Statistical Annex

Sources and deﬁnitions An important source for the statistics in these tables is Part III of OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997. The data on employment, unemployment and the labour force are not always the same as the series used for policy analysis and forecasting by the OECD Economics Department, reproduced in Tables 1.2 and 1.3.

Conventional signs

.. Data not available Break in series – Nil or less than half of the last digit used

Note on statistical treatment of Germany

In this publication, data up to end-1990 are for western Germany only; unless otherwise indi- cated, they are for the whole of Germany from 1991 onwards. 190 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

Table A. Standardized unemployment rates in 21 OECD countries As a percentage of total labour force

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australia 7.0 9.5 10.8 11.0 9.8 8.6 8.6 8.7 Austria ...... 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.4 Belgium 6.7 6.6 7.3 8.9 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.2 Canada 8.1 10.4 11.3 11.2 10.4 9.5 9.7 9.2 Denmark 7.7 8.5 9.2 10.1 8.2 7.2 6.9 6.1 Finland 3.2 7.2 12.4 17.0 17.4 16.2 15.3 14.0 France 9.0 9.5 10.4 11.7 12.3 11.7 12.4 12.4 Germanya 4.8 5.6 6.6 7.9 8.4 8.2 8.9 9.7 Ireland 13.4 14.8 15.4 15.6 14.3 12.3 11.6 10.2 Italy 9.1 8.8 9.0 10.3 11.4 11.9 12.0 . . Japan 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.4 Luxembourg 1.7 1.7 2.1 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.7 Netherlands 6.2 5.8 5.6 6.6 7.1 6.9 6.3 5.2 New Zealand 7.8 10.3 10.3 9.5 8.1 6.3 6.1 6.7 Norway 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.1 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.1 Portugal 4.6 4.0 4.2 5.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 6.8 Spain 16.2 16.4 18.5 22.8 24.1 22.9 22.1 20.8 Sweden 1.8 3.3 5.9 9.5 9.8 9.2 10.0 10.2 Switzerland . . 2.0 3.1 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.9 . . United Kingdom 7.1 8.8 10.1 10.5 9.6 8.8 8.2 7.1 United States 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 European Unionb . . 8.2 9.2 10.7 11.1 10.8 10.9 10.6 OECD Europeb . . 8.0 9.1 10.5 10.9 10.5 10.6 10.4 Total OECDb . . 6.8 7.5 8.0 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.3 a) Up to and including 1990, western Germany; subsequent data concern the whole of Germany. b) Unemployment rates for the years 1991, 1992 and 1997 are estimates. Note: In so far as possible, the data have been adjusted to ensure comparability over time and to conform to the guidelines of the International Labour Office. All series are benchmarked to labour-force-survey-based estimates. In countries with annual surveys, monthly estimates are obtained by interpolation/extrapolation and by incorporating trends in administrative data, where available. The annual figures are then calculated by averaging the monthly estimates (for both unemployed and the labour force). For countries with monthly or quarterly surveys, the annual estimates are obtained by averaging the monthly or quarterly estimates, respectively. For several countries, the adjustment procedure used is similar to that of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor. For EU countries, the procedures are similar to those used in deriving the Comparable Unemployment Rates (CURs) of the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Minor differences may appear mainly because of various methods of calculating and applying adjustment factors, and because EU estimates are based on the civilian labour force. Source: OECD (1998), Quarterly Labour Force Statistics, No. 1. STATISTICAL ANNEX 191

Table B. Employment/population ratios, activity rates and unemployment rates by sex for persons aged 15-64 yearsa Percentages

