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Research Collection Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Transportation Networks and Economic Equilibrium Modeling Issues and Applications Author(s): van Nieuwkoop, Renger H. Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010276775 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 22241 Transportation Networks and Economic Equilibrium Modeling Issues and Applications A thesis submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by RENGER HERMAN VAN NIEUWKOOP lic. rer. pol. University of Berne born on April 2, 1959 Dutch Citizen of Lucerne (LU), Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Sebastian Rausch Prof. Kay W. Axhausen Prof. Thomas F. Rutherford 2014 It is so easy to do something the hard way, and so hard to do it the easy way. Abstract This thesis is composed of three essays on integrated transport and economic equilibrium modeling. The models are used for the analysis of different parking policies and cordon tolls in Zurich. In the first essay we give a pedagogical introduction into the field of mixed complementarity (MC) format modeling for transport and computable equilibrium models. This format allows the re- searcher to use general-purpose modeling software and concentrate on the model structure without the need of formulating algorithms for solving the model. We show how to set up the Wardropian transportation equilibrium model as a link flow-based MC model, and use the Arrow-Debreu frame- work to implement a computable general equilibrium model in MC format. Both models are then combined into an integrated model that allows the researcher to analyze the interactions between the economic and transport systems. Examples for interactions between both systems are the ef- fects of changes in housing prices, wages on congestion and route choices, or the effects of changes in transport infrastructure on housing prices and wages. We derive each model first theoretically and then show how to implement these in GAMS, a modeling software. This tutorial should pro- vide researchers with the tools to build integrated models that incorporate both transportation and economic features. The second essay describes a Wardropian traffic flow model in which heterogeneous agents interact on a road network integrated with a search model for paid parking, either at the curb-side or in a parking garage. The occupancy rate influences the probability of finding curbside or garage parking slots. The decision of the agents about where to park reflects trade-offs between time (driving, search and walking) and money (fees). We formulate the model as a link flow-based Wardropian traffic model and the integrated parking search model as a mixed complementarity problem. This concise formulation has the advantage that there is no need for a complete enumeration of all possible paths in the network, and the model can be solved without the need to decompose the model in two different submodels using readily available non-linear solvers. The model is used to analyze different parking policies in Zurich. We find that changing the parking fee structure will lead to high efficiency gains as the cruising time is greatly reduced. Parking fees for parking garages in Zurich are clearly too high. All policies are, however, regressive and lead to an increasing burden of households with low incomes. The model is also used to see what role is played by heterogeneity in households. The effects of parking policies to reduce congestion differ only slightly between scenarios with homogeneous and heterogeneous agents. Incorporating i Abstract household heterogeneity is, nevertheless, critical for being able to investigate the distributional effects of transportation policies. In the third essay we present an urban computable general equilibrium model with an integrated traffic equilibrium network. Contrary to existing integrated models, both equilibria are solved simultaneously and a decomposition is not necessary. The model is formulated as a mixed comple- mentarity model and can be efficiently solved using standard optimization software. The network problem is route flow-based. An enumeration of chosen routes is, however, necessary to take into account the income effects on the economic side of the model. However, as we only need to find the actual arcs chosen given the minimal time, this is a significantly smaller and easier to solve than the tradional complete enumeration of all paths. theFurthermore, contrary to typical transport studies, agents not only optimize their choice of transport mode but can also optimize the location where they live and work. Sorting depends, among other things, on the commuting time, wages, consumption and housing prices at the different locations. An important