FSPûïîï KO. IAEA-R-1O39-F

TITLE

Environmental isotope survey I

î'IKAL REPORT FOR IKS PERIOD I97I-O9-OI - I978-O7-3O I

AUTKOR(S)

J.J.Jacovides

INSTITUTE

Ministry of- Agriculture and Natural Resources Water Development Department Nicosia, Cyprus

DAT-: March 1979

I SURVEY (CYPBUS}? I

- s sponsored

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0'. I ; • I 1 No. H//5 I Republic of Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of Water Development

l\ ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE SURVEY (CYPRUS) Final Report on I.A.E.A. Research Contract No: 1039/RB

Prepared by't Jacovos Jacovides I B.So. M.So. Hydrologist M.I.W.E.S. I I I I JANUARY 1979 I r I I I 1 CONTENTS I Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ' 1

1.1 The Research Contract Ho s 1039/R1/RB .... 1 1 1.2 The Research Contract No: 1039/R2/RB .... 1 1.3 The R&soarch Contract No: 1039/R3/RB .... 2

2.0 DESCRIPTION 01' RESEARCH CARRIED OUT 4

2.1 The Survey 4 2.2 The Area Covered by the Survey ». 7 2.2.1 Summary of the geology of the area 7 2.2.2 Climatological characteristics of Cyprus 10 2.2.3 Climatologie conditions on the Troodos area 14

3.0 RESULTS OBTAIFJÍD 21

3.1 Tritium Content in Precipitation ...... 22 3.2 The Stable Isotopes in Précipitation .... 23 3.3 The Altitude Effect on the Oxygen -18 and Deuterium ...... 32 3.4 Tritium Input and Water Balance ...... 43

3.4.1 Introduction 43 3.4.2 Tho Upper Zone 43 3.4.3 The lower Zone 47 3.5 Areal Variability of Tritium and Stable Isotopes in Groundwator » 51 3.5.1 Area! distribution of Tritium 51 3.5.2 The areal distribution of the stable isotopes 54 I 3.6 The Stable Isotope Content in Groundwater 58 3.7 The Relationship of Tritium Content of I Groundwater and the Storage Capacity of Springs 61 I 3.7.1 The recession analysis 63 3.7.2 The tritium-storage capacity I relationship 64 3.8 The Chemical Character of the Troodos Waters...... 66 I - i - I I 1 3.3 Some Points of Interest Arising from the I Environmental Isotope Survey on the ïroodos Area ..«•••....,.,,..,..,., ,.,... n...... 70

î 4.0 CONCLUSION 75 5.0 STAl'EiteHT OF EXPENDITURE 80

6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 81

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82

Appendix -A- 83

Appendix -B-- 120

I I I LIST OP FIGURES Pig o ••1-- The faults system on Troortos ur^u »....». 11 I Pig, -2- Geological Map of Troodos ,.„...... ,.. 12 Pig, -3- Geological cross-section of Trócelos Massif 13 I Pig. ••/;- Average (1941-1970) annuel precipitation 16 Fig* -5" Trixium in précipitation, Correlation between Ottawa and Prodhromos .. .e . 26 I Pig. -6- Tritium in precipitation. Corrulatir-n between Nicosia and Prodhrohios .,.,....,,. 27 I Pig. -7- Tritium content in prceipit¿,tion at Prouhromos ...... 23 Pig. -8- Corrected tritium content in precipitation I to Docoinbor 1977 at Prodhromos ...... 29 Pig. -9- Monthly variation in tritium in I precipitation at ProcLhromos .<,..«,...,...,.. 30 Pig„ "10- Stable isotopes in precipitation 31 I Pig. -11- Relationship between 'o-18 r.nJi altitude.. 37 Pig. -12- Relationship between.'I) and altitude .... 38 Pis;. -13- Altitude vs température of groundwater I (September-October 1976)...... 4« ,, 39 Pig* --14-- Altitude vs temperature of groundwator I (August-September 1977) <-• .....,.» 40 Pig. -15- Altitude vs temperature of grou^dwater (February 1978) .., ,.., ...... A". I Pig-. -16-- Altitude vs temperature of groundwater (Hay 1978) ,..,„.,.-.....,,...„,» .,... 42 Piß. --17- Bstii.ic.ted recharge .-.nd tritium input for I the upper zone ,..,..»»..,.... Ar Pig., -18- Estimated recharge and tritium input for I the lower zone .,,...... ,. .a...... 49 Pig. -19^ Map of Troodos area showing the uppe^r and I lower zones and small catchment areas.... 50 Pig. -20- Tritium distribution ..„„„„...... ,.;' 55

Pig, -21- Oxygen -18 distribution o 59 I Pig, -22- Deuterium distribution ,..,... o.. 60 Pig. -23- The stable isotope content in groundwater I in the Troodos region ,...... ,. 62 Pig. -24- Recession analysis of Chrysovrysi spring 67 I Pig. -25- Storage capacity and tritium content relationship for springs 68 1 Pig, -26- Piper diagram for the Troodos waters .... 71 - iii

&: J¿¿ /-• m I

I LIST OP TABLES

I -1- Iuvi-tttory of sampling A Tablo -2- Results of isotopic cnalyaos 17

•' i Table -3- Tritium rocord in precipitation 2A Table -A- Tabulation of stable isótopos - altitude !:' i relationships . . .* 33 Table -5- Mean monthly evaporation at Prodhromos... AA i Table -6- Estimated recharge and tritium input for upper zone , «.* A1) Table i -7- Estimated recharge and tritium input for lower zone ...... Al i Table -8- Storage capacity of springs and tritium content in groundwator -,.., 66 % i•

\\ i i i i

I I I I

^-

PWWV ..." LEGEND toWifV I 1,0 INTRODUCTION I This is the final report on the research contract no. 1039/RB under the general title "Environmental Isotope I Survey (Cyprus)" carried out by the Water Development Department of the iiinistry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cyprus, and with the technical and financial 1 assistance oí the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Mr. J S Jacovides, Hydrologies of the \/ater Development Department has been the principal scientific 1; I investigator v/hilst Dr Y Yurtsever and later Dr 7/ Brost of the Division oí Research and Laboratories of I.A.E.A, I - were responsible on scientific matters, in connection to tiie project.

1 «1 The .Research, Contract, _%>_., .1.0,3.9/R.I/Rg The Research Contract Sfo, 1O39/RB was initiated on the 1st of September 1971 with the objective of finding out how best to use environmental isotopes in the inter- pretation of the hydrology, particularly subsurface hydro- logy, of Cyprus through a sparse reconnaissance sampling of all the major aquifers and springs covering the whole island. The distribution of sampling was s ..oh that the survey in itself could assist in clarifying particular hydrogeologic problems, protide a better understanding of the water systems of the island, establish a general environmental isotope - framework of the hydrolo¿ic regimen of Cyprus as v/ell as to provide the basis for I specific, nore detailed, studies to be undertaken subse- quently.

I All the particulars pertaining to this early stage of the research contract appear as appendix A of this I report. I 1.2 The Research Contract No. 1039/R2/RB The conclusion reached from the research contract I 1O39/R1/RB was that the survey established a general environmental isotope framework of the hydrologie regimes in the island and that the isotope techniques could find I application in several hydrogeologic problemsJ Thus, the I f

V- !

i . tlSjíli I

I research contract was renewed under No: 1O39/R2/RB with the objective of employing the environmental iso+ope techniques m I two main aquifers„ the alluvial Western Lesaoria and the Karstic Kyrenia Ran¿e aquifer. The concurrent application of environmental l-ctdioisotopes was expected to assist in the I interpretation of the results obtained by the more classicjl methodology and at the same time enable some evaluation and I comparison of the different methodologies» The initial sampling and results obtained during the I period of September 1972 to -Soveruber 1973 appear as appendix B of this reporte I The results obtained were quite interesting and helpful in delineating aquifer boundaries, recharge zones etc. I indicating that these techniques could assist in actual problem solving. Progress in this direction though»was interrupted due I to the 1974 tragic events in Cyprus v/hen both oreas mentioned above became unaccessible having been occupied by a foreign force

1 1 ,3 The project was virtually interrupted until Liay 1977 i v/hen a third renewal was granted to April 1973 with the rese r-ch directed to a new area, the centi-nl part of the fractured igncov.e

potential: through the application of environmental isotope?: anö. r I in particular to assist in resolving the following proble .isc (i) Identification of aquifer systems in the area- I (ii) Processes of recharge of aquifers. I (iii) Altitude effect on 18Q of recharge water and identification of mean altitude of recharge I z one s, (iv) Mixture of different bodies of water having I different recharge areas. Since the main resulta and conclusions derived in the 1 areas studied by the two previous research contracts appear in the appendices A and B the final report would endeavour more I I

I - 14 - I - 3 -

I on the results and findings of the research on the ïroodos Lassif. The study area has ">nly recently e ,tracted suffis: snt I attention for comprehensive hydrogeolo^ical study because of the relatively successful results of recent drilling in the I auspices of ¡a major .local project for integrated rural development. The area receive« the highest rainfall, the jnly ' I snow in the Island and it has the highest density of springs in the country, it is covered by dense forest in woßt areas and a large number of thriving, si.i^ll c^nuunitice-are found there» The favourable climate in the summer makes the area a touristic attraction and also the place where most of the fruit- trees are grown. Due to the complicated and adverse geology of the r>T->o no systematic development of the water resources has ever been undertaken until recently. The non-existence of systematic hydrogeolot,ical studies in the area made the evaluation of the findings of thj s project very difficult but at the saue time the challenge of putting the radioisotope techniques into application such that could direct and assist conventional hydrogeolo^ical methods has been thought to be quite rewarding. The results obtained through this project will affect the future work in the area and- the understanding of them will improve as the v/ork continues in the re/p. on.

I I I I I I

I - 15 -

r>_ -j ™«r, nan is as I

I 2 „O 2,1

I The research carried out consisted of sampling for environmental isotope content of springs, boreholes and I base flow originating from the ïroo^os kountnin. The environmental isotopes for which analyses were I done at the International Atomic ¿iner^y Agency laboratories were the Tritium and the stable i;:otope« of water, Oxygen-18 and 1 Deuterium. The effort was to cover sis large an area as possible I of the main Troodos Massif by sampling all important springs and old and recent boreholes in the area. I Only relatively few sources have been sampled repeatedly and this to enable an understanding on the isotope I variation in time. The t:,ble -1- below <¿ivec a summary of the type of I sources sampled and the number of samples per source. In total some 175 samples have been analysed for Tritium, Oxygen -18 and I Deuterium. Table -1- Inventory of Samplin.. I r^-" "Tümb'er 'ö'f '"" i "^--...samples per ' ¡ • source . ' ¡Source "** • . ]Springs • 50 I i Boreholes 27 I 'Rivers 16 I •Snow J 5 jChain-of-Wells ¡ 1 i j I I Total I 92 = 50 + (2x4) + (3x2) + (4x7) I

1 = 55SS2S5ÍP5 5 ;j § I

I The sampling was made on five separate periods, These periods were :

I (a) September-October 1376 when the yield of the springs is at its lowest. I (b) January-karch 1977 when the yield of the springs is increased due to the winter recharge, I (c) Au&ust-Üei/tewber 1977 to supplement the r.urvey of beptenVber-October 1976 and to repeat ;JDÎÎIG of I I the samples taken a year ago. (d) February 1978 to supplement the survey of January I inarch 1977, and (e) May 1978 for completing, the siirvey at the end of the i Project. The samples from springs were collected at the point of issue and. in some cases when the water wat; piped away from the I locationj from the outlet of the pipe if no contamination or I exposure to the atmosphere was suspected. The samples from the boreholes were always collected V>y sampler from the static water level of the borehole. Kost of the I boreholes sampled are recent and no pumping installation was available thus it is possible that soi.ie ci" îe samples are I contaminated or at least not totally representative of the oí aquifers tapped. at I The samples from all the streams originating from the Troodos îiountain were obtained at about the same elevation for the I purpose of comparing the Tritium activity (as an average, indicative« value) from one catchment to the others« I The supplementary data available for each source include the location, elevation with respect to mean sea level, I geologic and hydrologie setting, the temperature of the water at the time of sample collection, the water level or yield of the I source and information on the water bearing formation. There is at least one full ionic chemical analysis for I I each source whilst monthly water levels are available for the last two years for about 20 boreholes and monthly output for I 35 springs0 I r I I

I Daily rainfall for several rainfall stations is available I for more than 30 years» Stree-nflow raeasuremc its allowing th I rainfall-runoff ratio determination are also available» Some record for Tritium and. stable isotopes in precipitation is available since i960 for Prodhronos village ¥ which is woll within the study area and for Nicosia the capital I of the island. I As it was stated earlier, the information regarding I the hydrology and hydrogeology of the region is very little and therefore the sampling network, analysis and interpretation of I the results of the environmental isotope survey has been most difficult,, The results of the analyses themselves have been I guiding towards setting up hypotheses regarding the relation between the several water bodies, connected aquiferous systems etc. The objective thus was for a survey with a good coverage I and the study of the results to throw some light i.ito the hydrologie regimes of the area, separation of aquiferoue units I and location of recharge as well as hydrogeologic interconnect. ->n if any between the several geologic rock units of the area«

I In total üoine 50 uprin¿s, 27 boreholes and 16 s ample o of river water have been obtained. The location of these points I appear on Pig -2-. On Table -2- the field number, the local name of I source and the- geographical coordinates are presented along witi* the results in Tritium, Oxygen-18 and Deuterium for all the I samples collected from each source, A field number was given for each sample and thus some I sources may have upto four different field numbers although on the Jiap only the first field number appears. It should also be I noted that some sources fall outside the boundaries of the Liap and are not shown on it„ I The table -2- is arranged by increasing field number although it may be noted that the sampling of September to I Oct,;'_>er 1976 vías mainly concentrated on the upper part of the Troodos Massif and subsequent samplings expanded the network to cover a larger area. Finally the samples collected in Febm^-—- I and May 1978 were mostly repetitions on some sources where it I r I

I appeared that there was need to check the trend in Tritium content,

2.2 The area covered by the survey The area covered by the survey is siiown on Pig -4-. i1.'' is in the centre of the island and covers the highest part of t:-- Troodos mountain range which runs in a MW to bE direction in thu I central p&rt of the island.,. Samples have been collected from sources spread in an o I area of about 225 km although, the density of coverage varies- (See Pig -2-) I 2.2,1 Summary of the geology of the area (Pig 1 to 3) Quoting Wilson (1), the central massif whi^h dominatpc: I the region is made up of a series of serpentines, periodii/ss ar.c7. gabbros vhich have been intruded into fine grained volc-anic I rocks¡ the diabase. The diabase is flanked to the north and to the soui;h I -•f the range by pillow lavas, The latter are in turn overin*^"- Upper Cretaceous (Lapithos Pm.) and Miocene (Pakhna ]?m„) sódica, I and in the north by Miocene (Pakhna Fm„) limestones which are in turn, overlain by Pliocene depositst I '.Che Troodos massif rises to a height of 1952 meters from sea level at the Khionistra peak, on mount Olympus, in I the centre of the is] and, at 30 Ian distance from the sea fron Jciv north and south-. I The massif can be divided into three distinct, regions which reflect the geological formations making up each region* I (i) The central part of the area which coincides wit> "¿he outcrop of plutonio rocks „ I (ii) The middle part of the area surrounding the central one, coinciding with the Diabase complex I and I (iii) The outer part which is an extensive belt of JPil.. I lavas surrounding the Diabase and which in turn give way to the sedimentary rocks0 I t I I The Diabase which outcrops over the rugged mountainous regions of the area'under study is the country rock into which the I plutonio rocks have been emplaced. Ths Pillow Lavas mainly of basaltic composition overlie I the diabase. This series is further subdivided according to the prevalence or relative scarcity of intrusive material into Upper Pillow Lavas, Lower Pillow Lavas and the Basal Group. The I distinction between the Lower Pillow Lavas and the Basal Group and between the latter and the Diabase is not definite being I a transitional series. An unconformity exists between the Upper Pillow Lavas and the older volcanic rocks. 1 The Plutonic rocks which form a dome shaped mass, in the centre of the study area, of relatively smooth relief with rounded peaks and spurs, comprise the three main divisions, ultrabasic rocks, gabbros and granophyric rocks. The area is dissected radially by numerous fast flowing streams in deep V-shaped young valleys. I The ultrabasic portion of the Troodos complex comprises a comparatively fresh suite of rocks, v/hich gives rise to jnassivc» I outcrops often displaying a well developed system of cuboidal .joints. I The ultrabasic rocks have been divided into (a) dunite I (b) enstatite - olivinite (c) harzburgit - wehrlite group I (d) perioditite - pyroxenite group The gabbros include olivine - gabbro and pyroxene - I gabbro. The plutonio emplacement is V>atholitic believed to I represent an intrusion of the basaltic and periodite layers of the earth into higher levels of the crust. I The gabbro emplacement possibly represents the magmav chamber from which the lavas were erupted. It includes olivine I gabbro and pyroxene gabbro. T The sabbros forra a continuous belt round the Troodos I massif where their grey weathering and generally crushed outcrops I t I I contrast ?¿ith the dark coloured and more massive exposures of the ultrdbasic rocks. Much of the gabbro area has been I intensely faulted and crushed, with the result that the rock falls away into loose screes. I Owing to its disturbed nature, jointing on the whole is not well developed in the gabbros. A general North-South system of joints is, however, noticeable in the gabbro to the I north of the Kakopetria - Prodhrornos roads. I The ultrabasic rocks cover an area of about 42 km" and the gabbros 190 kni , whilst the granophyric rocks have limited I outcrops. The plutonio rocks are faulted, brecciated, highly fractured and sheared. Jointing is very well developed and I probably extends to depth, Joints are rather open and I infiltration of water occurs through them. Hydrologjically this region is quite important since a great number of springs issues from faulted, fractured or I brecciated zones in the ultrabasic rocks and gabbroa.

Recent drilling has al3o made it. apparent that I groundwater exists in the faulted and fractured gabbros. I In contrast to the above no large springs are found in the Diabase in which, although highly fractured and faulted, infiltration appears to be less, possibly due to narrow I fractures and reduced weathering. The Pillow Lavas which have; a similar petrolo¿,ical B composition to that of the Diabase is of limited hyurological importance since the faults and fractures aro usually filled with I the weathering products, clayey material etc. On the transparent Pig. -1- the major faulting is I shown. This figure should bo looked together with the geologic map on Pig -2-, Faulting occurs on all sides of Troodos, the general effect of which has been to uplift the ultrabasic portion of the I complex. Along its northern, eastern and southern margins, the faults tend to coincide with the gabbro boundary v/hereas on ite I south western and western margins, the gabbro contacts are I displaced by transcurrent fractures. f pi - 10 - The greatest displacement has apparently taken place i' along the north eastern margin of the ultrabasic massif where the. harzburgite-wehrlite and peridotite-pyroxenite groups have ii been removed by the faulting. u i An area of considerable brecciation and shearing occurs within the enstatite-olivinite in the eastern portion of r the complex. In this area the rock contains a network of I asbestos veins which are being mined locally. Within the gabtoro, although there are obvious signs ¡I of movement, the directions of faulting are difficult to follow 1 and the rock appears to have yielded on compression by regional crushing rather than by well marked fault zones. I 2.2.2 Climatological Characteristics of Cyprus I The climate of Cyprus is typically Mediterranean and features essentially two seasons, generally described (2) I as follows s During the summer hall" - year (May-October) the I atmospheric pressure is normally low over North Africa whilst a tongue of high pressure, extending from the Azores High, covers I the Mediterranean, The weather conditions in Cyprus £

.IHH—. .. -wmmmmmŒb jmsmEmai r4iëÛS yo i^r^ LEGEND

Alluvium Pohhna Formotion Torra Limntons Pillow Lavas The Basal Group

•).•• The 0 i abas« tipódhóiós The Granophyro The fjQbbro The Ultrabosics

with field no.

f Troodos

m FIG-3 "Geological cross-section ot Troodos massif ( For explanation sec figu« 2 )

WÊÊÊÊSÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÈÊÊÊÊÈÊÈSÈÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÈÈ

^uÎg I I - 14 - The precipitation is usually associated with depressions or their associated fronts moving eastwards along I the î.ïeditorranean. It chiefly falls a3 heavy shov/ers or in local thunderstorms, but periods of continuous rain may occur I from time to time, especially v/hen. depressions remain stationery in the Cyprus urea, I 2.2.3 • Climatologie conditions on the. Troodos area The western half of the Troodos area is exposed to I South Westerly to Northerly gradient winds enhanced by anabatic winds and easterly Katabatic winds establish the general pattern I of surface 'winds over this zone. The eastern half of the Troodos area is exposed to I Worth-Westerly to South-Basterly gradient winds, the local anabatic and Katabatic winds being also important. I Air temperatures and daily tor.ipera.ture amplitudes decrease with increasing elevation with lowest air temperature I and daily + temperature amplitude being experienced at the higher elevations of Troodos kountains. Frost occurencc of incrc;".;;od I frequency and of high severity is observed at the high elevations during the cool season. I Relative humidity values are low. The higher annual amount of precipitation occurs at the I higher elevations. £>now occurs every winter on ground above 1000 m and although snow cover is not continuous, during the I coldest months it may lie to considerable depths .for several weeks on the northern slopes of high Troodos. Depths of sno?/ I 100-200 cm above 1000 m on the liorthern slopes is usual. Evaporation measurements from class A pan are difficult to be made in winter because of the formation of ice in the I free water surface in the pan. The evaporation of water on high Troodos is the lowest in Cyprus but even in these areas the I mean annual evaporation from Class A evaporation pan is expected to be higher than the mean annual precipitation.

I Fig. -4- shows the average (1941-70) annual [ precipitation. Í r

FIG-7- TRITIUM CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION I - 15 -

I The air temperature for Piodromos 1380 m (MSL) is as follows; I JANUARY JULY Lowest lvlin. recorded G -11 Mean Min. CC 1 18 Mean Max. °G 6 26 Highest box m recorded °C 32 Mean ground surface min. temp. °C (1959-74) -1.7 14.6 Relative humidity (%) at 08á00 hrs 81 69 at 14.00 hrs 63 54

Mean annual evaporation in mm from the U.S, Weather Bureau Class A evapoi'ation pan lor Pródromos is 1241 nun.

I I 1 I I I I I I

[IUM CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION AT PRODHROMOS F1G-4-CY P RUS AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION

IN MILLIMETRES (1941-7O)

I:7SOOOO

-n o i OB

O O HANGE OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 33 WITH OUINTIIE mSTRIMlTIONkMEOUN 33 o m O rn a p 19 7

33 -j

C •:•;;!;! Arto «em«« by tempting

ROD I TJ co r

33 -i O m 2 z

•o 33 m (-i Tabla -2- Hasulta of Iaotopic Anal.yago fron tha Trooda

Coordl- IrltlUM (1.I.) MuterluK (6D°/OO) Oiygen- (6i8o°/oo). Nase SI«. a.m.a.li natoa January- August - February Day Sap.- lan.- Aug.- Febr. May Sep.- Jan.- Aug.- febi. Oci. laroh Oot, liaren Sept. %îi 1977 1978 1978 1976 1977 1978 1978 1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 1,43,133,167 AYIOS NICOLAOS sor. near Kakopetria Village 840 YD89B702 27.5*0.7 27.0*0.7 30.5*1.0 28.7*1.0 -37.7 •38.5 -38.7 -36.2 -7.13 -7.20 -7.23 -6.66 2 JULIA "A" Spr. 1220 TO872699 43.3*1.2 -38.4 -7.36 3.44 CHKYSOVaiSI Spr. 1280 VB873698 54.9*1.5 52.5*1.3 -38.4 •39.4 -7.28 -7.45 4.45 PLATAUIA spr. near Fedhoulaa Village 1300 VD856685 39.3*1.0 38.8*1.0 -31.6 -38.3 -7.42 -7.52 5 ÄPI'AVÄISAS Spr. 1265 VJ855689 24.2*0.8 -37.6 -7.42 6.46,175 HARDJI LOÏ.EH Spr. 1570 VD861656 48.5*1.3 48.6*1.2 43.7*1.2 -38.3 •38.3 -36.7 -7.46 -7.22 -7.37 7,47,151,172 KAilNOURES OALLBHY 1550 VS890670 48.1*1.1 43.3*1.1 4S.4*1.3 44.7*1.3 -40.5 •41.1 -38.8 -39.2 -7.58 -7.66 -7.50 -7.71 8,93 ALI TSAOOSI spr. near Amiantoa Linea 1350 VD925655 10.0*3.0 30.7*1.1 -38.8 -30.9 -7.40 -5.78 9 VRISI TOU XHORIOU Spr. at • Ay. Sheodhoroa Solaaa 440 VW36778 35.3*1.0 -31.3 -5.59 10,48,134.168 CHÄOklr, LINE6 NE« GALLERY 1460 VD878684 28.2*0.8 30.5*0.8 31.5*1.0 26.9*1.0 -40.1 -

