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Diapositiva 1 Innovazione e Open Software / Hardware / Data Linux Day 2011 Ivrea, 22 Ottobre 2011 Norberto Patrignani Accademia dell'Hardware e Software Libero "Adriano Olivetti" Genesis of Innovation 2 / 48 "Low Tech", James Shristensen, 1987 3 / 48 Innovation is not an option "Nothing is as steady as the change" (Eraklit, 480 a.c.) Eraclito, “La Scuola di Atene” (part.), Raffaello Sanzio, 1509 Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Roma "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one that is most responsive to change" (Charles Darwin, 1809-1882) 4 / 48 "Quando spira il vento dell'innovazione alcuni costruiscono muri altri mulini a vento" "When the wind of change blows some build walls against the wind, but others build windmills" Chinese proverb 5 / 48 Innovators Clusters FOCUS Outside Designers Engineers Inside Artists Scientists source: source: adapted“The fromSeven of Pragmas Innovation”, Rich Gold, Palo Research8,Alto Center, October 1998 TARGETS Move Move Minds Atoms 6 / 48 Innovators Jörn Utzon, 1970 Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, 1975 FOCUS Outside Designers Engineers Inside Artists Scientists source: adapted from “The Seven Pragmas of Innovation”, Rich Gold, Palo Alto Research Center, October 8, 1998 TARGETS Move Move Minds Atoms Pablo Picasso, 1962 Kurt Gödel e Albert Einstein, Princeton 1950 7 / 48 The Natural History of Innovation MARKET 1400 1600 1800 2000 NON-MARKET Source: Steven Johnson, "Where good ideas come from. The Natural History of Innovation", Riverhead Books, 2010, INDIVIDUAL NETWORK 8 / 48 The Natural History of Innovation MARKET 1494: Double-Entry Accounting 1965: Personal Computer 1735: Marine Chronometer 1837: Programmable Computer Luca Pacioli + Giovanni di Bicci De' Medici + Piergiorgio Perotto + Amatino Manucci + Benedetto Cotrugli + (1975) Lee Felsenstein Venetian Merchants + Islamic Merchants + ... John Harrison + Gemma Frisius + Christiaan Huygens + Jeremy Thacker + + Steve Jobs + Steve Wozniak + ... Henry Sully + ... Charles Babbage 1439: Printing Press 1783: Manned Air Balloon J.M. & J.E.Montgolfier Johannes Gutenberg 1400 1600 1800 2000 1543: Heliocentric Cosmology 1590: Microscope 1750: Lightning rod 1609: Telescope Nicolaus Copernicus 1859: Evolutionary Theory 1973: Internet (TCP/IP) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek + Zacharias Janssen + Benjamin Franklin Galileo Galilei + Hans Lippershey + Galileo Galilei + ... Hans Lippershey + ... Vint Cerf + Robert Kahn + ... NON-MARKET Charles Darwin Source: Steven Johnson, "Where good ideas come from. The Natural History of Innovation", Riverhead Books, 2010, INDIVIDUAL NETWORK 9 / 48 Top 30 Innovations of the Last 30 Years 1. Internet, broadband, WWW (browser and html) 2. PC/laptop computers 3. Mobile phones 4. E-mail 5. DNA testing and sequencing/Human genome mapping 6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 7. Microprocessors 8. Fiber optics 9. Office software (spreadsheets, word processors) 10. Non-invasive laser/robotic surgery (laparoscopy) 11. Open source software and services (e.g., Linux, Wikipedia) 12. Light emitting diodes (LED) 13. Liquid crystal display (LCD) 14. GPS systems 15. Online shopping/ecommerce/auctions (e.g., eBay) 16. Media file compression (jpeg, mpeg, mp3) 17. Microfinance 18. Photovoltaic Solar Energy 19. Large scale wind turbines 20. Social networking via the Internet 21. Graphic user interface (GUI) 22. Digital photography/videography 23. RFID and applications (e.g., EZ Pass) 24. Genetically modified plants 25. Bio fuels 26. Bar codes and scanners 27. ATMs 28. Stents 29. SRAM flash memory 30. Anti retroviral treatment for AIDS Source: Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, February 2009 10 / 48 1963: the 1st Italian bit-generation 1963: Olivetti P101, 1st PC (3,200 $) Gastone Garziera Mario Bellini Piergiorgio Perotto 1963: Olivetti P101's dream-team Giovanni De Sandre Source: www.101project.eu 11 / 48 The Evolution of Computing 1963: 1st mouse Douglas Engelbart, Bill English 1981: April, Xerox Star 8010 (16,595 $) 1st Commercial WIMP "Personal Computer" 1973: 1st WIMP Window, Icon, Menu e Pointing Computer Xerox PARC 1981: August 12, PC IBM (1,565 $) MS-DOS 1.0 12 / 48 1969: Unix Dennis Ritchie Ken Thompson Bill Joy (1941 - 2011) (1943 - ) (1954 - ) 13 / 48 1975: Homebrew Computer Club, Menlo Park Lee Felsenstein Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak (1945 - ) (1955 - 2011 ) (1950 - ) 1981: Osborne I 1976: Apple I (1,795 $) (666.66 $) 14 / 48 The Evolution of Computing The "1984" Macintosh Ad 22 January 1984: The half-time of the 1984 Super Bowl featured a 45 second ad that would be declared in 1995 the best ad of the last 50 years. The commercial, directed by Ridley Scott (The Duelist 1978, Alien, 1979, and Blade Runner, 1982) for the Apple Corporation, announced the