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Improving the Efficiency of Pyrolysis and Increasing the Quality of Gas

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Improving the Efficiency of Pyrolysis and Increasing the Quality of Gas resources Project Report Improving the Efficiency of Pyrolysis and Increasing the Quality of Gas Production through Optimization of Prototype Systems Csaba Fogarassy 1,* , Laszlo Toth 2, Marton Czikkely 1,* and David Christian Finger 3 1 Climate Change Economics Research Centre, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Szent Istvan University, 2100 Gödöllö, Hungary 2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Szent Istvan University, 2100 Gödöllö, Hungary; [email protected] 3 School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 13 December 2019; Published: 15 December 2019 Abstract: Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process that consists of the degradation of organic polymers and biomass minerals in lignocellulose materials. At low pyrolysis temperature (300–400 ◦C), primarily carbon is produced during the reaction time. Rapid pyrolysis takes place at temperatures between 500 and 650 ◦C. If the temperature is higher than 700 ◦C, the final product is methane, also known as biogas. The pyrolysis generator can be combined with a small power plant (CHP), which is a promising technology because the unit can be installed directly near the biomass production, and electricity can be fed de-centrally to the public utility network, while there are several possibilities for using waste heat in local systems. Carbonaceous ash can be utilized well in the agricultural field, because, in areas with intensive farming, the soil suffers from carbon and mineral deficiencies, and the phenomenon of material defect can be reduced by a proper level of implementation. This study describes the technical content of the biochar pilot project, and then, through a detailed presentation of the experimental results, we interpret the new scientific results. Our aim is to improve the quality of the produced gas by increasing the efficiency of the pyrolysis generator. In order for the pyrolysis unit to operate continuously, with proper efficiency and good gas quality, it is necessary to optimize the operation process. Our review reveals that the use of vibration may be advantageous during pyrolysis, which affects the mass of the pyrolysis carbon in a plane. Accordingly, the application of vibration to the input section of the funnel might enhance the quality of the gas, as well. The study concludes that more accurate dimensioning of the main parts of the gas reactor and a more convenient design of the oxidation and reduction zones enhance the good-quality gas output. Keywords: fixed bed pyrolysis; oxidation-reduction zone; reduction of tar in gas; the significance of biomass particle size; carbon cycle 1. Description of the Developed System within the Project Pyrolysis systems were designed based on the results of available technical resources and the authors’ experience and suggestions. We refer to previous results about the design and measurement on several occasions in order to highlight the specific reasons for this solution [1–4]. Oxidation and reduction are important processes for gas quality [4]. Noncombustible gases in the pyrolysis space, as well as carbon dioxide and water, pass through the oxide field and on the glowing charcoal in the lower layer, which reduces them during further chemical reactions [5–12]. In the quality zone, the endothermic process takes place, removing heat from the environment. If you do not use a favorable temperature of 750 to 1000 ◦C, you will deteriorate the quality of the gas produced [13]. The release Resources 2019, 8, 182; doi:10.3390/resources8040182 www.mdpi.com/journal/resources Resources 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 endothermic process takes place, removing heat from the environment. If you do not use a favorable Resources 2019, 8, 182 2 of 14 temperature of 750 to 1000 °C, you will deteriorate the quality of the gas produced [13]. The release of hydrocarbons occurs around 800 °C, with the secondary air entry into the fibered, and the gases areof hydrocarbonsburned with a occurs visible around flame. 800The◦ chemicalC, with the processes secondary and air corresponding entry into the energy fibered, changes and the can gases be representedare burned withas follows a visible: flame. The chemical processes and corresponding energy changes can be represented as follows: C + CO → 2CO (−164.9 MJ⁄kg mol) C + CO2 2CO ( 164.9 MJ/kg mol) ! − C + HO → CO + H (−122.6 MJ⁄kg mol) C + H2O CO + H2 ( 122.6 MJ/kg mol) ! − CO + HO → CO + H (+42 MJ⁄kg mol) CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (+42 MJ/kg mol) ! C + 2H → CH (+75 MJ⁄kg mol) C + 2H2 CH4 (+75MJ/kg mol) ! CO + H → CO + HO (−42.3 MJ⁄kg mol) CO2 + H2 CO + H2O ( 42.3MJ/kg mol) The proposed system differs in many! respects from− what is known in the literature, mainly becauseThe of proposed the simplifications system diff ersof top in many-fed and respects bottom from-fed what solutions is known [14– in16] the. literature, mainly because of the simplifications of top-fed and bottom-fed solutions [14–16]. 