posotje and more thon toms, basins, and karst depressions where there ore fre- regional geography, the most importont branch of geog- 100 mm per hour. The least precipitation occurs along quent kmperoture inversions and the worm and hifly belts. raphy. Slovenio is divided into four large regions or the border with Hungory, where less tbon 900mm falls ‘mocmregions’ (the Alpine, Dinoric, Pannonion, and each year. 112-l 13 PHENOLOGICAL MAPS Mediterranean regions whkh respectively cover 42X, 28%, Summer storms with heavy rain and strong winds ore fra- ClRff ZRNEC 21%. and 9% of Slovenia) which ore composed of medi- quent in o belt from tbe Posotjs region across control Phenology (Gr. p/toinesfni, phenomenon, and logos, sci- urn-size regions or ‘merrorcgions’ ond small regions or Slovenio on to Prekmuja. Great damage is also caused ence) is a branch of biology thot deals with the regular ‘microregions.‘The regionofizotion of Slovenio into four by floods and drought. cycles observed in the relationship between plants and mocroregions and forty-nine merzoregionr is bored on la environment. Pfants respond to changes in the envi. the typification of Slovenio with four boric region types 100-l 03 AIR TEMPERATURES ronment in specific ways: their growth ond development ond nine subtypes. tANJAcEGN4R slow due ta lock of moisture; if it is cool, leaves and blos- The tempemture of the air in Slovenio changes choroc- soms develop more slowly or remain &sad; planted seeds tcristicolly over tbe doy ond during Ihe year. The annual only germinate when the atmosphere warms witobfy. 126-l 77 POPULATION maximum temperature occurs in Jufy, ond the minimum most Temperature is the decisive factor in the development of aRAW KMLNK, EDITOR often in January. The exception is in the highmountiin the plants. and the soil conditions in the habitat ore also region where the minimum occurs only in February. In important. Plants respond to al these various factors by 128-l 3 1 POPULATION AND POPULATION the normal daily course of air temperature, maximum tem- changing their biorhythm, the established onnuolcycle of GROWTH peratures occur in the early afternoon, uruolly between development, and these changes appear OS the eorfy or MAW PERK0 14:OO ond 15:00, and the minimum around sunrise. The late start of individual development sbges or phenologf- Population is all the people who live in o porficulor region. natural voriobility of meteorological parameters is quite COI phases. Phenologicol doto is used primarily in ogrC Populotioa depends greotfy o’rr the eatural and social con- large, and dato for several decades must therefore be con- culture, os weli os in pharmacology and medicine since ditions in a region, and therefore its characteristics sidered in a survey of climatic chorocteristics. The survey the pollen of numerous plants muses allergies. The mops change quickly. The most important popdation elements of temperatures characteristic for Slovenio is limited to show the blossoming of dandelion, the leaving of beech, ore the number ofpopufatian [including doto on the num- Iha period between 1961 ond 1990. The fist tempero- and the general blossoming of the linden tree, the most bers of birth, deoths, immigrants. and amigronts) and ture measurements in Slovenia were undertoken in Lijbliono suitable examples for presenting the basic phenologicol the structure of the population (primarily sex, oge, notion. in 1850, ond data has been preserved since 185 1. characteristics of Slorenia. olity, language, religion, education. employment, and poC itics). In the middle of the 19th century, a good miffion peo- 104-l 05 SOLAR RADIATION 116115sou.S ple lived in the territory of present-day Slovenio, ond one MAlElGABROMC FRANC WVRENfAK hundred years later, a miffion ond a half. Between The mop ilfustmtes the annual energy of quasiglobol rade In temperate geogrophicol latitudes, the most important 1961 and 199 I, the population incraased from 1.59 1,532 otion which is the sum of direct and diffused sotar radio. pedogcnetic factor in the initial level of the formation of to 1,965,986, that is, by 23.5% or on the overogs by fin of inclined surfaces. 8ccause the relief of Slovenio is toil is the bedrock (influencing in particular the morpho- 7.1%0 per ycor. very diverse, the solar radiation here changes over short logical, physical, and chemicolpropertiesof the soil), while distances. The differences between slopes exposed to at later levels in the development of soil, other pedoge- 132-l 33 BIRTHRATE the WI end shady slopes ore greater than those between netic factors become increasingly importonr: relief, water, hUUVOJA &RCEU slopes thot fall into different climatic types. Due to these climate. vegetation, ond human activity. DRAW KtADNtK differences, the solor rodiotion for each hectors of Due to tbe variations in rock ond relief in Slovenio, its soils The birthrate is an imporktnt demogrophk phenomena Slovenio’s surface oreo has been calculated individuoC ore very diverse OS well. The pedogeogrophicol mop illu* expressing the frequency of births of the population or ly. Over the day and during the yeor, the height and tmtes the links between the soil and the relief and rock; o whole or of its individual ports and is therefore o PO* azimuth of the sun thongs ond thus the angle between pedogeographical units ore therefore determined and cir- itive component of the noturol renewal of the population. the sun rays and the slope OS well as the degree of shadi- cumrcribed on tbe basis of pedologicol, geological, and It is measured by wriour indexes. The most frequently used ness. To determine annual energy of solor radiation, it wos relief maps. Pelativc to chc maior relief forms, two groups ond most aorily accessible index is nqmlity, thot is, therefore necessary to calculate the energy of quasiglob- of pedogeogmphicol units are defined in Slovenio: the number of living newborn children compored with 01 radiation for each tenday period (decade) of le yeor the first are units found in valleys. lowlands, and basins, the number of oil Is population in o calendar yeor. In and for every hour of each day. mainly at altitudes below 400 meters; the second ore units o broader sense, Ihe term ‘notality’ is o synonym for found in hilly regions, low mountains, mountain ranges, birthrate. As everywhere in the developed ports of 106-l 09 WEATHER and korrt ffatlonds, plateaus, and valfey systems, mainly the world, Ihe birthrate in Stovcnio has decreased sub- TOMA.? VRHOVEC at altitudes above 400 meters. Relotivc to the influence stontialfy inthe bst decodes. hzhe 1990’s. itnoched such In temperate geo mphicol latitudes. the weather is moin- of water, soils are outomorphk and hydromorphic: the for. o low level (9.5L) that Stovenio found itself almost at ly influenced by t3, e ahemotion of vast oreos of high and mer ore influenced by rainwater and Ce in drained val the bottom of the European and world ladder. low air pressure (anticyclones ond cyclones) ond otmor- leys. lowlands, basins. and elevated regions, while tbe la+ pherk fronts. Sfovenia also has very diverse relief mot