DOCSLIB.ORG

Practical Guide to Street Works Operatives and Supervisors Under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

This guide provides practical advice to assist good workmanship and promote the highest standards of reinstatement by site Practical Guide to Street Works operatives and supervisors under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991. It is NOT a replacement or abbreviated version of the Code of Practice, Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in Highways (Second Edition [England], June 2002). Information is presented in the order that a reinstatement is undertaken, from signing, excavating, reinstating and then leaving a completed job. Each section is typically broken down to cover: • Specification details • checks, with hints and tips of what to look out for • a list of tasks to be completed • health and safety issues to be aware of. £9.95 www.tso.co.uk 5527465X_PGTSW cover_Vn1_0.indd 1 18/4/06 10:42:01 Practical Guide to Street Works Compiled and designed by TRL Limited on behalf of the Department for Transport and in consultation with HAUC (UK) June 2006 London: TSO Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) Department for Transport and available from: Great Minster House 76 Marsham Street Online London SW1P 4DR www.tsoshop.co.uk Telephone 020 7944 8300 Web site www.dft.gov.uk Mail,Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO © Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN Stationery Office, 2006, except for the following: Telephone orders/ • extracts from the Specification for the General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Reinstatement of Openings in Highways (Second Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 Edition [England], June 2002), highlighted in yellow, E-mail: [email protected] which are Crown copyright; Textphone 0870 240 3701 • photographs, which have been provided by Bomag, NJUG,Terex,TRL Limited and Wacker (Great TSO Shops Britain) Limited; 123 Kingsway, London,WC2B 6PQ 020 7242 6393 Fax 020 7242 6394 • other illustrations. 68-69 Bull Street, Birmingham B4 6AD This publication, excluding logos, may be reproduced 0121 236 9696 Fax 0121 236 9699 free of charge in any format or medium for non­ 9-21 Princess Street, Manchester M60 8AS commercial research, private study or for internal 0161 834 7201 Fax 0161 833 0634 circulation within an organisation.This is subject to 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD it being reproduced accurately and not used in a 028 9023 8451 Fax 028 9023 5401 misleading context.The copyright source of the 18-19 High Street, Cardiff CF10 1PT material must be acknowledged and the title of the 029 2039 5548 Fax 029 2038 4347 publication specified. 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ 0870 606 5566 Fax 0870 606 5588 For any other use of this material please apply for a Click-Use Licence at www.opsi.gov.uk/click­ TSO Accredited Agents use/index.htm, or write to Licensing Division, Office (see Yellow Pages) of Public Sector Information, St Clements House, 2–16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ, fax 01603 723000, and through good booksellers or e-mail [email protected] This is a value added publication which falls outside the scope of the Core Click-Use Licence. ISBN-13 978-0-11-552746-3 Printed in Great Britain on paper containing at least ISBN-10 0-11-552746-X 75% recycled fibre. June 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom for TSO N186630 C200 06/06 Acknowledgements This guide is intended as a quick user-friendly reference document for use by site operatives and supervisors involved with the reinstatements of openings in highways under the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991. This guide is NOT a replacement or abbreviated version of the Code of Practice, Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in Highways (Second Edition [England], June 2002), which has been approved by the Secretary of state under Section 71 of the 1991 Act.That Code provides practical guidance on the standards required in relation to materials, workmanship and standard of reinstatement of street works carried out by utilities and other undertakers with apparatus in the street. Failure to comply with the Code will be evidence of a breach of an undertaker’s statutory obligations. This Guide serves a different purpose and is intended to provide practical advice to assist good workmanship and promote the highest standards of reinstatement by site operatives and supervisors. It includes relevant reference material from the Specification for the Reinstatement of Openings in Highways (Second Edition [England], June 2002).Where direct reference is made to the Specification, the relevant section number is given in brackets (See Section n.nn). Text, tables and figures reproduced from the Specification are presented on a yellow background, with a reference to the relevant section. The symbol in the margin identifies these references in the text. e.g SROH Figure and table numbers from the Specification are given in the left margin. Table S1.1 FULL COMPLIANCE WITH THE SPECIFICATION IS REQUIRED IN ALL CASES. The use of