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University of Southampton Humanities Archaeology the Changing University of Southampton Humanities Archaeology The Changing Maritime Landscape of the Akrotiri Peninsula (1650 BC – AD 650) By Annabel Crawford This Dissertation is submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September, 2016 Student Number: 27847284 ii Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the changes in the geomorphology and archaeology of the Akrotiri peninsula during antiquity. By pulling together results from relevant investigations, I was able to assess the current state of knowledge, produce new hypotheses and offer recommendations for future research. This is the first time the geology and archaeology of the entire peninsula has been considered at all, let alone together, but the current interdisciplinary approach at Dreamer’s Bay and other locations across Cyprus paves the way for similar investigations at sites on the peninsula. Before that can happen, a summary of knowledge must be created from which to move forward. Research determined that interdisciplinary approaches had rarely been taken, although geological and archaeological material did exist separately, and in some cases overlapped with each other. The visibility of maritime activity increased throughout the study period, reflecting the general increase in the activity itself. A shift from the archaeologically ephemeral proto-harbours to engineered harbours occurred, although these proto-harbours still likely existed in areas of localised or smaller-scale activity. The settlements around which maritime activity and culture existed also grew across the periods despite occasional troughs, such as that which occurred at the end of the Late Cypriot period. The geological changes during this period were determined not to be as straightforward as the formation of the peninsula. The peninsula experienced subsidence, erosion and large amounts of sediment transport which although is not completely understood, certainly affected the ancient maritime landscape. iii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... v Declaration of Authorship........................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ viii Using this Volume .................................................................................................................... ix 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Archaeological Summary....................................................................................................... 4 Excavations in the Study Area ............................................................................................... 5 Literature Review................................................................................................................... 7 Project Objectives and Limits .............................................................................................. 10 2: Theory and Methodology..................................................................................................... 13 3: Geology and Geomorphology .............................................................................................. 19 The Geomorphology of Cyprus ........................................................................................... 19 Kourion and the Kouris River .............................................................................................. 24 The Western Tombolo to Cape Zevgari ............................................................................... 36 Dreamer’s Bay and the South Coast .................................................................................... 39 The Eastern Tombolo ........................................................................................................... 42 The Interior of the Peninsula................................................................................................ 45 Limassol and the Garyllis River .......................................................................................... 47 4: Late Cypriot ......................................................................................................................... 51 The Kourion Area ................................................................................................................ 53 Asomatos-Phasouri.............................................................................................................. 57 Dreamer’s Bay ..................................................................................................................... 58 Limassol ............................................................................................................................... 60 iv Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 61 5: Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical .................................................................................. 62 The Kourion area ................................................................................................................. 64 Cape Zevgari ........................................................................................................................ 68 The Interior of the Peninsula................................................................................................ 68 Limassol and the Garyllis .................................................................................................... 69 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 69 6: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods..................................................................................... 70 The Kourion area ................................................................................................................. 72 The Western Tombolo to Cape Zevgari ............................................................................... 77 Dreamer’s Bay ..................................................................................................................... 79 Tarratsos ............................................................................................................................... 84 The peninsula: Interior ......................................................................................................... 85 Limassol and the Garyllis .................................................................................................... 87 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 88 7: Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 89 8: Recommendations for Future Work .................................................................................... 90 Reference List .......................................................................................................................... 93 Appendix 1: Wessex Archaeology core descriptions ............................................................ 104 v Table of Figures Cover Image: A view North towards Kourion, taken by the author from West Akrotiri…….. i 1: The location of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean ........................................................... 1 2: The study area within Cyprus ................................................................................................ 2 3: Key sites mentioned in the study area ................................................................................. 11 4: The Kouris River and Garyllis River. .................................................................................. 12 5: Claude Monet’s Impression, soleil levant............................................................................ 13 6: Examples of the features recorded ....................................................................................... 18 7: Geological evolution of Cyprus ........................................................................................... 20 8: The Geology of Cyprus........................................................................................................ 21 9: A cross section diagram of southern Cyprus during the Micoene ....................................... 22 10: Longshore drift .................................................................................................................. 23 11:An aerial photograph of the Kouris River .......................................................................... 24 12:A satellite image of the Kouris River and Kourion area ..................................................... 25 13: A photograph taken from the mouth of the Kouris ............................................................ 26 14: The tombolo barrier at the mouth of
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