resuhs ter ore influenced by groundwoter, rrfoce waters, or flood 134-l 35 DEATH RATE in characteristic and sizable space and time variations in waters and cover flat or concove surface areas. hwva~ &RCEU our weather. The mops show four typical weaiber situm DRAWKIADNIK tions over Eumpe and Slovenio: the spread of on Azores 116-l 19 VEGETATION Death is on incvitoble and unrcpcoted event and is therc- anticyclone above southern Europe, the spread of IumAmANe fore easier to study than other demogmphir phenomena. a Siberian onticyclone over Eosteraand Central Europe, When we use la expression ‘de& rate.’ we neon the fre. the possoge of on itinerant Atlantic cyclone with a cold czfiz!!SR uency of death in the population,or the kngth of life. To front across Central Europe and ths Alps, and Before the activity of man ond animals, Slovenio was cov- % ustrate the frequency of death, the mos?widesprcod index a Mediterroneon cyclone. ered with forests, while gmssbnd and rock w etation or is general level of the deuth rate (mortaliF/), while life infertile surfaces were onfy found in ibe hi mountain expectancy ot birth is used to Bushate length of life. Due 110-111 CLIMATE alpine region. Vegetation that could success !!ully flourish to improved health core, mortuiity in Slovenio decreased DARK0 CGRIN in today’s ecological conditions withoui tbe activity of mon substantiafty between the NIO Worfd Won. The bwert vobe The characteristic climates in Slovenio ore primorify ond animals (onthmpozoo enic influences) is shown on (8.BL)wos raached in 1961, end sincsthenithosbeen the consequence of Slovenio’s location in a temperate gea the mop of potential noturo 7 vegetation, while the current between 9.3X and 10.7%. Simoltaneousfy, lifaaxpecton- gmphical latitude relatively &se to the Atlantic Ocean situation of vegetation occurring os a result of onthropo- cy has increased (in 1996; 703 years for men and in the transition area between the Mediterranean Seo ond roogenic influences horn the post to the present is shown 77.8 yeors for women), ahhough it is stIllsomewhat shor+ tbe Eurasian continent ond tbe very considerable ohirude on Ihe mop of actual vegetation. The wricty in the veg- ar than the life expectancy of the populations in ths most variations of its surface. With the exception of tire high tation cover increased due ta the activity of man and oni. developed countries. mountain region with a montone climate, all of Slovenio mols. Secondary vegetation formsappeared wch es mono. has a moderotefy worm and moist climate. According to cultures of tree species (for example, spruce, pine, black 136-l 37 NATURAL INCREASE the precipitation regime, the overage famperoturet of locust, and poplorj os well as the spread of beech and MlwoJA SIRCFU the wormcst and coldest months, and the ratio between grorslond, forest mar in, and other vegetation along with DRAWUAIJNIK October and April temperatures, the climate of Slovenio tertiary vegetation Barms: mostly arable ond garden Natural increase is Qe difference between the number of is divided into three dimotic.types ond nine subtypes: rb- weeds and weeds of nitrophiious habitats. newborn children and he numb&r of deaths in o calen. mediterroneon climate (littoral subtype br ¬e of olive in continental Slovenio. beech forests ore sortwidespread dor ear. lt indicates how much the population of o region trees and the littoral hinterland subtype), temperate con. followed by forests of hornbeam, ond in be littoral region wou r d increase if there were no migrations, that is, if thentol climate (tempemte continentat climate of western by oak forests. ke value of migration increaserera zero. The expression

356 ,/ i 0 1996 DZS, d. d., ZnbEniWu libroture AXTKE SUMMARIES. GEOGRAPHKAL ATUS OF SLOWNIA

‘natural increase’ anticipates a consbnt ru~lus in bctwcen Iht male and fcmalc populations. It is present. 162-l 63 REUGIOUS STRUCTURE lhs number of newborn children aver the number of ed by tha number of men and women, by the proportion PETER REKXUSK deceased; however, natural increase is frequently nego. of men ond warren in the total population, and by vori- When we speak of Ihe religious structure of a population, tive and even becomes tha ‘natuml decrease” of the pop aus coefficients. The bestknown are the coefficient of rnas. we most frequently cite statistical data from papulo~on ten. &on. Not such a bng time ago, the number of deaths culiniry (he number of men per thousand wonren obtained suses. Paralleling this is data from religious institutions (doto exceeded the number of lhase born only during extreme by multiplying Ihe quaticnf between the number of men on baptisms, church weddings, etc.). Religious affiliation events such as warx, plagues, famines, ond natural dis- ond woman by one thousand] and the coefficient of fem- is one of Ihe demographic or cuhurol chorocterirtics of osiers, but since he 1970’s, o negativs natural increars ininity (iite numberofwomen per thousand mm obbincd a population. It is important for the undersbnding of nunrer. of population has been recorded regularly or periodicctfy by muhipfying the quotient between the number of women aus social phenomena and events [troditionotism, politics, in several European countries 1c.g. Hungary, Germany). and men by ona thousand). According ta the 1991 can. attitudes toward controce tion abortion, etc.), ond it is Slovenia ranked among them in 1993. sus, Slavenia had 48.5% mole and 51.5% femote pop- indlsputably one of the Poundatrons ‘, of ethnic identity. ulation, !he coefficknt of masculinity was 940, and of fem- Falfowing World War II, Slovens statistics ofmost completefy 138-l 43 MIGRATION ininity 1064. Larger settlaments hod larger female popu. neglected Ihe gathering of information on religious offif. AV&l7NA~DEDOh4fZfO lotions, while smaller sefllsments and the countryside had iation for ideological reasons. The exceptions were The migration of populations is a demographic process larger mate populations. the yeon 1953 ond 1991. The processed data show that that from the aodiest times has reflected economic, pafit. Slovenia is a distinctly Catholic country since 98% of ical, national, rehgiaus, and culfural conditions. Usually, 154-l 55 EDUCATION STRUCTURE the population who declared their religious affiliation list- migration is defined as the spatial moves of individual pea. PETER REFUUJSK ed themselves or Catholics. pls from on em’ ration on0 to on immigration area. Usually, Ihe concept of educofan structure’denates two chor- Because of the mu“h- etude of factars influencing and dncour- octeristks of It population. Dota an the highest school 164-l 67 RURAL POPUlATfON aging them, the direction and extent of migration move. year finished indicates how many years individuals M pap M!!AN NATEK merits art much bss predictable and permanent lhan ulation groups spent at school and their level of educa- As in the post, a rural population stifl dominates the caun- tftefrafural movemenl of popuiations. For many ycarr, tion, whila data on professional and vocational education tryside today and maintains the cuhural landscape. Only