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Texas Highway Operations Manual

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Texas Highway Operations Manual U.S. Department Texas Highway Operations Manual August 1992 A Technology Sharing Reprint of Transportation TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE I. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-92/1232-3 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date August 1992 Texas Highway Operations Manual 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Research Report 1232-3 3. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Texas Transportation Institute Texas A&M University System 11. Contract or Grant No. College Station, Texas 77843-3 135 Study No. 2-18-90/4-1232 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation; Interim: September 1989 to Transportation Planning Division August 1992 P.O. Box 5051 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Austin, Texas 78763 15. Supplementary Notes Research performed in cooperation with DOT, FHWA. Research Study Title: Urban Highway Operations Research and Implementation Progrm 16. Abstract This document was developed for the Texas Department of Transportation to serve as a Department manual addressing highway operations.The information in the manual covers a wide range of operational issues related tc the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and management of highways. Part I of the manual serves as an introduction to the manual and the concept of highway operations.Part II addresses operational considerations for project development, preliminary design, final design, and scheduled activities. Part III addresses system management, data collection, operational analysis,incident management, control strategies, and informatior systems.Part IV contains the appendices, abbreviations and definitions, annotated bibliography, and index. Updates to the Texas Highway Operations Manual will be issued in the future. The Texas Transportatior Institute should be contacted to determine the status of the updates. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. Traffic Operations, Traffic Analysis, Highway This document is available to the public through the: Capacity, Freeways, Highway Systems, Traffic National Technical Information Service Management 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 2216 1 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 338 FORM DOT F 1700.7 (8-69) METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in)= 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd)q 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) =1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) =1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 2 2 2 2 1 square inch (sq in, in = 6.5 square centimeters (cm ) 1 square centimeter (cm )= 0.16 square inch (sq in, in ) 2 2 2 2 1 square foot (sq ft, ft = 0.09 square meter (m ) 1 square meter (m )= 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd ) 2 2 2 2 1 square yard (sq yd, yd ) = 0.8 square meter (m ) 1 square kilometer (km ) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi ) 2 2 2 1 square mile (sq mi, mi )= 2.6 square kilometers (km ) 1 hectare (he) =10,000 square meters (m ) = 2.5 acres 2 1 acre =0.4 hectares (he) = 4,000 square meters (m ) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gr) 1 gram (gr)= 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) =.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton =2,000 pounds (Lb) = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) =1,000 kilograms (kg) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp)= 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliters (ml) q 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp)q 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (1) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) =1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c)= 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 3 3 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 cubic meter (m ) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft ) 3 3 1 quart (qt)= 0.96 liter (l) 1 cubic meter (m ) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd ) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 3 3 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft ) = 0.03 cubic meter (m ) 3 3 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd )= 0.76 cubic meter (m ) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) o o o o [(x-32)(5/9)] F q y C [(9/5) y + 32] C q x F QUICK INCH-CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION INCHES 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I I I I I I I I I CENTIMETERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25.40 QUICK FAHRENHEIT-CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION o O F -40° -22 -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 ° C -40° -3O° -2O° -l0° O° 1O° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° l00° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NBS Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50. SD Catalog No. Cl3 10286. iv TEXAS HIGHWAY TIONS MANUAL Study No. 2-18-90/4-1232 Research Report 1232-3 Sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration Texas Transportation Insitute Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-3135 August 1992 . .I IMPLEMENTATION STATEMENT This edition of the Texas Highway Operations Manual is an interim version which has been developed by the Texas Transportation Institute as part of a five year research study on urban highway operations.Portions of the manual will be updated throughout the study period as new research findings become available.The final version of the manual will be published at the end of the research study.Your comments about interim versions of this manual are encouraged along with suggestions for additional information to be included or areas which need to be added.Examples of the application of the principles described in the manual are also requested.Please contact the Texas Transportation Institute at the address below with any comments or suggestions about the Manual or its contents. Thomas Urbanik Study Supervisor Texas Transportation Institute Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843-3 135 The user of this manual should contact the Communications Program at the Texas Transportation Institute to order future updates to the Texas Highway Operations Manual. Communications Program Texas Transportation Institute Texas A&M University System College Station, Texas 77843-3135 (409) 845- 1734 DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the opinions, findings, and conclusions presented herein. This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation.This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation, and is not intended for construction, bidding or permit purposes. Texas Highway Operations Manual 111 TxDOTt 08/92 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the initiation of this study, an advisory committee was formed for consultation, review and approval of all research activities encompassed by this study. The researchers would like to acknowledge those individuals participating in this capacity for their time and efforts: The Texas Highway Operations Manual is the result of the cooperation of many individuals at the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and many other individuals across the United States. This document is one product of a TxDOT/FHWA sponsored urban highway operations research study being performed at TTI. The development of this Manual resulted from the contributions of many individuals at TTI.Dr. Thomas Urbanik is the study supervisor and Mr. William McCasland is the study co-supervisor.Dr. Urbanik is also responsible for the overall development of this Manual. Mr. Gene Hawkins served as the Manual editor and was responsible for integrating the contributions of various TTI staff members.Major technical contributions were also made by Ms. Kay Fitzpatrick and Mr. Kevin Balke. Research activities for the research project and development of the Manual were monitored by TxDOT through an Advisory Committee and a Technical Committee. The Technical Coordinator for the study was Gary Trietsch. The Advisory Committee includes Milton Dietert, Bob Hodge, William Lancaster, Tommie Howell, James Huffman, Richard Lockhart, Alvin Luedecke, and J.R. Stone. The Technical Committee includes Robert Cuellar, Wallace Ewell, Karen Glynn, Pat Irwin, Randall Keir, Al Kosik, Bob Kovar, Steven Levine, Carlos Lopez, John Mack, Mark Marek, Bob Musselman, Mel Partee, Carol Rawson, Charles Riou, Dev Tulsiani, Harold Watters, and Cathy Wood. Many of the principles contained in this document result from activities and research of many dedicated professionals throughout the United States.Special note is made of some individuals that have contributed directly to this document. Jack E. Leisch and Joel P. Leisch (Jack E. Leisch & Associates Transportation Engineers) have shared many ideas which are extensively used. Other individuals contributed to the concepts included in this Manual at a two-day conference in Arlington, Texas. Those individuals include Sadler Bridges (Texas Transportation Institute), Don Capelle (Parsons Brinckerhoff), Jimmy Chu (Virginia Department of Transportation), Alan Clelland (JHK & Associates), Joe Contegni (New York State Department of Transportation), Gary Euler (Federal Highway Administration), Robert L.
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