0 .T Icoordl- Irltl« K.P.) DeuterluM (SD'/OO) Ogrgen- (6i8o /oo) a.....l.|nat.. " -ï- (Coatiuñad} D EUT. Coordi- IrltlUB (T.U.) Deutarlua (£s /oo) OTcys«- (6i8o°/oo) Field Ko. •aa» nates a.n.s.1* Sept. k January- Auguet - Jabruary Hay Sap*- lan.- Aug.- rabr. «ay Sep.- Jan.- Aug.- P.t>r Hay Dot, liaroh Sept. Oct. larch Oct. Kareh Sapt. 1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 1976 1977 SB- 1978 1978 1976 1977 1977 1978 1976 37,68,136.164 B/H »o. 32/76 near felendrla Villaga 970 VD9Ê5627 22.3*0.8 23.8*1.0 21.9*1.0 22.0*1.0 -32.2 -30.5 -31.9 -29.0 -6.21 -6.23 -6.37 -6.29 38.67 B/H Ho. 52/76 naar the Ploj- ground of Felendrla 830 VD970612 0.63*2.1 0.6*0.3 -34.7 -35.1 •6.63 -6.64 39 B/H go. 53/76 near mandria Village 810 VD972613 8.9*0.5 -29.8 -5.78 40,69 B/H Ho. 69/74 near Konica Villaga 570 VD9O3564 0,02*0.16 0.2*0.3 -31.0 -31.5 -6.37 -6.08 41.71-,158,169 d/a «0. 30/74 near ?latres Village 1090 TU869608 43.3*1.3 39.0*1.2 34.1*1.0 35.0*1.0 -30.3 -31.7 -31.4 -31.2 -6.43 -6.39 -6.36 -6.37 42 B/a of Ulla* PaTlldee k Co. at Platraa 1110 0.23*0.17 -32.1 -6.76 53 Snow aample fron Olympua enowfalï 1900 24.3*0.7 -60.2 -10*1 54 Snow eaxple fro« Prodroaoa Village Snowfall 1600 23.7*0.7 -60.4 -10.95 55 PAHSATA Spr. near Layla Village 360 VD242539 0.3*0.3 •25.4 -5.04 56 AXII AIARGXIU Spr. near Xiolou Village 175 VS512662 5.7*0.4 •26.0 P5.64 57 gift^um Spr. near metou Villaga 275 VB570685 0.9*0.4 -27.2 -5.84 58 Arteaian Borahol» 55/75 31.6*0.8 -28.1 -5.60 64 B/H lo. 81/76 near m IlTadhi«(PitallUa)Village 1014 VS018671 10.5*1.0 -35.8 -6.84 65 B/H 16. '.05/76 naar Ayio» 1097 TOO34623 6.4*1.0 -35.8 -6.87 66 B/H lo. 65/76 naar Ayioa Xoannia Agrou 937 VI023623 2.8*0.3 -35.4 -6.70 72 B/H 54/76 near KalokhoAo (Zooplyia) 686 VDO15567 5.3*1.0 -27.5 -5.26 73 B/H 11/77 near ïalokhorlo (looplyla) 685 TBO125Í9 10.3*1,0 -26.6 -5*14 74 I/B 32/77 Bear Louraru Tillage 732 VDO33548 6.2*1.0 -30.1 -5.46 75,161 I/a 87/76 near the oaarotary of Kalokhorio 610 VS036566 20.0*1 .,0 i2.5*1.O -26.8 -29.1 -4.88 5.22 76 B/H 123/76 near Ayio» Conatantlnoa Villaf» 762 VD05B584 1.1*0.3 -33.0 -6.22 77.162 B/H 106/76 naar AraScapaa Villa»« 457 TOO74562 7.7*1*0 10.8*1.0 -25.« -24.3 -5.04 4.91 78 B/a 107/76 naar Arakapaa VlUeg» 503 VDOT4565 3.5*0.3 -27.1 -5.06 79 1/B 124/76 atar Arakapai Tillajp 396 VD105S61 3.2*0.4 -22.8 -4.03 80 »/H 2/77 naar üphtafonla. Tilla». 503 VD133561 34.0*1.2 -27.6 -5.12 81 t/R 13/77 aaar «phtagoni« Village 457 ÏD145558 14.5*1.0 •28.4 -5.43 82 l/a 29/77 near Akapnou 366 VD168552 40.5*1.2 -26.5 -«.89 83 IA0WA Chain of Walla near lUirou Village 480 VO173745 30.6*1.1 -28.8 -4.97 85 CATAUAMCA Spr. aaar IfcMldisrl Village 1050 VÍ069635 12.4*1.0 -36.5 -7.C6 86 lIUStkatA Spr. near Ayio» Cplpbanloa 720 VD1O8713 4.8*1.0 -33.7 -6.32 87 1B0HSHIS Spr. near Gourrl ViUaga 100 VB157630 13.3*1.0 •34.6 -7,14 L tabla -2- (Continuad) Iritlua (1.0.) D«uteriua (6D°/oo)* - Omra- (6i8o°/oo) Hold X6. B.«T. Ooordi- WtM January fakruar/ Ihr ftni.- luf.- S.J.- Jan. Mr 4 ksrak Oot, kareh "Si 1977 1978 1978 ' 1976 1977 1977" 1978 1978 1976 1977 Sf 1978 1978 88 IRXSI IOV KILüU Spr. at Hulloipo« 260 JD32S626 46.9*1.3 -23.3 -4.24 » [1HUI0Ï1ÏS0S Spr. war Jjjil TaTatainiaa 730 VD177599 19.8*1.0 -31rf -«.08 90 riSILIXX spr. war xrioa ïwodhoroa Icrou 11«0 VD039628 14.7*1.0 -35.3 -6.84 92 HBLkQSUt Spr. war Chylacra Till««« 700 VS935603 59.2*1.5 -38.9 -7.31 94 fiSluXk Spr. war lanbrla Tilla«* 450 VS904761 -34.5 -6.48 95 «CHOkTLI Spr. war laprskraaam Locality 1380 VS917681 -41.3 -7.66 96 piiaoimcuiHi «A» spr. war Plato« Hotal 1450 TDo03677 -40.7 -7.88 97 ISPRALLOU Spr. war flaaou Tlllac* 330 TZ89679S -13.2 -6.00 98 C0URT1L4T1S Spr. war inyUiou Tillac* 38Ó VD902777 -34.9 -6.47 99 UUIH01IA Sor. saar naaou Villa«* 310 TS8J58O0 -27.4 -5.Í5 100 «runos Spr. war Sina OÎoa 510 TD9O674» 39.3*1.2 -35.4 •6.27 101 U «TOBES Spr. as * Chrow lOwa Gallarjr 1200 VD669687 -40.7 -7.53 102 ÍAUBÜILZKfí Spr. aboT« xampatria 1550 TS911678 -40.9 -7.62 103 PIXSOtlLOUDHI "B- Spr. war Hato« Hottl 1380 TI902679 -39.S -7.76 104 IMtCO Spr. war «jinou Church 540 TO9767S5 -32.2 • -5.82 105 nOHOraA Spr. war waa lotanwa Looalitj 1100 VOS9761O -34.8 -6.81 10Í ULLIaTCOS Spr. war InodMka Awm Locality 940 VD71O753 32.6*1.1 -33.7 -6.81 107 [UHJOUBBI Spr. war miikourl Tlllaa* 850 VOT72702 -33.1 -6.63 10S dios KHJ SIAVKOU Spr. botw««n ^odhoulaa Je Houtoulaa neo VB847703 • -37.5 -6.95 109 ITflDHlS Spr. war Aji« toxnt Station 950 YI694731 5.8*1.0 -33.3 -6.83 110 Uioa K0II0S Spr. war Akrounda Villa«* 420 VBO53511 -26.3 -5.32 111 14X0.00 «/H at koniatia VUlat* 630 VD919SS1 3.5*1.0 -30.7 -5.98 112 KdULJISS Spr. tatma PMlhoulaa « Xykkoa 840 VB809714 38.7*1.0 -30.5 -6.43 113 UXUiAS Spr. war Ayioa Ihlnltrioa Villa«« 8(0 YM 30656 35.**1.O -31.5 -6.50 114 I/H 18/76 war P*dhoulaj. Vlllaca 1270 TD8446B5 13.5*1.0 -37.0 -7.47 115 UIO itaaa Spr. war PlataniataM 1000 ÏDO4567O 49.9*1.1 -35.4 •6.89 116 OLUKI Spr. war Polntjpo« Villa«« 1190 YS010669 29.7*1.0 -34.4 -6.91 117 ÛHiUWiA. 10» Í0UU0» Spr. war »lona Villa«. 1060 VSO26C61 a> 21.0*1.0 -34.4 -7.0: 118 B/Hi}9/77 w« X^rthou 1090 VD631672 27.5*1.0 -32.5 -6.66 -'¿- (Continued) o Irltii»! (l.u.) Dauteriua (6i/ /ui>) Oiygen- (6iSo°/oo) KLvXd lío* MW Í1.T. Oooral- a.a.«.l »tu January- Augtat - •abruary Kay lan.- Aug.- Febr. Sap.- Jan.- Auf.- P«br «ay "Sei, liarah S*pt. iarch Oot. liaren Sapt 1977 1977 1978 1978 »r 1977 SB- 1978 1978 1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 119 B/H 54/77 Mar 1976 Paleoayloa Villag* . 1000 VSB38659 31.2*1.0 -30.6 -6.4 120 B/K 58/77 enr Ayio« Snimitrloa Villag« 1000 VDB34647 3.9*1.0 -30.7 -6.7 121 B/K 60/77 Mar Phini Vlllac« 870 VD840619 21.6*1.0 -29.5 -6.0 122 PAXO AJtatll* Spr. naar Aalcaa Tlllag« 1010 YD069651 22.7*1.0 -36.1 -7.03 123 AÏI06 ÏGOHSIOS Spr. Mar Lagoudhera Villae« 1030 TO0O9690 36.9*1.0 -34.2 -7.3O 124 SKIÜ2.-Í0S Spr. Mar Kannarin Villag« 930 VB98O698 22.3*1.0 -36.1 -7.16 125 Snow Sumía frota Troodoa Snowfall 1670 VS691648 43.1*1.0 -52.9 -9.45 126 IROOfiHlTXbäA Spr. at Troodhitiaaa Konaatary 1300 VB853636 22.9*1.0 -34.9 -6.93 127 KÏÎAAISSO Spr. Mar Trikouükia 1400 VS854662 34.3*1.0 -34.6 -7.35 128 SKlYuHJOS Hirer near Aplikl Villag* 670 VD111659 30.9*1.0 -29.3 -6.51 129 PKCiKÏKGUD:II Hirer l>etw««n Pht«rytoua.1i-Fanayia F.S. 535 VDO8S721 34.0*1.0 -31.9 -6.61 130 PLUTANISSASA rtlrar batw««n Plataniataaa-Paoayia P.S. 595 VDO56711 32.2*1.0 -33.7 -6.84 131 UGOiDHERA Rlrar between Iagoudhera-Jyliatoa 670 VDO23714 30.7*1.0 * -36.1 -6.93 132 KARKOTIS Rirsr ot Oalnta Villag* 5B0 VD9O6732 35.1*1.0 -35.0 -7.10 138 KAKAV1A Hiver n*ar Xapoura Foreat Station 545 VBOO3741 37.2*1.1 -31.4 -6.52 139 COUtUjHALl Airar betw««n Xourdhali-Ayioa Ihcodhoroa 670 VB931733 35.8*1.1 -3

The tritium content of precipitation has been corrected for decay to December 1977 and it i& shown on Pig. -8-, This will be used in interpreting, the present tritium content in groundvratcr, in springs and boreholes. 3.2 The stable isótopos in^or.epipi.tfatiori Pig. -10- presents the plot of the deuterium and oxygen -18, à-values recorded in prucipitation in Cyprus from the stations of Prodhromoo and Nicosia, îhe linear regression equation line through these points is : SD = 5.75 S180 + 3.6 _ The average for Prodhronios is OB = -35.7X3.4, I 18 ¿> 0 = -6.82*0.76 and for Nicosia iaSû = -3O.O6±11.7, $^80 = -5.84Í1.88. The difference ia values is attributed to the I elevation difference between the "tío points. The excess of deuteriuia is +3.6 which is quite less I than the normal +10. The precipitation apparently is subjected to evaporation indicated by the reduced slope of 5«75 compared I to the slope 8 of the general line as given by Dansgaard. I I E I I r

I f

ft'

0- '

îï 5ffiS -SS3 Sffî!S3o

íi! »mem «ses asssg SRλ; Slîpss S5Sf S* 33 8?- i sti |gS « SÉS s a

O mm

S f! !3 h s S S

'..«W "•'¡".'i TÎWî <îlî<î<îcî<î •î'î'î'î'î 1°.°. ".".".II0.0.".0.0.0.0. H0.0.0.0.0.0. °.o.°. hï P55S S

:«1« «S«S«Î«Î«Î ÎÎÎ îîîîîiïSïiîî Î SX» g»SS|SSRISRS K i i

I IROUSOUOS (T.U.) , 0IUM HC0SIHC0SI1 (I.P.) omwi mcoiu. 10 IU Ictiul Interpol. Interpol. Correetad KUnfall 1.0. I.U. utIwi Interpol. *nterpol* Corrected n»lni«ll IKB Froa lor la a« Trm Ire» rar in as Ott»»« llooaln Decay Xlcosla üaoajr 19«5 570 455 219 1971 1 3« 99 395 191 17 193 473 230 104 i. 28 640 313 n 127 163 14» 598 85 143 172 44 41 127 97 335 100 0 il 61 612 . 130 153 84 59 £ 135 19«6 115 161 1972 61 52 81 62 £4 50 285 77 103 U 10IS0 32 96 48 23 63 273 13 276 152 200 iä 107 63 34 23 u17 39 151 172 1973 1 42 «i 4« M 129 14« 32 68 269 229 3 n ñ 53 40 352 293 £2 ñ 41 44 54 •7 9 113 7» 88 102 'j 14 177 9 CI 78 «1 10 130 10 38 42 33 58 152 11 75 31 25 50 12 34 30 24 93 «3 79 1 40 24 112 118 2 51 48 56 189 173 3 ¿5S0 40 »3 124 4 se 110 89 16 170 15» 74 220 2 0 14« «3 126 iS 26 22 28 11 31 28 23 55 12 32 14 12 202 19*9 1J7S 28 341 8 i? 54 231 45 49 43 8n3 50 343 220 40 71 49 7H1 7 7o 172 S S 140 9 0 112 10 51 4S 10 11 54 12 51 45 208 1916 1 218 2 54 4» 87 3 128 5« 72 58 5i3l 107 74 28 45 «1 5« 4 II 0 0 0 «7 42 i! 61 41 121 11 59 40 58 12 119 FK3. - 5 - Tritium in Precipitation Correlation between Ottawa and Prodhromos

• Prodhromot obenvtd O'ftodhronws intfrpaMMd from Nicotio

mooo-

7- i-

*-

j-

3 1.000- : 1 >• ?•

,00-

10 10 J t (SOI »100 2 i i I HI MON * * Ottawa X FIG.-6- Tritium in Precipitation. Correlation between Nicosia and'Prodhromos • n/tt Tritium content in precipitation on November, I9tt.

aog-

•

•

tOO-

•W/fiS

300 -

y

.4/74 ufa • >

200- • N/M .^^V* 32.61 + 074 X • •)/« . • .I2/*S AliO •2/t7>y 4/72 "j[ i'

100. ¿hy* J™ . O/7. • 12/K

i/73 >vpXiStii70 < H/«7

'I2/7J' 12Í1

100 «00 (TU) X

1 J" FIG-7- TRITIUM CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION 11 UM C0N1 AT PRODHROMOS AT

• •)••::•

"••;-"•.

nfrirr 3 : ! : 1 . j i 1 = : i ; : : : :: • . r • • • i : • : . 1 : : : • ! : • ¡ • j - \ i 1 j ; i 1 ! : j ; • ' 4—— : : : •! | ! ' if : 1 : i.! • "•4 í- r ': i i 1 ¡ ii - — - - H-- 1-ÍJ_ 4- 4-H- ; : M : : :::!.:• fe

...... 1 . \ T ; ••••H M f • ts; • ; ; • i 1 • : • 1 •í • • • 1'• j • -s h : i ä HUÍ w ! : : • 4444- ? : ": • i- 4-1- : ? i 5 M ; hl V "''• ' ' •=-n V ;f. r f : -T-. f f : : ' ; • \. : : i i ;; \r. 4- ; - i : ; : • I'M L r 1 4- : Il Hl î- '' ú * : : j* : i p ; : ; t _ f i ' i i« 1 X 44- 1 : 1 — ï v : i '•!• '!'h "ff 1 it 1 • : l • * : : i . :U N 1 ' • ' : : : :

g ill 1 • .:• t ; ; r |! . : •M - -i 11 \- • • • • • 1 1 • T ; 1 ' • V : .' f • • • 4 . . . • . . . . v •t t\ H i: • • • £-r-f —r-r-J 1. 1 'V ' ' i • • • 1 i ; i ! • ! i i ; m f ! \ i t \ : 1 \ \ ! J. •"'"• ; '—• —K i: . ¡i ! i : :V i : i : : • : 1 * . \::Í " / \t ií-ii j ¡iij Ë ! 1— .\\—^ 4 ^J—^ ; • 44. — HH - •" !i;ti_ 4+f if i- "'"i H-|4- m 1 : : 4- l ! : hi. val A '- - ílí •T:':" | • I/ • • V ; ; t : : • ' '. i ; : : 1 - - : :- —-— —~- ~- : :i r : : : 4— •

— I . ; : : . \ ; i ' j ; rr Ti" rr ! ílí " í !TT i • r T I 1 ! • • j \ ; ;j T : ! F i : • . ! - : 1 T pin : r : lili! : : : . i : . : 1 I i ! í i : 1 ! i : . - . : . j • :

; i 1 ;••-•£. i ; • ; ! i - -4-1-.— - r --^ • •-}--•-- -- -H-|- ; 1 1 : : :-- ; 1 •- - - - r —--- ; í I i ^~- ' ~"~: •: :- ' 1 : r . -

: • !:! • : T-^-TT

. 1.... ti 1362 1963 1953 19» 1955 1956 1957 1954 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 196¿ 1965 966 1967

TIME

' ^— PITATION fi UM CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION AT PRODHROMOS

-1. • • : I :

• <

--4--~ftrt- --L--'--L-

-'-+ -—

v - 4

- 4

t- t / i

—

-

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1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 19'! 1973 197« 1975 1976 1977

Pltk-11- Relaüanshin between fi'^0 nnti L

SOWOaHOOUd IV ¿¿61 D3O 01 ID3üd NI ÍN31N0D WHIlItíl Q3103äM03 -8-Old

L awn

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• • • 4 ' . . ' .J. • -JL. . . . • i "SI ' 'i ; - l..;J 1-_J : : : : : I : : " : : f ~íjrV ™ 7" TT! * : ; : 1 Tí—í-h Ti- : : • ! : ! : . : TI - : : : 1 - -} _ -i_l — •H—K it.; ._:.. -f-H:-ij-M4-f- U- t j ; i. .:_.;j.:L..:. ,~xry ¿1 • •• • t i Mi» I/I" —; ; :i -\- j . , ilrt-t-ft • ; ' 3 vfn ! ; : i. i II: i ! 'i! : :/. • V V: : : • : í . •'} ' ; i • F • ÍVli i 1 i! | [ü • j ; : | : r * ! ; i i\¡ ! i ir 'Vi - (i ; ^ )i ' \ \l i»" í'i ; i • • ' li. .i;'. ! . .i. . \ • />! •i • \|'. 1 ' ' ' V ; ; H • f. ,\l, | . A: : i... 1 ' \ x • • •1'. ; 00. .\.|. • .i. . '. ' í. • - ;: ; i\ • i' f : : : : j hsj: : . ! »• • • t • • , \ • • \- — - -f - ••—>- •- : • w -.1 r 1 :::: !:: : : : " ~r : : \ : l ! 1-M-f-H : ! : ; : : : :\ :> .1 ; : : l ;l . ¡ í . i t : î : Uii -: î í-r î i i i i/ 4 ! i [ i. [ î i î - I 4 ft-'í. Mi i : ¡ti : !T j •i i s riLÜAI í î ¡ i i j ; i 11- í'í • ttl !' i i ! •: ¡-f-ii 4 i { i4M í 44# ,! r-V T; i ; t T HI -J f 4 -t .fflî vr ; ; i 4 ; 1 : \ •. : : : : i r-tl.T i : 11 U444- 444- i ! r i 1 i ¡•"il 1¡!¡ -i l ; : ' : f í : ! ! -Í-t:'¡- - tí i I • f-i.! i • . ! i •til • : i ! í.H ? t''1 î i f -|- h % Í44J- ü r n¡ i iíf i 1+ W- **¥ t í\t • ooo. i 1 . |-TÍ|í 1 1 4 * • ri- t r f t .... : t : .. • : • •:: -i-: î ! 1 -"•••f-4—í— : - i .... : : : : ; -; : : * ' í .! i Ï1- r I .- ; : • LÜL liií ; ; f ; i : i : Hj ! : : i ' •4- lili ! *- t .i • ¡ t . 4- ' ' - i i i i- •H-* •HÜ > ". i \ î f-f-Rt ! i ' T : • : i i ! ' 1 ! ! i i ! 444i ' i- j i i r 4444- 4C*Í-Ût- 44- •in Î ••• ; ii —-—! •. '• • i : : ; : i Î i i ; L : i i ! : : • i •" - i; i r : : Î L • ..;. -i— -j~ • i * i M i ' .. i î Ï ,-!"'. •

i • • • • ....

SOWOÜHdObd IV ¿¿61 33C NOUVlIdID3äd NI J.N31N0D Wniiläl Q FIG.-9- Monthly variation in Tritium in Precipitation at Prodhromos.

JA FE MR AP MV JN jL AU SP OC NV DC 1973

1 _J FIG.-10- Stable Isotopes in Precipitation

à Nicosia ionple with date 0 Prodhcomos sample with date

-7 _± _± -2

--20

a

—30 r6D = 5.75 618O + 3.6 0 12/196S l0/ 966 1/1966 0 / m © ' / U12/1966

0 3/1966

--S0

12/1961. I - 32 - I 3.3 The analytical results for stable isotopes from some I 85 springs and boreholes on the Troodos Mountain range were plotted against their respective altitude. The altitude varies I from 250 to 1650 m amsl. It was recognised quite early th?t tun springs and boreholes.of the üouth-Southwestürn side of the Troodos I fountain difierred in iheir relationship between stable isotopes and altitude than those of the líorth ¡aid North Ji-.stern side.

Pig.-11- shows the relationship between Oxygen -18 and altitude for the two sides of the mountain whilst Pig. -12- shows the same but for the Deuterium, The saine study was done usin¿ results from spring water only since it was thought the borsholea uight affect -che results since water is found .it some depth and using, the altitude of the location of the borehole flight give misleading results.

The table -4- below gives details of tnese interclation- ships, The .....in conclu:,i or. derived ire. thu results shown on table -4- is that, in. ri i:, .. strong interrelationship between the stable isotopes and altitude, confirmed by the high correlation coefficients. Another important conclusion is that there is a different relationship for the south and southwestern side compared to that of the north, northeastern side.

The groundwater is depleted in oxygen -18 by I about 0.0028°/uo for each 160 m of increase in altitude in the south side> and 0.0021 °/oo in the northern siuo. I The deuterium content is reduced by 0.014°/oo c-D for each 100 m of increase in altitude lor both sides of the mountain. I In general and although the rate of change in isotopic composition is about the same for both sides the southern rjj.de I appears to have slightly heavier ¿¿roundwater than that of the northern side. -rti K-

Table -4- Tabulation of stable isotopes - altitude relationships

Oxygen -18 (S O)vr'B Altitude (H) ! [Springs + ! Relationship Springs only' Relat ionship Correlation jboreholes j Coef. % _ no. | ¡South side 53 1 ^-352^0-1427 North side 32 i H=-464d 0-2185

Deuterium (£b) vrsAltitude VJJ VJJ South side 53 H=-70

I There are two possible explanations about this phenomenon both which could act in the same direction. I (a) The south, southwestern side is the windsido of the Troodos Mountain which receives the first rains produced I from the south, /southwestern winds carrying moisture which by the orographie mechanism produces condensation and precipitation. I Thus the recharge on this .side is expected to be heavier in stable isotopes which are selectively being precipitated otit first I than the northern side which receives rainfall which has been somewhat depleted on oxygen -18 and deuterium. The latter being the leeside of the mountain. In the case of the Troodos . I mountainous range the effect of air nasses crossing it show very well in the 'depleted'rainfall,

I (b) The south~southwes';ern side is exposed more to solar radiation during the day than the northern side with the I result of higher temperatures and higher evaporation rates which may enrich the groundwater recharge* I Some samples of field numbers explicitly shown on the figures -11-, -12- which were not taken into consideration for I deriving the stable isotopes - altitude relationships are indicative of the- use that could be îuade of the derived I relationships. Field no. 12 is the ¿Julphur op.vjng of linlopanayiotis which appears to have recharge from a higher elevation that that I of the spring ibself. Field no. 94, 98, 13, 100, are springs in the Karlcotis river whicli receive their recharge from the riverflow originating from springs of higher altitude, thus I their water appears to be more depleted than expectsd iron springs of similar altitude. The samples from Field nos. 56, 57 I are from springs in Paphos area at low elevations but receiving water from riverflow originating at higher elevations. I Thus, the location of recharge in terms of altitude could be estimated by using these relationships and one could I determine whether a spring discharges water from the immediate vicinity or whether it is river water replenishing it or I whether v/ator travels in the subsurface from higher elevations I and issuing at a spring of lower elevation. I Ï - 35 -

ï'he separation of the vat era in the iroodos mountain

into south end north side sug0osts that there is no inter- connection of the systems of the two sides and suggests that the water is found in isolated compartments controlled by local fractured and weathered zones«

Also, the fact that the isotope content ol the groundwater issuing from the springs varios quite uniformly with altitude suggests independent, relatively siiiall, catc'iment areas. feeding the springs obtaining water from rainfall falling at that general elevation rather than water originating from a higher ground, ihic further suggests that the water bearing zones in the iroodos mountain axe made of many small individual, systems controlled by the extent of che weathered zones, fracturing geologic units, dykes etc. ïhe correspondence of Oxygon -18 and deuterium is quite obvious since both isotopes are in agreement as to the effect of altitude on both sides of the mountainous region. I Thus the st...ble isotope oontent in groundwatei* and the stable isotope - altitude gradient could :)e utilised in I determining the oource and estimating the location of the infiltration zone since the water issuing from a spring appears I to be labelled by the amount of oxygen -18 or deuterium present» The temperature variation with altitude of groundv;atfcr I from springs and borecoles appears not to differ considerably throughout the year. The regression equations, for altitude I (H in meters) and temperature (T in °0) ior the different sampling seasons are as íollows:

Season lío. of spring Correlation Regression I and boreholes coefficient {%) equation September- I October 1976 38 76.9 H=-68.7 T+2165 August- I September 1977 42 02.3 H=-82.1 T+2441 February 1978 24 09.9 H=-73.3 T+2103 I May 1976 17 85.5- H--82.6 Ï+2339 I I

Recharge MCM - 36 -

A general relationship of H=-77T+2260 is considered

to be valid throughout the year. This suguo"ts a drop of "Î.3 °C per 100 rasters of increase in altitude,

Fig. -13- to -16- sho¥í this relationship for the different sampling season,-;.

Sampling points that fall avray from the general Altitude-Temperature relation&hip could be reasoned out as to the cause of such n departure. If for example the j?ield 110, 41 and 42 are considered aoriie interesting commente can be put forward. On Pig. -13- Field no. <1 falls in the general Temperature—Altitude line and it shows a 14.5°C temperature at an elevation of 1O9O m ainsi. In less than 2 miles another borehole, Field No. 42, at about the same elevation has a water temperature of 22°C. Apparently the latter borehole receives water from depth where it attains its high température.

Comparing the tritium content of the water of both boreholes, Field no. 41 has about 40 T.U. whilst Field no. 42 has O.23 T.U. The latter contains water with a very long transit time whilst Field no. 41 contains very recent water. The stable isotope content of both indicates that Field no. 42 receives more depleted water which suggests a higher elevation of infiltration zone. The above is an example of how water masses could be differentiated even at short distances in this region and how well the temperature, elevation, tritiun and stable isotopes are consistent in interpreting origin and source of the groundwater. Similar discussion could be uade about r.iany sampling I points. I I I ~l FIG-13- A'titudc vs Temperature of Groundwatcr woo - (For Sep tcmbcr and October, 197S )

woo - * Springs with »¡«kj no. 4 Barchfllht with field no. •^ Net oerwidcrcd in the rclationchip 1500 -

1*00-

1300 -

1200- ¡! itt o g »00- t-36 c .2 900-

1111 «xH

TO-

MO-

soo-

¿00-

300-

200-

«0-

0 S G 7 8 9 K) 11 12 13 U IS 16 17 1« 1» 20 2« 22 23 2« IS » » » » 30 Temp °C FIG-14-Altitude vs Temperature of Groundwatcr (For August - September 1977)

• Sprints with fi«M na + Borthotes with field na •J Not coraictand in ihc rttatiwtthip

Ul •Mt

5 t 7 19 10 11 12 13 U IS 1« 17 » IS 20 21 22 23 25 2t 27 28 29 30 Urtp. «C FIG-15-Altitude vs Temperatur« of Groundwater HOC -i (For February, 1978) .16 1600 • Springs with field no. • Boreholes with field no. •; Not considered in the relot ionship 1500

1400-

1300-

1 UM- o .122 120N^" g 1000- .5,1*4 o 900 - i.113 S • 1 •! 800- 149 U

X 700- H=-73.3T +2103

600-

soo-

¿00-

300-

200-

X»-

0 S « 7 • 9 10 11 12 1« IS 16 17 IS 1» 20 21 22 23 71 25 2« 27 2« 29 T«mp. »C FIG -16 - Altitude vs Temperature of Groundwater (For May, 1978) .16 • Springs with field no + Boreholes with field no.

S C ~1

FIG-11- Relationship between SO and the altitude

• Spring» with field na 1 • Boreholes with field no. } ¡» *°u« of Troodo* O Springs with field no. 1 ¡n rnorth side of Troodo» • Borehole» with field no. <, Not comidered in the relationship 1900-

1800- V=-456X-1900 V 1700 ( South.spring» only )

1600 f.«>&102

1500 '

UO0

1300'

1200

1100

1009-

900

800

700

600

500

400 +79

300

ZOO

100 / '/•' V =-464.1 X-21B5B //( North,springs ond borehole») 0 / / -6. -1 ' /; YY=-*92X-2377 North,springt only)

1 L \ J

FIG-12- Relattonship between SD and the Altitude 1700-

K0O- • Springs with field no \ • Boreholes with field no f in lou1h sidc of Troodos 9 Springs with field no i ifJ north sjdf ( 150C - •Í Hot considered in the relationship

1400 -

1300-

»00-

«5 1100-

¿ 1000.