Slovenio was a cuunny from which population emigrol. indicates cht qualifications of he economically a&e pop a good hundred years oga, three quarters of the pop”. ed, mostly 01 first& North America and later ta Western ulation for entering professions. Papufation censuses and lotion in the krritory of prasenday Slovenia bctonged to Europs as well. Aher World Wor II, o new form af em& ofher records of the population show the education level therural population. Even though their numbers declined gmtion oppearcd, rhe rnavement of he papuktion in search according b years necessary b complete school, occard- rapidly due to industrialization and urbanixotion and by of employment in tha devaloped countries of Wastcm, iag ta the ievet of requirements, and according ta the ari- 1991 the proportion of rural population in Ihe shucture Cenwal, and NarihemEurape. A?thasarnt ka. mass immi. entatian and content of the education. The main chomc- of the entire population had dropped to only 7.6X, Ihe influ- @ration from other rcpsblics of thr former Yugoslavia teristics of the aducatian stuctun of the population of arms of the basic actiities that hey perform-agricultural occurred oloog with extensive internal migmtion within Stavenia include o ralatively large proportion of paapte producYon of various types and orientations-ore rec- Slovenia wifh few years of farm.1 schooling and considerable dif. ognixable ond dispersed over vast oreas. At the same time, ferences between rural and urban populations as well os as much as 29.2% of Slovenio’s pap&ion lives on forms 144-l 45 DAILY MlGRATlON between hasa emplaysd in different occupations. and a goad half lives in nonurban settlemanb. Slovene Sc9NKO RX forms are too small for market-criented production, and The conccp, of daify migration has been fixed in Ihe pro- 156-l 57 ETHNIC STRUCTURE Ihe people living and working an them must seek oddi- fessianol literature, even though tha expression is eatpar. PEER REPOllJSK tional sources of income in nonagricultural seclars of timlady well chosen. Extensive daily migration began in The ethnic structure of the pap&ion belongs among Ihe economy. Slavenia in the 1960’s and 1970’s and replaced he moss tha basic characteristics of certain rnvironments or coun- mi ration from Lo county ta tha cities. Every day, almost tries and is an importan~cultural and demographic index 168-169 POPULATfON TYPES OF SETTLE. h a f o mrIl’ ran St avenes commute to work or lo school from becausa the members of iadividuol ethnic groupsdiffer sta- MENTS AND REGIONS whrre they live to another pface. The directions of thrrs tisticatfy, ahen in ralation to their living environmenfi, poC DRAW PERK0 daily migrations arc very complex, but alf thr major Aows itks, traditional votuer, etc. Where statistical institutions Population oreas are ports of regions with similar sbuc- of doily migration in Be morning ore oriented toward determine the ethnic shucture of the population, they usu- tclres and population densities ond similar changes in the larger centen and clearly indicate the extenl of ally base their data an mother tongue, Ihe language of the number of inhabitants, Ihe most significant factor in the attraction of here canters. Daily migration has impor- communication, or the d&oration of Ihe individual. their dtfinition. A shady increase in Ihe number of inhab- tant spatial conrcqrrrncer ond is linked with the process. Stovenio is an ethnically hamogenous country with ibnb creaks areas of concentration of population. while es of matorization and suburbonizatian. a prevalence of Slovenes (67.8X] and three autachtho- a shady decrease in the number of inhabitants due lo nous ethnic minorities: Italian, Hungarian, and Romony. negative natural increase and/or negative migration 146-l 47 POPULATION DENSITY Members of 011 he afhnic groups fmm theterritory of he for- increase creates areas af depopulation or the thinning out DUAW PEk!KO mer Yugoslavia also lie in Stovenia, the most numerous of population. Balh regional processes bad to unfavourable Population dens&y is Le ratio between ha number of inhab- being Croats, Serbs, and Bosnians. changes fa tha cubuml landscape. Depopulation is pri- ibnts and kt serfaca area on which they lie and telfs us morify refleckd in deteriorating houses and settlements the overage number of people per surfacr unit. It is usu- 158-l 59 LANGUAGE STRUCTURE ond thr avergrowh of arable land, white the concentration ally expressed os le numbar of psople per square kilo. PETERUEFWLUSK of population is reflected in environmental problems meter. According ta she 1991 census, he population den- The concept of bnguage struciure usually denotes the struc- becousa he concentration of population is also linked to s’v in Slavania was 97 peopk/km*. Due to the diversi. ture of the population of an individual country or its parts the concentration of economic and other activities. In ty of Slovenia’s regions. the population density according accarding to mother tangus. A mother tongue is thetan- Slavenia, depopulation affects two thirds of Is ferritory, to the regions is irregular. The Pannanian rtgians are uagt an individual Iearns in early childhood in the fam- heavy depopulation one half, and week depopulation one Ihe most densely populated, ond the Dinaric rt ions i or 01 hams. In taking population censusm,the princi- fifth. theleast. According to relief, oreos of plains not su‘b. feet p\ e applier lhat if there art two or even more such lon- to boding and sunny hiily ragians or altitude belts up to guoger, the persons surveyed themselves decida which 170-l 71 MlGRANT WORKERS 400 melcrs with inclinatianr up ta 12” have aboveaver- languogs is i&air mathar tongue. The concept of bnguoge JERNEI ZUPAN& age popuiation density. sir-ucture can also be understood as the use ar the official Migrant workers are people who have perrnonent residence 0s unofficial appearance of languages in a particular tnvi- in Stovenio but Iiv. temporarily in olher countries ta work 148-l 5 1 AGE STRUCTURE ronment. According to the 1991 census, Slovene is or shrdy and intend to return to home after a certain peri- wKsAM)ER JAK& tht mother tangus of the majority of the population of od. Thr migrant worker category also includes ramify rnem. DR.4wKuwNlK Slavenio (87.9X]. The proportion is probably even high. bars who live abroad kmpomrily with such migrant LXAW PERK0 er because dolo on mother tongue is not known far about warkars. They are described as ‘workers an frmparary The age suctum of rha population shows thenumber of 3% of la population. Variations of SerbaCroatian are cited work abroad and their family members.’ As a rula, they inhabitants occarding to oge, theoverage oga of Ihe pop- as maiher tongua by 7.9% of the population. are Slovens citizens and have immediate family or at teast &ion, population groups according lo age periods, and relatives in Stovenio. Members of migrantworker families Bair relativr prapafians. it Iawrhaw,tihe population has 160-l 6 1 DIALECTS ore nof necessorii Stovsne citizens. Seasonal employment devaloped in thepostand indicoterits futurs development. PEER REPOlUSK is a special form of migration. According to data from It is dorely connected with non~rol ond migration move. In Ilnguisticr and bistary, thaexpression ‘dialect’ denotes the 1991 census, 52,631 people or 2.7% of Ihe Slovens mcnn of he population. Graphkoily, it is usuoiiy presented a regional farm of the language which did not become apulation lived ond worked obrqad temporarily. Almost using an oge pyramid. The devebpment of medicine and literary language, a form which *lost Ihe bottle’ in RaIf of these lived in Germany, followed by Austria, , on incraosed cancer” far health kave extended life in +he course of history. In same places, he concept of dialect Switzerland, and Italy. Slavenia substantially; @gether w+ he rimubneously dmp is opptied ta quita independent languages that are usu. ping birthrate. this has rapidly increased the numbrt of ally not rciated ta La dominant language of on environ- 172-l 73 EMlGRATfON older eopte. Statistical predictions indicate that the num- mcnt and whasa use is limited, white in the majority of JfRNElzuF~~ ber a P the population will not increase bui $a age strut- thelanguages. it refers to regionally-coloured ond other The issue of emigration is extremely important far Slovenio ture wiff worszn. various forms of thr same language. This applies for and the Slovenrs: aver a good one hundred years, con- Slovene. With approximately foriy dialects and numrmus sidembly mare than half a million paoplr emigrated par. 152-l 53 GENDER SlRUrXURE pronunciations. Slovene is tha most dialectally disseckd monenrly from the ferritary of presentdoy Slaverrio. DRAW PERK0 Slavic bnguage and ane of le diotearichesr languages Emigrants and heir descendants comprise sore than one The gender structure of&e population is Is numerical ratio in Europe. fifth of all Slavener. The immigrotian-emigratian balanca

357 ARTICLE SUMMARIES. GEOGFNl-KU ATLAS OF sLoMNlA 0 I990 OZS, d. d.. Zobfntm limruture

in Slovenio has been positive only in the last thirty years, 202-207 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTfON small hydroelectric power plants (4%). The largest con- and Sbvenio therefore counts omanq thr typical emigration TOM& CUNDEK sumers of energy ore industry (34%) and traffic (30x1. countries, ond the Slovenes rank among Europeon nations The most important agricultural branch in Slovenio is live. that suffered the qreotest damage due to emigration. stock production, which occounh for more than 50% of 220-225 INDUSTRY Emigration from Slovene ethnic territory was most exten- Ihe gross value of oil agricuftuml production. In spite of KioR MP&K sive from the middle of the 19th century to the 1970’s; tftis, the quantity of livestock has decreased by more tbon Industry is Slonnio’s mostimportantaconomic bmnch and in specific eriads. people emtqmted from various regions 15% in the last decode. The main branch of livestock pro. therefore deserves a more detailed rcgionol presentation ond for di f; erent reasons. duction iscattle breeding, followed in overafi importance of ik distribution cccording to settlements ond on ovdine ond equal distribution by pig&ceding. These are presented of ih structure according ta activities. Industry employs 174-l 77 SLOVENE MlNORfTY COMMUNC on separate maps, but presentations according to settfe- 38.2% of the o&e populotion and sfiil creates almost half TIES IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES mcnh ore only possible for privatelyawnod onimofs. of the gross domestic product. Slovenio experienced XKMEI IUP- According ta the value of increase, poultry breeding comes three waves of industrioliration: kc first .a~ the threshold In oddition to Ihc territory of the mother country, outochtho. before pig breeding but is concentrated on large farms of Be 20th century. the second to the 1920’s before nous Slovena populottons also live in the border arcos of with diverse activities. Other branches of livestock pro- the Great Depression, end a thtrd, particuforly pro. oil four neighbouring countries. The largest such populo- duction, for example, the breeding of sheep end horses, nounced wove foffowing World War U. Due to the diC tion is in Aurtrio, foffowed by those in Italy, Hungory, ond OR rslottvefy insignifiiont. They have been in distinct decline ferences in the socioeconomic situation, aoch period fol- Croatia. Atproximatefy 710,000 people live on close to for a long time and ore only now beginning to show signs lowed a different course of tndustriofzotion and the branch 4,300 km of ethnically mixed territory; of these, of increase. A chomcteristtc form of Slovens livestock pro- structure of industry ond ik spatial distribution also 79,500 ate Slovenes according to official dota or about duction is mountain pasturing. changed. 140,000 in the opinion of Slovens experts. More than kolf of the territory settled by Sfovenes is mountainous, hiffy, 208-209 WINEGRO’MNG REGIONS 226-229 TRAFFIC NETWORK and poorly accessible for traffic. The canters of Siovene M4RttX4 N4lEK mx51 &KNE community life across the borders ore Trieste ond Gorizio Winegrowing and Le wine trade hove o thousandyeor sc4NKo Pm in ltofy ond Klogenfurt in Austrto, all of which bo&t Slovene history in Slovenio and have given o special stamp to At the juncture of four Europeon macrorsgions, Slovenio political, cultural, educational, sport, ond economic insti- Slovenio and the Slovens culture. In the region where is crossed by the shortest land routes between Central tuttons. With lo movement of people ovroy from tfrere cen- Slovenio lies, winegrowing was already an occupotton Europe, the Bofkons, soulea~tornEuropo, and theNear terr in recent times, new settlement cores of the Slovens in ancient times, and bter wine hod an importont pfoce East on the one hand and northern Italy ond minorities have been created. in the Roman period and the period of earfy Chrfstionity, the Mediterranoon area of Western Europe on the other. OS well OS throughout la Middle Ages and into modern The development of&e rofficnetwork does not correspond times. Even todoy, Slovenio is o winegrowing country to tbis traffic reality, so port of the traffic flow uses 178-279 HUMAN ENDEAVOURS renowned for its varied ond htgh quality wines. Some ore the somewhat longer routes across neighbouring countries. MAW KLADNK, EOITUK charocterirtic only of Slovenio, for example, kron, Zelen, The majority of passenger and goods traffic runs on Kebulo, and CviCak. Slovenio is divided inta three wine- the rood network. The Port of Kopcr is extremely impor- 180-191 LAND USE growing regions: Primonto, Poruvje, and Podrovje. In tant for Slovenia and for neighbouring Austria ond OuAwKlADNiK many places, the vineyardcovered landscopes tve ports Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Air traffic is MR.5 GAt?KOMC of Slovenio o unique appeomnca recognboble 3 ram ofar. modest by European sbndordr Rotf traffic has lost impor- Land use is one of the elements that marts the landscape tance since the beginning of rapid motorisation. and its most rrcognizobfy, reffecting the complex relationships 2 1 O-2 