photographs provided by Bomag, National Joint Utilities Group (NJUG),Terex,TRL Limited and Wacker (Great Britain) Limited within this document is gratefully acknowledged. Practical Guide to Street Works Contents Acknowledgements 3 Contents 4 Preface by HAUC (UK) 6 How to use this Guide 7 List of reference documents 8 1. Introduction 9 2. Specification designs and categories 10 3. Tools and equipment 12 4. Signing, lighting and guarding 13 5. Undertaking excavations 15 6. Trench sidewall support 17 7. Precautions for protecting trees 18 8. Excavating surfacings: bitumen bound 20 rigid roadslabs 22 rigid surface in footways 24 modular 25 9. Excavating below surfacing layers 26 10. Notes on compaction 27 11. Preparing subgrade 31 12. Working with buried apparatus 32 13. Reinstating backfill 34 14. Reinstating sub-base 35 15. Reinstating upper layers 36 16. Reinstating base (roadbase) for flexible/composite roads and footways 37 17. Reinstating roadslab for rigid roads 38 18. Reinstating surface slab for rigid footways 40 19. Reinstating modules 41 20. Notes on hot-lay bituminous materials 42 21. Reinstating hot-lay bituminous surfacing layers 47 22. Overbanding 51 23. Verges and unmade ground 54 Practical Guide to Street Works Contents (continued) 24. Leaving the finished site 56 Annex 1 Backfill materials: General information 57 Identification 59 Annex 2 Compaction equipment: Standard 63 Alternatives 65 Calculating weight categories 66 Guidance on use 67 Annex 3 Alternative Reinstatement Materials (ARMs) 68 Annex 4 Reinstating cold-lay surfacing materials 72 Annex 5 NJUG guidance on the colour coding of utilities’ apparatus 75 Annex 6 Table A8.1 Compaction (non-bituminous) 76 Annex 7 Table A8.3 Compaction (bituminous) 77 Annex 8 Table A2.2 and Table A2.3 Compacted lift thickness 78 Annex 9 Table A2.4 Laying temperatures (bituminous) 79 Annex 10 Table S10.1 Air void contents 80 Annex 11 Performance requirements – As laid profile 81 Performance requirements – Skid resistance 85 Practical Guide to Street Works Preface by HAUC (UK) HAUC (UK) is acutely aware of the importance of good quality reinstatements which reflect directly on all who are involved in working on the streets and managing such work. This Guide is a welcome addition and will assist all involved in street works operations but particularly the practitioners who carry out the works. CAUTION The methods and procedures listed in this Guide describe the standard recommended techniques used for excavation and reinstatement. However, not all possible variations can be covered in a summary document. Utility, Contractor and Contract requirements may result in techniques being used that are not described in this document.These other techniques may have additional engineering requirements and legal obligations associated with them.The planning and undertaking of the reinstatement process must take account of these obligations. Practical Guide to Street Works How to use this Guide This Practical Guide is designed to be used mainly by Street Works Operatives. It may also be used as a reference for Supervisors. Items which target Supervisor level are highlighted in the text by the use of ‘Supervisor boxes’. The Guide is divided into Sections (see Contents page).The information is presented in the order a reinstatement is undertaken, from signing, excavating, reinstating and then leaving the completed job. Each section is typically broken down to cover: ● Specifications details ● checks, with hints and tips of what to look out for ● a list of tasks to be completed ● Health and Safety issues to be aware of Symbols have been used to highlight certain kinds of information.The meaning of each symbol is as follows: Details For general Important from the information information Specification and reminders Tasks to be Compaction Materials completed Tools and Checks Health and equipment safety Practical Guide to Street Works List of reference documents British Standards Institution: ● BS 598: Part 105: Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas: Methods of test for determination of texture depth. ● BS 812: Part 113:Testing aggregates. Method for determination of aggregate abrasion value (AAV). ● BS 4987: Part 1: Coated macadam (asphalt concrete) for roads and other paved areas. Specification for constituent materials and for mixtures. ● BS 5075: Part 2: Concrete admixtures. Specification for air- entraining admixtures. Construction Information Sheet No 8. Safety in Excavations. HSE. Construction Information Sheet No 40. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994. HSE. Construction Information Sheet No 47 (Avoiding Danger from Underground Services). HSE. Dewatering of Underground Ducts and Chambers. Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPG20). Environment Agency. Guidelines for the Planning, Installation and Maintenance of Utility Services in Proximity to Trees. NJUG 10 April 1995 Guidelines on the Positioning and Colour Coding of Utility Apparatus. NJUG (2003). Guidelines for the Planning, Installation and Maintenance of Utility Services in Proximity to Trees. NJUG (1995). Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
Recommended publications