,O 900- O .5 800- lii 700- .s»

600- 500- —í 400-

300-

200.

100-

-18 -» -JO -H -îî -» -2* -J5 -26 -W -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -34 -36 -Î6 -37 -38 -39 -40 -«1 -*2 -* X Ocutcrium(O) */•• I - 43 - I 3 • 4 Ü-JEÜÍ-.Ü2L I 3.4.1 íPÍJ^oaucii; In order to evaluate the analytical results for I Tritiums a water balance oí the study region was attempted, und the tritium input in time was estimated. This is the first attempt oï a water-balance estimate of the area and therefore- I some description of tho methodology employed is given so that the extent of its validity ia assessed«

I The Troodos central massif which is made up of a series of serpentines, peridotites and .'¿¿ibbros which have been 1 intruded into fino grained volcanic rocks, the diabr.se, has been divided .into two zones, the upper and lower. I The central massif is tho area which hr,.s bc-cn extensively studied by means of environmental isotopes. It is I the arsa where most of the springs issue and the area in which most of the recent drilling has been undertaken. The basis of I the division into two zones is geological. p The upper zone, 57 km , coincides with the ultra.bo.cic I rocks found from elevations of 1200-1300 m to a. maximum height of 1950 m a.m.s.l. at the Khionistra peak.

I Tho lower zone (233 km ) which includes the upper zone coincides with the Gr.b'jro-Diabase contact. (See geol. I map íi¿£i -2-- ana J?ig. -19-.) l'hia zone starts from the elevation of about 800 to 1000 m. It is made up mainly of I Gabbros encompaa: ir±g the upper zone and the ultro/oasic rocks of the upper zone« I 3.4.2 The. JJj>J2er_J2one

(a) ijie_j?epjieni,sihmonti I Using 7 rainfall stations distributed in the area and by means of the Thiesson method and isohyctal corrections the r monthly depth-area rainfall was determined for the period of January 1953 "to December 1977. The rainfall equivalent to snow was used for the months that snow was recorded.

The mean monthly evaporation of class A pan at Pródromos villages which is within the upper zone, for the period I 1970 to 1977 was subtracbed from tho monthly rainfall« i r I I - 44 - Table -5- Iwsaii ..>oiixhl¿ '.'V.-porccion of CICLSJ A pan I at :?ro''.aroíio3 village (mm) JAN. PUB. ¡JUS. AFlâl i.AY JU/.L .JULY ...UO. £.-:-!'. OCT. l;oV. DEC.

I 27.7 44.3 64.2 111.3 149.6 190.4 ¿14.0 139.7 14<:.4 31.0 45.7 26.7

I 3,-.LJC1 011 0.10 loc .1 •-i:pc" i'"inc: •". yj)- runoff '".MÍ, :-iií)trr clod I thon front o^.ch .'OJtïi-hly r:;iníwll Jii tiie eiJE'bctivc r. .a ni ..11 v,v I Ref = R - L' - (i-ixO.35) where Iief = effective r.>in:C'..ll ¡:u.a/¡io I S = evaporation 11../0 R •- raiiiia.il ¡mu/rao I Ine o.itij.uvfcud. rotói^, oot.-'.i^e-.i '.or thii- ..rt 1 .G v/oll as the annual tritium input ;',ppc!j.r lit.low on table -6-, I

Year-Rechart Tritium i'i'itiuu 1 i IvICM I mut ;Input j nput Input Ï.U. Cor/Letc Î.U. Corr'. c „:_:! T,U. ï.U. ..„_! I -- '+• -4- 1953! 22.4 1 3.7 t 337.1 171.1 1965 25.0 I 1954; 27.0 45.0 12.3 1 1966 23.0 139.0 74.6 1955 i 13.5 25.3 7,3 i 19C7 27.1 154.5 87.3 1956; 10.1 47.8 14.6 11968 42.0 92.2 55.4 I 1957 j 22.8 67.1 21.6 11969 20.6 111.7 71.0 , 1958! 13.0 194.8 66.6 i 1970 14.2 68.3 46.O I 1959 I 21.6 277.9 100.5 j1971 20.9 69-3 63.6 1960 j 14.B 57.6 22,0 I1972 7.3 74.8 56.1 1961 ! 03.0 9.2 32.6 I 31.0 204.9 1 1973 40.9 19621 27.2 513.9 220.1 1974 15.6 23.5 29.4 ji t 1963; 15.5 688.1 311.9 I 1975 2W.1 4O.8 36.5 1964! 16.3 I547.O 262.3 i 1976 13.3 52.3 49.4 i

I Jj.i-ocL on the «.'.bovc the eati;a;vted annual recharge Í of the upper zono is 2û.6±7.5 I'.iCM. I I - 45 -

I All the outflow from thic zone is occurring through numerous springs and aoepates, Âcl/lin;.; ur> soire 33 I t.i'e monitored monthly a one b.5 LCL/r arv, i-L.ti.'*i.tcd to be outflowing, iliia quantity though cannct be uuod dix1', otly to I eoti,.i;;.to the overall outflow, ïiicrtforo for thib purpose a different appro "ch iia:. b_-jn used, the ba^ei'lov; ac recorded £or the Ayios Nicolaos catchment, 16.1 km , v/hich lie-s cor.ipletely I in thu upper zone on the north side, \.\.:-- cor.iputed. 'l'hic aiaountc; to 8.4 IiCM/a. 'i'Jiia càtcnment is oxoectod to be v/cttc-r than the I rest of the arct» thorefors if this i:. j-oductd by ,oomo 20 por cent and considering, th,.t it ic about 0.28 of the total ere.a of tho I upper zone thon tho nnnua.1 outflo'./ froi.i the- uppor zone- is estimetöd to be about 17»3 liCL/a. Ihi& cati¡.^..tü ,:Tlo\r"- como I 16 per cent of the- recharge or 3.3 MCL;/a to outflov/ fror; the upper zone through deep infiltration into lower "reas. I (c ) g the r.ionthly tritium content in precipi t.-'tion I as thia hua bo en derived from the corroí, .tion of Prodhror.os station, which is within the r,ro..i, to thut yi ilicooii.-. and I Ottawa, Canada, ac ox^l^.ined in pir.-.¿,r".ph 3.1 thi_- tritium input wan dc-riv<_d. I The ti-itium input v/r.s •.,'ork:.-d out oy multiplying tho monthly effective r.iiiil'all \/ith ..íontiily xritium content I in precipitation and dividing by the- annual effective rainfall. The annual tritium input appears on table- -6-, I The monthly tritium contení: was subsequently correc"ü.;-¿ for decay to 1977 and the corrected values appear also on table -6-. K.£>. -17- shov/¿ the estimated recharge and the I tritium input at t,h& time of occurrence as vieil as corrected I for 1977 for the upper zone. (d) Conclusion I Tho //ater reeources of the upper zone are in equilibrium and tho outflow occurs naturally through aprings and seepage. The replenishment is of the- order of 20 Win/a. I and the outflow vit hin fchin area is of the order of 17 LlCüi/a with a balcinco of about 3 kCLi/a eicher outflowing in depth f -'í?

F1G-17 - Estimated Recharge and Tritium Input for the upper zone

i

Corrected for decay to 1977

»S3 »54 IKS 1956 19S7 »Sí 19» 1H0 1W1 1H2 1963 19t« 196S 1966 1967 1H8 1969 1970 1971 197Î 1973 1974 197S 1976 1S77 I - 47 -

I into the surrounding gabbro rocks or going into storage I making up deficit,s from other years. The tritium input wan relatively large betv/oc-n 1960 to 1966 v/ith a peak of 6l)0 T.U. in 1963 or 300 f.U. I corrected to 1977« It wat. steadily ri.iinj from 1953 on-.'-.rds reaching 28ü T.U. i:i 1959 (or 100 Ï.U. corrected). From I 1966 onv/ards it has buen de-crciain^ from 155 ï.U. (or 110 T.TJ. corrected ior decay) in 1966 to about ¿,0 T.U. in 1976-77. I 3.4.3 3Í3LC> (a) I o The lov.'or zone covering an area oí 233 km includes also the uppor zone, l'ne saino methodology v/f.s used for the I Gstiniation of replenishment as for the- upper zone except tact an overall 25 por cent runoff coefficient v/as employed. This I is due to the thicker soil zones the less steep topography -vnO. the nature of the ¿;abbro rock which ia expected to allow i..ore I infiltration» Records from 11 rainfall station:; wore utilized for I the calculation of the ¿-.real depth ru.j.niV.1? . The potentiel class A pan evaporation data for Prod'irouo.. v/t-ro a lu 0 used I in this case. Table -7- shows the estinatcd recharge obtained for I this area. ]Year¡Recharge¡Tritium.Tritium Ye ar Re c harge '.Tritium: Tritium , LCM ¡Input '.Input , I KCM I Input Í Input ; I 'm TT ¡Corrected! T.U. Corrected ¡for 1977 i for 1977 ! I T.U. T.U. j 1953 88. 14.5 3.7 • T9T5T~9F.T19651 ~ 337.1 T7Ï, 1954 104,6 40.5 11.0 1966 88.5 139.1 74, I 1955 53.2 24.8 7.2 1967 102.0 155.2 88, 1956 75.0 47.4 4.5 1968 165.6 90.1 54.2 I 1957 91.0 67.3 21.7 1969 80.8 111.8 71.1 1958 70.0 197.4 67.4 1970 48.7 66.2 44.6 1959 77.8 278.9 100.8 1971 78.3 84.5 60.2 1960 57.1 55.5 21.2 1972 26.0 146.6 110.5 hr.i 206.3 33.5 1973 33.5 41.3 32.9 1962 I 107.0 266.6 114.2 1974 56.3 25.9 21.9 1963 57.3 687.3 311.5 1975 110.9 41.8 37.3 I 1964 61.1 ¡520.5 249.6 1976 47.7 52.4 49.5 I

I ï'rom the above the 24-year annual average replenish- ment ior the- lower none inclu'_a.ii£. the uppe. ore is I 79-.2±30.6 1.ÍCM. I (b) Outflow The outflow eetiin .ton .¡re b.".::td on vho 'JC.CQ flow recoraeu at iour small caichi;;*, nt <.roiü •;ithin lilis zoa:o (îig.-iy-)« I All thv-a.. Q'."fec:.u ,v;it; .r~ .„quipp* .1 //ifcL cc:-fci::uju,,..fl^.v nc-!'.3uror.i.jnt ; \xirn ..ir;l thv. b r^flov.' oati^.tu is f'.irly -.ccur.-.tu. I These aro: Hamo Catchiíient Outflow area per km I km2 I Ágroa 6,2 1.4 0.226 flat.^nia 10.1 2.0 0.193 Plu.tanictd.oa 11.8 1.8 0.152 I Ayioa Bicolvioc 16.1 8.4 0.52

I The average outílov; per km per arjium ic 0,27 m-^/krn /a which if applied to the whole area (233 ki.i ) results I to an outflow of G2.9 f.Cï:/a. If the latter ir; coi.ipv.rou. to the estimated I replenishment which is ¿,ivc-n ar; approximately 80-30 LÍCL/a

then it iaioht bö possible co "^,y thi't f:onc 23>» c-ncin "to outflow I from this zone t^n'ough deep percolation into the lower elevation¡, volcnic rocks and then into the seùinont^ry. ïhe balance I is based on several assumptions therefore it should be only considered as indicative to the oraor of ,:iaf,nitu^e of the I quant it ic s involved. (c) i'ritiuin I ihe Tritium Input i;as worked out in the saue /..anner au ior the upper zone. ïhe results appear on table -7- for I both the Tritium Input of each year , ,nd as corrected for 1977. li'ig. -18- 3hows the estimtc-.-d recharge and Tritium I Input for the lower zone. I 1 f 18 - ¿stiiiiwtíd ... har_ anJ Tritii'«» Input 1 for the lower zone eflrain(ma) x tritium (mo.) Tritium inputs

Recharge ( MCM)

•

f!

»S3 i«4 iV» »'» ifcrm» motHi i»*» »ki ms D'M nk? nit nfe wta »V* «Vs Ayios Nicolaos featchment

IT OS|FOHE5J(

•eíaWM ÜWÍBIWI !te Hi Platn

1 ^ i ^ liS m t-'Tfirr 1 i i, (Atas PL 1 il.. Vasa 1 1 * 11 (rsuro -iu)uo!tOA»ia

•-•-w,

y Scott 1 '. ÏO.O0O catchmcnt FIG-19-Map of Troodo* area showing the Upper fcLower zone ana small cotchment areas.

fAyios Nicolaos I Logoudhera 1 featchment / catchment

UoScJ

\Kyp>roûïiaî?|

StKP. jty h1

AY1OS . FO'I • AVÍOS MA ^' >5BEST-/

PL PL i s s s i i ui) uO!iOA»|3 H*

I I 3.5 oo es in O2'ouiio.wi"tsr I Ihe extensivo s emplir.;;, for tritiuu t-nc the ¿t..ble isotopes in i he Trocido;, c.rc.j h_.;_ ;JLO-..TI tii:it .'..rea.", could be I delineated v.uorc tiio Lsotopco ù..ve :.ir.iil'.r or v.lue: i.'.-.llin£. v.'itnin ^ nt.rrov/ r.-.age.

I The jrcal envi.,,..': bj f:i¡.!.iplí..-¡ i' iiO"D uiiiionn, therefore thf delineation i,-. Foiujtint r_ influx ne cd by the density ci sample.; oolite bed, r.l though, in ^enor_l, it soeiut; thtit the v-.ri.. bilifcy of the icotopeü, ie ;juch that the zones outlined are r.-.-.ther correct '.nú the rjiiraplos ..re representative of the isotope V'.'.lue in the area. I The are..1, covered ia quite lur¿c r-.rA thj s/Lteí/.a nre heterogeneous j influenced considerably by L;IC- to:c:.urc- cf t:;? rock aj.a degree of r.v^.theriiiL the ;jtru(. tiu-e, the elev.:. tien I •in.i the general location ec ;eci ,ll,y in conr.eelion to thc- I centr^l top p. irt oí ene rrooclot. ci... o c. if. The rcixint, of ¿roundv/ater c'uc to ii.ydrcdyn.'.i.iic dispersion, thj idol^tion o I ¿jround'.YLitor tue to ccip :r'c¡:¡. ui.i- I lizii.tiou by dyke.; .-.nd f .ult.: ¡.re rour-onu \.aich w-1..':^ ;; /.rir^le intcrpretr.t i on oí the rocultn r .Jjh3r uii.'i'juit.

I Conaiderinf, tho ..ibovo a ui»cuf;,',ion ic prcr:ent(-d (128 belo"." in le^.^rd tj the firou.l variability of Iritiut.i, Oxy^.on-18 I cuid dcutc-riuH values in oiie a,round".vc-tei- of the íroccloü arce. I 3.5.1 Are .'il distribution oí Tritium On figc -20- the .-ire;1.! distribution of Tritium in ¿roundv/iicc-r (ppring,s and boreholes) ir, ahov;n, subdivided I into 5 eli-i.sees. 'ihepe clr.i>£.oo are for Tritium content ¿reator than 40 T.U., between 30 and 40 T.U., 20 and 30, I 10 and 20 and lesa than 10 T.U. It appears that the tritium content in groundwater I is also a function, of altitude.. In other words the tritium content decre/i^eL generally with altitude I from the top part of Troodos. Thin ¡.¿¿¿lit be due to tho fact that the top part of I Troodos receives most of the recharge (higher rainfall -ind ï snow cover). r Ul) UOIH3A»|3

I

I The several zone.:1 ares I (i) +}¥L_h±£¿i ¿\<¿t}Lae. Talc zone coincides \vit;i tht highest perts of the

Trooclo.o Lci^rfif ¿.nú hae tntiur.i content of /;0 tn 59 ï.U. Duo I to the; -.ilti tudo .:uu very btuep 'fcopoci1 ipi;y the '.Irr.ini-.f-,1;- in quite effective ..ml thi; .'.¡tor-i^e c^.p-cLty ..ppe:.rt tc bc- email. I Thus the transit ti:,;e is «hört v/norca.; the rc-plnniohir.ont opportunity is pro¿&nt every ye^.r. I Coiaparin^ the tritium input, coi-rc-ctod ior decay, in fig. -17- v.'lth the tritium valúen for thio :-;ono it vould I appear that the tr&nait time of v.-^ttr in fchir: area. ui^ht be 1 or 2 years. I 'This cor.iprires favourably v;ith the.- jjc-ncral observation iii the :irea v/herc ii rcl:.tively dry v/^ntor resultJ I ir. tj-,¿ clr.istic rod >ction of tht yield of tue high altitude apringc. I (ii) The^J^di¿it_^l¿itudo_ sorln^f _.nd boreholes ïhiû s;on-. ojiconipa^^ac the zone (i) v/hich to¿,ether I coincida i.,;.;inly v/itJi the u"lt..'b<-3ic rockc ml thu upper zone of 'Iroodoi or v;.¿icii the ur b^lnnce \/c-.a cornf-uted I in po.rc ¿rr.ph 3«4.2. ïhic, ztrnc- huz -j.vorci.-o 'i'x-itiu;.. con bout bctv/eon 30 ¿aid /O T.U. -..rid it eppe^ri fch..l it receives ciiroct I rcciic.rgc <'md ùlso through the yub^urf^ce irora the zone of higher clevition. Forcibly the r/atcr in .'jtora^c dilute? tho uodorn rcchurge of tritiuia higher then 40 ï,u. roauciiig it to I the valuec of 30 to 40 T.U. Iho trancit ti^e of v.vitcr is longer in this zone than the previous one. I Tho tv/o zones above from paragraph 3.¿;.2 seem to have an annual recharge of 2O.6¿7.5 IiCïû end the storage I appears to be of the order of 2 to 3 tiinet? this recnarge or ¿iO to 60 LCI;. This is deduced from tho annual recharge and I the short tro.niJit tiruc of 2 to 3 years. The GcuiiploG of similar tritium levels in the Ï Karyotis liverbod in tho north appear to be from springs which are replenished by riverbed percalation of water I originating in the sones (i) and (ii). (|SIUD -Ul) U0llDA»t3

I

I (iii) ÎJie.JLowe.r.j\ltjLtude_ Succeeding zone (ii) raid in turn enccinpac sing the I previous ti.'c ir, a zone of iTitiiui contc-r.t of tir; order of 20 to 30 Ï.U. I The declining Tritiui.i rju,..; .osto longer transit times iaorca^in.;, wd.tn uho diet, Í.CJ ""."/..y from ¡.he top pert I of the Ïroodo3 . rt-^ \s well .'.;• possibly an increaoin,1 storage \;hich reduces tho effect of l.ioaorn roc :arge.

I It is very difficult to cctijnatu tho '^i,'1 of Lho v/ater in this zone si/ice a Mixture of v/ctcrc cr>-: expected to I replenish the ryctom, local rainfcli as v/oll as subsurface- contribution fron tho uppor zonc-i . It rippo^rc though f roía I fig. -8- tlu.t ïritiun levclr; of 20 ï.U. (corrected for decay) were recorded in precipitation in tiio yu:-.r:- eurlior I than I960. The mean -_;gc th.uf_.h i:.- expected to be wuch less end closer to the ¿nore recent componente of reeherne_that is I past 1965. (iv) ¿hfc^¿d_dle.J-,o>£er. altitude springe and boreholer. I The ocane arguments put for..-:.rd or ZOEI. (iii) hold éiood for this zone v/horo thfs ¿rounciv/ator cppeL.ro to hi'Vu oven I lov/er Tritiui.: co/iteiita of '-h .• raii¿o of 10 to 20 T.li. Tho component of recent recharge dccreaacc ivith I distauce from the i.i^lior altitude -„reac which .^.^^ht reflect longer travel tiüi:j of Lubsurfaco recharge. I Tliii zone coincides \;ith the outer boundary of the Gabbro rockoc aud tho be¿iniiin¿ of the ¿iabase. I Upto this point, it appears that there is a relatively largo component of luodem recharfie althuugh this I declines successively vith aistanco. The e.bovo four zones each one encompassing I successively the others r.iake up the lov:c-r zone delineated for the tritiuru input and recharge estimates of para.£rcvph I 3.4.3. The estimated recharge has been 79-31 HCM/a ani if it is assu/aed that the mean transit ti:'¡e is of the order of 10 years (post i960) then the storage available \.'ithin tho I ultreibasic ca\& gabbro rockos over an area of .about 230 km*1 I could be of the order of 650 kCl.:. This of coumo is only an I - 54 -

I an indicative figure of the order of uag. itudc of the volumes involvod. I Pro;., the ab ovo it c.p .care Lhat the Gabbro has a

far l...rgor storage t;u n the -Iti-a ...... sic rock;; ior -./hich some I 70 to 60 J.ICL' h.'.vf.' hi; en estimated, lho l^.tiur hi it- boeii .'.Ico suggested by the re:;,ultu oí r^c^.it 'u-ilii.u^ ;..h„ri: boreholes I in the Gabbro appear to ";•., ^.orc i.ucc.-^r.ful Ihon in the ul braba,.', ic rocko • I (v) llic Ar^kapas f .¿u_lt_. '.nd__ Dizjbu_po area In thic region the ¿roundva-t^r h-.u britivuii levels less than 10 i.U. v/Jaich sug^o.^t pro-bomb rocharle, that la recharge of 'a^c' more than 30 ycaro. Although groundv.-L.tor hr.L boon ttruck in sufficient quantities tho tritiur.i levels r.^rc such thr.t should i ....ke development tichenies quite difficult unlc.^;; the aroj. is carts fully studied. The fact that iiodjrn JX. en arge is .•- ÜÜ¡?J.1 component oí the overall ivchar¿,e, exploit ;tion of this

area by means of pumping in luro;; qu.'..ntixiec ;.iay result in mining of groundv/ator resorvus. The possibility of laryo stor,..ge \/ithir thi,í ar¿.'.

which r-iioht be diluting recent rcchai"f,u is r. .tiler rc.notu in viov; of the mtur.j of rocka (aiabr..;e ^uid lr.v.aii) .uid the I results of r-.cent drilling. AISC Che possibility of long transit times of groundv.'ct. r recharge if thouglit Lh.it tliio originates from I higher ^iltitudes is again remote si^oo as it v.âll be discussed further belov the •* 0 values strongly suggest I that the origin of recharge is from local rainfall. 3..5.2 1'iio aro:il disoribution of the stable isotopes ïhe oxygen -18 (,18 0, ) and deuterium (D) o- cur in 1 ft small quantities in all natural v;at..rs aa H2I80 rnd HD 0. I Variation in their concentration depends upon the history of the water v/hen in contact with the atmosphere. Changes in ! concentration take place during changes in the state of the water molecules as in evaporations condensation or freezing. [ Por example, evaporated ¡úoisture is depleted in 1ôo and D with, respect to the source which becomes enriched with the isotopes. i - 65 - í to was suouruucea irom \¡i:i 1

LEGEND I •sj?ifrA "ritium greater than «0 T.U I Tritium between 30 and 40 T.U

Tritium between 20 and 30 T.U.

Tritium between lO and 20 T.U

Tritium less than 10 T.U

44.7 Q7 Spring with field no.(7)ft Tritium (44.7)

Q6 0 38 Borehole with field no(3fl)6 Tritium«* 6)

53 A2O Snow with field na(&3)t.Tritium(24.3)

D131 River with field no.(l30&Tritium(30.7)

Scale 1:50 000

FIG-20-Tritium distribution

I

I I I I I I I 1

r I I The isotopic conpocitiori oí :. vi tor eaiuclc ie not expressed in absolute values but in turns of the per ia±l deviation oí the isotope ratio iron th/.t of a ct..ndard. The Í.tr.id.arel of ruforenc... is Sl/iOW (Standard Ld:.n Oce:.r- 7/utor) end the dati.. era- t:;:prcó'6CU by: 3 103 °/o° o RS1:0W

where R refers to the isotope rt tio of °0/16Q or of D/H.

The concontriitiono of D and ^0 in g,roundv;;tcr arc determined predominantly by tac corano: ition oí' the rainfc.il v/hioh provider, the roch^.r^i. to th., ; qui fors» Understanding thus of the i.jotooic oonporjition oí r<-.infill i helps in interpreting ¿roundwr.tcr d^tt- (p^rr. 3^2). Ihe i f.ltitude effect on the i,-oto;iic conpouifcioii (pr.ra }.3) is brought about b;V' the chuujc in temp^r^tur^- ,uid &v.:.por,.tio2-; is necc-GC.'.ry to be kno'wi.o

Knowing the- isotopic coir.poaition of ruini'.ll, ultitudu oí feet, distance froin the rourcc- of r.;oi;:turc etc., i it ia posoi.-)le to cxaüiinc tin.. rocL\irgu hj.ouory of ¿vourà'jc.tor oynteiiin :.nd rel;.tc ¡.rod v Li'i,..bility oí u"CJ-blo i::otoper.- to tk i location .,;hcrc recao.rgo oecurö. Sh.'.llov/ -2-rouadv/: t'.rc uuu-lly h^.ve :i st..ble isotope- content corrccpoiidint, "co .: long tcrc cvr.r.^; oí the icotopo content of ruch.-.rge. &hort-torr¡i variabilitj- is dc.i~.ped through nixing in the ...quifcr.'j . .nd by ..i&pt!rs,i:ig during recharge. Thus on Pit. -21- find -22- i.he results from i the suppling o.t different t;^a.ionr; ir.ve been used to delinc.te on the nu'.p# zones of sinil<:.r i&otopic compocition.

The m.v.in conclu£.-iori3 dei-ived iet,.irding the 'ireT.l variability of the st.Vble isotopes in tho groundwtiter i (spring find boreholes) of the- 1'roodos area are that s (a) There is i\ definite p.-.tcern c£ the distribution of the stable isotopes with elevation. The i groundv/titor of Arakapus fault area at the e-levc.tion of 1000 in in.s.l» and ices to be the most enriched water in the area 18 with '> 0 of aboub -5.20^. and Í'D of -26.0°/Oo

•» with a balance of about 3 LCLl/u either outflowing in depth

Ï

whilst the gro..;.dv,V;ti,-r in the ultrabasic rocks at the top of Troodor. .-.roc. at an altitude groate-r than 1500 (r.i. r.i.o.l.) is the- most depleted v,\.tor ¿•.-•..»pled with • 180 of ~7.5°/vO c end v ù of -40.0 /oO. Other :'.ru'::j \/ith ¿round'.'/.: t^r oí icctopic corrposilion gr .dually enriehod in rtabl;.- isotopes with düOrü..SL altitude- aro> idcr-tiíied in Pig. -21- .-na I"i¿. --22- in ¡jotwoen ¿he • .bovo tv;o o::trc.j.'O Cí..rj<.':- distributed r'.di'illy r^bout tho top part of iht. Troodoo mountc.in.