11 TYPES OF AGRICUUUf?AL lAND USE competitive position is waning, maintained only in between natural ond socioeconomic foctots. Among (RURAL SYSTEMS) the tmnsport of goods over longer distances. the former, the surface relief is particularly important- KjoR VKl.tEK most obviously altitude. inclination, and sunniness of In discussing ogriculturo, the question arises how to sim- 230-23 1 DEVELOPMENT OF ME RAIL NET- doper-while socioeconomic factors include chorocter- pfy present its main spatiolchomcteris~s. Forming is a com- WORK isttcs of settfement, past ond present economic conditions, plex pmcess composed of related and interdependent activ- ANDREI &RIVE and the closefy related situation of land ownership. ittes dependent on the noturol environment and its char. Some thirty years after the birth ef the railway [I 8251, Slovenio ranks omonq European countries with the small. octeristics [lormation of the surface, climate, soil, water the European rail network reached Sfovenio. In 1861, est proportion of agricultural ond orable land ond with conditions) and the socioeconomic situotion, production Slovenio hod 380 kilometer of railway lines, iust under the largest proportion of forest. Some 72% of its ogri- orientation, methods of soil cultivation [agrolo y), the mar- one third of their current length. Today here ore 120 1 kilo- cultural land lies in oreas with factors that limit agricul. ket, property ownershi , as well as on the tm 1..rhonot skills meters of roil lines in Slovenio with o density of ture (hills. highlands. mountains, karst), and onfy 28% lies ond new knowledge o P tire farmers. The use of ogrkuhurol 0.06 km/km’ or 0.5 kilometer per 1000 inhabitants, which in fertile lowlands. land is the external reflection of complex circumstances is quite comparable with Europeon standards. The roil net. which in specific regional conditions combine in charoc- work conformed to natural, economic, political, ond 192-l 97 lAND FRAGMENTATfON teristic systems [fodder, grain, root crap, ond special) that strategic conditions, as weff as tindordizcd according lxAwKbwNIK ore further divided into many subsystems. to the choice of traffic routes. Thus, it not onfy porticipat- Land fro mentatton refers to the division of o ricultural bnd ed in the formation of the framework of the kaffic networ+ among I dferent owners and the division of Barms Into spo- 2 12-2 15MlNlNG ond traffic currents in Slovenio butaiso hod an important tiaffy seporote lots. We distinguish between sire and spa- nnu IWNETIIL’ long-term influence on Slovenia’t economic and spotiol tial fragmentation. The former rslotes to the sirs of Mining depends on natural conditions, social needs, and development. parcels or loh and the size of the property, and the latter the knowledge mot makes possible Ihe economic expbita- relates to the spatial distribution of lots. Both types of land tion of mineral riches. The first period in tire development 232-233 TRAFFIC BURDEN fragmentation ore conspicuous in Slovenio. Their char. of Slovena mining wos La period of traditional extraction SDINKD PElC octeristicr determine the oppeamnce of Ihs rum1 landscape, of iron ond monqonese ore. This form of mining ufttmatefy In Slovenio, roads currying heavy bcol, inter&y, and tran- and their (largely obstructive] effech ore of extreme rig. died out at the end of the 19th century. After 1850, coal sit traffic at the some time are mast burdened. Such, for nificonce to the economics of agricuture. The process of became increasingly important, but interest began to example, ore various secttons ofthol@b$ono bypass and, consolidotton hor been bo slow ond insufficientfy exten. decline after 1965 due to the low price of oil and natur- of course, oil the roods in areasalong the most important sive to successfully mitigoto the consequences of al qos. The extraction of nonferrous metal ores in ldrijo internotional traffic routes. These are the roads of the long-term fragmentation of land, a process that (with a six-hundredyear kadition) and MePica (with the soocofled ‘Slovens rood cross’ from which traffic routes oppeors to have stopped onfy recentfy. o threelundredyeor tradition) ended recenfly. The bore. of less imoortance ond with ksstafficbronch aff. In 1991. ly be un excavation of uranium are was also terminated, transit t&k towordihe souh and routheart dropped sub: 198-201 STRUCTURE OF FIEU) CROPS ond it erefon only the exploitation of various nonmetai- stontiollv due to the war in the territorv of farmer TQMAiCtMDEK tic minerals, noturol ornomentai stone, and Permaf and Yuqosloiio, although traffic has &reos;d’stoodily on Natural conditions in Slovcnio ore not favourable for mod- mineral springs have ony future. the majority of roods in the rest of rhe road network. ern large-scale farming. Duo ta the irregularity of the sur- face, consolidated &voted land is limited moinfy ta flat 2 16-2 19 ENERGY 234-235 PUBUC BUS SERVlCE sections of valleys ond basins. The exception is the north. l,WANA PEKd &EFti h4ATEJ GABROVEC eastern Ponnonion region of Slovenio, which is Ihe most Of primary forms of energy, Slovenio annuolfyconsumer Choroctertsttc of Sfovenio is a very extensive natwork of important farming region in the country. Field crops con. around 4,200,OOO tons of lignite ond 1.300.000 tons of bus lines. Until 1960, bus traffic was only e wpptement tribute around 40% of the gross value of elf agricultural subbituminous cool. L’ nito is excavated at the Velenje to raifwoy traffic. but in the 1960’s surpassed rail traffic production and after cattle breeding is the second most Lignite Mine ond sub % ttummous cool at ths Trbovlje- according to lo number of passengers carried. Today, important branch of agriculture. Of approximately -Hrastnik Mine, at Zagorje ob Sovi, at Sonovo, and at busses convey ten times more passengers than the trains. 246.000 hectares of culttvated fields, the majority (87.3%) Kanifarico. Slovonio can not satisfy all irr aeed for liquid In the lost decode, however, bussos,hove competed ever are privately owned, and onfy 12.7% are cultivated by and gas fuels ihelf and therefore imports more than 60% less successfully with personal tronrport, and the number ogricubrol companies or the farmer social sector. The avoik of tire necessary liquid fuel and more than 98% of of bus passengersmhos beenholvcd. Thersare fewer and able doto allows the presentation of the spread of the qos. An ail and gas Held is bcotsd neat hndavo and fewer people commuting III work by bus, and most of the moin cultures combined in chorocteristk groups (cere- is exploited by Nob Landova. Thermoefecfrk power lank the passengers are students. Thus, io the bst few years als, fodder pfanh, vegetables, industrial plants) onfy on contribute the most (43%) ta he total production o P slec, there hove been fewer busses rhan in the past on many the level of the former municipalities, the current odmin- tical energy, bffowed by hydroelectric power plank (32%). routes, and public bus ronsport has even been obondoned isbotive unih. the nuclear power plant ot KrPo (ZIX), and industrialand in some places.