  • Thin Overlay Bituminous Macadam for the Control of Reflex Cracking

    Thin Overlay Bituminous Macadam for the Control of Reflex Cracking ROBERT D. JOHNSON, Maine Aeronautics Commission •REFLEX CRACKING in pavement overlays has been an extensive problem, often with an unsatisfactory solution. This problem is brought about by attempts to correct another far-reaching problem-old pavement in need of rehabilitation. Both problems now exist in practically all pavements. Determination of a satisfactory solution to these problems has been one of the most pressing demands on airport owners and the Aeronautics Commission in Maine for the past 10 years. Pavements in concern, for the most part, have been over 20-years-old, have re­ tained their general shape, but are severely cracked. The cracks commonly prevail in two directions-longitudinally with a reasonably consistent pattern and straight align­ ment, and transversely with a very irregular pattern and irregular alignment. The width of the cracks is most often from ½ to ¾ in. PREVIOUS METHODS One method used extensively to rectify badly cracked pavements was to clean the cracks with a router, or by some other means, and then fill them by successive ap­ plications of asphalt and sand. This often was followed by a seal coat or bituminous concrete overlay 1 to 2 in. in thickness. Another method used to some extent was, after routing, to fill the cracks with a rub­ ber asphalt or synthetic and then apply a seal coat or bituminous concrete overlay. A third method was to fill the cracks with either asphalt and sand, rubber asphalt or synthetics and then apply a bituminous concrete overlay, 1 to 3 in.
  • Brick Streets Plan

    Brick Streets Plan

    BRICK STREETS PLAN City of Rock Island Community & Economic Development Department Planning & Redevelopment Division Rock Island Preservation Commission Adopted 1988 by Rock Island City Council Amended: January 23, 2012 August 22, 2011 March 28, 2005 April 10, 2000 May 12, 1997 September 14, 1992 Rock Solid. Rock Island. 1899 - The first brick pavement was laid in the Tri-Cities on the corner of Twentieth Street and Second Avenue, Rock Island. The first brick was placed by Mayor William McConochie. Civil Engineer for the project was H.G. Paddock. -- From Historical Souvenir of Moline and Vicinity, 1909 TABLE of CONTENTS Executive Summary ..................................................................................... 3 Prioritization List ........................................................................................... 5 Map of Brick Streets ..................................................................................... 6 Methodology ................................................................................................ 9 History of Brick Street Construction in Rock Island ...................................... 10 Condition of Brick Streets ............................................................................. 13 Utilities and Brick Streets ............................................................................. 17 Street Standards .......................................................................................... 18 Owner-Occupancy Along Brick Streets .......................................................
  • PASER Manual Asphalt Roads