Both sexes

Employment/population ratio Labour force participation rate Unemployment rate

1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australia 67.9 64.1 65.7 67.5 67.3 66.3 73.0 71.9 72.4 73.5 73.7 72.5 7.0 10.9 9.3 8.2 8.6 8.5 Austria ...... 68.4 67.3 67.2 ...... 71.5 71.1 70.9 ...... 4.4 5.3 5.2 Belgium 54.4 56.0 55.7 56.3 56.3 57.0 58.7 60.9 61.7 62.1 62.2 62.6 7.3 8.1 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.0 Canada 70.5 66.7 67.1 67.5 67.5 67.9 76.8 75.2 75.0 74.7 74.8 74.9 8.2 11.3 10.5 9.6 9.8 9.3 Czech Republic . . 71.3 71.5 69.6 69.4 68.7 . . 74.2 74.3 72.5 72.2 72.1 . . 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.7 Denmark 75.4 72.4 72.4 73.9 74.0 75.4 82.4 81.2 78.8 79.5 79.5 79.8 8.5 10.9 8.1 7.0 6.9 5.4 Finland 73.7 60.5 59.7 61.0 61.8 63.6 76.3 73.6 73.1 73.6 73.7 74.3 3.4 17.7 18.3 17.1 16.2 14.5 France 59.9 59.0 58.3 59.0 59.2 58.8 66.0 66.5 66.6 66.8 67.4 67.1 9.2 11.2 12.5 11.7 12.2 12.4 Germany 64.1 65.2 64.8 64.9 64.5 63.5 68.4 70.8 70.8 70.6 70.8 70.4 6.3 7.9 8.4 8.2 8.8 9.8 Greece 54.8 53.5 54.1 54.5 54.9 54.8 59.1 59.2 59.5 60.1 61.0 60.8 7.2 9.6 9.1 9.3 9.9 9.8 Hungaryb . . 49.3 48.2 52.9 53.0 52.7 . . 56.0 54.0 58.9 58.8 57.8 . . 11.9 10.7 10.2 9.8 8.7 Icelandc, d 79.9 78.2 78.5 80.5 80.4 80.0 82.1 82.6 83.1 84.7 83.5 83.2 2.7 5.3 5.4 4.9 3.8 3.8 Ireland 52.3 51.0 52.3 53.8 54.8 56.1 60.2 60.8 61.4 61.5 62.3 62.7 13.2 16.0 14.9 12.4 12.0 10.5 Italy 53.9 51.8 50.9 50.5 50.6 50.5 59.8 57.9 57.5 57.3 57.7 57.7 9.9 10.5 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.5 Japan 68.6 69.5 69.3 69.2 69.5 70.0 70.1 71.3 71.4 71.5 72.0 72.6 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.5 Korea 61.2 62.3 63.2 63.7 63.8 63.5 62.8 64.1 64.8 65.1 65.1 65.3 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.7 Luxembourg 59.1 60.9 60.2 58.5 59.1 . . 60.1 62.4 62.3 60.3 61.1 . . 1.6 2.3 3.5 2.9 3.3 . . Mexicod 58.0 59.3 58.7 58.2 59.1 60.8 59.9 61.4 61.4 61.8 61.9 63.1 3.1 3.3 4.4 5.8 4.5 3.6 Netherlands 61.1 63.5 63.8 64.2 65.4 67.5 66.2 67.8 68.7 69.2 69.9 71.5 7.7 6.3 7.2 7.2 6.5 5.6 New Zealand 67.3 66.0 67.8 70.0 71.1 65.4 73.0 73.0 73.9 74.7 75.7 70.5 7.8 9.6 8.2 6.4 6.2 7.2 Norwayc 73.1 71.3 72.2 67.5 75.3 77.3 77.1 75.9 76.4 70.9 79.2 80.6 5.3 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.1 Poland . . 58.9 58.3 58.1 58.4 58.8 . . 68.8 68.4 67.4 66.9 66.4 . . 14.4 14.8 13.7 12.7 11.5 Portugal 65.5 64.3 62.9 62.5 62.3 63.4 68.8 68.1 67.6 67.4 67.5 68.2 4.8 5.5 7.0 7.4 7.7 6.9 Spainc 50.2 46.2 46.5 46.7 47.6 49.0 60.0 59.9 61.3 60.8 61.3 61.9 16.4 22.9 24.1 23.1 22.4 20.9 Sweden 83.1 72.6 71.5 72.2 71.6 70.7 84.5 79.1 77.6 78.2 77.8 76.8 1.7 8.2 8.0 7.7 8.1 8.0 Switzerlandd 78.1 75.6 74.2 75.3 73.4 78.1 79.6 78.6 77.4 78.1 76.4 81.5 1.9 3.9 4.2 3.5 3.9 4.2 Turkey 54.5 52.2 52.0 52.7 52.5 50.2 59.4 56.7 56.7 56.8 56.0 53.7 8.2 7.9 8.3 7.1 6.3 6.6 United Kingdomc 72.4 68.3 68.8 69.3 69.8 70.8 77.8 76.3 76.2 75.9 76.1 76.2 6.8 10.4 9.7 8.7 8.2 7.1 United Statesc 72.2 71.2 72.0 72.5 72.9 73.5 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.9 77.1 77.4 5.7 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.5 5.0 European Unione 61.5 59.9 59.6 60.1 60.2 60.4 67.1 67.2 67.2 67.3 67.6 67.7 8.4 10.8 11.4 10.7 10.9 10.8 OECD Europee 61.0 59.3 58.9 59.4 59.6 59.5 66.5 66.3 66.2 66.2 66.4 66.1 8.2 10.5 11.0 10.3 10.2 10.0 Total OECDe 65.2 63.9 63.9 64.3 64.5 64.8 69.3 69.3 69.3 69.4 69.6 69.7 6.0 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.0 a) Ratios refer to persons aged 15 to 64 years who are in employment or in the labour force divided by the working age population, or in unemployment divided by the labour force. b) For years prior to 1995, data cover persons aged 15 and over. c) Refers to persons ages 16 to 64. d) The year 1990 refers to 1991. e) Above countries only. Sources: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997, Part III, forthcoming. For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Survey. 192 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

Table B. Employment/population ratios, activity rates and unemployment rates by sex for persons aged 15-64 yearsa (cont.) Percentages