358 0 1998 BZS, d d. ibtoiniihu likrarum ‘.. ’ AXl’tCkE SUh!MAP.tES, GECGMPtttCAl AllAS OF SLOVENtA

236-237 BORDER TRAFFtC domestic crafts was therefore directly related to bus. ioined by numerous new ones, primarily the moior world SIANKO PEiC bandry in rural areas. The most im orbnt domestic crafts. religions. Many are based on religious books. For The maiority of traffic across siote borders occurs at-major men are potters, manufacturers o P woodenwore, orttsan Christians, the Bible with thtOfd and New Testaments is international border crossings, altbough there are also sev. blacksmiths. lace makers, pipe makers, manufacturers of the essential book; brlews, only the OkJ Testament is con- eraI important local border crossings. The largest densi. replicas of beehive panels, monubcturers of musical sidered a holy book; and the holy book for adherents of ty of border crossings is on the SIovene&olian border. In instruments, manufacturers of roofing tiles, makers of home- Islam is the Koran. Religtans that dominate an environment the 1970’s and 1980’s, this border was considered by made baked goods, and manufacturers of tourist souvenirs. also influence its appearance. In Slovenio, Catholic far the most open border between socialist and capital. churches are visible everywhere, mosdy on prominent ele- ist Europe. Even now. these border crossing points are 248-25 1 TOURISM vations, in the middle of settfements, or on their outskirts. among the most heavily used accordin b the volume of MATlA.tJERX A special map shows the territory of Catholic monastic traffic. On me Slovene-Atstian border, B e malorrty” of traf. According to tbe survey of Be Statistics Office, there were orders. fii is concentrated athe Sentiliborder crossing, Slovenia’s 365 tourist areas in Slovenio in 1990. All settfements with Iorgest and most important ‘window to the world.’ Border tourist accommodations wera ranked among them, ond 266-277 EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE crossings on tbe StovrneCroatian border have lass traf- the number of guests ond overnight stays in them was estab DRAWKlADNlK fic due mainfy to the break in the How of traffic toword lished. The map shows only 113 most imporbnt tourist PETERREPCXUSK the sovtheast. Traffic on the Slovene-ttungarian border is areas in rhtch mare than 450 overnight stays were record- The employment structure of the population and its increasing, but is stii not comporabte to that across he west. ed in 1995. The smallest tourist areas with modest tourist changes determine the level of development of a region em and northern borders. traffic were therefore omitted. The areas considered were or a country. This is particularly true of countries in tran- defined occarding to the number of overnight stays, sition from ogricuhural to industrial or portindustrial soci 238-239 TELECOMMUNlCATtONS the proportion of overnight stays by domestic ond foreign eties, among which Stovenia belonged following World mwKLADNlK tourists, the prevailing tourist orientation or basic tourist War II. This is clearly evident from ths data selected for tvorzpY functional definifion (sea coast, mountains, health resorts, corn orison from the census resuhs of 1961 and 1991, Telecommunications, that is. telecommunication and cam- etc.], and tbe relative importance of tourist activity or The Pirst eight maps show the proportions of the employed puter technology, is one of the key infrastructures of a mod- the intenslty of burirm. Also presented are same other ele. according to established stotirtical divisions into four main ern country. Because of its use ie networks of connected merits of he buristoffer and recreational capacities, includ. groups of activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quo- computers, the electronic exchange of documents, and ing the spread of secondary vacation housing. ternary), white the last two presentthe dominant secbr of the improved control and possibility of improved use of employment for both years. With the growth of unem. resources, the benefils of developed telecommunications 252-255 EDUCATtON ploymsnt, rhe difference between the number of employed are r&e&d in the dinctbwering of casts. Even a decade KAEUENClJNDER and the active population increases. ago, the role of tetecammunicattons was limited prima+ There are around 780 kindergartens and 860 primary ly ta the rapid transfer of audio and visual signah. butmore schools in Slovenia, half of which are branches. There are 737%~~ECONOMtC POWER OF THE POP- recently new services have been introduced. In spite of approximately 150 secondary schools. There are kinder- their rapid spread, they are only just being recognized artenr and primary schools in all the smaller centeo across Iv0 FtRY by the wider public but wiil undoubtedly significantfy mark % e country, while the secondary schools are usually loco& SlI4tVKO FELC economic, social, and spafial development. Simuftaneousfy, ed in centers with at kast 2000 residents. Until 199 I, sec- In 1990, the compulsory decbration of all sources of telephone service has experienced a new climb with ondary school education was concentrated in large sec- income was introduced in Slovania with new tax Iegirlo- the increasing use of mobile phones. ondary schoolcamptexes, which more recan:!y hove bra. tin. This declaration is the basis for the calculation of ken up into individual secondary schools. Higher educa- income tax. Previously, the income of the population wes 240-24 1 RETAll TRADE tion is provided at the Liubliana and Maribor universities almost impossible to coLulote. Various records existed for MARKQKREVS and at individual faculties in several other places includ- individual income sources. Only those whose earnings The refoll trade inctudes the sale of goads in stares ond ing Krani. Portoroi, Koper. and Nova Gorica. Education exceeded a legally determined value in a parttculor year retailing directfy from the warehouses. The network of retail br peopte with develo mental disorders is also available, were obliged to register their income. The presentation of stares in Slovenia is shaped relative to the distribution and as welt os music and E allet education. income achieved per resident is not a substitute for density of the population ond is therefore &rely connected the cakulatton of the social product per resident, pravi. with Ihe networ(r of cantral nttfements. SmaHer canters are 256-257 HEALTH CARE ousfy the most frequently used index of the level of dominated by shops selling mixed goods or foods that CM- AlEN!3 IUREl FALESKINI the economic development of re ions. The distribution of sumers visit frequent&. In some larger centerr, stores with DRAWKtAIXdlK income reflects in a better way t1 e economic stvength of nonfood merchandise are of greater importance, white etsa- Health care activities should prevent untimely death and individual parts of the country ond indicates the differences where rpeciafiied stares with food or nonfood goods are improve the he&h of the population. The basic guideline originating from different economic structures ond succerrful in balance. Mediumscrm and long-term supplies in par. br this acttvlty is in harmony with the WHO declaration, management. ticutar are provided anfy in the far est centers because H.eaf?hbrAflPeop/ebyhe YearZODD. The main aim of consumers rarely ask br this kind oB merchandise. With this document is b reorientthe thinking of users of health the tronrition ta o market economy, the network of retail care services, experts, and politicians from healing dit- 28&313 SEllUNG stores has expanded and muttiplkd, ond the quality and eases b increased concern for health. The