    PASER Manual Asphalt Roads

    Pavement Surface Evaluation and Rating PASER ManualAsphalt Roads RATING 10 RATING 7 RATING 4 RATING PASERAsphalt Roads 1 Contents Transportation Pavement Surface Evaluation and Rating (PASER) Manuals Asphalt PASER Manual, 2002, 28 pp. Introduction 2 Information Center Brick and Block PASER Manual, 2001, 8 pp. Asphalt pavement distress 3 Concrete PASER Manual, 2002, 28 pp. Publications Evaluation 4 Gravel PASER Manual, 2002, 20 pp. Surface defects 4 Sealcoat PASER Manual, 2000, 16 pp. Surface deformation 5 Unimproved Roads PASER Manual, 2001, 12 pp. Cracking 7 Drainage Manual Patches and potholes 12 Local Road Assessment and Improvement, 2000, 16 pp. Rating pavement surface condition 14 SAFER Manual Rating system 15 Safety Evaluation for Roadways, 1996, 40 pp. Rating 10 & 9 – Excellent 16 Flagger’s Handbook (pocket-sized guide), 1998, 22 pp. Rating 8 – Very Good 17 Work Zone Safety, Guidelines for Construction, Maintenance, Rating 7 – Good 18 and Utility Operations, (pocket-sized guide), 1999, 55 pp. Rating 6 – Good 19 Wisconsin Transportation Bulletins Rating 5 – Fair 20 #1 Understanding and Using Asphalt Rating 4 – Fair 21 #2 How Vehicle Loads Affect Pavement Performance Rating 3 – Poor 22 #3 LCC—Life Cycle Cost Analysis Rating 2 – Very Poor 23 #4 Road Drainage Rating 1 – Failed 25 #5 Gravel Roads Practical advice on rating roads 26 #6 Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance #7 Signing for Local Roads #8 Using Weight Limits to Protect Local Roads #9 Pavement Markings #10 Seal Coating and Other Asphalt Surface Treatments #11 Compaction Improves Pavement Performance #12 Roadway Safety and Guardrail #13 Dust Control on Unpaved Roads #14 Mailbox Safety #15 Culverts-Proper Use and Installation This manual is intended to assist local officials in understanding and #16 Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance and Erosion Control rating the surface condition of asphalt pavement.
  • Pavement Mgmt Plan Street Listing

    Pavement Mgmt Plan Street Listing

    Town of Ashburnham Pavement Management Data 1/7/2021 Key REMINDER Town Accepted - Inspected It's important to keep the following in mind when reviewing this plan. State Roads Each fiscal year is subject to changes for any or all of the following reasons. Town Accepted - Gravel • Budget increases or decreases Town Accepted - Scenic Roads • Not receiving applied for grant monies Private • Changes to material costs RSR = Road Surface Rating • Unexpected changes to the condition of a particular road TIP = MA Transportation Improvement Program • Subject to funding allocation (Capital Plan) TOWN ACCEPTED INSPECTED Street Name Street Segment From Street RSR Repair Method Est. Cost Func. Class Estimated Action ACADEMY STREET ACADEMY ST-01 CENTRAL ST 99.23 No Maintenance Required $0.00 Local Completed ACADEMY STREET ACADEMY ST-02 PLEASANT ST N 99.23 No Maintenance Required $0.00 Local Completed AMES AVENUE AMES AVE CENTRAL ST 11.13 Major Rehabilitation $30,394.54 Local Cul De Sac/Dead End ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-01 CHAPEL ST 87.73 Routine Maintenance $6,852.38 Major Collector ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-02 STOWELL RD 89.73 Routine Maintenance $8,518.91 Major Collector ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-03 HOLT RD 91.73 Routine Maintenance $6,049.28 Major Collector ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-04 OLD ASHBY RD 96.73 No Maintenance Required $0.00 Major Collector Completed ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-05 OLD STEELE RD 96.73 No Maintenance Required $0.00 Major Collector Completed ASHBY ROAD ASHBY RD-06 RINGE TPKE 96.73 No Maintenance Required $0.00 Major Collector Completed BIRCHWOOD TERRACE
  • Road Surface Quality: What Road Users Want from Highways England November 2017 Road Surface Quality: What Road Users Want from Highways England