(b) inoro ie t. vory clooe corr^.v.poiidcr.ee of . 0 and Û in the- ^roundv/^cor .nd this i.v v.:ry I explicitly shown by coi'¡p< rin¿ th>. r-cp:.r-:.tc zoning i or u^icíi ont or thi:i.i ne ¡.'lio'./ii on I Piß. -21- and Pig. -22-- which rcsurnbl.-, ;.nd follo'.v c.ch oilier vjry doubly, I (c) Tho .'..épuration oí the grounuv.'.>tt..r oí t'hü ïroodoo Iiucjsif ir.to di;:t ot zûno.o of I gradually .L}¡crc.'.^irii-, contt. .t oi tin, 'ixt.'.vy' Í!"¡OtopC!ó V.'i th doCIO .00 Ol ;.ltitUd:j CUfei,(.l--t3 tiuit local r-charge through rcinfall xa vory I import.'iiit ,.nd th..t littlo if ;.ity r.uboiirf.vce r^c'iarrjj origin.- ci::¿. froiii higher ^.ltitudcS I finds its v.".'.y xnte •.••".ter bc.'-riiif; rocks of lov/cr ilti'cudo. I Ihio conclusion cor.ip<.rod to xhc docr..:aGÍn¿, valuer of tritium in tho ¿roundv/ater ¿¡iü.y bo I further consiilorsd r.¡¿ indicating "111 '.t the storage- voluino increasos and fchu apparently I older v/ater of the rocltx- at lower altitudoc is r>:.thor duo to tho increasing ..mount of •;/..;tor I in storage rather than duo to tho longer distance trave-lled by tiu, subsurf-.ce rocharge,

I (d) CoEipc. ison of the goolo;3ic j^L.p (Piy, -2-) and tho zoning of ground'.vator according to tluir atablo iaotopc content (Pig. -21- and -22) suggests that within each geologic unit there

f is a similarity oí i&otop content. 'This ic. quito explicitly shown by the ultrabasic rocks and inoro so for tho ¿¿boro rock;, (c) ihc 'lighter1 v..tv,r correspond;-: to tíK. croa above tho snowline. (f) The sampler; collected iror.i tho Karyocis river ehov; relatively dopl'jlcd in isotopes water v/hich indicates fciiat tho recharge of thc-co springe is through tho (:r:.v^la oy river v/r.tcr origina.bing fron the high elevation springs.

The Sto.blc Isotooo Content in Groundv/^tor About 122 points, :?.:iinly spriiió^ and boreholes and including some rivera, aamplad for oxygen -18 r.nd doutoriuin during the lifetime- of tho project, h;.vu b-..cn I plottod on Pig. -23-. They all f:.ll on a straight liix- oi a rcgrosoion cquc.tion I ..rD = 5.3 Ti1 + 1.6 Thü point» of hi oh •..ltilud^ a.2'0 quite- cloa.'.ly or. I this lino whilst they ùpre .d oui ...Í, tho ai.-jt: ncc of rcchart,t-' Li¿croní..'oo. Tiic nproc d íroi.. túic ljr.>: ,ju¿o;;.otfj nor_- I uniform recharge ;:.s v;oll :.:J rocivvr^- iror,: ro-usod v/L-.tor. The slope- of the- line ^.¿reo^; quito closely to i thct which vfi.3 worked oui foi- ÍAV procipit-.tioii (Fi¿. -10- ) but tho deuterium oxease in considerably lobt. i This of course suggests 'ch.\t tho recharge- w-:rtc.r undergoc-3 ovci.poro.tion betv;cen the st?.^«.: oí" rainf.'-ll and I iafiltration. 18 Both the local rainfr.ll line ( WD = 5.7 ù 0 + 3.6) I and tho ¿roundwatcr line ( tSD = 5.3 ¿0 + 1.6) do-part frorr. the 'meteoric line' of ^D = 8 ó O + 10 which indicates I that both the rainfall and the rocharge that is caused undergo partial evaporation. Í Tho samples springs and boreholes are- clustered together according to their altitude. This is shorm on I Pig. -23-. I UV« ' • -- ¡ ' ¡ -'••--' ! '-"-'S ' '"•-' 1964 61.1 ¡520.5 ! 249.6 'i976! 47.7 j 52.4 i 49.5 ! HÉ

3D i áUpt LEGEND

6*0 less thon -7.5";.* mm' {'®0 between-7.S fc-7.0*W * 6l80 twrwetn -7.0 ft-6.5 «v

;-;:,;:::| 6180 between -6.5 i-6.0 '/.•

l8 MM i_^ji_u_^ S 0 Between-6.0 Ä-5.V/.' [<^S<^¡ 6l8O greater than-5.5Vt»

7'71 Q7 Spring with field no.tTJtB^O volue(-7.7i) l£jt,T>! 30 06.99 Borehole with field no.(30)& 6'%volue(-6SS)

l8 6MÛ 153 Snow with field no.053) &6 0 value(-6.58)

J33D131 River with field no.(l3i)&6lB0 volue(-6.S3) ./ MIÜIS Scale I : 50.000 FIG -21-Oxygen-18 disiribution

W'.-i

W5 ¿p m.

•\ ijLiflíi

'-is ïïr/;v(osi (•tri) LEGEND

U 60 less than -37.5 V* ' Y" W -„I-/

g}. 60 between -37.5 to -35.0 •/.• \ g 60 between -350 to -32.SV

_J 60 between -32.5 to -30.0 Vf

>Ü 60 between -30.0 to-27.S'/*

6D greater than -27.5 V*

39.2 07 Spring with field na(?)(,6D value(-39.2) '

42 O32_, Borehole with field no(<.2)& SO value (-32.1)

53 Aea2 Snow sanpie with field no.(53)t6O valurf60.2)

Ü130. River with field na(l30)&6D value(-33.7) 33.7 Scale 1: 50.000 FIG-22'Distribution of Deuterium \ v.À/7

¿J - 61 -•

The nprings and boreholes on tho top part of Troodos are recharged mainly from unow cad the relationship •~ 1 8 be two on I) and ¡ 0 XG quite uniform, i'hc groundi/atex1 in this area is tlic most depleted one ir. both of the .table isotopes-•

•The L.t,oond recognizable v/.-.tcr body i,j thu.t of tho lov/er part of Tro ocio fj which in r^l. .livoly more enriched in I wti-'-blc. icotopc-;.-, tho altitude of rechr-r¿_,'j being the controlling factor. I Samples from springt» within ov near the K¿-ryotis river which originates from tho Troodoc Lountnins uhow = i I a greater departure fron the 'meteoric' line v/liich sufegestn that the v/cter liaa undergone evr.poration before infiltration into the aqui.'er. Thici i;j duo to the irrigation practico in I tho area and return flow from irrigation and the time the water apend& ^taii in Lue riverbed befox'e infiltr.i'i/ion. Tho groundv/atcr oí' the Aralcnpaa fault aleo showc that the water has undergone evaporation before infiltration. Tho general altitude of recharge is quite lo'ff conpared to the main Troodoa £,r<;a. The recharge appears to be local mainly from lee '.1 precipitation.

In the a..iiio graph,river './at^r ;.r.jiiple-c have been I plotted. Although, it i,o aprinf.7 .ter th.fc fev the rivera, utill since of Were : ai.pled in Pcbruarjr, their ctablt i&otcpe content reflecto the iootopo content of rainfall occurinj at higher altitudes. Thus the 'deuterium I excess' is y?eator and probably closer to the 'meteoric' line rather than tho isotope content of the groundv/atcr ¡..t bhe top area of Troodos. The recia.rge of the latter area is derived from inciting snow which undergoes evaporation whilst the sampled rivorwater has not undergone considerable I evaporation.

3.7 ?iL?.J^£¿í!¿iC¿^_káP_0£. 5ritáJM^°iiíiLnÍ-S£__5rii!ff^*í^';^£ PI^^^—§ÍS£¿£¿L^i}£íiSí¿S.^. Springs The Troodos Mountain raid especially the ultrabasic rocks in the centre are being drained by numerous springe. Although the flow char.-.etcristicü are quite sir.ri.lar, in i that the peak flo\m occur in late spring and the flov/ i FIG-23-The stable isotope content ¡n ground water ¡n the Troodos region

-20 • |sept./Oct. 1976 * Springs • Boreholes t Springs f Aug/Sep. 1977 9 Boreholes JFeb. 1976 x Springs A Rivers A Snow -* Not considered in (he relationship / / ^*"—^T^ / -25 • v River water ^^^ AM .'8 mmmmmmm I / •80 mam HO /y.« 1 / »121/ J / / ky^^ 148 -30- ( A150 /^>^ '5// ( »^, a120 •«« J1 VA y^ 'Vo* ^// 1 (mainltowery Gabbrpart oo rocf Troodos/k s £ / ^ *2 Û12» ^<9 11 3 / y / / r • / «37 >•^ »104 >^ / / /( Karyotis area ) tO7 A/ /-.J6 1 / V ^ Recharge from * / // 13 / 130^*106 l5y/ Zie6 £ y' river flow

-35 - > *%"*¿W*S&/\~/ »100 \. \ • --13 "Jf •«- / 124 v i Ain '

<1 +*l08 \ Top part of Troodos/ * / (mainly Ultrabasic/ 6 + 2+ /3 ) rock») J 8V»« /

/ -40 • « i/ 10 4 + / \ !% / »101 / \ /•i02 V ,47/*«

-45 - -9 -7 -6 6 O18'/.. \i stable isotope content in groundwater the Troodos region

| ScpUOct 1976

'Sug/Sep. 197?

I Feb. 1978

ha m the relationship

Arakapas fault Epiagonia Akapnou

lowsr part of Troodos (mainly Gabbro rocks

( Koryotj» ana ) Recharge from river flew

T«l08 of Troodos/ Jltraba&iCi

7 103, H i ;

r. H •luí 147 , »95

•"ft -6 -5 6 018«/.. I

r I recodo... thereon until th. íollo'.. i:i0 '.ii:.i"cr, ..bill it appears thc.t they. dr;.in separate storche zone:, or thi'.t they I ere at tliíxeront lev&l¿ of a.j;ic etorc^o zone:. In order to oorup av.- the trixiuu content of i.hu I ¿round'.;r.cor ic.r-uiu^, Iron n. v\yr±:i_, to ix¿ otorr.f.- c- p -city (or fc.tor-üO i.v. ilf blc DL.t-,;c-oii oo :.!: .r¿.i i inii..ur.i flov/) -.. I auiiiber oí s;"rin¡ju wore- o3:;..i.¡i,..-.-d .nú ...:i .;r.ti:,i..tc oí' th.. weiter iii íjtor-'.jjO '.'•..:, obt .ir.cd Ly rocuu^ioii •~.n'.lycij. I 3.7.1 ïhc r I ïha i.'othod «nployed uses the -sera •.tion at Qt = Qoe" I where Qo = flov/ (nr/sec) -,t tihio to Qt = flow (n3/coc) .-..t tiinö t I -<: = recca.ïiou coefficiont t = tine \;hcn Qt ic required (d-.yü) I I I I I I I I r

i...,. • i.. .• • i I - 6/ -

I In the oxa..:plc above the value oí Qo = 2.6(m a c thus Qt = 2.6 &~ " . If Q-t is chosen t:a Qt = 1, the corresponding k-i I period t is 306 dayc. I Thus lgQt = lgQo - (0.4343--) t lg 1 = lg 2.6 - (0.4343O 306 I log 1=lg 2.6 - 133- 0 = 0.415 - 133- 1 c. = °-f4p- = 0.00312 ihu& the equation of ei.ptyinû the spring shovm I on the exanple above is : I Qt = 2.6 e-°'O°312 * Por calculating the storr.go cr.pr.city tho integral I formulri i& t-.ppliods V = Q dt I 'to irfc I = 2.6 . o~

I 2 6 ' - 1 ' e"at : = -^ - G" .; o I with t in seconds I Using this method tho recession coefiicic-nts end I storage c-'vpr.city of como 20 springt -.vas cstiniitod tho results being shewn on tcclo -8--. I An Gxr.raple of the recession analysis in shown on Pig. -24- for the ChrysoTcrysi spring, (field no. 3).

I 3.7.2 The _tri_tium-atorro capacity relr.tionship I Prom Pig. -25- it appears thc.t there is a separate rel.itionship for the smaller springs of flow between 0.001 to 0.008 irrVc and for those of flow 0.01 to 0.04 n3/s. \\S (( TÍ « > /""H

I I - 65 - Por the firrt c;.sc usi:ig date _"rom 16 springs I the rolc.tionshi.i is I V = 0.57 where V = storage capacity I and I = iritiuiii units Iho coofiicisrit of corrélation is 82.9 P^r Cuut. I 3?or the second c;:.sc wher:- only ¿ spring;; './ere c.nnlyaed the- rol..tionsiiip i,3

I V = 12.5 e-°-062 * I and the corrélation coefficient is 95.7 por cent. The tritium-storj.go c^.pr.city rcl.itionahip VÍ.-.C I found to be as oxpcctoà, in thrt the ;JÍ.:V.11CT the ct-oi-vgc capacity, the f.v.stor the turn over time r.nd thus the- I tiitium concent ±c liGJ.xor to the present levels of tritiun in precipitation. I The EiOpc.rate relations'lip for the larger sprir.G^ susßocfce thiit the i;ritiurii level of grouijJA/.:.fcer ií;wuing iron a coring is not only .•-. function oí the :•.tor..>¿c c.p'city I of the zone feeding the uprin¿ but ..1,JO .. 1 unction of tho flor; of the t.'prin¿ vvhicii in. turn -..Ico control;, the I residence time of '. Such t'.n c-uc.lysic of the triti'jj;i coiitcnt and the- I storage capacity of a spring could help in eitii^-.tin^ tiao storage capacity of r. spring, in a ;_.iven region when the I tritium content in the ;::AÙV issuing from a spring is I known.

I

1 T

- t

Table -8- Soor.i0e Capacity oí' Spring,: and ïri^Iun Content in Groundwatc-r

Spring H"/;e Field Recession St orage Tritium IÎOC CoeiTicic-nt C'.p' city Cont ont , ( LiûM) T.U.

Ay. iJikolaof; 1 2.7x10"3 0.290 iiili.'i 'A' 2 2'.39:riO"3 0.152 43 Chryaovryci 3 2.1)1X10~3 0.068 54 Platoiiia 4 2.71x10"3 0.159 39 £ftavryaos 5 4.3OX1O~3 0.300 24 Hardji Lower 6 5.23x10~3 0.523 43 Chrome(Kam? oure s) 7 5.38z1O"3 0.706 48 Chroiiie (New Gal.) 10 1.83x10"3 2.530 28 Papayiorki Katyd. 13 1.12x10"2 0.269 40 Loumata 'B' 14 5.9X1O"3 0.080 58 Louiiiata 'A' 15 3.87x10"3 C.085 30 Lounato. 'C 16 9.8x10"3 0.0/1 61 Kaledonia 18 5.93x10"3 0.113 56 Kc-phalovryrjorj <.';.77x1O~3 P. Plâtres 19 0.114 31 Yerokuxiin:: 20 3.22x10~3 0.115 46 L'lozoru.3 21 2.81x10"J 0.172 20 Arkolahania 25 1.G7x1O~3 1.812 27 Kochinar Phirr.., 28 2.10>:10"3 0.383 7 i tou i.:,ylou 38 5.07x10"^ O.O64 47** Delii;i]joc Appiciiierj 109 4.67x10~3 O.74O 6**

i * Sample t'.kon in January 1977 ** Sample- t.-Jcon on Stpt.nber 1977 I All other (JUÍIOIGÜ or. Soüten.ber' 1976 I 3.8 The Cheiuic.-.l Charac Lor of ïroodou Waters All the c-rirnplc:¡"! obtained during the survey have been analysed for the iua.jor ion.s prosent in water. The I resulta are shov/n on a Piper-dia^i'ara (Pig. -26-) where the water bodies can be classified according to Lhoir chenicr.l I conctituonte. Although there are dii'ficulti in I the effects of the teolo¿ic 1 oxr.:ation:ô on the '.vater still I r.omo obvious be detected. îhoae ¿rouptr are: 11 ù'ith -> 0 of ubout -5.20^.and CD of -26.0°/ o I O f-

FIG -24- Recession analysis of Chrysovrysi spring

i i

0.010 9 8 7 6 5-

in

o lg 0.0023-lg0.00045 2» a = 561 s 0.00290« 0.001 V s 0.0683 MCM 9 8 7 6 S

no 330 440 ssç 660 (days) 0.0001

Tim«

1 10.0-1 9 FIG-25- Storage capacity and Tritium content e - relationship for Springs 7 •

6 • * Spring» on North side of Troodot 1 0 Spring» on Top and South tide of Troodot Flow 0.001 to 0.008 m /s S- ¿ Springt on Troodot but away oí immediate Study arcaJ • Major spring» and chrome mine gaiwrici (Flow: 0.01 to0.04 m'/s) The numbers indicate field numbers of »ampies 3 -

1.0- > 9 8 Ato» » : ^ 6

3 - An

-0036íx 2- Y=0.57e

18 0.1- 9 8 7 6 S 16. 4 -

3 •

2-

0.10' i I 10 IS 30 35 60 SO ss 60 Tritium Units I r». I (i) The wat'jr ii-suing from ultrabasic rocks or nt I their contact with gabbros. These ¡nay be chaivcteriuod a;: hagaiesium -• Bicarbonate I waters, The source of rocharge ia the sf.,i;e, r..-infill r.nd snownelt. The trr.nsit time of v/ator in the reservoir is I short as depicted by the h'.gh Tritium content (40 to 50 T.U.) and thus this water ir> free fron salts. Ihe variation in I quality nithin this ¿roup is small which indie.•.tes either a I well mixed reservoir or same conditions of recharge, uniform I geologic environment und similar transit time. (ii) The water issuing from £..:bbro rocks or at I their contact v;ith diabase. Ihe water may be claoniiiod ao La^nesiiun-Calcium- i Bicarbonate we.I;er ulthoufth an increase in S.odium compared to the water of tho ultrabasic rockc is noted. The gabbros are at a lower elevation then tiie ultrabr.oica v/hich they I surround and some increase in evaporation is inevitable. Ale-o tho storage, in the ¡¿ubbros, "°oing more weathered, I is larger and recuits to longer transit biniea. The tritiun content var.ca between 20 to 40 T.U". I The variation in chemical quality of samples collected from the gabbrc roelíü la larger than the ultrabarics I reflecting the variation in trensit tii.:es and nonuniioi-mity of the groundv/riter syctemc "/ithin these rocks» I (iii) ihe water is,?uin£, from diabase rocks. This wotei- nay be classified as Calcium—Magnesium— I Sodium-Bicarbonate water. Unfortunately the samples collected from this typo of rock material are rather few but still I enough to suggest a sepr.j-ato group. There is a definite- difference from the ¿, ..jbro water in terns of an increase s in Sodium, in the diabase the transit tine is definitely longer than for che gabbro and the tritium content varies between 1,0 to 12.0 T.U, Shis longer residence of the I groundwater 'within the aqui; jr may be the reason for the I increase in salinity, finally, (iv) The water in tne basal group and lavas. I ïhis water is characterised by an increase in Sulphates .aid Chloride ienvs comp.;ro¿ to tiie other groups. r Jí: " - 70 -

This laicht be- due to the rock itself, the low elevation of recharge and the long, transit time of water -,/ithin this type of rocks su suggested by the tritiu.i content being about 0.1 to 5.0 T.U,

'.Yithin the above generalisation:: on the grouping of the wator.i based on their cher.ac.-l character there arc some excoptionij ouch that n sample collected from a ft borehole in dir.bc.se rock ¡úay 'on r.'ithi;-. ene gabbro rock type of water etc. This might be explained by considering the fractured nature of the rocks and the individual reservoir systems created by faulting and dykes which «..-¿ht provide water from one type of rock material to another in £;uch way that the chemical character is not altered.

The general statement though that can be nade is that there is an apparent grouping of the waters in bhe area controlled by the host rock and their cher.-ical quality, which might be related by the transit time of the water within the rock type as suggested by the tritiun levels of the water.

In general there is ". decrease in tritium content I in relation to an increase in sodiui/is sulphates and chlorides. 3.9 Some Points__of__Infceres£ _ArisÍ2S_frpjl_tho I 5nvirojiiTierital IsP^oj^¿iiryeyonjthe Iroodoa In the dincussion, so ft'.r, tJie results from the I environmental isotope survey have been ¿rented in general terms i in groups t.nd in thoir relationchips both with other isotopes ae v/ell as with other physical parameters. I The results in part substantiated conclusions about the area derived from more convcntiu.il methods and also provided I information not apparent so far from other data« In this section soras points of interest arising I from the isotopic analyses of particular sources will be highlighted which indicate the importance of the I application of this technique and the unique iniorjuation that could provide which could not have been derived by I other means. 3«9.1 Two boreholes drilled in gabbro rockc t Pelendri I village with a distance oi 250 m fror.i ei.ch other exhibit f f-T«in>

r ~i

5:-:

Fíg. 26 Piper diagram

¿SHU

1.1 sr

- 72 •

different characteristics. These arc- the boreholes 52/76 and 53/76 of cample field no. 38 ,.nà 39 respectively. The yield of Field no. 39 it 112 iP/hr whilst that of Field no. 38is leso than 30 irr/hr. During the- pumpin., test no interference wao noticed of one on the other.

When the isolopic anuí •/se.« aro- ü::/raned it can easily bo seen that the two borehole.; although. r,o close to e<'.ch other still they tap different water bodies.

The lor/ yielding borehole, Field no. 38, does not contain any ¡.lodern recharge (po at-bomb r, charga post 1953) as indicated by bhc Tritiun which is 0.6 T.U., v/hilef Field no. 39 has some contribution of modern rocharge, .. 9.0 T.U. Also fron the rjtablu isótopos it is concluded that I the recharge for borehole 38 i« considerably 'lighter1 than H that of 39j indie:'.ting that the recharge originates fron a I higher elevation, and Travels in the- subsurface to reach tiio borehole 38. The r180 and ,iD values for well 38 arc -6.6 and -35.0°/oo respectively compared to -5.8 and -30,0°/oo I for well 39. Both walls c.ro at about 81C m a.^i.ß.l. and using the stable isotope - altitude roL.tioiijuhip derived I earlier - there should be some 300 motors difference in the altitude of their respective recharge- occurrence. The I faults in the. area are aligned from high to lover elevations. I The above provides sor.ie unique information as to . the difference observed in the tv/o wells and points to the I extent to which the radioisótopos and stable isotopes could P help to clarify or explain hydrogeolo^.ical problems» I 3.9.2 A similar problem is vrith tv/o boreholes at Plâtres of field no. 41 and 42 (see Fig. -2-) which although are I very close to each other, 300 in, still bhey differ considerably in their characteristics. I The rrell 41, high yielding, contains water with tritium of recent recharge, 35.0 to 43.0 T.U. compared to I the well 42 which contains no modern recharge, 0.2 T.U. Thoir stable isotope content suggest that the zone of r recharge for well 42 ia at higher elevation than th.,t. of - 73 -

of WGII 41. 'uño J 0 and ;)D values for well 42 are -6.76 and -3¿.O respectively compered to -6.4 -:.nñ. -31.0 for vrell of field no. 41. Such diff croncofj in clccc distance helps inuensely in delineating aquiferous unit» of .simil-.'-r char.'.cturi;jtic3 as '.voll ac tneir potent i;.l which could not bo y.;riiicd easily by any o~i>hor oí the conventional methods.

3.9«3 An interesting point could bo uado for field no. 12 which is the sulphur spring at Kalopanayiotis village- at an altitude of 670 m m.s.l. The tritium content is f 0.9 T.U. suggesting no modern roohr-rgi and a vary long transit tii.ie. ''"in ~f From the b 0 and JD velues rol* tionship with altitude iho elevation whore the rochargo occurs should be about 1150 iu. m.a.l. Ihis agro o s with tue loiv tritium content or tho long transit time which ±3 needed to covur I such distuiicu. 3.9.4 Also the spring at Phyli;gra of fiold no. S2 altJ at an elevation of 700 r.i. ^.m.e.l, and v^-ry recent recharge I (59.2 Î..U.) the "'180 and ÓD veduct. aro -?.3 "î"-d -38.9°/oo rorapoctivoly which aro quito low raid expoctocl only for I recharge occuring at an elovatior; of 1200 ¡a ni.f.l. ïho isotopic •-in,.-.lj3c-s pointe, to tlic not Loa of rechargv for I this spring. Water from high elevations iá brou¿,:it ¿ovni by tho vfcrccu and iniiltratcs nc-ar the vicinity of tho I spring.

!hc stjiio as above could be strited for the sorunlce I 13, 9j 94j 98, 97 and 100 which arc all from springs along the Karyotis river issuing from tho top part of the Troodos I Moujicain thus exhibiting 'depleted'(in stable isotopes, water and with a large contribution of recent recharge. I 3.9.5 Another point of interest that wight be cited hero is the comparison of the tritium content in groundw.-.ter and I the performance of the wells during a very long teat pumping. I live boreholes for w.iich tritium data is available have been tested for periods ranging froi/i one to throe I months. Fron: the result« it appears thai; tho higher the- V- Í T f

I t (t the trltiui.i contont the bettor the porfo:\aanco of tiio well I ia. As í.n ozv.uiíplc the- Pío Id no. 33 i- ¿i.iven v.'hich is borohole 67/76 ."it Pot;:¿,;ifci,jaj. villar^» rhe o3tir.r:tod yield ! of 104 m-fyhr dcrive-d froifl ^r¿ c:\rly ,-hort-t^3t dz-opjed to 50 rii /!ir eft or 1400 hours of pur.-iiv,. fhc tiitiuw coûtant of I 1.1 Î.U. su£,¿üctin¿ no r^coiiS r^chcirc.^ i t>oi"aholc 53/76 üt ^elondri \yith 0 T.ü. ¿nú field no. 65 borehole I 105/76 f.t Ayios Thoodoros with 6.A !C.U. v.'horo the decrease in jrield in 1500 and 36O hours rosi^-ctivoly h s b..er¿ very I sme.ll.

Such comparisons ¡.a*y unable- in the future the- I estiiui-tion of 0. well's pt-rfornt.nco on the tritiuiú contont in tjio groundv/. .tor that is taoping r-.uher t:.-.ui iroj¡; u proloitged il very üxooiisivc; ce ¿ting. Of courc-c, the i\:\7 •./ollc checked r:s í'.bovo aro not cufficient to provide conclusive ido::s I but it doeñ ühüv; tact 'chore ir: ...n ¿'„^rceiúoiit bccvA¡un theoretic. 1 ¿.lid practical cor.üiderr.tions. I

I

T I I 4.0 Mia!¿L§I2íí I Lost of tii'.j conclusions dr-vm !wo ulïoady been presented with the 'results1 of the study therefore here- I only the ¿^iier¿il conclusions ...iv. presorted, She uso oí tuivircnr.ieütLtl isotope.:; in the study of tho hydrology °f ¿ region is ... v;ry powerful tool in the general understanding oí tho nydrologic r^-giiae in the region. Bodies of \r:.t^r with siiail;.r : ource oí recharge, altitude of infiltration -.nd turnover tii:,e could re:.dily I bo identified. Difficulties in the cor.iplotc interpretation oí tho

• and hydrogeologic inf ^mction av¿iilable íor 'che are,., is very li:..ited. Nonetheless the analytical results provide SOÍ.IO 1 unique information v/Mch could not haw been dexiv.d oy ..ny other convojitioncl r.ie thod and which could direct the study i of the region in different vv.jys. Tho geology of the region is quite complicated and conveirtional methods CI.JI net by the., selves enable full

understanding of the hydrc3eoio0y of tne irea. This lies l always been a problerii '.•/ith fissured roclt,: ar' is *iu. oa;K, of the I'roodos Lassif.