largest part of DRAW MDNIK, EDITOR diversity of the offer and the accessibility of stares are Sbvene heafth care is organized on the primary, secondary, improving. and tertiary levels and is carried out at health care cen- ;;;zZ28& SEllLlNG IN ARCHEOLOGKAL ters. clinics, hos itatr, pharmacies, social security institu- 242-243 SMALL NDUSTRY lions, and heat tl! resorts. Slovenia has twenty-bur hospi- SAVKO CbSLENFZKl MARK0 KRF!IS Ms. which are also centers of medical research and tech- JANE.zDuuR Smali industry has ofways been an important and livety natogy. The Clinical Canter in Liubliano ploys a central JANA HORVAT ecanamic activity. It includes production and services. Its rob. ANDREI FiElERSKJ basic characteristic k&e ‘nonindustrlat,’ skilled tmde type WAN TURK of business. For this reason, smail industry not onfy sup 258-261 CULTURE In the Stone ond Copper Ages, present-day Slovene ter. plements other economic activities but atso enriches AWKA WRR FAESKlN/ ritary was sparsely settied. We can speak of o genuine them, which in some ptaces noticeably marks settlements Cultural and artistic activity includes all forms of creation cultuml region only at the end of the Bronze Age and into or even wider regions. In general, Ihe distrtbution of small and the propagation and protection of cultuml values: lit. the Iron Age. When the Ramans colonired the territory industry matches the distribution of the population. Due erature, music, dance, theatre, visual arts, film and video of presen%day Slovenia, they brought with them a more to the variable foctors that inffuence the development of activity, the propagation of cultural values in publishing, developed civiftzation ond founded the Cst towns (tmono, small industry and its work, its development and structure exhibltion and Itbrary activities, cinematagra hy, radio, Celeio, Poetovio, Neviodunum]. These were administro- have afways differed according to regions and ptaces. television, and ether media, and the organize 8 protectron tiie. commercial, and religious centen ond simultaneously Of the almost 4300 Slovens settlements with small iadur- of the cultural heritage. Cuhure is an important factor of the focal point of Romanization. Major changes in the set. tries, a goad quurter only have one smafl industry, and nationol existence; in the past, cuhure played a decisive tkment structure were caused by the Migration of Natiinr onfy in one third of the settlements ore there more than rolt in the development of the notional identity of and were also the consequence of the exposed ond tron- five small industries. the Slovenes. The majority of activities take place in pro. sit location of Slovene territory. The indigenous popula- fessional cuhural institutions; however, the role of omateur tion took refuge in outlying hilly regions and settfed in for- 244-245 DOMESTtC CRAFTS and independent groups with specialized, experimental, tified towns. In the 761 century, Slovene tenitory along with bwm llcGATN end avontgardt orientutions is also important. The con- the wider surroundings was settled by the Slavs. The canceptaf domestic uafts was brmed.and stabilised centration of maior institutions in Liubliano is chamcter- only in the second hotf of the 19th century when great istic of the organization of cultural acttvittes. 288-291 COLONtZATtON importonce was attached b &is economic branch. It was mRlA MIM also cofled the ‘cottage industry.’ Today, domestic crabs Colonisation in the Middle A es ond later progressed in in Siovenia encompass a varied range of iobr and four phases and fundamental By changed the appearance the pmduction of items at home or in home workshopseither Religious belief is one of the most widespread phenome- of the landscape. Older Slovene coloniratton is charac- for personal use or the market. Until tbe current definition na in tbe world. end the same is true of Slavenia. In spite terirtic for the period following the arrival of the ances- of the term, domestic crafts were considered ta be encil- of the ‘icy’ attitude of society [the state) toward religion tors of the Slovenes in the area of the Eastern Alps and lory or supplementary activittes of brmers, as Ie production between 1945 and 1990, religions among the Slovena lasted from the second half of tbe 6th century until the 9th of the mast diverse items in rmaf areas.. The definition sf population did not vanish; on the contrary, old ones were century. After a shti interruption in the period of

359 MlKlE SUMMARIES. GEOGRAPHtCAl ATLAS OF SlOVENtA 0 I V98 DZS, d d. Z.&fn~Wa hmhne

Hungarian raids, the second phoss called ‘inhmal cc& ports con be found below elevations with o castle, on vention of notuml disasters and protection from hem are onizotion’ faltowed between tbe 10th ond 13th centvries. 0 prominence at he confluence of rivers, along rivers, in significantly connected with development and our fvtvra The third phose encompasses the period from the 13tb to river bends, in valleys, on elevations or saddles, on plains possibilities because these disasters, even in the absence the 15th centuries and after the primary oreos of migrw or ot their edges, ond on islands or peninsulas. of on exception01 event, 0nnvofly cl0im 2 to 3% of tion is called ‘highland colonization.’ From the 16th ten. Slovenio’s GDP. tury on, the fourth or so called ‘additional colonizotion’ 30&-30; TOWN FUNCTIONS phorc began, the consequence of social changes expe- 320-322 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTfON rienced by the rural population and simultaneously The cancept of *town function’ denotes nonogricuhvrol METKA SPES the flight from the Turks from the Balkan interior. activities though which towns create economic and social The geogrophi-col diversity ondmoroic prrarn of Slovenio’s links with the immediot4 or moredistant svrrovndingsQnd regions, their notuml ond geogmphicol feotvres, and 292-295 SYSTEMS OF FIELD DIVISION on which their survival mainly depends. Research under- the chomct4ristics of previous development greatly influ- oRAwKuo~ taken LO far confirms the prevailing orientation of Slovens ence the extent and degree of the degradation or pollu- One of the most cbomct4ristic katures of the Slovens covn- towns toword secondary (indvstriol) activities, white on ori tion of the oir and water. We must not overtook he fact tryside ore the various forms of land parcels that reflect entotion toword tertiary ond quoternory activities is much that regions where such anvironmentol degrodotion is the voriity of natuml conditions and the odoptotion of man rmer ofthough employment in these s4ctorrhos gmwn con. stronger ore interwoven with or bordered by less pollu~ to the londscope. Research ond the typification of codos- sidembfy. Many towns are oriented toword different ed regions end litat we con stiff only discuss re ionof or tral parcels ore an attempt to evaluate the interdependent activities simultaneously, but (or the majority, tertiory and wlfey and borin poilution of the ottnQrphere and tl e thong effects of certain fundomentol factors 01 he ruml bndscope quo&y activities ore finked b the predominant secondary ing degrodotion of water systems because more ond less such OS colonization, the historic01 development of ogri- activities. poffuted sections ahernote along their flow. culture, types of rttfements ond rural homesteads, and cvC tivotion orientation. The main types of field division in 308309 CENTRAL SEllIEMENTS 323 WASTE DUMPSAND WASTETREATMENT Slovenio ore codostrol enclosures, regvlor and irregvfor- Kxx vR$ER GOR &BENfK fy+haped plott, and serried strips; al OR divided into rub Centol hemants are boric centers in the spotiol orga- In Stovenio, almost 