Men

Employment/population ratio Labour force participation rate Unemployment rate

1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australia 78.5 73.1 74.8 76.1 75.9 74.7 84.4 82.7 82.7 83.2 83.4 81.9 6.9 11.6 9.6 8.6 9.0 8.8 Austria ...... 77.6 76.1 75.9 ...... 80.8 80.4 80.0 ...... 4.0 5.4 5.1 Belgium 68.1 67.0 66.5 66.9 66.8 67.1 71.3 71.4 72.0 72.3 72.2 72.2 4.6 6.2 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.1 Canada 77.9 72.6 73.2 73.5 73.4 74.1 84.9 82.4 82.2 81.5 81.5 81.8 8.3 11.9 10.9 9.9 10.0 9.4 Czech Republic . . 76.8 76.8 77.6 78.1 77.4 . . 79.4 79.4 80.4 80.7 80.5 . . 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.8 Denmark 80.1 75.9 77.6 80.7 80.5 81.3 87.1 84.9 83.7 85.6 85.3 85.2 8.0 10.6 7.3 5.7 5.6 4.6 Finland 76.9 62.1 61.5 63.6 64.8 66.7 80.0 77.2 76.6 77.0 77.1 77.5 3.9 19.6 19.7 17.4 15.9 13.9 France 69.7 67.1 65.9 66.6 66.7 51.5 75.0 74.1 74.0 73.9 74.5 60.1 7.0 9.5 10.9 9.8 10.5 14.2 Germany 75.7 75.0 74.3 74.0 73.3 72.1 80.1 80.3 80.1 79.7 79.7 79.3 5.4 6.7 7.3 7.2 8.1 9.0 Greece 73.4 71.7 72.2 72.2 72.6 71.9 76.8 76.5 77.0 77.2 77.4 76.9 4.4 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.4 Hungaryb . . 55.6 55.1 60.2 60.2 60.3 . . 64.0 62.4 67.9 67.4 66.6 . . 13.2 11.8 11.4 10.7 9.5 Icelandc, d 85.1 82.3 82.5 84.0 84.5 84.2 87.2 86.7 86.9 88.4 87.4 87.2 2.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 3.4 3.3 Ireland 67.8 63.7 64.4 66.3 66.6 67.6 77.7 75.9 75.9 75.8 75.8 75.6 12.8 16.1 15.0 12.5 12.1 10.6 Italy 72.0 68.1 66.5 65.7 65.3 65.0 77.0 74.0 73.1 72.4 72.3 72.2 6.5 7.9 9.0 9.3 9.7 9.8 Japan 81.3 82.3 81.9 81.9 82.1 82.4 83.0 84.4 84.4 84.5 85.0 85.4 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.5 Korea 73.9 75.8 76.6 77.2 76.7 75.9 76.2 78.3 78.8 79.0 78.6 78.1 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.9 Luxembourg 76.4 76.6 74.9 74.3 74.4 . . 77.4 78.1 77.3 75.9 76.3 . . 1.3 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.5 . . Mexicod 84.1 84.3 82.9 81.5 82.7 84.4 86.4 86.9 86.4 86.4 86.4 87.0 2.6 3.0 4.1 5.7 4.3 3.0 Netherlands 75.2 75.1 74.5 75.0 75.7 77.9 79.7 79.3 79.8 79.9 80.0 81.4 5.7 5.4 6.6 6.2 5.3 4.4 New Zealand 76.1 74.2 76.0 78.5 79.0 72.8 83.0 82.6 83.2 83.8 84.2 78.5 8.3 10.1 8.6 6.3 6.2 7.2 Norwayc 78.6 75.8 76.8 78.1 80.0 82.0 83.4 81.3 81.6 82.4 84.1 85.4 5.8 6.7 6.0 5.2 4.8 4.0 Poland . . 65.9 64.9 64.7 65.2 66.1 . . 75.7 75.0 73.9 73.5 73.2 . . 13.0 13.4 12.5 11.3 9.8 Portugal 78.6 74.6 72.5 71.2 71.0 71.9 81.4 78.3 77.2 76.4 76.1 76.7 3.4 4.7 6.1 6.8 6.7 6.2 Spainc 69.1 61.3 62.2 61.7 62.4 63.7 78.6 75.8 77.4 75.5 75.8 76.0 12.1 19.1 19.6 18.3 17.7 16.2 Sweden 85.2 73.1 72.3 73.5 73.2 72.4 86.6 80.9 79.5 80.2 80.0 79.1 1.7 9.7 9.1 8.5 8.5 8.5 Switzerlandd 88.8 85.4 83.3 84.7 83.5 85.9 90.0 88.2 86.6 87.4 86.6 89.8 1.3 3.2 3.8 3.0 3.6 4.4 Turkey 76.9 73.9 73.8 74.6 74.5 74.0 83.6 80.5 80.8 80.5 79.8 78.8 8.0 8.2 8.6 7.3 6.6 6.2 United Kingdomc 82.1 74.8 75.4 76.1 76.3 77.4 88.3 85.5 85.2 84.7 84.6 84.4 7.1 12.5 11.5 10.2 9.8 8.2 United Statesc 80.7 78.7 79.0 79.5 79.7 80.1 85.6 84.9 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.2 5.7 7.3 6.2 5.6 5.4 4.9 European Unione 74.4 70.6 70.1 70.3 70.2 70.2 79.8 78.2 78.1 77.7 77.8 77.6 6.7 9.8 10.3 9.5 9.7 9.5 OECD Europee 75.0 70.6 70.2 70.6 70.6 70.6 80.5 78.2 78.0 77.8 77.7 77.5 6.8 9.6 10.0 9.2 9.2 8.9 Total OECDe 78.1 75.3 75.2 75.4 75.5 75.8 82.6 81.4 81.2 81.1 81.1 81.0 5.4 7.4 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.5 a) Ratios refer to persons aged 15 to 64 years who are in employment or in the labour force divided by the working age population, or in unemployment divided by the labour force. b) For years prior to 1995, data cover persons aged 15 and over. c) Refers to persons ages 16 to 64. d) The year 1990 refers to 1991. e) Above countries only. Sources: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997, Part III, forthcoming. For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Survey. STATISTICAL ANNEX 193

Table B. Employment/population ratios, activity rates and unemployment rates by sex for persons aged 15-64 yearsa (cont.) Percentages