It has ^ecoiae i.~o .arcnt th-t there, is an ^xeonsivo u/iiforüiity in the conditions of x.-ciiarge v-.'ithin each rock unit and it has h^cn sliown that the ultr ,b'.sic rocks could 11 1 be treated I'.K c-p.irt.ce unit the sruae holding; true for the gabbro belt, the diabr.so ;aid the AxSxcpzs f/ult area. Interconnection betv/ce-n the main rock L..aii.¡; ia uot strongly su&gcstcd whilst conro:irtiii..ntilizution within the aci.io rock \ I units duo to the dykes raid faulte if apparent. The survey covered LI large cror. therefore \ I spécifie problems in detail could not h.\Vu been undertaken. 5 The attention hr.fj boon focused in identifying ro^ioncil ! I features. A good framework of the environ^entcl isotopos in the region has been established v/hich could in the future,

with additional and specifically cUsigned ,'3f'.rupliriL could be 11 used to solve particular problems in the urea. -6 -6 -5 -4 í O18'/M

I I I Tho record oí tritiuin in prcci_ itetior. for the Prodhromoa station v.-ithin the study ;'.re.:; h.~i; ktn completed tî- I through int.:rc;ilibr".tion bí-tvieon the r.v .-.il-.ble record for i'licociu end Otta-.-íe., C.iiíuk'.i PUL to tai, dcix-ndo-iio. of tritiuu on latitude re.ther Lh-ji ;:nyLhir-t, el:.e the coefficient I : of correl. .tior; be ¡jv/oen Proúhro:: ce . :td O;t.:.,, i:.; r •.;,--;or good, thik being 87.5 ir^r coïit, A Ge.'.co;:1.! v^ri'tion of tritium I in prcci;]ifcaiion o;:hibitin¡i e niuï'.ir.im.i in ll-.y-Juile cir.d c. üiiiiir.iur.i in Octobcr-Dccuííber 'v^y b^ MI observed for I Prodhror.ios oto.t The stiible isotopei in Milcipit. tion h.ivo boon I compared LJIÔ. t:io r.:l".tionchio is ;D=5.75 -. 0 + 3.6. The excess in dout^-rium ±u quito los.". t:i,:ai the nor!.;:i.l which I indicates tlv.t the procipitiifcion is subjected to ovc.poruuion iis shown by th>. rcducc-u clopo coiúpcirod to tJi.¿-t of the I SGnor;.l '¡.letcoric ' lino.

; Thorcj ia r.n altitude ofi.cet on thu oxygen -18 und •. .î I deutj'riiuri content of grouiidv/'-.tcr, resulting fron th... srmic cfioc on tiiû rccJiL.rgo. A ciiíí-v.rouc^ ir Lhc c.ltióudc effect I line been re corniaud botv/oon tiie ¡¿roundv;. .t ^r of the South side of "che i'reodos hount.-in ^o th..t of the ¡icrthorn ^;idc. ihc ground-./...fce-r is1 dople-tod in oxy.r.on -18 by 0.003°/oo for I each 100 m of ¿'.lcitucic end O.C02c/oo for .r.ch 100 n rospL.c fcivcly. This could be due ~«o ih... fe.ct thr.t the- south- I side ic the- wiiidüido of the irooao..- ¿iountj-in receiving

precipitation f irat, thus, heavier '7r.tor, Also5 the cvr.pori/.tion I on tJie soutnrjide is uorc since there- aro i.iore sunshine- hourt; compared to tliab of the ïïorth side, i'hic night b._ also the I rvason. The exiotonce- of such diii'orcnco definitely indicates that tho :.quj-fcrouñ systems are iiot conjiected bet;;oor. the- south and north slopes of the i'roodos r.aiiie.

Tho probable c.ltitudo of rochcrge as fron isotope do.ta end tho altitude effect rnity ch.'iractorisu l the water and allow the idoutificr.tion of cpccific x-ochargc * T areas. This has been applied to j;i:uiy points tii.it heve been sampled and the ron-ules ho'.T that this method could find good use in tne ïrcodos ran¿,w. r - 77 -

ïhu temperature- of ¿¿rountivíati.!1 varios v/itii altitude and i"c corrobor^Us usually -./iLi the conduisions derive^ for naïiy üourcéó by coiiv,.iitioii,-.1 T.ÍÍ i:olopic j.^thed

In xryj-ii^ to ^.fcoir.ai.e oL-. triíiur¡ ir.put in the rcciicrfcc for I he region neme co ~.c Luaio:ió uav.: b^.n derived ior the- water bal mee of th. axe . Although '¿h<- ÍÍJ,UI\.£J niv quite rou.vJi r;tili i: :. y r:.'¡: L\) '.a f i'.:^ ucrr: ci o:.-fa.r.

it ''.ppe.MT; !:•: :t tho upper aouu ic ii; equilibriiu.i

\;hcrü from an aramal r^pl^nirjlu.e.-it of 20 I.iCK on the ..v„iv.cx infiltrating, some 17 LCIi outilov/ to V:v: &uri ~.cc ar.d 3 MGK Eo into storage or outflov; into iow^r rearj t'aroufch the subsurface. ïho tritiur-'i in^iit h..r- bt.1.11 nijcccted to be I 40 T,U. in 1976-77 "."'.ich coi ,par.. ;". to xh; .ritiui.: content of thv. ¿.,rouiid'.7i.bor outilo\;ii\., frohi opriüof- in 1977-1978. I i he replt.T>ifc;h: \on\ Cótij./ii'od for a lov/jr • rer. including trie upper one- )..-; of c . c;. der of 79-31 ^Ctî. ï'he- I outflov/ throLi^h rnri;^L and seepage ia e.c tiv.-i'.teu to bo nbout 63 íXIv/a '„"i^h 1 hv ;'e;-...x"der <_,oi;.0 into .'•tor-'.^i. ox I throurh fjuus-urí- c. outflov, ir.to th^ ,';er'.i¡-a."it .ry flv„ . .re. 1 v, ,ri, .tí i lit y oí t'u. .ií'oto;;^.. in tlu di/afc^r of i-tii.. ircodon < .o.cii ;.•..;., b-.-..n di:cvsc;.d ¡.lrcatly. I Doli.iL.:..cion of di. to five zones ior tritium. ï;io ti-itiur.: Cû/ic.jifc in ¿ir I VL'.tùr is o\«.cc.:-,r:rvoly l-.r^^r .vitii i...orc¡ ..ing alt.iuâ... ïiiic

mioirt b. duo to th- f-.ct 'carit t;i.. :rj_.-.g. •:."/..il... 'lo is I smaller vvitia iíici'u.'..3in¿ ^iti'üuao tiras t/xo-rc xs r. fast turnover of water, ;.ud/cr boc.ucc r.'.ost of cliv- reciiar^e occur.:1 I at the h'.¿lior olovtioní' v;jioro the i-ai-if, 11 is higher r.nd fall occurs a I As regards ~co the areal v..ric.bility of the atablo isótopos, tile i ij.in coiiciubi^ac derived ..i"'.1: I (a) ïhore is a definite pattern jf tho distribution of the stable isotopez v/ith altitude. I (b) There is a vory cloee- corr^c;ponú^iicc of oxjgon -13 find deuterium in th.. ¿;roundv,rcter and I their rerpuctivo zoaiing agrc-e',? very clotoly. (c) The üxirich:,K.nt of ¿..."'ound'.v.'.'tei in ¡jtablo :Í.ÜC1'O_ OÜ I with dccrc!,..-.].ii¿¿ altitude s .t.^est.'. vory r £

- 78 -

f.tron^ly th-\t iocc.l re-chcrku through r...i;ii'.11

io Vui'y ii.iportL.jii; ;.iid T,h..u liu^lw if C:.iiy

E-L.v;.urf • cc z „o/. MX-- ori0:.aI..üin;¿ fre\: holier ->.<• i.ltibudi.. fina.: ;.l:, v< y iuco lover Altitude v;. t^ bo.Lriiii-, roci:,3.

(d) I'liui'''. i.;i.jf, s* co ";. . ;,oo'J cor.ivj "Lion bc-ó'.'oi.i- Lh '.tv -1 v .ri " liilj by ._>:''' Lii. ir •. to;..." .'.;icl tij..

¡^ol^fiy o£ '.h:- ..:••.'., .JU¿JL-^^ÍHO .^..it c:.ch ^,^O1O¿.LC lor. :'X'iOi1. rrict,1-- ... . u:i±t :.¡ri th.^t lifc:lc ivi'c-. roon.n.0 tiou oxi^ta b'..tv,'CL.îi thoin.

I (o) 'iho 'li.^.vfc'ji-1 water J :i '..'•: ..re., corr-'opoinir, to tlic i.r-- C.IJOVC. t.'ic sr-0'..'li^i^.

I All tht; &c"...¡pl;:-.- collcc^ci i'rci.i •j.r'j'a.idw.t'jr -Vivo boon pub to£,c-t;i«r •"•.na th^ rul.. tionójair^ ,¡.¡o-;¿^t fcJicir ob JIC I ir-OtopO COln-Jllt io 18 I $D= 5.3 V 0+ L6 v.'iiicji i'u.c a •ij-.iil.'.r elope with "Ui^t íoi- r i:ií .11 i;i tiau- I ;a".,-a but with iuijiL, 'dcutcriaj.i „xou:.1 ' iju^.^uti::.^ ti:--.t tho i rtiChr..J. 2o ur^d^rgoc;: pr.rtic.l evaporation ". Acr • ijifilti-.t Ion. I S'.:¡iplc:; froj.: t;1..: K;.Í;: .^,._i\..r. .1 •.Itxtiid'j cv^ claisJi/<;ri.d xoi,'..~i'.\ ,r ,.nd f.iv '.luvi .Lio.i froii Í.J>. • .n v lu^-fj I incrc.Lorj ..ith docr^-t'ciur i:Liluí.i. :LicLic .'i.in¿; iri ÍIIOI.J:.'.3ÍJ.£Í mining of '.;..bc.r f.voj.: S-JVÍ.TLI! • .quií .Tjiib .'jt,"^ tc.r.iL- v;ith I de ero. : üi:i¿ : '.It it udo c An c'.tGj..ipt ii:-.£ been m.üc to coi.vr .re the •tritium content in _.roiuid'.r .t,;r icsuiiiti iro¡. r.^'rin^c v/itJi tliuir I respective ,stor.:.g,~- v'-,v.?.il.' blc b^tv/ocn pe;.k -.aid "¡lininuxi flov.'.

It ;.ppc;-.i"v fch'it ön..ro is r. 2,».^ to r-;l..tioiiijhip I for- 3I.K-.11 ispri i¿?ó -.nd for l.'..i",;;ur opring,^. Ai- c^pi-cted, it I v/cc found th.:. fc the o¡ '.r.ili'.'r the ttor. .£'.. e..\p...city in s one i..r;ttr the cum over txiu-; i:; ..iids t'iuo uhc tritiur.i c oui ont redoubles no ru fie britiuii content in recent r-.-infi-.U,,

I Pron the i'...ct that Lher^, is ;i Dev^.i-iiTo relationshi bctv/cóii si.i.'.ll wild l.'.rge- sprinta ic Jics becoi.K. evident th:.t 1 I the tritium coiitc-nfc in Oroundw. ter i£sui;ig íro/a o. spring i.j not only ;i iur.ction of the ,':-tor-..¿e c,'.p..city of the spi-inrç I but .•:Ico •". iuueiion -sí the fie. oí chu. priii¿: '.vhich in i.urn fi-.1

II ' I - 79 -

i.lco Tontrolu che r-';;u ¿IJ¿ -o tirae- oí v

f-jtuCÍyíü{j uji*. Vu.tel* CiiL ' .i.^ti.î.j' G C í-he k'U . J-o hilo ; ix-cOi-k! i .ppar'ïit thc/c ,^roupinL3 oí t'.i^ :: .' J' r.o co'.ild ;;..• i.::.-Ic. 'uhû choiï.intry of bh:.- \;r.1, r if; uo:it.rolled oy LJic n;.fcurv. of tha hor.l rock ..nd it oould b., i_l..lcd to ^;ho t;-:.>naiT; time of th.-, wL.tcr vit hin tii„ rock bypo. i'^is. xa .suCo^tttd I by che. íritiUui! coirlons VL'.ri.-tion v/i''h the veri .tion oí ¡j;.it:. in "ciiv v.v.t'.r« In ¿v-noi'al thoru ÍE :. ü^-cr:. ¿.-, in tritiuri I content, lon^or transit ti¡.^, in rul-..lion bo -TL incrc^.uc I in üodiuiii, üul.ihLite-.o ¿;:¿ chl'..rido;.¡. I PiriLilly I;hi., importance oí the c.p_jlicr.bion of I onvii-oruuc-ntL.1 isoto^uü- in hyúroloóy xry bo jho'vn by cx?jiiiniii£ isolated c-.iiuu ':lr,o y/horc tho i.?oto;-vö roaulto I I proviuü uni quo iníor¡.u..tioii corrouor. ;-Jint; vit h re-i'.l xic-ld I hypoth'Oócs v/iiion could ¿ioi h.ive b^. n di-i'iv.-d by other I r.ioan,?,, ïhiiJ its ozplicitly ¡..ho'Jn on ,.ar".L..r--.-.ph. 3»9 "/hero I come: i\torc::,bin;v poin'cj ;..rc. ¿i,'.ior,LUi.:d. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T I

•^ -, nf

v -.- èl.A

5.0 STA'i^iiiíí C? PROJECT ¿XPZY.m A. Project personnel .aid entirik'.t :c: perçut ,Ü Of •tct.-'l working ti::i.. dovo'iu.'d to tho p ^p-. .ici; "fiv .T." .'T.v.ry 1979. K 1 jrri 1. Principal 15% 3,000 2. riydrolo£,irit 10% 1,300 K S 3. i-öhüic^l Assist-into 1,200 5,500 B. Ohhor Exponats 1. 'i'r. .veiling, r.lloív :xia- including I tub«istûnco for collecting camp le-s 1,200 2. Shipping; of Û.t 400 I 3. Ohei.dc.l Analyse a 1,100 Sub-total 2,700 I lotal for ïfflD

I I» 175 CGiaplcs for tritiii,-,. i.t <,>2: 5 por srji:plo 4,400 2, 17j sunploa for oy.y¿;eii -18 ut í¿8 I 1,400 3. 175 srj,iplüü for ct.-uUriui:i at v8 I 1,400 Sub-total 7,200 I 1 » S^- bottles 150 I Sub-total 150 I Total for l.A.E.A. 7,350 I i'OTAL PROJECT COST $15,550

I Uote: C£1 I I I ,¡t"

- Ü1 - y I-:

3R>

6 . O X^j, Further to the valuable fii¿. .nc:L\l -Vivi t^cnnici.l J assistance of the Iraiorn tional Atomic Energy Agency r.nd the iicwbori? oí til-' Isótopo Hyrlroloyy Section \/itliout v/liich I this study could not iuivc DOLU uïiricrt. l;nris, Goophycici'jt and i'.jr. t>, Af.rodi::,i,o, Geologist, for tijc.ir diucus^ion on acvor^.1 I ciüpoct.'i of tho product. I I • !I I I I I I I I I I I I ¡\ I I '> 1 I 7.0 3IBL10GRA.fHY 1. R.AtMc T/XLSOIl. l'hc p,uolo,j,y oí •¡•iiu Xcros-ïroodcs Arca I G.S.D. i..j;,;«ir Lo. 1. Cyprus 2. F.A.O.: AÜL¡ SJ?/CYP 6 wATEK RLSOURCÜG', CYPRUS, I I'ocñiaic.l Report 1 UiíDP/FAO, Rone 1971

I 3. WATER RESOURCES DIVISION: "H.yürolo¡ .iccl Ycj.r-Book of I Cypru-í 1967 to 197'1'' W.D.D., Nicosie 4. IAEA: "íritiun and Otht-r Enviroiiraonc.l Isótopos in the; I Hyárolo£.icü.l Cycle • Toohn. reports »erios no. 73, Vienne: 19G7 ;;ï' I 5. IAEA! 'Guidebook on iiuclo^.r icch.ro.quo,'- in riydrolo,

I 7. IAEA: 'Isotope dydrolo;.y 1970' Proc. VI^irJA Syapueiun 1970, Vienna 1970

I 8. IAEA? 'Ieotop^. Hydrology' I P.oc. Ul¡¿líítáPuJ^RG S^riposiim 1978. I I I I H I I f »I

VIT- I:

Ik-

APPENDIX

•:-í,

1.1

I I I I I LIST OF CONTENTS I Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 I 2. DESCRIPTION 1 i 3. RESULTS 2 4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 2 I 4.1 Isotope content of precipitation 2 4.2 Areal variability of isotope content in I groundwater 4 4.2.1 Troodos Range 4 I 4.2.2 Kyrenia Range 5 I 4.2.3 East of Kyrenia Range 7 4.2.4 West of Limassol (Akrotiri aquifer) 8 I 4.2.5 Bast of Limassol (Yermasoyia) 9 4.2.6 Western kesaoria (Morphou aquifer) 10 I 4.2.7 South Eastern kesaoria (Pamagusta) 11 I 4.2.8 Lapathos - Bast Central Mesaoria 11 4.2.9 Dhali 12 I 4.2.10 Kambos aquifer 12 4.2.11 Khirokitia and Skarinou aquiferous zones 12 I 5. CALCULATION OP RESILUliCi; TIME OP GROUUDV/ATER PROM I THE TRITIUk COHTKiíí OP THb JJISCHJiUGE 13 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 16 l TABLhS 1. Annual Tritium Input and Recharge 15 I 2. Statement of Expenditure 17 APPENDICES 1, Inventory of sampling I 2« List of samples and results 3. Correlation of Nicosia to Ottawa (Canada) II

FIGURES

1. (A) Seasonal variation in tritium content in precipitation (B) Seasonal variation in oxygen -18 content in precipitatior 2. Statistical analysis (empirical probability) 18 3. Tritium and 0 content for all samples by region 4• Tritium against 0 content 5. 0 content against elevation 6. (Á) Variation in tritium content in three major springs of Kyrenia Range "1 ft (jj) Variation in 0 content in three major springs of Kyrenia Range 7. Temperature variation of sprinyvater with altitude at Troodos Range 8. Tritium content in precipitation against time for Nicosia and Pródromos stations

I.ÍAPS 1. Map of Cyprus indicating location of sampled sources 2-. Hydrogeologie map of Cyprus I 3. Map of the Kyrenia Range indicating samples sources. I I I I I I vr

ï - U"1

1. IMTRODÜCTIOM

This report contains the material covered in Propre-,.r. Report (I) and extends to cover the progress made until the completion of the, International Atomic Energy Agency, Research I contract Ho. 1039/RB which was initiated on the 1st of September 1971. f.;I The final report of this contract is waived until the I end of the renewed research contract. The research contract under the title "Environmental Isotope Survey" is being carried out in the Water Development I Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resourcer of Cyprus with Mr. Jacovos S. Jacovides, Hydrologist, as its I principal scientific investigator and Dr. Y. Yurtsever of the Division of Research and Laboratories of I.A.E.A. responsible I on scientific matters in connection to the project» :\ 2. DESCRIPTION Oî1 RESEARCH CARRIED OUT The objective of the research contract was the reconnaissance sampling of all the major aquifers and springs covering essentially the whole of the island for finding out how best to use environmental isotopes in the interpretation of the hydrology, particularly subsurface hydrology, of Cyprus. The distribution of sampling was such that the survey in itself could assist clarifying particular hydrogeologic problems, pro-ride a better understanding of the water systems of I the island, establish a general environnant al isotope - frariier«or¿ of the hydrologie regimen of Cyprus as well as to provide the I basis for specific, more detailed, studies to be undertaken subsequently.

An inventory of the sampling made under the research contract appears as appendix - 1-- . The location of the sampling points is shown on attached map of Cyprus (map 1). A hydrogeological map of Cyprus is also included (map 2). i The sampling followed the originally proposed distribu- i tion with only minor modifications. Samples for Deuterium v/ere I - 2 - not taken, as it was originally proposed, after a suggestion I from I.A.E.A. • • During the period of this project related work on I environmental isotopes was carried out for the Kyrenia Range (Karstic aquifer) with the Institute of Geological Scienoes G (London),

All the results of the sampling made under this pro jo Ó4- as well as of that with the Institute of Geological Sciences (London) appear on appendix -2-,

CONCLUSIONS The sources that have been sampled included 32 springs 51 wells or boreholes, 2 dams and 2 x'ainfall stations. ïhe elevation of these sources which are scatterred throughout the island ranges from sea level to 1630 m. A total of 107 samples have been analysed for oxygen -18, 54 samples for Tritium and 6 samples for Carbon -14.. The results of the analyses indicate significant differences in both oxygen -18 and Tritium content for various water masses of the island which relate them to the time and location of recharge as well as storage characteristics of the groundwater reservoirs, 4•1 Isotope content in precipitation Records of monthly Tritium content in precipitation at Pródromos (Lat: 34.95 N, Long: 32.83E, Altitude: 1378 m. MSL) and Nicosia (Lat: 35.15N, Long; 33.28B, Altitude: 163 m. LSI/1 are available since i960. The analyses of these samples are i^adf' at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. The pattern of the tritium content of precipitation at both stations is compatible to other northern Hemisphere statiouc exhibiting a similar annual fluctuation as well as the steady decline following the 1963 maximum concentration. The Nicosia station has been correlated to Vienna for the extrapolation of the missing record. The coefficient of - 3 -

correlation is 0.83 and the standard error of estimate is 0.21. Also Nicosia has been correlated to Ottawa station of Ontario Canada (see appendix 3). The coefficient of correlation is 0.3S> and the standard error of estimate is 0.20.

In the course of the present research contract another precipitation station has been establinhed, namely the Halefga station (Y/E 484050, on the Kyrenla Range at an Altitude of 640 m. MSI). The analyses of the tritium content of this station are to assist in the determination of the tritium input of I the Kyrenia Range aquifer. Prom figure -1A- it is apparent that the tritium content of Halefga compares very closely to that of I Nicosia. A seasonal variation in the tritium content of the preci- I pitation is clearly 3hown on figure -1A-. .The lowest content being in raid-winter and increasing in spring and summer time. I The oxygen -18 content of the precipitation also varies seasonally with more depleted values in the winter. 'The I precipitation is more enriched in oxygen -18 at Hicosia when compared to the Halefga precipitation due to the difference in I elevation. This pronounced difference between Halefga and Nicosia is shown on figure -1B-. I The average content of 60 expected from the kyrenia Range aquifer which is replenished by local precipitation is I -7.28* 0.09 (see figure -2-) whilst that of the high altitude springs of Troodos Range which again are replenished by local I precipitation is -7.18* 0.09. In view of the difference of elevations Kyrenia Range average elevation being near 900 m (MSL) and that of Troodos I 1 R Range being 2000 in. the expected 60 values should have been I by far less for Troodos than for Kyrenia. One possible explanation is that the air masses carryi.. j I the marine moisture from the West South-i/est direction must croc:. the high mountains of Troodos where most of the precipitation 18 I falls. The more depleted in 00 moisture then is carried over to Kyrenia Range. Also, further to the above, occasional continental air masses from the liorth relatively depleted in I 60 cause precipitation on the Kyrenia Range. All this could explain the relatively more depleted xn 6 o groundwater in I Kyrenia Range .than the Troodos groundwater, 4.2 Area variability of iso topete ont ent_qf ßroundwaters I The results of all samples have been plotted on figure -3- indicating the 60 and tritium content separately, I but on the same column for each general region. Figure -A- show3 the plotting of the 6018 content of a I sample against its Tritium content. Both figures indicate general classification and I grouping of the several sources of water. On figure -A- e. four-fold classification of sources cf I water is illustrated based on their tritium and stable isotope ! i content. These are, the Kyrenia Range limestone aquifer, the I Troodos Range high altitude springs, the riverbed aquifers and the low elevation coastal aquifers. I By considering the results by the region of the source of the water the following conclusions could be derived. I 4.2.1 Troodos Range The Troodos Range is a large dome-shaped chain of I mountains taking up some 35$ of the island and with its highest peak reaching 2000 m (MSL). The central cone, exposed on the I highest parts is built up by basic and ultrabasic plutonio roc¿s* These are surrounded by a broad belt of intrusives known under th.a I general name of "diabase". On the lower flanks, the diabase is overlain by an almost continuous belt of pillow lavas. • I The lavas in turn, are overlain by sedimentary rocks mostly marls, chalks and cherty limestones with local occurence¿ of I leaf limestone gypsum and sandstone. 1 ñ The expected average 6 0 content of water in the high 1 altitude springs issuing from igneous rocks is -7«8 - 0.09 v/hilet r for the low altitude springs issuing from sedimentary rocks is -5.80 * 0.21.

¡PIISSI 1 I - 5 - The groundwater derived from medium altitude alluvial I riverbeds on this range is expected to have a value of -6.^5 - 0.26 as illustrated on figure -2-. I The S"o content of groundwater in the igneous rocVi •;•? more uniform than in the low altitude sedimentary rocks I a bigger homogeneity in recharge conditions and rapid Mixing in comparison to that of the sedimentary rocks. 1 This is also illustrated in figure -5- which is a plot of 00 content against elevation. The slope of the curve for the I springs located on the igneous rocks is 0.1°/oo So per 100 irets^s of elevation whilst that for the springs on sedimentary rocks is I 0.3 °/oo ¡JO . For comparison purposes the Kyrenia Range sample £ are also plotted which practically shov; no altitude effect on tiie <" 1 ft I 6 0 content of groundwater. The tritium content of a few samples taken from the I Troodos Range show large contributions of recent recharge. The tritium content varies considerably fron source to source indicating that separated reservoirs exist of various SÍZÍÍS all I over the Range discharging from one or ¿system of springs. The samples 44 and 45 shown on figure 3 with very low Tritium conv-:.J. I are from a chalk formation at the fringe of the Troodos ran^e, recently tapped by boreholes»

I Due to the complexity of the hydro£,eology of the Trood-js Range virtually no attempt has been made so far for the estimation I of its groundwater potential. Its importance to a vast nun-ber c- communities can not be over-looked as it cover3 a large area of I Cyprus where water supply for domestic and irrigation of hi£h yielding fruit; crops is solely dependant on springs and surface I flow in spring time. It could safely be said that any hydrogeological 3urve;- I undertaken for the estimation of the capabilities of this syst:-!: of aquiferous zones could immensely be assisted by the application I of the environmental isotope techniques. An extend record of the tritium content of the dieofc.'.r.'ße of the major springs will facilitate an estimation of the live- 1 storage of the discharging reservoirs and the stable isotopes will assist in differentiating between different masses of water.

5.0« %„ FI G.2 - 6 - I

A.2.2 Kyrenia Range I The Kyrenia Range is a narrow West-East directed I/.ÜU;VÍ • .in chain with a core built up by limestone probably thrusted into its. present position. It is surrounded by an almost continuous belt of flysch-type impervious rjodiments of the Kythrea iormation.

The aquifer, made up of the Hilarión limestone, hus o _ 1 a Karstic character and it has about 35 km surface area, ltc elevation reaches to about 950 jr. (MSL). Its saturated thickneco is of the order of about 500 a. Host of the major springs of t.ie I island issue from this system. Its storage capacity is a subject of a present detr.il.-.Ù I study but as the geometry and effective porotsity is far fron: being known it is believed that the environmental isotopes will I assist in this enterprise. An attempt for estimating the live storage is made and it i:.- explained further in paragraph 5. The groundvvater of the Kyrenia Range is very distinctly I I classified as a low tritium and very depleted in oxygen -18 water mass as shown on figure A. The T 0 values are particular?, y 1 uniform indicating extremely good mixing conditions and, aleo, recharge of similar origin. "1 R il The expected 50 value of any sample from this reservoir 1 is -7.28 - 0.09 (see figure 2). As a water mass, it appears to be the most depleted in oxygen -18 content of the island. The possible explanation for this, has already, been discussed in 1 paragraph 4•1• A fluctuation of the oxygen -18 content in the three I major springs of the Kyrenia Range namely, the Kythrea, Lapituoc and Karavas, has been observed. (see fig. 6). Although the jaoot I depleted values appear in the winter season still it can not be said that this is an indication of hydraulic response to rainfall E since the So increases in April and becomes lighter again in ¡July which is in the middle of the dry period. longer I observation record is required for any conclusive interpretation * of such response. The Tritium content of all the sources of the main I Kyrenia Range aquifer, except the P. Dhikomo saaple No. 6 which I MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHAR1 NATIONAL BUKLMJ Oí STANDARD!. I%< A

1 - 7 - shows recent recharge and Karmi sample Ho. 4 which possibly is I contaminated, show that the groundwater is either a mixture oí r •large proportion of a pre-1953 water v/ith a very small amount of I recent recharge (high Tritium content) or a single was s of water with a "date" near to 1953. (see map -3-). I A minor seasonal fluctuation in tritium content is observed in the Kythrea, Lapithoe end Karave.s for which a serie I of samples were taken (see figure 6). The Kythrea spring sliov/s a very small increase in tritium count during November and Larch I which might indicate a small component of recent water diluting the source at this time of the year coinciding with the rainy season. lapithos and Karavas show more or less the same phenorie..,.