topic of this paper is the calibration of the model to existing transport and socioeconomic data. The model is used to show the effects of cordon toll schemes for the 12 districts of Zurich and to compare the results with a pure network model without economic sorting. It includes two different household groups and two transport modes in a network with 800 origin-destination-pairs and 136 arcs. The results show that economic sorting plays a crucial role in evaluating the effects of individual behavior at the arc and node level. It also shows that cordon toll schemes are regressive if we aggregate the households in four groups, depending on where they live and work: either both locations inside or outside the cordon, or working and living in the two different regions. If we look at the regressive effects for households disaggregated according to the districts where they live and work, there is a clear regressive tendency, but for some agents with high income the relative burden is higher than for lower income households. ii Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation enthält drei Essays über integrierte Transport- und berechenbare Gleichgewichtsmod- elle. Die Modelle werden für die Analyse von politischen Massnahmen im Bereich der Verkehrspolitik benutzt. Im ersten Essay geben wir einen didaktischen Einstieg in den Bereich der Formulierung von Transport- und berechenbaren Gleichgewichtsmodellen im MCP-Format . MCP steht für “mixed comple- mentarity problem” und ist eine von vielen Möglichkeiten, Transportmodelle oder berechenbare Gleichgewichtsmodelle zu formulieren. MCP-Modelle können mit Standard-Optimierungssoftware gelöst werden und erlauben somit dem Forscher, sich auf die Modellstruktur zu konzentrieren da keine Notwendigkeit besteht zur Formulierung und Kodierung von Algorithmen für die Lösung des Modells. Wir zeigen, wie sich das Transportmodell als streckenbezogenes MCP-Modell for- mulieren lässt. Diese Formulierung kommt, im Gegensatz zu der routenbezogene Formulierung, ohne eine Bestimmung der schnellsten Routen aus. Weiter wird gezeigt, wie sich ein berechenbares Gleichgewichtsmodell als MCP-Modell formulieren lässt. Beide Modelle werden dann zu einem inte- grierten Gleichgewichtsmodell zusammengelegt. Ein solches integriertes Modell erlaubt die Analyse der Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Transportsystem und dem ökonomischen System. Der zweite Aufsatz beschreibt ein Verkehrsmodell, in dem unterschiedlichen Agenten auf einem Strassennetz agieren. Das Modell enthält ein Suchmodell für kostenpflichtige Parkplätze. Die Park- plätze befinden sich entweder am Strassenrand oder in einer Parkgarage. Die Auslastung beeinflusst die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass man einen Parkplatz findet. Entscheidend für die Parkplatzwahl sind die Höhe der Parkgebühren, die Fahr- und Suchzeit, sowie die Zeit, welche man zu Fuss unterwegs ist. Das Modell basiert auf dem Nutzergleichgewicht nach Wardrop und ist als streckenbezogenes MCP-Modell formuliert. Das Modell wird verwendet, um verschiedene politischen Massnahmen im Bereich der Parkplatzpolitik in Zürich zu analysieren. Die vorgeschlagenen Änderungen der Parkgebührenstruktur führt zu hohen Effizienzgewinnen und Reduktionen der Reisezeit. Es zeigt sich auch, dass die Parkgebühren für Parkhäuser in Zürich zu hoch sind. Alle Massnahmen sind regressiv und führen zu einer zunehmenden Belastung der Haushalte mit geringem Einkommen. Obwohl die Auswirkungen auf den Verkehrsstau im Modell mit heterogenen Haushalten sich nur wenig unterscheiden vom Modell mit homogenen Haushalten, ist die Heterogenität wichtig für die Untersuchung von Verteilungseffekten. Im dritten Aufsatz präsentieren wir ein berechenbares allgemeines Gleichgewichts Modell mit einem integrierten Transportmodell für die Stadt Zürich in MCP-Format. Das Modell lässt sich wiederum iii Zusammenfassung effizient mit Standard-Optimierungssoftware lösen. Im Gegensatz zu bestehenden integrierte Mod- ellen werden beide Gleichgewichte gleichzeitig gelöst und eine Dekomposition des Modells in Sub- modellen ist nicht erforderlich. Das Netzwerkproblem ist zwar als streckenbezogenes und nicht als routenbezogenes Problem formuliert, setzt aber trotzdem eine Berechnung der gewählten Routen voraus damit die Einkommenseffekte von politischen Massnahmen berücksichtigt werden können. Die Routen werden nicht vor, sondern nach der Lösung des integrierten Modells mit Hilfe eines linearen Optimierungsmodell berechnet. Beachte, dass wir nur die tatsächlich benutzten Routen finden müssen, was ein signifikantes kleineres und einfacheres Problem ist als das traditionalle Finden aller möglichen Routen. Mit Hilfe der gewählten Routen werden die Einkommenseffekte
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