Women

Employment/population ratio Labour force participation rate Unemployment rate

1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australia 57.1 55.1 56.4 58.9 58.7 57.8 61.5 61.1 61.9 63.7 63.8 63.0 7.2 9.9 8.9 7.6 8.0 8.2 Austria ...... 59.2 58.6 58.5 ...... 62.3 61.8 61.8 ...... 4.9 5.3 5.3 Belgium 40.8 44.8 44.8 45.4 45.6 46.7 46.1 50.3 51.2 51.7 52.0 52.9 11.5 10.9 12.5 12.3 12.4 11.6 Canada 63.0 60.8 61.1 61.5 61.6 61.7 68.6 68.0 67.8 67.8 68.0 68.0 8.2 10.6 9.9 9.3 9.5 9.2 Czech Republic . . 65.8 66.2 61.6 60.7 60.0 . . 69.1 69.3 64.7 63.6 63.7 . . 4.7 4.5 4.8 4.6 5.8 Denmark 70.6 68.7 67.1 67.0 67.4 69.4 77.6 77.4 73.8 73.3 73.6 74.2 9.0 11.2 9.0 8.6 8.4 6.5 Finland 70.4 58.9 57.9 58.3 58.7 60.4 72.5 69.9 69.6 70.1 70.4 71.1 2.8 15.7 16.8 16.8 16.6 15.1 France 50.3 51.0 50.7 51.5 51.7 66.2 57.2 58.9 59.2 59.8 60.3 74.3 12.1 13.4 14.4 13.9 14.3 10.9 Germany 52.2 55.1 54.9 55.5 55.5 54.6 56.4 61.0 61.1 61.3 61.5 61.4 7.5 9.6 10.0 9.5 9.8 11.0 Greece 37.5 36.4 37.1 38.0 38.5 39.1 42.6 43.0 43.2 44.3 45.8 46.0 12.0 15.3 14.0 14.1 15.8 15.1 Hungaryb . . 43.5 41.9 45.9 46.1 45.4 . . 48.5 46.3 50.3 50.6 49.2 . . 10.4 9.4 8.7 8.7 7.7 Icelandc, d 74.3 73.9 74.6 76.9 76.3 75.5 76.7 78.4 79.1 80.9 79.7 79.0 3.1 5.7 5.7 4.9 4.3 4.4 Ireland 36.6 38.1 39.9 41.2 43.0 44.6 42.6 45.4 46.9 47.0 48.8 49.7 14.0 15.9 14.8 12.3 11.9 10.4 Italy 36.4 36.0 35.6 35.6 36.1 36.2 43.2 42.2 42.2 42.5 43.3 43.6 15.8 14.8 15.7 16.3 16.6 16.8 Japan 55.8 56.6 56.5 56.4 56.8 57.6 57.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.9 59.7 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.6 Korea 49.0 49.2 50.1 50.6 51.1 51.4 49.9 50.3 51.1 51.5 51.9 52.7 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.6 2.4 Luxembourg 41.4 44.7 44.9 42.2 43.6 . . 42.5 46.1 47.0 44.1 45.7 . . 2.5 3.1 4.3 4.4 4.7 . . Mexicod 34.2 36.0 36.2 36.5 37.4 39.4 35.7 37.5 38.1 38.9 39.3 41.4 4.3 4.0 4.9 6.1 4.9 4.9 Netherlands 46.7 51.7 52.7 53.2 54.8 56.9 52.4 56.0 57.4 58.3 59.6 61.3 10.9 7.7 8.1 8.7 8.1 7.2 New Zealand 58.5 57.8 59.7 61.5 63.3 58.0 63.2 63.5 64.7 65.7 67.4 62.6 7.3 8.9 7.8 6.4 6.2 7.3 Norwayc 67.2 66.6 67.5 78.1 70.4 72.3 70.7 70.4 70.9 82.4 74.1 75.6 4.9 5.3 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.3 Poland . . 52.1 51.9 51.8 51.8 51.8 . . 62.1 62.1 61.0 60.5 59.9 . . 16.1 16.4 15.1 14.3 13.5 Portugal 53.3 54.9 54.1 54.3 54.2 55.5 57.1 58.7 58.8 59.1 59.5 60.3 6.7 6.5 8.0 8.1 8.8 7.9 Spainc 31.6 31.1 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.3 41.8 44.1 45.4 46.2 47.0 48.0 24.4 29.5 31.6 30.8 29.8 28.4 Sweden 81.0 72.1 70.6 70.8 69.9 68.9 82.3 77.2 75.7 76.1 75.6 74.5 1.6 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.5 7.5 Switzerlandd 66.9 65.2 64.6 65.4 63.2 69.8 68.7 68.6 67.8 68.3 66.1 72.7 2.7 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.4 3.9 Turkey 32.9 31.1 30.6 31.5 31.0 27.2 36.0 33.5 33.2 33.7 32.8 29.4 8.7 7.3 7.8 6.7 5.5 7.7 United Kingdomc 62.8 61.8 62.1 62.5 63.3 64.0 67.2 67.0 67.1 67.1 67.5 68.0 6.5 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.3 5.8 United Statesc 64.0 64.0 65.2 65.8 66.3 67.1 67.8 68.6 69.4 69.7 70.1 70.7 5.6 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.1 European Unione 48.6 49.3 49.1 49.8 50.2 50.5 54.5 56.2 56.4 56.9 57.4 57.7 10.8 12.3 12.9 12.4 12.5 12.4 OECD Europee 47.1 48.0 47.8 48.5 48.6 48.3 52.6 54.5 54.5 55.0 55.0 54.7 10.3 11.8 12.3 11.7 11.7 11.7 Total OECDe 52.4 52.6 52.9 53.4 53.7 54.0 56.3 57.4 57.7 58.1 58.3 58.5 6.9 8.3 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.8 a) Ratios refer to persons aged 15 to 64 years who are in employment or in the labour force divided by the working age population, or in unemployment divided by the labour force. b) For years prior to 1995, data cover persons aged 15 and over. c) Refers to persons ages 16 to 64. d) The year 1990 refers to 1991. e) Above countries only. Sources: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997, Part III, forthcoming. For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Survey. 194 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK 31.3 70.7 17.1 30.4 70.4 19.4 31.3 70.2 17.3 27.5 73.1 22.4 26.6 73.8 23.3 26.162.1 73.9 80.5 21.8 50.2 25.2 65.9 74.6 81.7 22.0 49.3 66.0 82.2 47.526.7 68.2 68.6 82.8 51.4 39.5 26.5 68.8 40.5 25.4 69.5 40.7 24.5 69.7 40.7 Percentages Both sexes 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . . . 59.6 . . . . 56.6 . 90.1 . . 88.1 . . . 87.3 5.0 . . 40.8 85.4 58.5 2.2 32.9 . 79.1 . 51.8 91.3 71.8 19.4 2.2 87.5 12.5 88.1 11.5 11.5 38.4 9.3 84.7 59.8 77.6 54.8 4.2 92.4 8.0 18.1 89.2 88.6 18.6 3.9 37.1 85.1 59.8 11.0 8.9 77.1 54.8 91.7 2.6 20.4 5.4 89.2 87.0 37.2 18.0 3.9 83.5 60.3 75.9 55.6 91.0 8.7 8.4 18.3 88.2 86.6 5.1 2.6 84.1 15.9 4.0 7.5 7.9 5.7 3.0 2.9 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 70.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 61.1 79.9Unemployment rates 75.8 13.2 44.1Labour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . 41.8 68.4 5.1 . . 57.3 79.4 35.5 . . 5.4 . . 73.6 43.7 30.4 . 76.7 . 16.3 40.0 69.7 . 71.7 . 14.5 . . 22.2 7.2 59.7 80.4 . . 21.4 35.2 6.5 . . 75.3 44.9 . 8.6 . 79.9 . . 41.5 3.5 70.3 14.4 . . 23.5 . . 59.9 21.8 80.1 6.4 . . 33.9 74.7 45.9 8.4 . . . 80.4 . 7.4 42.4 66.9 . . 61.7 24.2 14.8 4.9 56.3 79.6 58.1 . 83.3 . 32.8 21.5 6.8 74.4 45.3 79.9 30.2 80.8 5.9 8.3 42.0 7.8 29.0 59.6 22.8 4.1 4.0 15.9 55.5 83.5 32.0 20.5 3.9 79.3 30.8 6.6 81.0 29.4 58.4 8.6 6.9 23.1 7.2 54.0 83.9 4.5 5.1 79.9 30.0 21.3 4.6 28.5 7.9 7.6 4.7 4.8 5.2 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 69.2Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 60.4 84.5Unemployment rates 78.4 12.7 50.0Labour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . 47.0 62.9 7.3 . .Unemployment rates 52.5 83.6 73.5Labour force participation rates . . 6.0 . . 75.8Employment/population ratios 48.7 65.0 . 91.2 . 16.5Unemployment rates 44.3 62.2 . 84.0 . 11.5 . . 57.1 58.1Labour force participation rates 9.3 52.5 83.4 .Employment/population ratios . 54.0 53.6 69.1 54.4 89.5 7.9 76.4 47.4 49.9 . 9.0Unemployment rates 91.8 . 87.2 86.9 42.4 36.4 6.4Labour force participation rates 43.6 6.1 61.5 15.6 89.1 33.1Employment/population ratios 7.7 53.7 41.0 44.6 29.5 84.1 51.6 10.2 83.7 2.9 32.1 50.6 8.4Unemployment rates 73.2 30.9 87.8 77.4 3.0 19.1 76.5 38.1 47.9 59.8Labour force participation rates 7.8 46.6 89.6 3.3 87.1 73.8 8.2Employment/population ratios 42.9 35.6 30.7 44.2 56.4 61.2 78.0 8.0 3.0 86.6 35.6 30.9 53.6 16.1 6.5 32.9 44.9 22.3 85.9 51.0 73.6 83.8 41.6 34.5 39.4 5.6 49.5 7.9 16.0 6.7 73.8 32.7 88.2 76.2 9.9 8.6 77.2 48.4 35.9 36.8 56.2 30.3 45.9 72.2 88.7 27.5 87.5 5.7 23.3 3.3 75.1 44.4 44.7 33.4 29.8 51.6 6.2 83.2 7.7 68.5 85.9 23.3 38.5 11.2 41.5 50.6 27.2 33.7 11.6 44.6 22.0 3.0 86.0 76.5 16.7 37.1 48.3 40.7 40.8 36.9 8.0 74.2 5.1 14.9 33.6 88.1 7.0 77.0 8.2 36.1 7.1 44.3 36.0 53.7 88.7 73.7 10.6 7.9 87.0 24.1 75.8 46.4 25.9 33.5 1.6 29.2 49.3 85.1 8.0 83.4 39.7 3.2 54.1 24.7 40.7 34.8 6.0 7.6 49.3 10.5 21.5 27.7 86.4 77.0 38.3 42.5 11.7 36.7 13.9 37.1 3.5 88.3 76.9 6.1 36.6 7.2 37.5 7.0 52.4 74.2 25.0 8.2 77.5 44.7 33.5 28.0 8.4 26.3 47.6 8.1 83.7 41.9 24.8 3.1 35.7 7.6 20.1 86.0 11.0 76.9 43.6 4.0 4.8 36.9 12.2 27.9 11.7 76.4 36.7 37.9 52.1 8.4 75.3 20.1 3.6 5.1 7.3 33.6 9.0 46.9 83.3 28.1 41.9 3.4 75.7 43.7 11.1 8.1 35.5 31.2 37.3 13.1 75.5 8.5 7.7 10.0 42.1 3.0 9.1 31.0 14.5 7.7 3.2