Neglecting these minor seasonal variations, the tri tin: • content is almost constant throughout the year for these three I sources. The discharged water is of about the same 'age1 ir.iplyi..,^ that a storage equivalent of many years infiltration must exitt I (see paragraph 5)j» V/ith the assumption that the variability both in ¿io\/ I and Tritium content in discharge of each spring is controlled Vy the size of reservoir, since the replenishment is nearly tin.- ;ari, I the variability in Tritium and flow for each spring was conputc-a for the period of October 1971 to July 1972 (see figure 6). Ii I the hypothesis was correct then the variability in Tritium cont;r.i of each spring should have been proportional to, and follow t"•!..• same pattern of the variability in flow. Thj.s was not found ¡_o, possibly, due to the very short record. I Further work is expected to be made under the renev.'uu research contract which might clarify a few of the above problem. I 4.2.3 Bast of Kyrenia Range The Tylliros spring (sample 39) was taken for checking I whether this spring drains the Ayios Andronikos aquifer (sample 38) which has a 10 km outcrop area and consists of ¿.beut I 60 meters thick detritic limestone overlying the clays of the Kytiirea formation. I Whilst Tylliros spring with tritium content of 50.5 1 ,'J . indicates a large contribution of recent recharge the tritiur.. I content of the Ayios Andronikos groundwater is about 2,0 Î.U. which indicates an aquifer with a considerably slower recharge I rate. — 8 —

The above and the difference in Oxygen -18 content suggest very strongly against the possibility of Tylliros spi-inf draining the Ayios Andronikos aquifer.

The Ayio3 Mlcolaos spring (sample 12) issues from the

main Kyrenia Range and receives recharge at high altitude £hovvij.t. an oxygen -18 comparable to the rest of the Kyrenia Range sai;^ IJC.

4.2.4 './est of Limas sol_ (Akrotiri Aquifer) The Akrotiri aquifer is the second in importance aquifer of the island. It consists of pleistocene to- recent alluvium deposits with tranomisoibility values ranging from 1000 m /dr>.y to 6000 m /day and specific yield values of 5 to 20 per cent. The average annual recharge is about 30 MCM, half of which is from Kouris river originating from the Troodos mount ¿.in: , 25 per cent is from local rainfall and the remainder from re tur.-: flow of irrigation water. The average gross extraction frou the aquifer is 20 MCM whilst some 10 IW3M outflow to the sea and the salt lake.

The relatively heavy in oxygen -13 groundwater of thie 1 region is due to the low elevation rainfall recharge ¿ind recirculation of groundwater by irrigation and return flow which balances the expected relatively depleted in oxygen -18 water th'Vfc is recharged from the Kouris river. i The groundwater becomes more depleted in Oxygen -18 as the source of the sample is nearer to the Kouris river which i carries., depleted in oxygen -18, water from Troodos Range (see samples 17, 14, 16 in comparison to 20, 18). ** 1 ft The expected average¿0 value of the groundwater in this system is -5.20 - 0.21 (as shov/n in fig. 2) i The samples 14, 15, 16 and 22 are from the main alluvium aquifer and their tritium content(17.8 to 57.8 T.U.) indicates i a substantial contribution of very recent recharge. The turn- over of the water in storage must be very fast. This is supported by the high transmissivity values, the dynamic source of recharge i (Kouris river) and the estimated hi¡¿h values of subsurface i outflow xo the sea. i I - 0 - The samples 13 and 19 are from different aquiferous I zones outside the main alluvial aquifer, the first being from t¡¿¿ Kandou Sandstone and the second from a ¿ypsum aquifer.

I The Kandou Sandstone is a confined aquifer with a rather small yield expected to be receiving recharge from the I Kouris river at an altitude of about 150 m (IvISL). This is reflected by the low oxygen -18 content (-6.3) compared to that I of the groundv/ater of the main aquifer. The gypsum aquifer (of the same age as the Kandou I sandstone) is at a lower elevation and it is an isolated aquifer rechargea by local rainfall (40 m MSI) which infiltrates through I the previous overlying sediments. The 5o value of -4.7°/oo is due to the low elevation rainfall. I Both systeiiia have a very low tritium content (1.5,to 3.0 T.U.) indicating a very slow recharge rate and certainly no I post - 1953 recharge. The possibility of the gypsum aquifer being an exténuer; I of the Kandou sandstone aquifer (facies variation) and that the- former receives water from the kouris river through the Kandou sandstone seems to be rather remote in view of the eonsiderublc I difference in the stable isotope content of their water. I 4.2.5 East ofJLimassol (Yermasoyia) The Yermasoyia riverbed aquifer has an extent of about I 6 km . The recharge of the aquifer is controlled by a 13 I-ICM storage dam. I Small leakeiges through the grouting curtain of the d_iii. as well as releases of water from the dac are occuring. I The high oxygen -18 content of the groundv/dter (samples 24 and 25) being about -4.6 °/oo when compared to that of neighbouring areas (Akrotiri) shows that the recharged water hs.s I undergone evaporation before it entered the groundwater reservoir.

The high tritium content (60 T.U.) indicates a very fast turn-over of the reserves of the system and it is in I accordance with all the other riverbed aquifers sampled in the island. : 1 I 1 f ». I - 10 - • 1 1 y

i; I The sample 26 is from the storage dan itself where t;io 1 v/ater has been enriched in oxygen -18 (-3.5 °/oo) by evaporation. f I 4.2.6 Westarn Mesaoria (Morphou Aquifer) 1 The Western Llesaoria aquifer which consists of alluvi,1 I and-deltaic deposits near the coast is the major aquifer of the 1 island. It has a surface area of 240 km and its thickness, I varies from a maximum of 120 meters at the coast to 30 m near t'.ir 1 Troodos foothills. Tiais lenticular aquifer is presently the I subject of detail hydrogeological study which indicated th'.-t it; 1 replenishment is of the order of 45 I

I This aquifer system was expected to have a faster turr. over than the one indicated by the Tritium content of the sai.ipic I 66, 69, 70v 71 bein¿ about 5 T.U., due to its annual recharge from streambed percolation. I This, though oould be explained by that the recent recharge is being diJuted by "dead" v/ater that is in storage <.zxi I also by the very low transmissibility values in the recharge aro.. being of the order of 50 to 100 m /day. I By using the Tritium content of samples 69 and 70 which is 6.5 and 3.0 T.U. respectively, which happen to be on the I general direction of flow the estimated velocity of v/ater movement is about 600 m per year 7/hich agrees rather closely with a permeability of about 2 m/day. More samples for Tritium content distributed throughout I the system and in conjuntion to the digital Mathematical Llodel which is presently being developed for the area will assist gro tly I in understanding how the system operates. The average ¿0 value for the groundwater of this aquifer I is expected to be -5.70 í 0.13 (see fig, 2). r k I I The sample 64 is from Pendayia area which is the west^.-n part of korphou aquifer. The Pendayia aquifer is a more dynamic I system being recharged annually from three streams originating I from the Troodos Range. The short transit time indicated by the Tritium cor.to:.:!, of 71.5 T.U. verifies the views formed by conventional hydro- I geologic methods. The bO value shows a more depleted in oxyder. -18 groundwater which is reasonable since most of the recharge I Í3 from riverbed percolation in contrast to that of Ltorphou aquifer which is a mixture of runoff from high elevation and loe 1 I rainfall. 4.2.7 South Eastern fesaoria (Famagusta) I All the recharge, of the aquiferous units of this arct., is from low altitude (50 m liSL) local precipitation. This is I the reason that the groundwater in this area is very much enriched in oxygen -18. I C™ "1 ft The average CO value expected fo» the groundv/ater in this area is -4.73 - 0.15 (see fig. 2) and it is the heaviest I groundwater sampled in the island. The aquifer units in this area which consist of a calcareous sands and sandstones of about 30 to 60 m of thickness are represented by samples 27, 28, 29» 30, 34- and 36 whilst the i unit of reef limestone of maximum thickness of 40 m is represented by samples 31 and 35« i The tritium content indicates a very slow recharge rate- without any post - 1953 contribution- i The groundwater reservoirs have been undergoing overexploitation during the last decade with the result of sea- intrusion and depletion of the reserves to an alarming degree. The slow turn-over of groundv/ater reserves indicated by the lov/ Tritium content is in accordance with what the aquifer is i experiencing in the lar o few years with the progress of agricultural i activity in the area..- 4-2.8 Lapathos. .- Eaat Central Mejaoria The Lapathos aquifer consisting of aands and calcaren!ce of varying thickness attaining a maximum of 50 m is an isolated bowl shaped system recharged by local rainfall. r I

I - 12 - This reservoir is exploited mainly for the domestic I v/ater supply of neighbouring villages and has shown trends oí depletion.

I The tritium content of sample 42 shows a slow recharge- rat e whilst the S"0 indicates recharge from local precipit;.tior I and possibly some from a small stream fed by rainfall falling or the Kyrenia Range.

I 4.2.9 Dhali, The sample 46 taken from the Itfissou - Dhali, riverbed I aquifer from which,part of the Nicosia Water Supply is obtained indicates an aquifer system with short transit time recharged I annually by the Yialias river. I 4.2.10 Kambos_ aquifer The Troodos range is described as an impervious massif, despite local variations at weathered and fissured zones. Ihe I infiltrated rainfall and snowmelt reappears as springwater v/ithi:: the same general area and the recovery of groundwater through I boreholes is extremely doubtful. Prospecting through boreho] en •< a very uneconomic.

I The Kambos aquifer, represented by samples 56, 57 end 58 is the only aquifer discovered at such a high altitude in- I between igneous rocks. It is a rather mature river valley posriMj- formed at a fault zone filled up with angtilar gravels. Its are.-l I extent is about 6 km . As this aquifer started being exploited only recently, concern was arisen whether it would sustain long I term pumping and permanent agricultural development. The tritium content of 46.6 T.U. indicates very recent f recharge and the fact that the system is in a high rainfall zone seems that the originally anticipated problems were rather I unfounded. 4.2.11 Xhirokitia^and^Skarinou aquiferous zones I The samples 21, 44 and 45 are from boreholes in sedimentary formations near Khirokitia and Skarinou. The sample 21 is from the Khirokitia sandstone aquifer, The low tritium content (1.2 T.U.) indicating no post-1953 recharge is not surprising. The sandstone borehole, one of nc.ny I

I - 13 - others, is being used for the Famagueta TiJater Supply since 1970.. I The yield originally obtained from the boreholes in this area ..: of the order of 100 to 130 m-'/tir whilst at present the yi^ld hcc

I dropped to about 30 to 40 ra^ per hour. She aquifer being tappeds as it is very well shown by the tritium content of the ground',.'^!; .r, I is one of limited reserves, with extremely slow turn-over, v/hioh is now undergoing depletion. I The samples 44 and 45 are from a recently discovered horizon in the same general area. The yield of the boreholes ir, I of the order of 100 rtr per hour. The tritium content (1 to jcilL I .U) shows this to be a similar situation as for the system sampled I by sample Ho, 21 which precludes any long term planning of using or relying on this new source before a long testing period.

I 5. RESIDENCE Tllffi OP GROUHDÏÏATiJR PROIu ÎÏLL TRITIUM CONTENT OP Tliü DISCHARGE I The three major springs of the Kyrenia limestone Rr.n¿,c present a unique case for the application of the environmental I Tritium radioisotope in determining the residence tirc

The dispersive nadel of flow vas used. The coefficient" of I the binomial distribution function were obtained by the Pascal triangle.

The annual effective precipitation, replenishment cir.i tritium input for each spring for the period 1951 to 1972 apv.-e-.i I on Table 1.

The dispersive model of 25 years mean transit time I n = 50) with respect to 1972 gave a tritium output of 3.2 T.U. for the Kythrea spring, which is very close to the tritium cor.-- .t I of 4.0 T.U. observed.

In the same manner, 20 years mean transit time (ln _ / ) I with respect to 1972 gave a tritium output of 13.0 T.U. fer tir! Lapibhos spring whilst the observed tritium content was 12.0 I !• I For Karavas Spring the tritium output obtained for a mean transit time of 22 years (n = 44) was 6 T.U. for 1972 v/hicn I agreed with the observed value. If one would accept the above rates of residence tire I of water for each spring, as an approximation within reason?.;.!-: limits, then the active storage for Kythrea is of the order cf I 120 MCM, for Lapithos spring it is 75 KCH and for Karavas spring it is near 50 MCM. The total live storage for the 53 km2 of I aquifer which nearly makes up most of the aquiferous systsn oí Kyrenia Range is thus, some 250 MCM. I The relatively long transit time of water mass trancf'.r in the groundwater reservoir might be explained by a deep I circulation of meteoric water in the reservoir due to temper .turr variation. The temperatures measured on all samples rango bctv.Ovn 18.5°0 & 22.5°G. The necessary instrumentation is now av¿il.-\ilo at the Department for the determination of any thermal gradient;* in the reservoir, through deep Boreholes, ••ÄrfitJJ

J. -.- U I 1. ..my •j-i-iUi! "1 ilj.iUt Kythrec ¿pring Lapithos umring Karavus Springs Catchment 25 km Catchiuent 17 tai^ '- Catchment" 9 km Yet-r Effect, Ppt Reoharge Tritium Effect, Ppt Recharge tritium iiffect. Ppt Recharge Tritium (mm) MCM Input (mm) MCM Input (mix) MCM Input ! ] 1551 198 4.95 10 231 3.93 10 231 2.54 10 | 1952 190 4.75 10 169 2.87 10 169 1.86 10 Í 1553 1fa2 4.55 22 224 3.81 22 224 2.46 22 ! 1554 341 8.51 32 296 5.03 32 296 3.26 32 | 1955 187 4.67 30 274 1.48 28 274 3.01 28 t 1956 126 3.14 54 269 2.29 48 269 2.96 48 : 1557 108 2.70 82 110 4.10 88 110 1.21 88 1 1958 213 5.32 373 296 3.35 350 296 3.26 350 195S 70 1.75 611 87 1.63 406 87 O.96 406 1S6C 68 1.70 74 135 2.94 87 135 1.48 87 1561 242 6.05 248 2',1 ¿.84 240 241 2.65 240 VJl I 1562 195 4.37 828 197 3.30 563 197 2.17 563 1S63 68 1.70 1158 96 1.63 995 96 1.06 995 1S64 237 5.92 945 173 2.94 1226 173 1.90 1226 1965 203 5.07 390 285 4.84 333 285 3.13 333 1966 138 3.45 141 194 3.30 145 194 2.13 145 1567 233 5.82 144 247 4.20 152 247 2.72 152 156E 356 8.9O 71 331 5.63 74 331 3.64 74 1965 232 5.80 107 259 4.40 116 259 2.85 116 1S7C 176 4.40 63 214 3.64 62 214 2.35 62 1971 196 4.90 60 417 7.09 62 417 4.59 62 1972 34 0.85 64 32 0.54 66 32 0.35 66

e CilCJ 4.51 3.84 2.40 , "22 • es) i . . J - 16 -

6« GENERAL CONCLUSIONS a) The various groundwater bodies that viere sampled are labelled by a certain average stable isotope content value with, a deviation reflecting the degree of mixing that occurs in the various reservoirs. The stable isotope content characterise these water masses in terms of the location, and, or altitude i at which the recharge occurs (see fig. 2). b) The oxygen -18 content of springwater at the I Troodos Range varies with elevation. Por the springs that issue irom sedimentary rocks the water is depleted bySo value of 0.3 oo for every 100 Bieters I of change of elevation. For the springs that issue from fractured J8 igneous rocks the water is depleted by 0,1 CO for every I 100 meters of altitude. The temperature of groundwater in the same area I decreases by 0.8°C for every 100 meters of altitude (see f 7) c) Prom the results of the tritium content of the I groundv/ater in the major coastal aquifers it is indicated that the turn-over of the water in these reservoirs is very slov/. Tr.l.r I explains the depletion trends that are observed in the recent yc:.rs •with the improvement of pumping means and fast rate of agrieuT.tu.. ..1 I growth occuring in Cyprus. d) The riverbed aquifers are more dynamic systems with I fast recharge rates which could be exploited without any serious danger of permanent depletion. I e) An attempt of using the tritium content of diseñar.^, for estimating the residence time of groundwater in reservoirs I has shown that this method could yield good estimations on the I live-storage of aquifers, (see paragraph 5). I I I I I

I - 17 - I Table 2. STATBLMT OF EXPENDITURE A) Project personnel and estimated percentage of total working, I time devoted to project. Personnel time Project costs I 1. Principal Investigator 25% $ 1800.00 2. Assistant Hydrogeologist 5% $ 300.00 I 3. Field Assistant (A) 30% $ 800.00 4. Field Assistant (B) 30% $ 800.00 I B) Other expanses 1. Travelling allowance including subsistence I for collection of samples < 450.00 2. Shipping of samples ; 100.00 I 3. Pumping for obtaining samples $ 700.00 4. Chemical analyses $ 350.00 I estimated expenditure by Water Development Department $ 5300.00 I G) Analysis costs at IAEA laboratories 1. 1.07 samples for oxygon -18 at I $6.00 per sample $ 640.00 2. 54 samples for tritium at I •¿65.00 per sample $ 3510.00 3. 6 samples for C -14 at $65.00 I per sample $ 390.00 D) Other items from IAEA 1. Precipitator for C -14 sampling I chemical reagents $ 150.00 2. Sampling bottles $ 150.00 I estimated expenditure by Intern. Atomic Energy Agency ÍÍ 4840.00 I ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST £10,140.00 I Note: One Cyprus pound is equal to 2.90 U.S. dollars I I I

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The low tritixun content (1.2 I.U.) indicating no post-1953 recharge is not surprising. The sandstone borehole, one of raen; I study made by Tahal Company (Israel) which was derived from the-, r analysis of hydrographe and with which observed flow rates v/eivs-

GEOLOGICAL SUHVEV OCPAJtTMCNT.GOVERNMENT OF C

*• HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP MAP Of INTILTIATrON 20N» 0 10 » » «hfl* OF CYPRUS

Caff« Ktjrmai*

••MF.fft.claM

PRINCIPLES FOR USE OF BOUNDARIES Boundaries o< phreonc aquifer« co"e*pond>ng to trw ••tensionottheouttrop at the permeable bed* o> ihc contact of underlying impermeable «we The»»? contour» on a\\o uttd to port ooviitn of different quality belonging |0 ihf tomf «»item or basin

Boundary between unconfirmed and candrvd O^uitcs corrnponding to the contact cf th» limit at the PAPHOS^ covering impermeable beds

opgcolly di"«rcm oquifpf* cover eoc>< airie< u> o' Mporofed by thin impermeobl* b#di which cannot 6c w*n m ihe icoi* o* *hu mop »he colour ot the bow, doty line corresponds lo the colour of the overlying Ural

Zone of oerotion Zone of saturation 3W0' LEG END A. EXTENSIVE GROUNDWATER BODIES IN ALLUVIAL SAND AND B EXTENSIVE GROUNDWATER BODIES IN FRACTURED AND KARSTIC GRAVEL.CONGLOMERATE, SANDSTONE AND CALCARENITE LIMESTONE. DOLOMITE. GYPSUM. CHALK AND MARLY CHALK Alluvial deposits Unconfintd watef generally at shallow depth in connection with riverbeds, Unconfined ground water m reef, dermal onri crvMall.ne fecciated and somewHot I m deltaic eravel-sond deponu ond coostol sond includir« «tuanne deposits LZI limestones (Koronio Limestone. Terra Limestone and Hilarión Limestone) K-I-í1-!-.] Water m alluvial deposits with impermeoble to scmi-permeoble surfoce ] Confined ground water in reef limestone ond detntal limestone ] (Koroma Limestone, Terra Limestonet klv-d ond Sllt °' ""d«'1"«1 thickneis containing water-bearing tenses of sand, F-'----•] underlain by generally impervious »nor I or siltitone ground wafer in gypsum aquifers formina port of oquifer systems

, normolly shollow on Kythreo beds highly retentive chalk and cfierty, locally r._.., * (Chalks of the Lopithos formation of the Kyrema Range included) 1 Confined ground water in aquifers of secondary importance convumg of cnerty, Pleistocene sond, grovel and silt deposits locally marly chotk. someiimes including strata of massiv« cholk (ChoHts of the Lopithm Formation of the Kyrerna Range included) j Uncondnfd wotcr in manne and terrestrial fanglomtratt ond terrace formations, Ground wotcr m highly retentive rocks such m cholk interbedded with moils 4 iocolly including cokannilc (Pûhhno Formation ônà LôpOtio Fonnotion) r...,^....!! Very shallow ground water controlled by the configuration of underlying silt, . LOCAL AND SMALL DISCONTINUOUS GROUNDWATER I •[ clay or marl. in same formations as above BODIES IN COMPLEX SEDIMENTARY AND IGNEOUS UNITS |j I \ 11 Confined ground water in grovel deposits (Akrotiri Peninsula* Units with alternating Mmi-pcrmcoblc or imperrrwoble beds and Pliocene and Upper Miocene sandstone, calcaren it. e, ptrmtable btds indudina chalk or limestone of minor importance ^___^ and connected fragmentai limestone Cloy, nwl. olirtoM fftywocto «nd ihtl« (Mainly rockt of th« MtMiyio Group tocolly including nwl, «H ond cl«y of the Alluvium and clay, siltitan*, grtywAckt and Iho)* of tht mrr^f^T^^r^^ [ rtytnreo rorfflOtion 1 ground water in sandstort, sandy marls ond calcarenite (t o Nicosia Formation) 111 iii f i 'I rnomonia %*arripteXf incmafni serpeniínei

Igneous rock units j Shaltow unconfintd ground water controlled by the configuration of ['•''it'^l Vokanics with daminAmly tubmonrw pillow loves, heavily fractured irttrutiv* rocks j underlying impervious or stmi-ptrvioui strata, m samt formotiom as above V. J<~s\ ond piutonic rock» Middle Miocene sandstone CONVENTIONAL SIGNS ^^ Rivfr, perennial and seasonal I Unconfirmed o- Spring, yielding 500000 m'/yeor ground water in sandy ports of Middle M(ocene IPakhno Formation) —• '"• Fault, (downlhrown i>de indicated) -*—. —«- Thrust (teeth on upper plat«)

STATE COPYRIGHT RESERVED Compiled, drown ond photographed by Geological Survey Depa-tmen!, CUÍJ 1/iicj.iiiajL the reservoir, through deep Boreholes.

MAI» -J-

'a. 1.

ilNDARIES

Survey Depa'tment, * - 1 1 'I Appendix 1. t 1 Inventory of Sampling

*- : Sample taken from! Range óf .No. of Sai.4.1. 1 (Region .Aquifer 1———¡ —— ¡Elevation *•**-, *" ' , ¡ Springi Well: Other ; K.S .L. (p) | C ' \", SC irit . í 1 ¡Kyrenia ; Karsfcic | 14 f 7 ¡ 9 ¡186-762 | 3 30 15 Range ' Limestone j ¡RAM ! 1 Akrotiri Alluvium 12 2- 75 i 13 Limassol i—DAMr i 1 S.E. j Sandstone 1 kosaoria 1 and reef 1 ! 7 ! 22-100 JFamngusta ¡ Limestone i 1 Lapathos ! and ' Calcaronite ! 35-180 Karpass j —I 1 Morphou Western Alluvium 3-241 i 3 -i -Î • f Mosaoria K 1 Central Alluvium rt AA 60-160 T 5 4 Mesaoria ; RATH' , ! 1 Khirokitial Sandstone Skarinou ] and chalk : 150-190 Î -4 •- r Troodos Alluvium Sediment. ¡ chalks 40-860 • sandstone 1 1 ' ; i _! Troodos ! Plutonic Igneous j Rocks and "".": • ; ~i r "* "' 1 1 ' Lavas 8 1 (1 Í780-1630 ' j 9 ? i ! I DAM: i ¡ | Troodos ! 6 1 Ri*erbed Alluvium ¡220-700 Paphos Alluvium Coastal Calcarenite 17- 35 5 I area i \ I TOTAL 41 51 15 | 2-1630 i 6 ¡107 54 rl Sí 1 1 1 Appendix 2 Sample Date of Elev(m) Temp. J8 Iritiiv r ' No. ¡ uource collection a.m.3.1. °C :) 0 /oo (Ï.U. • 1 1. Kannourka sp. 5.10,71 313.5 22.5 - 7.25 2. Lapithos sp. 40.9.71 258.5 18.5 - 7.55 3. Karavas sp. 30.9.71 186.1 19.7 - 7.61 li 4. Karmi B26 6.10.71 300.0 19.8 - 7.25 5. B. Paise B20 6.10.71 600.0 ¿O.5 - 7.25 i1 i i 6. P. Dhik. 23/46 6.ÍO.71 300.0 22.5 - 7.61 :| 7. Kythrea sp. 30.9.71 263.8 20.5 - 7.11 I 8. Ay. Amvros. B16 4.10.71 374.0 19.6 - 6.77 1 • i 9. Trypim. 19/66 4.10.71 366.0 25.5 - 7.17 1 i 10. Vaailia B35 5.10.71 120.0 20.8 - 7.01 11. Kyrenia 50/61 6.10.71 349.0 20,7 - 7.13 1 i 12. Ay. Nicolaos sp. 4.11.71 307.0 - - 7.8 . • 1% • 13. Kolossi BB38 12.11.71 71.6 •23.5 - 6.3 1.5--C 3 14. Episkopi 51/59 12.11.71 15.0 21.0 - 5.4 17.3-C 9 ! 1 1 K 1 15. Kolossi 15/53 12.11.71 42.6 19.5 - 5.6 57c3'- 2 ; 16. Phassouri 194/52 12.11.71 6.6 21.0 - 4.9 28.9^1 2 ; li 17. Phassouri 1/36 12.11.71 15.6 21.0 - 5.4 - 18. Trachoni 120/58 12.11.71 6.9 22.0 - 4.7 i 19. Irachoni EB 90 12.11.71 40.0 23.0 - 4.7 3 « 0' 0 3 ' 1I ' 20. Cher. Chif.EBlOO 12.11.71 2.7 22.0 - 4.6 - • !1 21. Khirokitia 20/70 12.11.71 150.0 23.0 - 5.4 •- • 22. Limassol 132/59 16.11.71 50.0 13.0 - 7.6 23-. ¿akaki 26/48 16.11.71 _ _ Ho anal 1 (sample leaks.;} \ • 24. Yermas. 133/59 16.11.71 15.6 19.0 - 4.6 59.7¿" 3 1 25. Yermas. 110/65 16.11.71 54.0 19.0 - 4.8 60. A*'¿, 5 26. Yermasoyia dam 16.11.71 75.2 20.5 - 3.5 - 1 27. lylophagou 82/52 9.12.71 51.2 24.0 - 4.3 ?.0±0-3 I 28. Xylophagou H.162 9.12.71 51.5 21.0 - 4.8 - 29. Liopetri 31/53 9.12.71 42.6 24.0 -4.7 *f* --. 1 1 1.3^2 1 30. Phrenaros H14 34 9.12.71 46.0 23.5 - 4.4 31.. Paralimni H767 10.12.71 100.0 23.5 - 5.3 9.4¿O /- 32. Not collected - - - - 1 ' 33. Not collected - - - - 1 ! 34. Ay. Napa 9.1*2.71 45.0 24.5 - 4.4 - 24.0 • T 35. Paralimni H1196 9.12.71 22.3 - 4.7 i — « - sp=spring - 2 -

t Sample Date of Blev(m) Temp.! 18 , Triti: .1 No. collection a.m. s.l. °C 5 0 '00 H» 36. Ay, Louka H60 10.12.71 25;0 23.5 - 5.2 1.6*C 3 i H 37. Not collected - - - - 38. Ay. Andron, H218 10.12.71 160.7 21.0 - 5.7 2,0- C 2 39. Ty"1 liros sp. 10.12.71 36.5 23.0 - 6.5 50.5*;. .0 1• 40. Ayia Trias sp. 10.12.71 180.0 20.5 - 5.6 - • 41. Risok. H261 10.12.71 111.0 21.0 - 6.2 • 42, Lapcthos H31 10.12.71 34.9 21.0 - 5.5 • 43. lapathos H22 10.12,71 38.39 20.0 - 6.2 - H I 44. Skarinou 35/70 13.12.71 150.0 23.5 - 5.3 1.'i 0 3 'S 45. Skarinou 47/71 13.12.71 190,0 22.0 - 6.1 0.3-0-3. I 46. Dhali 175/53 13.12.71 60.6 19.7 - 5.2 £5.1*1.7 • 47. Lapithos sp. 5.1.72 258.5 18.5 - 7.7 • 48. Kythrea sp. 5.1.72 263.8 20.5 - 7.6 • I 49. Karavas sp. 5.1.72 186.1 19.5 - 7.2 - 50. Halefka Rainfall 1.12.71 64O.O - - 4,2 47.9*1-0 I 51. Halefka Rainfall 10.1.72 64O.O - - 6.7 48,6*1 7 52. Halefka Rainfall 31.1.72 64O.O - - 6.1 59,3*'- 4 • I 53. Nicosia Rainfall 31.1.72 160,0 - - 6.1 59.7*- 4 • 54. Halefka Rainfall 29.2.72 64O.O - - 7.1 65,7*:.6 55. Nicosia Rainfall 29.2*72 160.0 - - 4.2 -- 1 56. Kambos H5 28.1*72 700.0 17.0 - 6.3 46,6*1.0 57. Vrouyia sp. 28.1.72 660.0 16.5 - 6.2 - 7 I 58. JUVretou sp. 28.1.72 550.0 17.0 - 6.0 - • 59. Pharmakas sp. 27.1.72 900.0 18.0 - 7.2 - Á m I 60. Laoura sp. 27.1.72 495.0 14.0 - 5.2 - : M 61. Eliphotos sp. 27.1.72 480.0 20.0 - 6.2 - I 62. Phylia sp. 2-Í.3.72 190.0 21.7 - 4.6 3,0-C 4 63. Prastio 44/59 24.3.72 42.0 25.0 - 6.1 • 64. Psndayia 17^/71 24.3.72 20.0 20.5 - 6.4 71.5*" 9 65. Iiiorphou 4/61 24.3.72 21.8 22.5 - 5.4 - 66. Morphou 110/56 24.3.72 28.0 23.0 - 5.8 6,8*C 4 I 67. Morphou 6O/63(a) 24.3.72 3.1 22.5 - 5.9 - 68. Morphou 60 63(b) 24.3.72 3.1 22.5 - 5.6 - ; • I 69. Astrom.253/54 27.3.72 182.0 24.0 - 5.7 6.5*0 3 70. K. Zodhia 15/60 27.:3;72 83.0 23.5 - 5.5 3.0*0 3 H I 71. Katokopia 43/52 27 .-3.72 127.5 22.0 - .6.0 - 72. Perister. 198/51 27.3.72 24I.O 21.5 -.5.7 •• • I 73. Perister. 150/61 27.3.72 16.2.0 21 ¿0 - 5.5 — 1 \ - 3 -