imminent arrival of the Macintosh computer. The ad cost $1.6 million to produce, and Apple Corporation paid $500,000 for the one-minute time slot in which it ran. 1984: January, It ran only once. Apple MacIntosh (2,495 $) 15 / 48 Knowledge as a Commons 16 / 48 1985: Free Software (GNU Manifesto) Free Software is a matter of the users' freedom to Richard M. Stallman run, (New York, USA, 1953 - ) copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. "The Olivetti Programma 101 was the first computer I ever used" Richard Stallman Source: www.fsf.org 17 / 48 1989: The World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee Robert Cailliau (London, UK, 1955 - ) (Belgium, 1947 - ) 30 April 1993 the WWW enters the Public Domain Source: public.web.cern.ch 18 / 48 1991: Linux Linus Torvald (Helsinki, Finland, 1969 - ) From: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds) Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? Summary: small poll for my new operating system Keywords: 386, preferences Message-ID: <[email protected]> Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT Organization: University of Helsinki Lines: 20 Hello everybody out there ... I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional ... Linus Torvald 19 / 48 Clients & Servers OS 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Others 50% Windows 40% Linux 30% 20% 10% 0% Clients Servers Source: W3TECH, NetMarketShare, 2011 20 / 48 Mobile Devices OS Source: Mobile Devices OS - 2Q2011 - Gartner 2011 21 / 48 Web Servers OS Apache = 65.8 % Source: Netcraft.com, June 2011 22 / 48 Supercomputers OS Super Computers OS Linux = 91.2 % Source: TOP 500 Project, 2011 23 / 48 RAPPORTO 2011 (manovra su 3 anni) 2012-2013-2014 Miliardi 50,365 di Euro Riduzione debito Milardi di Euro 50 50 Offerta formativa 48 4,6 48 46 46 Edilizia scolastica Riduzione costi della politica 2,2 11,865 44 44 B orse di studio 2,1 Riordino convenzioni private sanita' 42 42 Fondo ordinario funzionamento Abolizione fondi scuole private 40 40 U niversita' 6 38 38 1,2 M obilita' sostenibile e trasposto Software libero nella PA 1,2 pubblico locale 36 0,345 36 1,2 Finanziamento Fondo Protocollo di C hiusura C IE 34 1,95 34 2,1 Kyoto 0,75 2,25 0,6 Ferrovie per i pendolari Riduzione finanziamento aerei da guerra 32 32 0,75 1,3 F 35 30 30 0,150,3 Programma nazionale Piccole Opere F ine missione Afghanistan 4 28 28 3,6 Sostegno all'Altra Economia Riduzione - 20% spese militari 26 3,85 26 24 24 2,1 Agricoltura biologica Tagli grandi opere 1,35 22 1,5 22 3,6 Sostegno produzioni e consumi green Tassazione pubblicita' 0,12 economy 20 20 Sostegno innovazione e ricerca Tassazione veicoli emissione C O2 18 6 18 16 16 Ammortizzatori sociali per co- pro e Tassazione diritti televisivi "sport 10,5 parasubordinati spettacolo" 14 14 Restituzione fiscal drag, aumento Tassazione rendite finanziarie 12 3,6 12 pensioni, reddito minimo M edicina preventiva e territoriale Progressivita' fiscale 10 10 0,450,4 8 8 1,2 Interventi accoglienza e integrazione Tassa patrimoniale 1,2 migranti 6 10,5 6 1,5 Sostegno affitto e canone agevolato 4 4 2 2 4,5 Fondo per la non auto- sufficienza 0 0 Piano nazionale Asili N ido ENTRATE USCITE Livelli essenziali di assistenza Fonte: www.sbilanciamoci.org 24 / 48 2001: Creative Commons Lawrence Lessig (Rapid City, SD, USA, 1961 - ) Harvard Law School Source: creativecommons.org 25 / 48 2005: Open Source Hardware Massimo Banzi "Arduino nasce nel 2005 ... quando insegnavo all’Interaction Design Institute di Ivrea ... ... io proposi il nome “molto Eporediese” di Arduino, come il bar dove andavamo a bere l’aperitivo." "Betabook, il manuale di Arduino", Massimo Banzi, fondatore del progetto Arduino Source: www.arduino.cc 26 / 48 Free to use, program, study, repair, Open Source Hardware recycle, make changes, manufacture, ... the hardware! 本 : běn (chinese: an origin, the beginning place) Source: sharism.cc Ben Nanonote Source: en.qi-hardware.com 27 / 48 Industrial Revolution Knowledge Revolution - Matter & Energy - Information - Conservation-Laws - Conservation-Laws ? - Linear Systems (Continuous) - Finite-State Machines (Discrete) - Exaustive/Stress Testing (Tolerances) - Functional Testing (Tolerances?) - Zero-Sum Exchanges - Plus-Sum Exchanges - Limited Speed (Friction) - Light Speed - Copy ≠ Original - Copy = Original - High Environmental Impact - Low Environmental Impact Matter Information Degrades Survives 40x image of arusted old coin - Photo by Havi Sarfaty 28 / 48 2006: Understanding Knowledge as a Commons Elinor Ostrom (Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1933 - ) 2009 Nobel Prize for Economics E.Ostrom, "Understanding Knowledge as a Commons", MIT Press, 2006 29 / 48 Knowledge Representation carbon atom oxygen C-O+ Carbon Monoxyde CO text <molecule id="m1" title="carbon monoxide"> <atomArray>...</molecule>
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