b, c Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland STATISTICAL ANNEX 195

(cont.) 52.3 83.7 64.6 55.2 85.3 66.4 54.5 74.4 28.8 54.1 75.8 30.0 56.9 77.8 31.4 26.8 65.4 28.3 26.1 65.2 27.0 25.442.8 65.5 73.5 27.3 23.2 25.2 38.2 65.5 71.9 27.3 53.7 24.0 73.9 36.9 29.2 73.2 22.6 ...... 38.7 78.3 45.8 36.2 78.3 45.5 35.1 78.2 46.3 37.9 78.6 46.8 Percentages Both sexes 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 67.9 58.3 81.2 76.3 14.1 43.8 41.8 66.0 6.0 56.1 81.5 4.6 76.1 49.8 15.0 47.4 67.4 6.6 59.4 81.7 77.5 4.8 52.1 11.950.4 67.5 59.6 82.4 5.1 78.4 55.8 3.3 53.8 58.2 11.7 49.5 77.7 73.3 4.9 54.5 52.2 3.7 15.0 5.6 4.1 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 44.1Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 42.2 80.9Unemployment rates 79.6 64.7 35.0 4.3Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 62.9 47.6 32.5 74.6 1.6 45.0 81.4 73.2 62.5 44.7 7.0 2.7 79.5 66.1 62.0 37.1 43.1 72.8 1.9 63.7 5.5 47.6 34.4 75.3 71.8 28.4 3.7 44.7 81.4 0.8 73.9 2.4 63.9 28.2 46.5 1.4 79.3 66.2 63.5 7.2 36.5 75.8 3.5 63.7 48.3 34.2 75.6 0.8 1.9 23.3 6.1 45.0 81.8 74.4 64.1 7.9 41.2 0.6 79.6 66.3 2.6 63.6 35.4 73.8 3.0 63.6 48.6 6.3 33.2 76.1 3.7 24.0Unemployment rates 45.3 82.2 0.7 74.9 63.6Labour force participation rates 1.6 40.7 6.7Employment/population ratios 79.9 66.9 63.2 34.4 7.2 75.2 0.8 64.2 Unemployment rates 2.7 31.8 76.6 22.6Labour force participation rates 2.5 6.1 . .Employment/population ratios 75.0 63.4 4.1 . 0.3 . . 62.6 . 1.6 6.6 58.4 . . . . 9.2 0.7 52.4 . 79.8 . . 2.8 . 2.7 . 76.9 . 10.4 . 7.7 . 47.6 3.9 . . . . 41.5 0.0 46.8 45.2 3.7 2.1 28.0 . 84.7 . 83.0 1.3 . 1.7 . 73.8 32.6 37.0 47.6 14.5 12.8 34.4 39.7 43.1 . . 5.8 27.3 84.0 83.4 7.0 74.2 . . 35.9 31.2 3.7 47.4 33.8 39.0 11.7 16.0 42.3 27.9 83.6 83.4 6.1 5.9 74.6 35.0 48.7 28.5 4.0 33.0 38.3 44.2 10.8 17.0 28.9 82.9 83.4 5.9 74.7 35.5 6.2 49.4 24.7 33.6 5.0 10.0 14.1 5.3 5.7 5.2 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 52.2Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 49.3 65.9 64.4 54.6 59.6 5.4 54.1 54.1 53.0 76.0 2.2Unemployment rates 50.3 67.2 70.6 11.1 30.9Labour force participation rates 1.0 65.0Employment/population ratios 53.5 29.7 60.6 7.2 52.4 7.1 54.1 79.1 60.5 3.8 49.1 67.8 3.3 30.2 53.4 85.9 11.3 64.8 52.9 62.0 82.3 11.8 2.0 63.1 6.6 51.2 53.1 79.4 61.8 55.4 4.2 9.3 49.0 68.4 3.3 29.9Unemployment rates 48.4 85.1 66.2 53.2Labour force participation rates 4.4 2.1 12.1 61.1 81.3Employment/population ratios 63.3 52.1 53.2 12.6 80.3 6.4 3.3 61.6 55.9 49.7 69.9 51.2 31.2 4.5 49.2 85.9 7.7 68.1 3.5 55.8 34.7 70.2 63.1 82.4 2.6 64.8 11.4 55.0 3.3 61.0 32.3 81.8 40.0 11.963.1 59.7 5.6 13.1 32.7 2.1 36.8 49.1 87.1 4.1 28.1 73.5 4.0 6.6 8.1 66.0 58.1 2.6 36.8 42.8 9.7 61.9 2.6 32.3 12.4 45.1 20.9 88.1 4.8 1.4 25.9 73.9 3.9 12.3 67.7 3.9 59.1 36.5 42.5 2.2 32.1 44.4 20.0 10.9 25.7 74.6 12.2 3.2 60.2 37.3 42.0 33.0 2.0 44.3 19.3 27.0 75.2 11.6 61.5 37.8 39.0 33.5 18.2 11.3 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 50.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 41.5 68.7 60.2 17.6 42.2 46.8 12.4 38.6 45.4 33.3 72.8 34.8 72.6 68.0 28.9 32.5 8.4 62.9 43.0 32.0 39.1 23.3 6.6 39.4 45.5 71.6 13.3 1.8 36.8 72.6 29.4 8.5 31.6 64.5 42.5 38.8 19.1 8.6 39.2 43.9 71.6 11.1 35.9 74.5 3.6 28.3 7.8 66.3 43.2 32.8 38.5 18.2 40.3 45.5 72.2 8.9 11.0 38.1 74.4 28.5 67.3 4.3 42.6 6.8 38.0 34.1 40.1 16.1 72.4 9.3 28.6 9.5 4.3 6.0 33.6 9.6 4.4