• L'lev(m) )emp. 18 „ Iriti.u 1 ample Source i Date of r 0. collection °C 0°/oo (T.Ö.) r • 1 4. IiANûOU C-O-W 26.6.72 80.0 20.8 - 5.4 : 5. Katydata - Papayiorki sp. 26.6,72 220.0 18.5 - 6.2 54.4„'~ - f1 ' I• • 1 6. Pródromos - Hardji L. op. 26.6,72 1450.0 10.8 - 7.4 66.7--Í. 8 • 1 ' 1 7. Pródromos Dam 26.6,72 1570.0 23.0 - 5.3 1 8. Pedhoulas - Platania sp. 26.6.72 1300^0 11.5 - 7.0 1 9. Troodos - • • Chrome Mine 26.6.72 1520.0 10.0 - 7.0 j 1 0. Troodos - Ay. ITicol. sp. 26.6,72 780.0 14.5 - 7.2 37.2--1.5+ ,1 -^ ^1 1. Evrykhou - ¡ •1 Kourvellatis sp. 26.6.72 400.0 18.0 - 6.4 1 1 82. Ay. Mavri sp. 27.6.72 710.0 17.5 - 6.4 • '0) • ; 1 1 1 83. Mavrommata sp. 27.6.72 600.0 19.8 - 4.9 46.1- ) 84. Arkolachania sp. 27.6.72 1120.0 13.2 - 7.2 25.1- ' '0 ' 1 i 1 85. Loumata Aetou sp. 27.6.72 1630.0 11.3 - 7.6 I m 86. Krya Pigadhia sp. 27.6.72 510.0 23.5 - 5.7 87. Appidhes sp. 20.7.72 950.0 lli5 - 7.0 : < • I Papaloukas sp. 20.7.72 850.0 16.5 - 6.3 88. 89." Isada-Kourgas sp. 21.7.72 490.0 19.O - 5.7 90. Kritou-Terra sp. 21.7.72 450.0 19.0 - 5.8 - 1 1• 'i 91. Afroditis sp. 21.7.72 40.0 21.5 - 5.0 • 1 92. Trozina sp. 22.7.72 480. ) 18.5 - 5.9 i I 93. Paradisha sp. 22.7.72 460.0 18.0 - 6.4 m 94. Halefka Rainf. 1.3.72 64O.O - 7.1 67.2±.? 3 m i • 1m •. 95. Halefka Rainf. 1,4.72 640.0 - 7.3 77. &:> T • i : • M 96. Halefka Rainf. 1.5.72 64O.O - 5.2 77.5*3 7 ! ' • 1 97. Halefka Rainf. 1.6.72 64O.O - 5.3 97-7*/ 7; . • 98. Halefka Rainf. 1.7.72 C40.0 - 8.1 57-9*? 5 ! • 99. Nicosia Rainfall 1.5.72 160.0 - 4.6 72.2±£.9 • 1 1 ' 100. Nicosia Rainfall 1.7.72 160.0 - 3.5 89.7^,1 • 1 • 101. Kythrea sp. 5.4.72 264.0 - - 6.3 2.8"'¿0 4 102. Lapithos sp. 5.4.72 258.5 - 6.8 1O.7ÍO.5 | 103. Laracas sp. 5.4.72 186.1 - 6.7 8.3ÍO4 104. Kythrea sp. 24.7.72 264*0 20.8 - 6.9 2.7*0,3 • 1 ' 18.8 - 6.8 1O.2±C.6 • i i ! 105. Lapithos sp. 24.7.72 258,5 • -^ • ' ^ " " I I I - 4 -

Sample Date of Elev(m) Temp.! 18o Trifci lío. collection a.u.s.1* ÖC 0°/oo (T : I 106. Karavas sp. 24.7.72 186.1 19.8 - 7.3 6.?" i •5 | 107. Ezouaa 322 1.9.72 26.6 22.5 - 4.6 /G.8'.. 0! I 108. Xeropotamos 604 1.9.72 17.6 22.5 - 5.1 66. .7 109. Dhiarizos 630 1.9.72 35 é 4 23.0 - 5.4 56.5-:- J •3 I 110. Dhiarizos 643 1.8.72 17.2 21.5 - 5.3 SO.o ',o -A > I 111. Ktima 2447 1.9.72 33.2 24.5 - 4.4 *1*C-2 I 13 á c .'XT. I C - %0 1 ; I CY-1 Kythrea sp. 4.9.72 264.0 20.5 -11.6 59.o-'"- '4 CY-2 Karavas sp. 7.9.72 186.1 20.0 -12.2 78.rs.-8 I CY-3 Bellapaise B20 7.9.72 600.0 ? -12..1 54 = -3 CY-4 Phylia sp. 7.11.72 190.0 22.0 -11.8 69.a±-,1 I CY-5 Morphou H.N 1851 11.12.72 61 „0 ? -11.6 89,7J-:- .2 CY-6 Katokopia 1012 19.12.72 136.0 I -12.7 28.2±-, .0

I a) Tritium sample taken on 25.7.72 Temp. 19»7 °C b) Tritium sample taken on 25.7«72 Temp, remained the sar.ic I c) Tritium sample taken on 26,7.72 lemp. was 20.4 °C I d) Tritium sample taken on 26.7.72 Temp, remained the same I I I I I I f

I a mt w tts am» .re n

- 5 -

I The tritium results obtained fror.i the analyses of the samplc-ß that were sent to the Institute of Geological Sciences in Loncior are as follows:

Sample Date of Tritiur.1 Date of Tritii •1 No. uoui.ce collection I.U. Collection ï L 1 1. Kann our ke. sp. 4.1.71 5.0¿ 2.0 « 2. Lapithos sp. ii 10 • 7±2.0 30.9.71 15.55-± .0 J 3. Karavas sp. ii 5.1±2. 0 1 4. Kanai B26 ii 27 .3-2,0 5» B. Paise B20 ti 0 .0±2,0 1 6. P. Dhikono 23/46 ii 52 .8*2 0 H ,0±2, • 7. Kylhrea ap. 2 0 30.9.71 1 8. Ay.Amvrosios B16 ii 8 .2±2.,0 9. Trypimeni 19/66 ¡i 2 .5±2.0 1 10. Vasilia B35 it 13 .4*2 ,0 II 11. Kyrenia 50/61 n 8 .6±2 ,0 1 12. Khirokitia 20/70 t) 1,2±2 ,0 Tritium results taken between January 1971, £ind March 1972 fror.: 1 Kythrea , Karavas and Lapithos springs j Precision of meanursne;it is ± 2 D.U. 1 Kythrea Karexvas. Lapithos 4.1.71 2.0 T.U. 5.1 T.U. 10 .7 T.U. J 30.9.71 4.0 T.U. 7.6 . T.U. 15 .7 T.U. 4.11.71 6.8 T.U. 7.7 T.U. 12 .1 T.U. 1 8.12.71 3.5 T,U. 5.1 T.U. 11 .8 I.U. 5.1.72 2.5 T.U. 7.2 Ï.U. 11 .2 T.U. 1.2.72 2.6 T.U. 10.5 T.U. 10 .9 T.U. 1 10.3.72 4.6. T.U. 7.7 T.U. 12 .3 T.U. 1 1 1 1 1 I I Appendix 3 I TRITIUM CONTENT (T.Ü.) IN CORRELATION OF NICOSlAt CY?RUS_'1'O QTTA'./A, OliTAltlO, GANADA

OTTAWA Index no; 7262800 .NICOSIA Index No: 1760600 Lat. Î 45.32 N lat. : 35.15 Ii I Long. Î 75.67 W Long. : 32.28 Ü I R_C-líESbION¡_ No. X i Y ÛATJ3 i Log x Log Y Log X Log Y (log X)2 I n OTTAWA, ÍI COSÍA (loe -íf •963-2', 1 2592 3 .41363 608 2.78390 9 .50320 11 .65287 7.750:0 3 2 2113 \ 3 .32489 1150 3.06070 10 .17649 11 .05489 9.367C3 4 3 3363 3 .52673 3280 3.51587 12 .39952 12 .43782] 12,361?^ 11! 4 925 2 .96614 1240 3.O9342 9 .17552 8 .79799 i I 1964-1 5 1293 3 .11160 780 2.89209 8 .99903 9 .682O5j 3 6 1358 3 .13290 1185 3.O7372 9 .62966 9 ,81506¡ 9.^775 I 5 7 1433 3 .15625 1900 3.27875 10 .34855 9 .96191 10.75050 6' 8 2800 3 ,44716 1510 3.17898 10 .95845 .11 .88291 10.10591 I 11 9 775 2 .88930 315 2,49831 7 .21837 8 .34805 6.2/155 12 10 334 2 .52375 445 2.64836 6 ..68380 6 .36931 7.01381 ¡965-I 11 736 2 -89542 510 2.70757 7 .83955 8 .38346 7.33Ö3;. I í 12 1085 3 =. 03543 490 2.690-9 8 „16588 9 .21383 7.23712 3 13 1065 3 -02735 660 2,81954 8,53573 9 .16485 7.9''981 I 4 14 1168 .06744 598 2.77670 8 .51736 9 .40919 7»7100Í 12 15 306 2 048572 79 1.89762 4 .71695 6 .17880 3..6009-S j 1966-1 16 185 2 .26717 115 2.06070 4 „67196 5 .14006 4.24646 3 17 558 2 «74663 £85 2o45484 6 .74254 7 .54398 6.02624 I 11 18 124 2 .09342 162 2.20951 4 .62543 4 .38241 /.881S3 12 19 305 2 ,48430 107 2.02938 .04159 6 .17175 4.11383 •I967-I 20 185 2 .26717 151 2.17898 4 .94012 5.14006 i 4»7¿7S'5 1 2 21 282 2 .45025 129 6 .00372 2.11059 „17147 i ' " 3 22 408 2 .61066 269 2,42975I 6 .34325 6 .81555 ! 5.90360 i 4 23 291 2 .46389 352 2.54654 6 .27439 6 .07075 6.48/.C7 10 24 j 145 2 .16137 130 2.1139' 4 .56901 4 .67152 4.4687-, 25 166 2 .22011 152 2.18184' 4 .84392 4 .92889 4.76O/3 12 26 103 2 .01284 50 1.69897¡ 3.41975 4 .05152 2,88650

I - 2 -

21og X 71 .78152 Slog Y 66.93076 ¿log X log Y = 189 .51151 2 ¿(log X) 203 .27322 2Uog Y)2 177 .78068 PJSJL 2 log X n = .76083

1 |-1

I log X log Y = ¿1 n - = 7.23890 2 (log X)2 JtS.lOR X) = 7.81820 I n I The linear equation: Y = a + bX

m I The Normal equations m Slog Y lía + b¿log X I 5log X log Y = 0.5 loe X + bJClog X)2 Inaert^ng the values: I 66.93076 = 26(a) + (b) 71.78152 189,51151 = 71.78152 (a) + 20327322 (b) I Solving for (a) and (b) I a = O.O1356 b = 0,92751 by substituting in the linear equation (a) and (b) I log Y = 0,014 + 0.927 log X 2< Y = 100-014 X orY= 1.03 X°-9 7 I Coefficient of ^correlation I é where and log P = 0.18181

and '3-log X = 0.44274 I «AW- and alog Y = 0.45925 r = 0,89416 I The standard error of estimate

SY s iriog Y /'1-r ="0720563 I Y = O.9275 X + 0.220 Y = 0-Í9275 X - 0.192 1 2 T f ^—

i TRITIUM (T.U) CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION [CORRELATION OF NICOSIA (CYPRUS) TO OTTAWA (CANAÓAÍ)

100001

1000'

1 •ioo »«••*• 4 ' ' ' • VÛOO X (OTTAWA) I

I

APPEBDU r B -

I I I I I I I I I I 11C3 • 1IC« ltd > 1t(« • 1»«7 I 1tM I IMI ' l»70 I DATE

I I I CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 I 2. DESCRIPTION OF PdSSLARCH CARiil3D OUT 1 3. RESULTS 3 I 4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 3 I a) Western Mesaoria 3 b) Kyrenia Limestone Aquifer 6 I c) The Carbon -1/i Samples 9 I TABLES 1. List of samples and Results (Western Ifesaoria) 10 I 2. List of samples and Resulte (Kyrenia Liiiiestone aquifer) 11 I 3. List of sanipletí and C—14 results 12 I 4. Statement of estimated expenditure 13 Maps I 1. Location of sampling points and tritium content (V/. I 2. Location of sampling points and 0 content (¥. Kes&oria) 3. Extraction-Recharge pattern for a typical year (W.Hesaoric- ', I A, Transmissivity-Specific Yield-Return flow pattern (W.Lîosaori.-) 5. Location of sampling network and results in oxygen -18 end I tritium content (Kyrenia Limestone Aquifer) I Appendix 1. Note on the possible application of the Idorphou digital Mathematical model to the isotope data obtained from the I Morphou Aquifer I I 1. INTRODUCTION This report covers the progress made during the second I year of the International Atomic ¿nergy Agency, renewed Reac :.-oli Contract Ho. 1O39/R1/RB which covered the period of September v;>72 I to November 1973. Since an application for a further renewal of the Re..<;-.."-c''-. I Contract is to be submitted, the final report is waived until after the end of the contract. I The Research Contract under the title 1:Environmental l::o'^cs.e Survey" is being carried out at the Water Development Department I of the Ministry of Agriculture and natural Resources of Cypru,., ;.ith to. Jacovos S. Jacovides, Hydrologist, as the principal scienti:-io I investigator and Dr. Y. Yurtsever of the Division of Research ^., Laboratories of I.A.S.A. responsible on scientific matters in I connection with the project. 2. DESCRIPTIOH 051 RESEARCH CARRIED OUT I The conclusions reached when evaluating the reconnaissance survey in the first year of the Research Contract I (pee Appendix -A-) which covered the major aquifer systems of the island, was that the survey was sufficient to establish c. gener.-.! I environmentj.1 isotope framework of the hydrologie regimes. It was also concluded that the results that were obtcinovi I were sufficient to form the basis for specific, more detailed studies to be undertaken, Following this,, it was recommended th.- ~¿ I the project should be directed towards detailed isotope studies in the two main aquifers of Western Lesaoria and Kyrenia Range e„^ I that further detailed sampling should be carried out in these tv/o areas in accordance with the known hydrologie and hydrogeologic conditions of these systems.

With the above recommendations in mind, the sampling programme for the second year of the research contract was prepared in the same lines as for the first year except bein¿" Í¿C-' specific with emphasis on two major aquifer systems. These two I systems, the Kyrerda Limestone Range (Karstic) and the V/estern Mesaoria (alluvial aquifer) are the subject of a currently carrion I out detailed study with more conventional hydrogeologic method?* I I underlying Spring, yielding 500000 mJ/v*O( .S| Confined —— Fault, (downlhrown s>de

STATE COPYRIGHT RESERVED Compiled, dfown and photographed by Geoloflicol Survey DepaMtnent,

- 2 -

The concurrent use of environmental rachoisotopas vitre I expected to assist in tñe interpretation of the results obtoircd by the more classical methodology and at the same time enable- .t.. I evaluation and comparison of the difference methodologies.

The Kyrenia Range is being studied by means of drillin, , I test-pumping and measuring of most oí the hydrologie compoiui.t^ aiming to the drawing of a water-balance. The Western Liesaeri'. I aquifer is the subject of a major feasibility study under F«i.C. assistance. Within this feasibility study a digital mat hon.-, L a. s \: I model has been successfully calibrated over a period of Li:: ;c..r: (1967-1973) and is being utilised for simulation purposes of tic I several alternative future schemes planned by the Project, For the Western Mesaoria aquifer the distribution of :.. . -•. I was such that, the variability of the recharge sources, se?.- intrusion, zones of high transmissibility and the interconnect:...,; of the several tubaquifers within the same system, could be U¡: • I understood and delineated by means of the environmental iaow, • I For this system, the following density of sampling vv.. originally proposed, I a) 45 samples for stable isotope content from wells, ,-t.-\ flow and rainfall. I b) 35 samples for Tritium, freír, wells and some fron streamflow» c) 5 samples for C—14 from sources where the Tritiuir rv.-/ 1 indicate no modern recharge, ' For the Kyrenia Limestone aquifer the distribution of I sampling was such that by means of a periodic sampling of riL.jor springs and wells the understanding on the transit time, storey¿ I capacity and the delineation of different aquifer systems COIJ.Ü improved.

I For this system the following was proposed:

a) 30 samples for stable isotopes I b) 35 samples for Tritium and I c) 5 samples for C-14 I I I Finally, some samples were proposed to be taken fron •. i,. I areas in Cyprus of special interest as n. follow-up of tht v/crl. the previous your, as follows: I a) 30 samples for utable isotopes b) 20 samples for Tritium I c) 3 samples for C-14 The actual sampling that was carried out during the LCC• I year of the project was the following» I For Western ¡aesaoria: a) 35 samples from wells for oxygen-18 I b) 35 samples from wells for Tritium c) 3 samples for carbon-14 I Por Kyrenia Limeston Range: I a) 41 samples from wells and cpringo for oxygen-13 b) 41 samples from wells and springs for Tritium I c) 3 samples for carbon-"M Unfortunately due to the extraordinary dry weather no I samples wore taken from streams. The location of the sources thnt v/ere samples appear c;: I maps 1, 2 and 5» I 3. RESULTS All the results of the sampling made under the seconu ¿\. . I of the project appear on tables 1,2 and 3 which include tho field no. of each sample, the source, date of collection, I elevation, temperature and the oxygen-18 and tritium content or C-14 measurements« I A, IHELIftilMAHY CONCLUSIONS a) Western Mesaoria

I The Western Mesaoria aquifer consisting of alluvial a;->Is at the coast, of deltaic deposits, is the major groundwater arc\ o I in the island. It has a surface area of 240 km and its thickness varies from a maximum of 120 meters at the coast to I 30 meters near the Troodos loothills. I I I - A - This lenticular aquifer has been the subject.of a rvocÈ detailed hydrogeologic study, the outcome of which, war. -i I successful digital Mathematical i-iodel calibrated over o aix-y.- ...v period (1967-1973). I The average annual replenishment of this system ia of '..."

order of 45 MCM, 45 per cent of which, is from streambed I percolation and recharge from diversion canals, 40 percent ïz-.-.z. local, low elevation, rainfall and the remainder from retvrn 11 ,•; I from irrigation. The pumpage lor irrigation is of the order L± 65 MCM per year resulting in a water balance with a 20 LCI,: i.o _ .\ ¿it < I The sampling for oxygen-18 and Tritium was evenly distributed over the aquifer so that the results would enabl.: c<" :, I possible to differentiate zone3 of recharge. Map -1- shows the location and the tritium content oí t.'.ir. I samples taken from the Western Mesaoria aquifer. The delineation of recharge zones achieved by the tritiu.. I concentration as a criterion (see top -1-) agrees remarkably well with the recharge estimates prepared for each . nodal .tt.vor. i for the model which were baaed on river flow measurementc. (bee map -3-)• I All the samples taken from 7<'estern Jiiesaoria are pu:.;pc'- samples which tend to give an average for the whole depth of I the aquifer penetrated by the borehole. The aquifer in general is made up of several aquiferous units» a typical lenticular I system, therefore the absolute Tritium content of each sar.:plv. is the content of a blend sample made up of water from several units some containing younger or older water. Still the I persistently younger waters indicated on map -1- near ths nci:_ riverbeds is a good indicator of zones where recharge occurs.

I In contrast to these zones are the areas relatively ÍÍ;:J ..t from the riverbeds which show no recent recharge. To what extc I the dilution of recent water by existing, in storage, "dead-' water affecta the tritium content, is not quite clear although I aear the coast this could be quite important due to the thicúu-a and high specific yield value of the aquifer in the area (see Ï map -4-). T r [35. ! Paralimni H1196 I 9«12.71 L2£ll_ I 2 sp^spring

- 5 -

The tritium content is also in relation to the transmiasive capacity of tho aquifer ae both have a bearing or are a result of the traneit-timo of water in the system. I (see map -4-).

Also the temperature of the- groundivater varies v/ith I tritium conten1; or rather more precisely with the trauh-j.dscivi ÍJ of the aquifer. The average t ¿¿iperature for a group of 13 I samples with tritium content less than 1 T.U. is 23.5 ± 0.3cC whilst for a &roup of 11 samples with tritium content bc-iv/con I 1.1 and 10.0 T.U. is 22.8+ 1.1°C and for a group of 11 s.>.i..p!:.•;, with tritium content above 10.1 Y.U. the temperature is I 21.4±0.8°C. Map -2- shows the location of the stapling network •..:;- •; . I values of oxygen -18 for the Wee tern tesaoria. In this c;..-o again a delineation has been made of zor.es of relative osiy^o^ -1' I content. The zone of water lißhter than -5*9 0 0 coincides ¡.•••. c I lees with the hi¿,h tritium concentration which indicator relatively recent recharge from ist re ..-imbed percolations, bi.'i^. I the runoff originates from hiyh altitude rainfall (Troodos mountain range) the light water >.s as it was expected to bo. I The mass of water having -5.7 to -5.8 ¿,. 0 value is confined in the area where minor drainage of a 250 in altitulc I catchment area is occurring. In the north of the aquifer the recharge is mainly duo t J I local rainfall falling at an altitude of 30" m (n.s.l.) In the central part of the aquifer the t> 0 value I is -5.3 to -5.6. This part of the aquifer is the blender of •;>..• different water luasses as it is here where most of the puup:.^ I is made. An isolated portion of the central part of the aqtiii^r I shows rather heavy water (heavier than -5«3 b 0) which can "x explained by the fact that it receives less water from stref.x.'.Jt.il recharge due to low transjnissivity and also because most of t's. r recharge is from return of spate irrigation from diversion o-:: Ai r I

I - 6 -

I The interpretation of the hydrogeoloßic regime ii: -f.h. western tesaoria aquifer by the use of the environmental I isotopes abroes remarkably well with the conclusions derived from the detail study which resulted to a digital I Mathematical Mode]., This close relationship of the two different raethoda of upijroach at this stage, loads to the extention of the present J project to a somewhat different field of research. ïïanely it is intended to propose a further sampling in the Wet-tern •! I Mesaoria aquifer and endeavour to combine the existing mathematical model with the results of the tritium content ±i. I line to what is further explained in appendix 1. k) Kjyrenia Limestone Aquifer I The Kyronia Range io a narrow west-East directed nount•'-:1s. chain with a core built up by limestone probably thrueted into its present position. It is surrounded by an almost continuo?.:: I belt of flysch type impervious sediments of the Kythrea For¡r ä . :. I The flysch plays a dominant role in the hydro¿eoloéy zi the range in that it is the principal factor ir. making up the

impervious flanks that hold up the important unconfined t_rcu.id- I water reservoir within the Main Limestone. North of the raiiix the Kythrea formation fori.is the impervious base to tile nuiûtroft: I larger and smaller calcarenito and conglomerate aquifers ttr.t freely yield water to the wells and boreholes of the Kyrenia I coastal plain. The aquifer made up of at least four recognizable I aquiferous units, ie of Karstic character. It has a surface area of 62 km with an average rainfall infiltration of 167 J-1- I per year or annual replenishment oí about 10 IviCM/a« SOJÜC 9 LCI ¡A. are discharged from springs and 1 MCM/a from boreholes. I The elevation reaches to about 950 m (MSL) whilst the deepest borehole near Trypimeni village penetrated 460 m and I still remained in the limestone aquifer and with Karstic structure.-. still present, Tho very small water table fluctuations (2.5 >'•'] and the extensive karstification indicate a ¿reat "dead" I being available. I I I - 7 - The recently completed, extensive study of the Kyrsr-i^ range by means of drilling, mapping etc, has enabled the I recognition of separate aquifers in the range. The aquifei-ü (see map -5-) aro separated from one another by major I structural lines or zones. A major tectonic structure aloiv; '•' • dotted line on map -5~ separates the Lapithos-Kythrea spring I aquifer (Ho. 1) from the Dhlkomo aquifer (Ho. 2). A zone of faulting east of Kythrea spring separates the aquifer lío. 1 I from the Halefga aquifer (Wo, 3). The Trypimeni pass aquiior (No, 4) is divided from the Halefga aquifer (No. 3) by the z.\;:e of faulting running northwards from Kornokipos and is itseli' I bounded on the south by a belt of Lapithos sediments runnir^; - ~ *ig the centre of the rung,e. Por the last two aquifer prosuracbly I (due to the existing hydraulic gradient) part of the wtiter escapeo from one aquifer to the next lowor one over the top oí I the subsurface barrier. The sampling network for the environmental, isotopes (r,«c- I map -5-) waa planned in such a way so that the coverage voi£> ex. complete as possible. I The results in tritium content agree very well with fciw. recognized sub-aquifers of the rango.