    Road Surface Quality: What Road Users Want from Highways England November 2017 Road Surface Quality: What Road Users Want from Highways England

    Road surface quality: what road users want from Highways England November 2017 Road surface quality: what road users want from Highways England Anthony Smith Jim O’Sullivan Chief Executive Chief Executive Transport Focus Highways England Foreword ransport Focus research in 2015 showed that not something separate. They prefer asphalt roads T surface quality was road users’ top priority for to concrete ones, partly because they are quieter improvement to England’s motorways and major to drive on. ‘A’ roads1, by some margin. But what wasn’t clear Highways England believes a connected was exactly which aspects of the surface users country is better for everyone. The company works wanted to be improved and why. hard to deliver the safest, smoothest, most Transport Focus and Highways England have reliable connections possible. In 2015/2016 therefore worked together to research just that. 1471 lane miles of resurfacing was carried out Our purpose being to ensure that the views of – 23 per cent higher than the original target. those using the roads shape decision-making in But Highways England is not complacent. this area. That’s why Transport Focus and Highways England The research shows that what road users want are both using this research to help inform the is not complicated. They want a surface without Government’s second Road Investment Strategy dips, bumps, potholes, undulations or deep ruts (RIS 2), covering 2020-25. Separately, Highways – in other words continuously smooth. They also England is considering the recommendations want clearer white lines and ‘cats eyes’, which Transport Focus has made in light of this users regard as part of the surface and research.
  • Gravel Roads Maintenance & Frontrunner Training Workshop

    Gravel Roads Maintenance & Frontrunner Training Workshop

    A Ditch In Time Gravel Roads Maintenance Workshop 1 So you think you’ve got a wicked driveway 2 1600’ driveway with four switchbacks and 175’ of elevation change (11% grade) 3 Rockhouse Development, Conway 4 5 6 Swift River (left) through National Forest into Saco River that drains the MWV Valley’s developments 7 The best material starts as solid rock that is drilled & blasted… 8 Then crushed into smaller pieces and screened to produce specific size aggregate 9 How strong should it be? One big truck = 10,000 cars! 10 11 The road surface… • Lots of small aggregate (stones) to provide strength with a shape that will lock stones together to support wheels • Sufficient “fines,” the binder that will lock the stones together, to keep the stones from moving around 12 • The stone: hard and uniform in size and more angular than that made just from screening bank run gravel 13 • A proper combination of correctly sized broken rock, sand and silt/clay soil materials will produce a road surface that hardens into a strong and stable crust that forms a reasonably impervious “roof” to our road • An improper balance- a surface that is loose, soft & greasy when wet, or excessively dusty when dry (see samples) 14 One way to judge whether gravel will pack or not… 15 Here’s another way… 16 Or: The VeryFine test The sticky palm test As shown in the Camp Roads manual 17 • “Dirty” gravel packs but does not drain • “Clean” gravel drains but does not pack 18 Other road surfacing materials: • Rotten Rock- traditional surfacing material in the Mt Washington Valley
  • Advance Traffic Markings ATM Installation Road Surface Guide