b c

b New Zealand Norway Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Poland Portugal Spain Netherlands Ireland Italy 196 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK 58.0 80.9 57.2 44.6 75.4 47.6

(cont.) 37.4 72.5 36.944.7 37.1 75.1 72.4 46.9 37.0 vey. 37.7 73.2 36.237.9 37.0 72.4 73.4 36.7 45.0 36.5 74.9 37.1 46.5 73.5 36.7 41.4 81.9 61.9 42.3 82.6 61.9 40.3 81.8 63.458.1 39.6 79.2 80.6 54.4 62.7 38.2 58.3 72.6 79.7 36.0 38.6 55.1 71.9 57.6 36.8 45.5 80.2 74.5 55.9 46.6 Percentages Both sexes 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Part III, forthcoming. Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 68.5Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 66.0 92.8Unemployment rates 91.6 70.5 69.3 3.7Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 69.4 49.7 67.1 84.5 1.2Unemployment rates 88.0 83.1 71.1 54.7 3.3Labour force participation rates 1.5Employment/population ratios 66.2 70.3 64.1 45.9 65.1 1.7 16.7 50.0 60.4Unemployment rates 82.7 61.6 16.0 44.1 78.0Labour force participation rates 6.9 88.4 1.2 79.7Employment/population ratios 69.2 42.7 49.4 70.1 83.9 5.4 66.9 66.2 6.3 62.5 41.7Unemployment rates 63.6 6.5 79.0 10.1 53.0 67.3Labour force participation rates 3.1 47.8 58.8 83.9 59.8 15.4 3.7Employment/population ratios 41.6 49.2 70.2 59.8 83.5 5.8 15.7 87.9 81.3 69.8 40.6 47.9 58.9Unemployment rates 6.6 83.5 79.7 11.2 4.3 55.9 54.3Labour force participation rates 6.0 68.6 7.2 67.5 64.2 40.9 64.0 76.6Employment/population ratios 52.1 54.0 66.4 45.7 7.4 78.7 4.6 5.8 46.8 16.2 61.1 83.3 60.9 2.2 43.4 47.4 69.8Unemployment rates 83.4 73.3 15.7 15.9 86.8 41.0 80.1 54.7 3.1Labour force participation rates 8.3 59.5 3.3 42.4 14.7 47.1 59.1 83.4Employment/population ratios 56.8 38.4 67.6 48.6 46.1 7.0 77.3 6.8 57.5 66.9 12.5 41.0 63.0 77.2 4.9 3.3 9.1 51.4 66.3 80.5 72.3 15.6 62.9 86.9 41.9 60.2 55.6 7.6 5.0 42.5 6.4 47.6 15.3 70.7 83.5 4.9 2.3 39.4 83.4 39.4 72.7 48.4 49.1 78.9 6.6 15.4 41.8 44.5 21.2 60.3 83.3 7.4 4.1 57.2 12.9 47.5 3.8 70.6 79.3 75.1 11.6 38.1 60.9 50.4 77.5 7.1 9.8 51.4 5.9 12.1 65.5 80.7 4.4 7.5 39.8 58.2 48.3 40.3 53.1 3.5 4.8 47.7 70.5 20.3 83.8 7.3 4.5 8.6 39.5 14.7 47.1 39.7 79.8 61.0 1.7 83.3 5.9 9.4 57.9 4.1 20.6 46.9 79.4 7.0 3.6 49.2 78.4 14.4 51.7 65.4 14.3 4.0 81.1 9.3 7.7 39.6 12.0 52.4 48.5 4.4 7.1 84.1 6.6 2.9 40.2 19.6 46.4 79.9 4.3 8.5 13.5 58.9 1.4 46.6 79.5 8.8 5.4 49.1 21.0 5.9 3.4 81.1 40.0 14.1 51.9 9.4 7.5 11.3 40.4 6.3 45.8 80.1 6.3 19.4 3.9 9.0 79.2 49.6 8.8 5.3 20.4 40.2 2.9 51.5 13.9 9.3 7.8 80.2 6.2 19.0 50.2 9.2 8.6 5.3 13.4 7.9 5.9 5.2

b d

Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997,

b d

c d For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Sur OECD,

b For 1994, data cover persons aged 55 and over. Age group 15 to 24 refers 16 24. The year 1990 refers to 1991. Above countries only.