300 kg of waste per inhabitant is pro. types and are interwoven in various combinations. nizotion of hvmon society. Service activities or4 concert. dvced each year. Only 0bovt 100,UOO tons or obovt one Research hod an important role mostly in le part, and trot4d in&em, ond 4conomic and noneconomiccontacts sixth of this wost4 is iacfvded inorgonized woste removal. in this connection Svetozrrr llefit must be mentioned between regions ond settlements take ptoce through There are many unorgonized-dump sites (10,000 to Iince the recognition of Slovenia geography around them. They are ormnged in o hierarchy, u1 thot central 15,000). Almost ali commvnol wQ$te is dumped, ond only the world begun with his study of field division systems. settlements of a higher level also have voriovs more a smelt proportion is collected for recovering secondary demanding functions along witfs basic ones. The formo- row noteriab or other processing. There ore 51 organized 296-297 RURALARCHITECTURE ti~n of cenfen depends on he number of consumers in their but not okays suitably regulated dumps br communal VL4D&lfR OROZG hinterland and the number of the consumers in the cen- waste. Hozordour works amounting b omvnd 1,000 tons The farmhouse is on important element of the countryside ten themselves.The Stovene actwork of central settfements each year present a speciot problem. landscape, especially in Stovenio where the rural envi- numbering more tfton 600 canters. divided into six levels ronment covers the majority of the country ond where and the UrpitQl city, has been influencad primorily by 324-325 NATURAL HERITAGE the londrcope is so diverse due to the natural conditions. the unenn distribution and density of he popvktbn. he svr- PETERSKOBERNE The forms of rvrol homes and formhouses ore corn. face relief, historic01 development, ond the politico1 and The great diversity chorocterirtic of Slovenio is reflected spondingly diverse. They were designed according to exirb odminirtrotlve divisions of the territory. This network has in its biotic heterogeneousness and its re ionol and CUC ing building techniques, artistic and hirtoricol styles, con- experienced conridembte honrformation in the lost cen- tuml variety. This orea smtrffet than Lo ‘I e Onbrio in strvction moteriots ovoitoble in the vicinity, and the mote- tury. Conado is distinguished by different climate types, o het- ripI status of the owner. The boric and original types of erogeneous geological structure, and roried relief. Two Sloveae rural architecture ore the Alpine, Littoral, ;$O-lo-&3 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN- further characteristics ore of interest extensiv4 forertotion Ponnonian, ond CentroCSlovenio house, all with several and the prevalence of carbonate rock with highly deveC variations. Following World War II, the semiurban house, hWL4NRAWAR oped korst phenomena. The protection of natvre io the ter. which is very different in form from the traditional types Urbonizotion is a process Ihot is actvotty composed of two ritory of presentdoy Stovenio hose ion kodition. Naturof of rural hovse, completely dominated the period of processes: the ph sical growth of cities and the spread sites were fiist pmtect4d here in le I9t E century. In 1920, the suburbonizotion of the covnhyside. of the urban tidesty Te. It is most simpfy expressed os the pro- members of the Deportment for the, Protection of Notvre portion of the popvtotion living in cities, but it is prefer- 01 the Museum Association of Sloverig submitted the first 298-300 RURAL SElXMENTS able to employ several indexes linked by their contents. nature preservation progmm lo h4 regional authorities, VlADMR OROZG A Slovens chorocteristic is the large dispersi0n of settfe- and Triglav National Pork was estobfished four years later. The term ‘mml settlement is used for places in the covn- merits, since oniy o good kotf of the population lives in Nature preservation activities and or oniz0tions at tryside whose cborocterirticr ore the result of tbe prevo- cities. A little under two miffion people live in almost the government and Qongovernmenttevets a eve developed lence of forming activities. The moiority of Slovene =t- 6000 settlements; onfy the ~0 frtrgest hove more than steodify, and today some B% of Bbvene territory is pro- bments devetaped in the time when ogricvltvn was 180,000 inhobitonts. Nontrol conditions and historical t4cted in various ways. the boric activity, which is reflected in their location and developmentare Ce main nosons thottowns ore relatively their pattern of buildup. However, they have changed H) small and tbatL4re are so many vilfoger. Almost one boB 326-327 CULTURAL HERltAGE much fvnctionolly and sociaffy that the term ‘rvml ~ttfe of the population lives in rural areos, otthough onfy XRNEIA 8Ati merit’ is no longer the most appropriate. Chorocteristic o good seven percent survive on forming atone; the rest The cuRural heritoge is the work of non from post peri- settlement forms in the countryside, dependent mainly on commuto daily to employment centers, os o role, cities or ods that has historical, scientific, or esthetic value.The notural conditions and the period of colonizotion, are iso- settlements with urban chorocteristics. prerervotion of this heritage is the right snd he oblige. lated brmsteods. hornlets, and dispersed and compact seb tion of the entire society. The mop shows 1 ,171 selected tlements; the lottcr ore divided into nucteote ond roadside items, obovt 12% of the crhvrol heritage sites registered types, ond both have several chomcterisric subtypes. 814-327 ENVIRONMENT in Slovenin. This indicates thesxceptionol density of such Svburbonized settlements form a special group and MIIAN OnOtENAOAhk, EDROR sites since we encounter evidenc4 of our rich history ot include the greedy tronrformed viffages found throughout almost every s~cp. We must identify them in order to reg. the country. 3 16-3 17 fMPORTANT NATURAL RESOURCES ister, research, ondossersdsem ondpossiblyprocloimthem CFNA REIEC BRANCEU 0s notion01 monuments. 301-305 TOWNS Noturol rasourcer are very ‘un ortont kr tbedevelopment MADMR QROZG of o country since they actuo Ry define L.primQry deveL Along with its eonstrvction history, the plan of a town indi- opmentpossibilities. The most importontnotvrol resources 328-343 MAP INDEX re&y reflects itseconomic strength, adaptation to the top* include Qgricvltuml Iond, potabte water, and forest, ond MIIANCU0tENADA.M~ gmphicol situation, and concepts regarding tbe orronge- these are therefore presented individvotly. Nature! ment of hvmon kabitotion. Because conditions and pee resovrces in Slovenia are unevenly distributed according sibitities changed in he course of the developmental bwnr, to its regions. They ar4 limited io quantity and quality and 344-353 LITERATURL AND SOURCES several types 01 town plans evolved.The Iegocy of must tberefore be conserved and suitably monoged. oRAwKL4oMK the majorii of Slovens fawns originoted in the Middle MtlANORoaw AD& Ages; this also applies to the urban system, the location 3 18-3 19 NATURAL DISASTERS ORAW PERK0 of.townr and boroughs, and their consrvction plan. The MAN O+!OtENAOMUt pnvoknce of the cbsricistground plon is typical of la 18th Dongerrand unpredictable events have ofwoys been port ond 19th centuries, while he modernist ground plan gained of everyday bvmon life. In the axtremefydiverse londscope Translation by ground in Ie second half of the 20th century. The topoe of Slovenio. n~turol disasters such Qsearthqvokes, floods, WAVMNmEond graphicolposition of bwnr is afso quit4 diverse. Their older hoil, frost, drought, and landslides ore not rure. The pre MARGIISlRAUSS PENI

360