    Advance Traffic Markings ATM Installation Road Surface Guide

    Advance Traffic Markings ATM Installation Road Surface Guide Advance Traffic Markings P.O. Box H Roanoke Rapids, NC 27870 Phone: 252-536-2574 Fax: 252-526-4940 Introduction _____________________________________________________________ This Road Surface Guide is to help determine the suitability of pavements for the application of ATM Marking Tapes. It describes a wide variety of pavement conditions from newly treated to severely distressed and a recommendation for application of ATM Marking Tapes. Further Information For more information or road conditions not covered in this guide, please contact Advance Traffic Markings, 252-536-2574. How to Use This Guide _____________________________________________________________ The first part of this guide describes common surfaces and gives application recommendations for them. The remaining pages describe distressed surfaces with visual examples. This guide also addresses applications over oil drip zones and existing markings. The distress pages are formatted as follows: Type of Distress – The name or type of distress as it is commonly known. Description – A brief description of the distress and its most common physical appearance. Application Recommendations – Recommendations for the application of Advance Traffic Markings Pavement Marking Tapes. This is the recommendations for the distressed or affected portion of the road. A more complete examination of the entire roadway and types of other distresses should also be considered when using this guide. Asphalt Surfaces _____________________________________________________________ There are different types and textures of asphalt surfaces in which markings are applied. They vary greatly from one place to another. This is mainly due to the fact that some states have different standards than others and sometimes rely on what is locally available.
  • Surface Pavement Materials Used Ion Urban Areas

    Surface Pavement Materials Used Ion Urban Areas

    Session 4 - Specific techniques and innovation Paper : Pavement surface materials used in urban areas Authors : Egbert BEUVING (EAPA) - Netherlands Jean-Paul MICHAUT (COLAS) - France Pavement surface materials used in urban areas -The range of urban materials- Egbert Beuving (EAPA) and Jean-Paul Michaut (COLAS) Summary A wide variety of pavement surface materials have been used in urban areas. The choice of the surface material depends on a range of rational and irrational arguments. In former days the availability of the materials was a dominant factor. Nowadays a broad scale of materials is available and functional requirements play an important role in the decision for a certain pavement type and surface layer now. The materials available are: • Bituminous bound materials (asphalt concrete, mastic asphalt) • Cement bound materials (concrete, concrete elements) • (Small) paving elements (block pavers, modular materials, stone, terracotta) • Composite pavements (a combination of the above mentioned ones) In urban areas there is a wide variety of pavement users, as there are: pedestrians, wheelchair- users, parents with prams, roller-skates, bicyclists, scoot-mobiles, motorists, passenger cars and trucks. The choice of the surface material depends on the (functional) requirements. Some of these requirements are the same as for highways; other ones might depend on the local situation. Additional requirements for urban areas might be a certain surface texture or colour for a certain image, easy to repair to guarantee the accessibility of houses, shops and other buildings, noise reducing, open for water infiltration, smooth to avoid vibrations and easy to open for accessing sewerage, gas and water systems. There might also be a need for flexible materials for creating ramps, roundabouts, cables and wiring.
  • HISTORY on the ROAD CLEVELAND’S HESSLER COURT by Dianne Timblin

    HISTORY on the ROAD CLEVELAND’S HESSLER COURT by Dianne Timblin

    HISTORY ON THE ROAD CLEVELAND’S HESSLER COURT By Dianne Timblin hen you Millennia later and half a world away, turn the wood roads appeared in colonial North Wcorner onto America. Corduroy roads, named for the Hessler Court, just off cotton cloth because of its similarly ridged the Case Western appearance, provided a means of crossing Reserve University particularly muddy or swampy areas.2 In campus, the first thing a few cases, the swampy ground itself has you notice is the allowed vestiges of these roads to remain sound. Or more accu- in place for examination centuries later. In rately, the lack of it, especially when you April 2008, for example, the remains of a turn onto Hessler Court from Hessler corduroy-style log road dating to 1684 Road, the brick-paved street that runs per- were uncovered in Annapolis, Maryland.3 pendicular to it. Over the decades, the brick Canadians were first to experiment with street has buckled and cracked, and using sawed plank surfaces and in the although the brickwork remains pic- 1830s became the first North Americans turesque, the ride is bumpy and loud. to begin systematically installing plank Hessler Court, however, the last remain- roads. Residents of Onondaga County, ing wood block road in Cleveland, remains New York, liked what they saw their smooth and quiet, serving as a reminder neighbors doing and in the 1840s followed of one reason wood block paving became suit with their own.4 Planking helped a popular option on urban streets in the make rural American roads more pass- latter half of the nineteenth century.
  • Road Design and Construction Terms