) ) ources: ) ) Switzerland OECD Europe Turkey United Kingdom United States Sweden European Union Total OECD a b c d S STATISTICAL ANNEX 197

(cont.) 35.3 77.9 27.1 35.4 77.8 26.4 36.2 78.0 26.1 Men 29.7 86.2 33.0 28.9 86.5 34.5 29.464.8 86.3 85.7 32.2 59.8 28.5 71.0 86.4 87.3 32.2 63.2 69.7 88.5 58.433.5 72.5 90.0 88.7 61.0 58.1 33.3 89.7 58.9 31.5 90.3 59.2 30.1 89.9 59.0 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . . . 59.9 . . . . 56.5 . 97.1 . . 95.3 . . . 93.1 5.6 . . 46.0 92.2 58.0 1.8 36.1 . 86.9 . 50.7 96.1 78.1 21.5 1.1 92.8 19.4 96.0 10.2 12.6 18.0 44.6 91.9 64.0 86.5 55.7 3.5 96.7 7.1 28.6 93.8 92.9 20.7 4.2 43.7 88.9 60.3 9.9 13.1 85.9 54.9 96.4 5.4 3.0 28.0 94.3 93.9 19.0 43.6 4.3 90.8 59.4 85.0 9.4 54.6 96.7 8.9 27.8 94.6 91.9 5.7 2.1 88.9 16.9 3.3 8.2 8.1 6.3 2.3 3.3 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 73.0Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 62.8 93.1Unemployment rates 88.5 13.9 63.2Labour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . 59.2 70.7 4.9 . . 58.9 91.4 37.0 . . 6.3 . . 84.5 60.7 33.3 . 92.2 . 16.7 54.4 71.8 . 88.5 . 10.1 . . 35.4 7.5 61.1 91.6 . . 34.3 37.3 4.0 . . 10.3 85.4 60.9 . . 92.1 . . 14.8 55.4 3.1 72.9 . . 34.5 . . 61.6 20.5 91.5 6.9 . . 36.0 84.9 60.3 6.4 . 9.0 . . 92.3 . 54.6 68.9 . . 64.6 15.4 35.9 4.5 57.1 90.6 60.9 . 93.2 . 35.6 19.7 7.2 84.6 59.6 89.8 42.6 92.4 5.7 6.2 9.8 54.4 40.8 62.9 33.8 3.6 17.2 3.8 58.4 93.0 34.7 17.3 4.4 6.6 88.2 44.7 92.1 42.4 61.4 6.6 7.1 8.7 33.9 56.6 93.3 4.7 5.1 89.1 43.0 17.6 5.1 40.5 6.2 7.8 4.8 4.5 6.0 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 71.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 61.5 93.3Unemployment rates 86.6 13.9 64.9Labour force participation rates .Employment/population ratios . 60.9 65.2 7.1 . .Unemployment rates 53.2 91.4 76.5Labour force participation rates . . 6.2 . . 82.7Employment/population ratios 60.3 67.8 . 94.5 . 18.5Unemployment rates 54.6 63.9 . 87.4 . 11.4 . . 69.2 61.9Labour force participation rates 9.5 53.1 91.0 .Employment/population ratios . 56.3 65.6 72.1 57.4 92.8 7.5 83.2 58.9 51.9 . 9.5Unemployment rates 95.2 . 91.9 89.7 45.4 39.6 7.3Labour force participation rates 54.0 5.2 63.5 17.0 93.1 48.5Employment/population ratios 7.8 63.8 44.2 50.3 33.6 95.4 52.4 10.2 91.0 3.4 47.2 58.0 8.6Unemployment rates 77.0 37.0 91.1 89.8 2.3 15.3 83.1 45.8 59.3 62.0Labour force participation rates 6.7 53.7 95.4 2.8 91.8 77.3 8.3Employment/population ratios 46.0 43.0 33.5 54.7 58.7 63.4 91.2 5.9 2.8 92.9 52.0 26.5 67.9 17.5 6.3 34.3 51.1 25.4 95.1 52.2 86.9 91.1 57.7 50.6 44.1 5.3 57.8 7.5 15.1 6.0 76.6 30.0 88.3 85.9 7.8 8.7 83.9 60.6 42.1 52.0 59.0 37.4 54.1 94.3 95.2 24.2 92.8 4.7 25.4 2.6 75.4 41.6 56.1 39.1 32.8 54.2 5.0 93.3 7.8 91.3 92.8 15.1 55.8 59.5 62.1 41.3 34.9 9.7 50.5 25.9 2.6 9.9 94.9 87.1 17.6 54.0 56.1 53.3 58.4 41.8 6.9 77.7 3.2 14.6 38.1 90.6 86.6 41.5 7.3 6.4 52.0 8.3 47.6 57.0 95.2 94.5 7.9 92.5 16.3 78.4 9.0 48.8 38.4 1.8 32.4 21.0 52.3 92.3 93.1 56.4 2.5 6.6 63.8 24.5 60.1 36.8 7.5 53.8 25.3 19.8 4.7 95.2 87.1 54.7 54.1 8.8 41.3 13.5 41.3 10.6 3.2 91.0 86.3 42.3 48.3 4.8 6.0 56.4 94.5 24.6 7.7 80.3 46.9 8.3 38.6 24.5 7.3 51.2 93.2 6.6 61.1 23.3 22.1 3.3 37.8 16.5 77.3 6.4 86.5 54.7 3.1 40.1 11.7 19.4 4.1 9.3 67.3 31.6 10.7 48.0 56.1 94.9 19.3 3.2 5.1 28.9 4.4 50.3 8.6 92.5 9.3 61.0 3.6 85.1 32.8 54.6 38.7 7.2 21.5 47.3 12.9 94.6 12.2 4.8 8.5 61.0 10.3 2.9 8.0 22.2 13.4 4.9 3.3

b, c Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland 198 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