2. Flowchart and Structure of the Developed System 2. Flowchart and Structure of the Developed System The incoming biomass is transported from the site (yard) storage space to the preinstallation storageThe space incoming, wherebiomass it is dried is transported to the desired from moisture the site (yard) content. storage The spacehot gas to interacting the preinstallation in the gas storage–air heatspace, exchanger where it (presented is dried to in the Figure desired 1 and moisture Table content.1) provides The the hot heat gas needed interacting for this. in the The gas–air direction heat ofexchanger the processes (presented is indicated in Figure by 1arrows. and Table The1 )air provides entering the th heate oxidation needed space for this. is also The preheated direction ofby thethe airprocesses passing is indicatedthrough a by said arrows. heat Theexchanger. air entering So, theon oxidationthe other spaceside of is alsothis preheatedheat exchanger, by the airthe passing air is preheatedthrough a, saidand heatthen exchanger.the water is So, injected on the into other this side airstream. of this heat This exchanger, process is the already air is taking preheated, place and in thethen reacto the waterr space. is injectedThe pressure into this in the airstream. total space This of processthe reactor is already (from the taking gas discharge place in the side) reactor is smaller space. thanThe pressurethe atmospheric in the total pressure space of (due the to reactor connected (from vacuum the gas discharge pump), which side) is also smaller determines than the the atmospheric direction ofpressure gas flow. (due to connected vacuum pump), which also determines the direction of gas flow. FigureFigure 1. 1. TheThe flowchart flowchart of of the the system system,, with with ea eachch measured measured temperature temperature values values ( (editededited and and designed designed byby the the a authors).uthors). The gas discharged from the lower part of the generator cools through the heat exchange, and the cooler gas enters the dust filter, where the powder is coarsely separated, and, from here, it moves on to pass through a safety filter, to get completely tar-free gas into the system [17,18]. This allows the engine to be protected from deposits in the combustion chamber. Waste heat from the engine is Resources 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14 Table 1. The symbols and names of each part of the system (edited and designed by the authors). Sign Name of Each Part Sign Name of Each Part HCS Exchanger L Air FG Flue gas (Exhausts) MV Hot water V Water HL Cold air G Gas HV Cold water Resources 2019, 8, 182 3 of 14 The gas discharged from the lower part of the generator cools through the heat exchange, and the cooler gas enters the dust filter, where the powder is coarsely separated, and, from here, it moves presentedon to pass by through water/water a safety heat filter exchanger., to get completely The heat exchangerstar-free gas into serve the to system preheat [17,18]. domestic This hot allows water. Thethe final engine temperature to be protected of the from domestic deposits hot waterin the combustion is practically chamber. made by Waste the high-temperature heat from the engine flue is gas flowingpresented out ofby the water/water engine [19 heat,20]. exchanger. As a result, The a cleanheat exch andangers low-temperature serve to preheat flue gas domestic is released hot water. into the environment.The final temperature This is achieved of the domestic by the complex hot water system is practically at its best made effi ciency.by the high The- systemtemperature is illustrated flue gas in moreflowing detail out in of Figure the engine2, by marking [19,20]. As each a result, unit (Figure a clean2 and Tablelow-temperature2). flue gas is released into the environment. This is achieved by the complex system at its best efficiency. The system is illustratedTable 1. inThe more symbols detail andin Figure names 2 of, by each marking part of each the system unit (Figure (edited 2 and and designed Table 2). by the authors). Items No. 3, 4, 5, and 7 were basically the subjects of the investigation, since the process of Sign Name of Each Part Sign Name of Each Part decomposition, its quality, and the performance of the equipment also depend on them. The oxidation air, asHCS well as the recirculated Exchanger gas mixture and L the vapor phase, were Air introduced at site 2. The heated air inFG the heat exchanger Flue gas (Exhausts) is fed with water through MV a high-frequency Hot water valve, which is due V Water HL Cold air to the high temperature; it is then converted into steam and fed into the oxidation/reduction zone G Gas HV Cold water through the nozzle No.
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