I For zone 1 the tritium content Varies from 2.1 to 1%9 - J« whilst for zones 2 from 11.0 to

The samples K38, K51» KÜ2 and K53 have been taken from I a spring and wells in the coastal aquifer (c&lenrenite) for investigating the possibility of recharge from leakage fro.n the- V- r

- 8 -

I n.iin limestone. The ÍP^Q content of about -6.5 compared to -7 3 found for the main limestone indicates the presence of reciicr¿,o I from rainfall of lower elevation. Also the tritium content oí ' 25.5 Ï.U. compared to about 10 T.U. for the limestone indicate.'; I lar^e contribution of modern recharßo. From these it is concluded that unleas a general characterization of the viuter mass in the Kyrenia coastal aquifer in terms of Tritium and S C I is made the extent of recharge from the leakages from the I limestone cannot be ascertained. In contrast to the above, the samples K39» K55 although off the main limestone still indicate to yield watsr originuti~; I from the limestone. Both the depleted in oxygen -18 and lov.r tritium content result bo this conclusion. I The sample K70 although quite old as far a3 Tritium couti : otill the So value (-6.0) indicates, mainly, recharge from lvc I rainfall. The sample K71 from borehole 53/68 shown to be on the ¡v.i . I limestone has a tritium content of 32.5 T.U. After a 9-hour t¿=~t pumping at a rate of 50 r¡r/h showed no measurable interference I with Lapithos spring (K45) which is only 1.5 Jon away« T'rom the tritium content and the test it could be concluded that the I Borehole has penetrated an isolated block of Limestone or a minor isolated Karbtie system. I The case on the vicinity of samples K41 from a spring (15.6 T.U.); K42 from Borehole 48/69 (0.5 T.U.) and K72 fron I Borehole B26 (15.9 T.U.) is quite interesting. The spring (IW!) is fed viith water from the main limestone indicating similar Tritium content as for Borehole B26 (K72) whilst the borehole I 48/69 (K42) is on a block of Limestone separated from the main outcrop by a band of Lapithos Formation about 0.5 ton '¿ride, which I in this case is virtually impermeable. This is also indicated '.¡-j the water-table which in the borehole lies 21 meters below that I of the main outcrop. 'The borehole EB31 represented by sample K65 clearly liec I on an isolated block of limestone. The tritium content of 63-= I.IÍ» in contrast to 2 to 5 T.U. of the main outcrop excludc-a I the possibility of any contact between them. I I

I I I

*- '••') - 9 - o.-

In contrast to this the limestone outcrops penetrated fj EB10 (sample K62), the spring (K44) and Borehole B20 and 14A/7Ü represented by .samples K4iJ and K47 respectively seem to be ono the same aquifer unit.

The samples K45 and K74 are from Lapithos spring which i.\ being sampled for the last 3 years. Also the Kythrea sprint, (k56 and K7é) as well as Karavas spring (K

sampled during the last 3 years. ïhe tritium content of all L-iL -'-' three springs ia at a diminishing trend. Further sai.,plin¿ '..'ill enable a botter estimation of the residence time of ßroundv.v.v;. r for which an attempt has already been made and explained ir. Progress Report (II) Wo. H/14»

I c) The Carbon -14 Sample^ I All the waters represented by the samples (see table -3-) are of recent water masses, except for CY-6 and are modern i.-¡ ¿t I of their C-14 ages. The observed & ^C values are quite uniform and quite CIL. to the value normally encountered of about -12.0%, typical for I the theoretically expected 50 per cent dilution of limestone J is dead in C-14. Thus the corrected a^es, based on observed ¿¿." I values, would result in modern (recent) ages for the sample;- CY-'i to CY-5. I ihe sample CY-6 is evidently older than the rest of the samples and ibs corrected C-14 age would be about 4800 year». '¿'--< I borehole that was sampled was later discovered to be penetrati:'.. an isolated small sandy horizon which probaliy is recharged \yj •: . I slow draining of the surrounding marls. Thus this .sample it. i:ct by any means representative of the water of the aquifer in the I vicinity of this borehole. I I I I I 1 q • i Table -1- V/ESTiiRN LESAORIA AQUIFER List of samples and results 1 ;;• 1 • Temp. Source Date of ' Elevât, ?}•°/co ".'.pie collection! n(n.r.l) °c ; _ i r i\' I-I-1 BH 44/59 (577) 25.4.1973 23.5 -5.8 O.A 1 i L-2 BH'196/56 (599) 25.4.1973 24.0 -5.8 o.>k 1.Í-3 BH 118/61 (1735) 25.4.1973 j 23.3 -5.2 ü r 3^,.2 ~ • 1 Í--4 BH 57/56 (1228) 25.4.1973 24.7 -5.8 ; • Î1-5 BH 168/54 (1010) 25.4.1973 23.7 -4.6 0.ÍA, • 3 • II-6 BH 253/54 (1039) 25.4.1973 23.0 ¡ -5.2 A I i • ' ° 1 L-7 BH 198/51 (1252) 25.4.1973 20.5 -5.7 '\'.:.-}--\ :.-a BH (1774) 25.4.1973 21.0 I-5.5 »4 1 iVx-9- BH 78/40 (1103) 15.4.1973 23.0 ! -5.5 i.I-10 BH 150/61 (1707) 25.4.1973 20.5 j -5.1 12, i±,: L-11 BH 81/59 (1033) 25.4.1973 21.0 -5.7 i5..'-t. 1 ' 11.&Í..•7' I 1.-12 BH 163/57 (1028) 25.4.1973 20.7 -6.6 f i I 1 'fc-1 3BH 119/59 (955) 25.4.1973 22.0 -7.5 o. ;2-c 6 ?:-14 BH 216/54 (362) 25.4.1973 20.7 -7.6 32.?*' ! 1 1 > Ï.-15 BH 138/58 (517) 25.4.1973 22.5 -5.8 5.7-" • • 1 = fe-16BH 18/54 (637) 25.4.1973 24.5 -5• 7 o.?-: 1 •• < :.i-17 BH 183/56 (724) 25.4.1973 22.5 -7.0 21.3-1 ¿ °: 1 L-18 BH 174/51 (680) 25.4.1973 21.0 -5.6 3-¡.2 1 3M I.-19 BH 287/71 (131) 25.4.1973 23.0 -5.7 o.;U:-3< I 1 'lu-20 .3H 110/56 (806) 25.4.1973 23.5 .6 1 .o-k < 1 ,'i-21 BH 46/56 (44) 25.4.1973 22.0 -5.6 35.&Í-Í .7' • :.:-22 BH P/636 (167) 25.4.1973 23.0 -5,0 1 .u±C 73 • 1 '11-23 BH 4/61 (235) 25.4.1973 23.0 -5.1 11,4^0 1 i •:—2< BH 95/56 23.0 -5.6 3.7*0 I1 ¿? .'' (423) 25.4.1973 "'•• " I 1 ^ 'Jl-25 BH 194/57 (336) 25.4.1973 24.0 -5.9 7.9*0 5i ! ; 1 : 11-26 BH 105/59 (288) 25.4.1973 23.5 -5.1 4.CÍC ; • :-i-27 BH 199/55 (384) 25.4.1973 21.5 -5.4 79.8±: :_-28 BH 123/59 (320) 25.4.1973 22.5 -5.3 19.4*1 2 1 n; 23.0 0.3*0 1 1 ¡¿-29 BH 60/57 (5*4) 25.4.1973 -5.5 -! I • ' ::-30 BH 60/63 (1725 25.4.1973 22.5 -5.6 0.1*0 C.4*û• ' 1 i':-31 BH 253/37 (159) 25.4.1973 ! 23.0 -5.5 .; ,-32BH 43/52 (1020) 25.4.1973 20,7 -5.6 4-8*C .4 , • ¡ 1 M iy--33 BH 90/57 (832) 25.4.1973 22.75 -5.6 2.2*0,2\ m I • Ï--3-' BH 209/54 (897) 25.4.1973 24.75 -5.1 7.^*0 • m BH 47/50 (554) 25.4.1973 24.75 -5.6 0.1*C .3 1 , I 1 i-.... r = 0.89416 The standard error of estimate 2 Sy « ,xlog Y /i-V '=r 072056 3 lr1 = 0.9275 X + 0.220 Y¿ = 0-Í9275 X - 0.192

1

- 11 - 1 Table -2- KYRENIA UMJiSiTONE AQUIiSR List of Samples and Results I'lslcf Dato of Scrap. Source Blevat. ! •2r:Lti ::.i •.;J» of collection' m(m.s.l) °C (i-.U.) ,

K-36 lam. Lapithou BH.B33 20.7.1973 329 21.0 -7.1 15.2*0.7, K-37 Vaailia BH. B35• 6.7.1973 308 20.7 -7.0 ¿. 7*0.6! 1 • K-38 Va3ilia. Voualla spr. 6.7.1973 103 20.3 -6.6 23.6±1.2¡ Ü-39 Lapithos, ÜSvangelis spr. 9.7.1973 197 19.8 -7.1 7.G±C.5i 1• '- K-40 Karavas Kephal.spr. 6.7.1973 186 19.8 -7.2 K 41 Phtcrykha, Chif.Slias 1 spring 9.8.1973 202 20.'3 -7.1 15.£íc.7 iC-42 Phberykha, BH /18/49 9.7.1973 240 19.7 -7.2 0.5¿c.2Í 1 ! Bofíaz, BH 50/61 21.2 1 i 1 --43 9.7.1973 347 -6.7 4.7^.3.; K-44 Bellapais, Kephal.spr. 9.7.1973 262 20.2 -7.1 3.1-0.3! X-45 Lapithos, Kephal,3pr. 9.7.1973 258 18.8 -7.1 9.3*0.6; X V;6 Dhikorao BH 182/53 13.7.1973 368 23.0 -7.1 <; 1.5^.81 1 ' K 17 Bellapais BH 14A/7O 13.7.1973 410 21.3 -7.0 5.fJ±C.3| 1 i X-48 Bellupais BH B20A 13.7.1973 331 20.7 -6.9 1.6*0.2¡ K-49 P.Dhikomo BH 23/46 13.7.1973 334 22.9 -7.1 .10.0*1.6 • . i 1 1 :K-50 Sykhari, BH B31A 13.7.1973 350 24.8 -7.1 39.3±-'.7i • 1-1-51 Lapithos H.N 413 20.7.1973 40 27.0 -6.8 27.3*1.1: £-52 A. üpiktitos H.N 2760 18.7.1973 111 22.8 -6.2 25./!*•;. 2¡ -Í--53 iilea, H.N 1287 20.7.1973 64 20.8 -6.4 2f-.8±"..2! 1 • K-54 Bellapais, Plátanos spr.9.7.1973 266 22.9 -6.9 3.6-O.4J K-55 Kharcha,'Vrysitou Chorion 16.7.1973 283 20.9 -6.4 15-4-0.8} 1 ' K 56 Kyt hre a, Ke phal.spr. 11.7.1973 264 20.9 -7.0 2./;±C.4 I 1 I>57 Koutsouventis, B13A 13.7.1973 367 22.9 -7.2 12.2*0.6 X-58 Á.Ar.ivrosios,BH B16A 16.7.1973 434 19.8 -6.6 5.1±C3 E-59 Kythrea, BH B18A 11.7.1973 373 21.0 -7.0 2.1*C.2i 1 i K-60 Kythrea, BH 106/60 11.7.1973 315 22.8 -6.6 42.6*1.9 5-61 Sykhari, BH 3/36 13.7.1973 320 23.0 -6.9 *11.0 K-62 A.Epiktitos, BH E110 18.7.1973 800 21.3 -7.1 5.8±0./ 1• i ¿-63 Kharcha, BH. B9 11.7.1973 481 20.0 -6.8 15.0*0.8 K-6., Halefga BH 4^/67 11.7.1973 512 20.5 -7.0 0.3±0.2! K-65 IQepini, BH EB31 18.7.1973 310 20.5 -7.0 63.5*^.7I • _ K-66 Kalogrea, BH 6/68 16.7.1973 435 19.6 -6.4 17.4*0.8¡ K-67 Tripimeni BH 19/66 16.7.1973 404 21.8 -6.9 0.4*0.2! K-68 Akanthou BH 116/65 11.7.1973 245 22-. 5 -6.6 1.0*0.3 1 • K-69 Kythrea P/1879 11.7.1973 325 23.3 -6.5 2£.7*l.1i K-70 A. ¿ravrosios H.N 4059 16.7.1973 202 22.7 «6.0 " 4*9*0.3- 1 • K-71 Lapithos, M 53/68 24.7.1973 391 18.4 -6.9 32.5*1.4; l K-72 Karmi, BH B26 24*7.1973 330 19.4 -7.0 15.9*0.8i K-73 Sykhari Adit 13.7.1973 23.0 -7.0 29.9*0.8 K-74 lapithos, Kephal. spr. 23.4.1973 258 18.8 -7.1 9.1*0.6. 1 • Karavas, Kephal. spr. .186 19.8 K-75 23.4.1973 -7.1 6.4*0.4; i K-76 Kythru a, Ke phal.spr. 23.4.1973 264 20.8 -6.9 3.3*0.3! i . . _ .. . i \ * approximate vulüe •

tmumm• X (OTTAWA)

I - 12 -

I labio -3- Liât oí samples and C-14 results

aid Date of I ! T Source collection

I CY-1 Kythrea spring 4.9.1972 264.0 20.5 { -11.fi ! 59.0^":.4 CY~2 Karavas spring 7.9.1972 186.1 20.0 ! -12.2 78.1±i .8 I OY-3 Bellapaise B20 7.9.1972 600.0 - I -12.1 CY-4 Phylia spring 7.11.1972 190.0 22.0 -11.8 I CY-5 torphou H.N. 1851 11.12.1972 61.0 -11.6 i 89.7*:-.2 I CY-6 Katokopia H.N.1012 19.12.1972 136.0 -12.7 28.2*1 .0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I - 13 - I Table -4- §Ti^M3M..SÏLM3Mà^M. A) Project personnel and estimated percentage of total working time devoted to project. Personnel Time .Co.sts 1. Principal Investigator 25% $2200.00 2. Assistant I Hydrogeologist 5% $ 450.00 3. Field Assistant (A) 20$ $ 450.00 I 4. Field Assistant (B) 10% $ 300.00 I B) Other expenses 1. Travelling allowance including subsistance for collection of I samples. $ 350.00 2. Shipping of samples £ 100.00 I 3. Pumping for obtaining samples $ 900.00 Estimated expenditure by Water I Development Department $4700.00 C) Analysis costs at IAEA laboratories I 1. 76 samples for osygen -18 at $6.00 per sample $ 456.00 2. 76 samples for Tritium at I $65.00 per sample $4956.00 I 3. Sampling bottles $ 100.00 Estimated expenditure by International Atomic Energy Agency $5512.00 I ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST $10212.00

I Note : One Cyprus pound is equal to 2.3 U.S. dollars. I I I î Hi 89 91 93 95 97 01 03 05 07 11 13

MAP OF MORPHOU AQUIFER

i Km. LEGEND 1MUUM UNI» MAP 1 • Location of borehole with amount of Tritium Units »tor« than 10 in groundwafer I-10 Samples have been analysed by I.A4EÀ (Vienna) I-S under lie W39/RB on July 1973 The M« désignâtes the field number 'of sample L«ss than I . • out detailed study with more conventional hydrogeologic methods* I I Hcavltr than -5.»

. I

86

MORPHOU MATHEMATICAL MODEL i Km. LEGEND MAP > 1 MCMíq 1.« m MCM/a 0.S > 1.0 0.* Rtchorgc ¡n MCM/a < 0.5 MCMM

\i-i- í|**fáj ..J

.._!

(- fr f; o H- 2 o p (t íSD- (D j^ Ü3 t- B ta

Cl) p § 4 f F- ra d- ta pr I- CD H, c 4 o S f O 0 O P p. f o E 3fi y. O g' h C E

o 4 ta S- g"

MORPHOÛ, MATHEMATICAL MOOEL IRM. LEGEND MAP

150 ao* p VMM : „ . 0.10 Mhrn flow ho« irr)g««ont>Í BOREHOLES ON THE MAIN L

hl

THE SUB-AQUIFERS OF MA-

-t.4t

-is U

(**•«? Lapilhos KytKrca spring aquifer ^

Dhikomo aquifer

Holevga aquifer

pT| Tripimcr.i PasSiaquifer ——Inferred boundary boted on Tritium Contení i i o 5ca!« A— I. T

içr .»• -•'

BOREHOLES ON THE MAIN LIMESTONE OF KYRENIA RANGE

SEA

MÀMrroshs \ I

•RS OF MA. THE SUB-AQUIFERS OF MAIN LiMESTONE

-6.» -él Ci**)

(S.t)

5ca!« I- !Î5 COG I being available, ^-

I •'•J-' "-_--.-- - -. „% _,..,...-.,Vi-'.^ÄVtiiU^, -

'r-.

\Xah¿

h w it

REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE * NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT OF WATER DEVELOPMENT l

f'NIAP:« THE AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF KYRENIA RANGE

MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF SAMPLING NETWORK

AND RESULTS IN OXYGEN-18 AND TRITIUM CONTENT

P.O. DKG. No. SURVEYED BY: TRACED BY : DESIGNED BY : CHECKED BY: DRAWN BY: APPROVED BY: \ I investigating the possibility of recnarge irom

I Appendix 1 Note on the possible application of the Korphou digital model to the isotope data obtained from the Mcrphou aquxfer

The idea is to run the model vfith initial conditions c:.' water levels and activity state for each cell for pre-bomb activity levels and built the water level fluctuation and activity levels to the present conditions when the resulte will be compared to the present field data.

The problem that would be faced is that, information c:i . water balance terms is rather inadequate for the years earlier than 1960 although a good guess could be applied.

The method could have been bettor applicable if initial I activity levels wore available for 1966 which is the starting year of the Mathematical Model. I The advantage of the combination if isotopic data and water balance data is that a model could be calibrated in two v ' I first by the matching of computed levels against historic water levels ana. also by computed activity levels against observed field activity levels. Such calibrutional procedure would havo I increased the confidence on the reliability of the model. I Tho combination of the digital model to the isotopic uatt could be more feasible after the calibration of the first, arri be utilised as a checking procedure of the reliability of the I model. I The equations are: ,J) = S (I,J) ± * R ± I T r iB WiB * I AS H.m * R = .' (Q I .f. - «pump) * ST I I Î ^ I I

- 2 -

vertical mass transfer discharge and 1 | groundwater flow

Change in ¡•'i storage and tracer con- horizontal groundwater flow i-i-.T .as centration tracer discharge in the directso.. of lower hydraulic gradient (for square nodal areas). Sm(I,J) = state of cell (I,J) at Tth interation (mass, number c:7 activity i Sm+.rn(I»J) = state of cell (l,J) at (T+ôt)th interation (¡.¡ass or 1 ùi activity 2 i A = Area of cell (IfJ) (n ) S = Specific yield of cell (I,J) (diiaeiißionless) £,H = Change in water level in cell (I,J) during one iteration (¡z) i R = tracer concentration (mass, number or activity per unit volum r m(I,J) = source or sink of tracer nass in cell I,J (riiass niu.¡o&r i û or activity) operating over one iteration. h_ = water level of cell I,J at nodal point Hi = water level of (I, J+l), )I,J-1), (I+1,J), (1-1,J) at nodal i point L Aver, Transmissivity in m /day between cell I,J and i iB adjoining cells. = distance between nodal points between cell I,J and ad.js.cent cell (m) i 11 = Width of common sidebetweon cell I,J and adjacent cell (&} » iB Por square grid system L.g = "Ï7.-J, and is cancelled out ai t.i. equation. i = tracer concentration (mass, number or activity per unit volv..,o) of cell I,J if hg >h± or of cell (i) if üi>^ i volume of recharge from precipitation in cell (I,J) ^ . = volume of recharge from streambed in cell (IsJ) i Q,. = voliune of recharge from diversion from river flov/ in cell = tracer concentration in precipitation (mass, number of i activity per unit volume (for laorphou aquifer

= Volmie of abstraction from cell (I»J) ï volume of recharge due to return flow from irrigation V4- I I I

I r

I - 3 -

I B = I,J the subscript B is utilised interchangeably with subscripts I,J to denote the cell for which the computaiio:- are being executed. I * Denotes multiplication I The subscript i denotes adjacent cells to I,J or B cell The computer programming and the difficulties that .na^/it I be met in the actual application of such a combination of the I above two equations has not been considered as yet. I I I I I I I I I I • j • D I:-34jBH 209/54 (897) 25.4.1973 24 .75 -5 .1 7.6*0.4 ! i--35¡BH 47/50 (554) 25.4.1973 24 .75 VJ I .6 0.1±0.3 ! 1

Environmental Isotopes Survey (Cyprus) (Summary Report)

1.0 Title Environmental Isotooe Survey (Cyprus) 2.0 Research Institute water Develo ornent Department, Ministry of ¿tgr i culture and. Natural Resources, .Nicosia, Cyprus.

3«0 tChie.f Scientific ^Inve^stipator Jacovos S. Jacovides, Hydrologist, B.Sc, M.Sc., MIVVES k.,0 Period of Contract September 197"! to August 1973 anci May 1977 to July 1978 5.0 Scientific Background and Scone of rro.iect 1. E.C.: 1O39/H1/RB - September 1971 to August 1972 The main purgóse of the project was to find out how best to use environmental isotooes in the interpretation of the hydrolosy, particularly subsurface hydrology of Cyprus. Availability of good geohydrologic information made it desirable at first to collect isotoye data on an island-wide basis from a reconnaissance IE twork, sampling the major under- ground reservoirs. Interpretation of the isotopic data in combination with geohydrologic data was sxîected to provide a clearer understanding of the water systems of the island. Finally, through this survey a general framework would have 'o&en. established for specific, more detailed studies to be undertaken subsequently using environmental isotopes. 2. R.C.: 1O39/R2/RB - September 1972 to August 1973. The renewal of the -project was to deal with two major aquifers in the lsland,an alluvial and a Karstic one. The use of environmental isotopes on these two systems was expected I K-73 Sykhari Adit 13.7.1973 23.Ó U!o I 29.9*0.B' K-74 Lapithos, Kephal. spr, 23.4.1973 258 18.8 !-7.1 9.140.6: K-75 Karavas, Kephal. spr. 23.4.1973 .186 19.8 -7.1 6.4±0.4; I K-76 Kythrca, Kephal.spr; 23.4.1973 264 20.8 -6.9 3.3*0.3! Approximate' "value

to assibt the inter oretation of the results obtained by conventional methods.

3. E.C. 1O39/H3/RB - May 1977 to July 1978 Under this .roject the igneous Troodos Mountain Range in the centre of the island was to be covered for which another project is currently being imoloinented to evaluate its water resources potential. Due to the complexity of the hydrogeology of the area anû the limited knowledge available for the area, it was expected that the use of environmental Isoto.ies could provide unique information and direct tiv current research into different ways. 6-0 Experimental j;ethod The method followed was that of a general s»moling of springs¡ boreholes and stream base-flow as well as -precipitation

I for tritium and the stable isotopes. Depending on the first results the survey was becoming denser and more specific to particular areas. Repeated sampling v/as fiiade on few occasions to determine variation in isotoâc content in time-, full ionic analysis, temperature, jjeoiiydrolof.ie characteristics, elevation and other pertinent information were alv/ays obtained from each source of water that was sar¡;:led. 7.0 S.s siy/fcs^^btaiiied

The tritium content in ¿"eci pitation for two stations, Prodhromos and Nicosia were completed with missing data filled , in by correlation to Ottawa Canada.

The major aquifers of the island have been characterize* gui te vieil by their tritium and stable-isotope content reflecting their storage capacity and source of recharge.

The aquiferous units of the Ilyrenia range have been separated following quite closely the delineation obtained 1 I

- 3 -

by conventional hydrogeologic methods and even improved in some cases where sufficient data were not available. The residence time and storage for three major springs has been estimated using the tritium content in the groundwater. The relative importance and altitude zone oí" recharge has been delineated at the major Mor^hou coastal alluvial aquii'er separating out areas where the recharge is from stream flow originating at the Troodos mountain to that that receives recharge frftm local rainfall. Water masses of similar isotooic content have been delineated for the Troodos Massif following rather closely the geology of the region. The altitude effect on the stable isotopes has been established. A water balance and tritium inyut has been estimated for the Troodos Massif enabling1 an estimate of the transit time of groundwater and thus the storage available. 8.0 Conclusion (a) The various groundwater bodies are labelled by a characteristic stable isoto.« content the deviation of which reflects the degree of mixing that occurs in the various reservoirs. The stable isotooe content characterises these water masses in terms of the location and altitude at which rec> arge occurs. (b) From the tritium levels in the coastal aquifers it is indicated that the turn-over of the groundwater is v&ry slow. This may explain the denletion trends that are observed in the recent years of fast rate of. agricultural growth occuring in . Cyprus. (o) The riverbed aquifers are more dynamic systems with fast recharge rates which aould be exploited without any serious âa/.ger of permanent deletion. I í 4î

- h -

'd) The tritium content of discharge, of a swing enables the determination of the residence time of grounawater and good estimation of the live storage of the reservoirs fosding the springs can be obtained. (e) The delineation of recharge zones achieved by the tritium concentration as a criterion agrees remarkably v/ell with the recharge estimates derived in working on a mathematical model for the Morphou aquifer. (f) Also the tritium content is a function of the r transmissive capacity of the alluvial aquifer as it was exoected i since both have a bearing on the transit-time of water in the system; Also the grounawater temperature varies with the ï] transmissivity being lov/er at higher transmissivities. (g) The tritium content in groundwater has helped the delineation of the water masses in the Kyrenia Limestone range agreeing fully with the delineation derived by conventional methods and improving where data were not sufficient. (h) In the Troodos area where basic hydrogeologic information was limited the interpretation of the isotopic analyses was difficult. Still, it has become apparent that tho geology controls the water masses quite well and that the environmental isotooes indicate this (¿aite well. (i) There is an altitude effect of 0.003°/°° deoletion of' Ofor every 100 m on the south side of Troodos and 0.002°/oo on the northern side. (j) There is a definite -attern of the distribution of the stable isotopes with altitude showing a close correspondence between oxygen -1 8 and deuterium, '¿'he ehx-ichment of groundivater in stable isotopes with decreasing altitude suggests very V4 o CO ID -© a* o»

c •»•

strongly that local recharge is of great importance and thai the aquifers in the region are not very well connected. (k) Comparing the tritium consent in the discharge and the storage available for euch s ulng it has become apparent that the former is a function of the If.tter and the turn over time. (l) Finally the importance of the application of environmental isotopes in hydrology may be shown by examining isolated cases also, where the- isotopic results may provide unique information, corroborating v/ith real field hypotheses

K-' which could not otherwise have been derived. This has been seen on many occasions during the project. S.O Papers Published, .on £qp}\„Pone, under the Contract

1» J. S. Jacovides: "Environmental Isotope Survey (Cyprus) Progress resort II". Departmental Report B/-\k.* Water Development Department, líicosia. 2. " : "Environmental Isotope Survey (Cyor-as) Progress report III". Departmental Report E/26, Water Development Department, Nicosia. 3. " : "Environmental Isotope Survey (Cyprus) Final report".. Departmental Report ïï/h5t Water Development Department, Nicosia.