    Road Design and Construction Terms

    Glossary of Road Design and Construction Terms Nebraska ◆Department ◆of ◆Roads 3-C Planning The continuing, cooperative, comprehensive planning process in an urbanized area as required by federal law. (e.g. Lincoln, Omaha, or Sioux City Area Planning) 3R Project 3R stands for resurfacing, restoration and rehabilitation. These projects are designed to extend the life of an existing highway surface and to enhance highway safety. These projects usually overlay the existing surface and replace guardrails. 3R projects are generally constructed within the existing highway right-of-way. Abutment An abutment is made from concrete on piling and supports the end of a bridge deck. Access Control The extent to which the state, by law, regulates where vehicles may enter or leave the highway. Action Plan A set of general guidelines and procedures developed by each state to assure that adequate consideration is given to possible social, economic and environmental effects of proposed highway projects. All states were directed to develop this plan by the Federal Highway Administration. Adapted Grasses Grasses which are native to the area in which they are planted, but have adjusted to the conditions of the environment. Adverse Environmental Effects Those conditions which cause temporary or permanent damage to the environment. Aesthetics In the highway context, the considerations of landscaping, land use and structures to insure that the proposed highway is pleasing to the eye of the viewer from the roadway and to the viewer looking at the roadway. Aggregate Stone and gravel of various sizes which compose the major portion of the surfacing material. The sand or pebbles added to cement in making concrete.
  • Considerations for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lane Conversions Guidebook

    Considerations for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lane Conversions Guidebook

    Office of Operations 21st Century Operations Using 21st Century Technology Considerations for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lane Conversions Guidebook U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration June 2007 Considerations for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lanes Conversions Guidebook Prepared for the HOV Pooled-Fund Study and the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Prepared by HNTB Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. 8283 Greensboro Drive McLean, VA 22102 Under contract to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) June 2007 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or the use thereof. The contents of this Report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accu- racy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. This Report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers named herein. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HOP-08-034 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Consideration for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) to High Occupancy Toll June 2007 (HOT) Lanes Study 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Martin Sas, HNTB. Susan Carlson, HNTB Eugene Kim, Ph.D., Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
  • National Road/Route 40 1811-1834, 1926

    National Road/Route 40 1811-1834, 1926

    National Road/Route 40 1811-1834, 1926 Library of Congress The National Road, in many places now known as Route 40, was built between 1811 and 1834 to reach 1910 photo of the National Road, the western settlements. It was the first federally funded road in U.S. history. George Washington and 1.5 miles west Thomas Jefferson believed that a trans-Appalachian road was necessary for unifying the young country. of Brownsville, In 1806, Congress authorized construction of the road, and President Jefferson signed the act establish- Pennsylvania. ing the National Road. In 1811, the first contract was awarded, and the first 10 miles of road were built. As work on the road progressed, a settlement pattern developed that is still visible. Original towns and villages are still found along the National Road. The road, also called the Cumberland Road, National Pike, and other names, became Main Street in these early settlements, earning it the nickname “The Main Street of America.” In the 1800s, it was a key transport path to the West for thousands of settlers. In 1912, the road became part of the National Old Trails Road, and its popularity returned in the 1920s with the automobile. Federal aid became available for improvements in the road to accommodate the automobile. In 1926, the road became part of U.S. 40 as a coast-to-coast highway running from Atlantic City to San Francisco. Contributions & Crossroads Our National Road System’s Impact on the U.S. Economy and Way of Life National Road/Route 40 1811-1834, 1926 Public domain photo by Lyle Kruger A section of Route 40 (above) with its original paving bricks stretches out to the horizon.