(cont.) 54.5 88.6 71.4 58.8 89.7 73.5 55.0 87.7 39.9 54.4 88.7 40.7 58.4 90.1 43.0 Men 31.4 84.3 44.8 31.1 83.5 42.3 30.143.8 83.4 92.6 42.1 33.5 30.1 39.6 83.0 92.2 41.5 53.2 35.1 87.4 38.5 41.2 92.1 35.6 ...... 42.8 89.2 60.6 40.1 88.6 58.9 39.4 88.5 58.5 43.1 88.0 58.2 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 71.4 60.7 93.4 87.2 14.9 56.8 54.0 69.8 6.6 58.9 92.3 4.9 85.9 63.0 15.6 59.6 71.4 7.0 62.8 92.1 87.4 5.4 65.4 11.963.0 70.9 62.1 92.0 5.1 87.7 69.0 3.6 66.1 60.6 12.3 51.4 87.3 82.4 4.7 66.1 62.9 4.3 15.1 5.6 4.9 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 43.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 41.4 97.5Unemployment rates 96.2 83.3 28.4 4.5Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 80.4 48.0 25.7 94.6 1.4 45.4 97.5 92.2 77.2 45.7 9.5 3.4 95.5 85.0 76.3 31.0 44.5 95.1 2.5 81.2 5.6 48.0 28.1 94.6 94.0 43.2 2.7 45.1 97.5 1.2 92.3 2.0 79.7 42.7 47.9 1.1 95.3 84.8 79.0 9.3 30.1 94.9 4.5 80.8 48.9 27.7 94.6 1.1 2.4 33.6 6.1 45.6 97.7 92.8 79.7 8.5 42.4 0.9 95.3 84.9 2.2 78.8 29.5 93.9 2.5 80.6 49.4 8.0 27.1 94.4 4.7 35.1Unemployment rates 46.0 97.6 0.4 92.5 79.2Labour force participation rates 1.9 42.8 6.8Employment/population ratios 95.1 85.1 78.5 28.2 6.7 93.8 1.1 80.9 Unemployment rates 2.5 25.6 94.0 35.6Labour force participation rates 1.7 8.3 . .Employment/population ratios 91.8 79.1 5.1 . 0.0 . . 77.7 . 2.0 6.9 63.8 . . 10.1 . . 0.9 58.7 . 94.0 . . 2.5 . 1.8 . 91.7 . . 9.4 . 65.9 7.9 5.0 . . 0.0 . . 45.2 64.6 48.9 2.4 2.4 31.3 . 90.9 . 93.7 . . 1.7 80.6 30.8 1.9 46.7 63.6 11.3 12.5 43.2 43.9 . . 47.2 31.1 90.1 4.8 93.6 7.5 . . 80.8 45.5 29.0 61.9 4.6 42.5 43.4 10.4 46.2 15.1 32.0 89.7 93.4 6.7 5.3 81.4 44.5 62.2 26.3 41.7 42.3 4.9 48.5 9.3 33.0 89.4 14.6 92.7 82.1 45.3 6.3 62.2 5.2 42.7 22.0 5.9 8.2 11.0 5.6 5.0 6.4 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 71.2Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 67.5 96.8 95.4 85.9 60.0 5.2 85.1 72.6 53.8 93.4 1.5Unemployment rates 67.9 96.1 88.8 10.3 45.8Labour force participation rates 1.0 93.0Employment/population ratios 82.4 44.5 61.6 5.0 80.7 6.5 72.5 92.6 63.9 2.8 66.3 96.2 3.2 42.3 56.0 92.3 13.6 91.8 80.7 62.2 88.0 12.4 2.1 72.8 5.6 77.9 71.8 92.6 70.7 57.8 4.7 8.6 66.7 96.5 2.6 41.4Unemployment rates 50.2 90.6 93.4 80.2Labour force participation rates 4.6 3.0 11.5 61.3 86.0Employment/population ratios 71.5 78.2 71.5 13.1 92.7 5.4 3.5 69.3 58.0 67.6 96.8 54.6 42.2 5.0 51.1 91.2 7.1 94.8 3.6 83.2 40.3 94.1 64.3 87.3 3.1 72.3 11.3 82.3 3.2 85.4 26.2 93.5 62.4 11.970.0 62.0 4.3 44.4 2.6 57.2 54.7 9.3 92.1 4.3 34.3 92.9 3.5 5.6 73.2 8.4 77.6 3.2 56.1 9.2 65.4 2.1 37.4 48.6 12.1 47.7 92.6 16.4 3.6 1.1 30.1 92.5 3.8 75.1 13.3 3.2 78.3 54.9 2.5 37.0 48.0 47.1 10.1 15.3 30.0 92.6 12.6 3.2 78.8 56.3 36.3 49.9 2.2 47.2 14.9 31.6 92.4 11.4 79.9 56.6 33.1 50.5 13.6 10.8 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 53.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 43.3 91.9 81.1 18.9 65.1 50.7 11.8 59.6 48.2 38.8 94.0 35.9 91.1 90.2 23.4 51.7 8.5 78.8 64.7 50.9 44.1 25.4 3.9 59.1 49.0 90.1 13.4 1.7 38.9 90.6 46.5 8.6 28.7 80.5 63.9 43.8 20.5 6.4 59.1 47.1 89.5 11.2 38.0 91.5 3.8 44.1 7.5 81.3 63.0 29.0 43.0 19.2 58.7 48.9 89.7 6.7 11.2 40.6 90.5 44.0 81.7 4.1 61.7 6.9 42.2 30.0 57.8 16.9 89.8 7.1 43.5 9.7 4.3 6.4 28.7 7.5 4.6

b c

b New Zealand Norway Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Poland Portugal Spain Netherlands Ireland Italy STATISTICAL ANNEX 199 60.1 88.4 65.5 49.5 88.1 60.1

(cont.) 42.3 85.2 48.249.4 42.4 87.9 85.2 59.4 48.4 vey. 41.3 85.2 47.342.6 40.6 85.4 85.0 48.2 49.8 47.6 87.8 40.8 59.0 84.9 47.6 Men 40.0 82.8 64.5 41.8 84.0 64.4 40.7 83.4 66.061.0 40.3 87.2 82.6 62.6 64.7 41.7 61.5 84.8 87.6 47.8 43.2 63.6 84.9 60.1 48.8 50.1 87.9 87.6 64.7 59.5 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Part III, forthcoming. Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 68.7Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 66.1 94.7Unemployment rates 93.5 75.3 70.8 3.8Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 74.4 49.4 68.7 97.0 1.3Unemployment rates 89.8 96.1 85.2 71.8 3.0Labour force participation rates 1.3Employment/population ratios 69.9 84.0 64.5 59.9 94.2 0.9 19.0 50.1 60.9Unemployment rates 94.4 89.3 16.6 61.3 83.5Labour force participation rates 7.8 90.6 1.4 91.4Employment/population ratios 78.5 58.8 64.8 74.2 94.8 5.2 70.4 74.7 5.6 64.2 53.5Unemployment rates 93.4 7.8 89.5 11.1 68.1 71.8Labour force participation rates 4.0 48.9 60.5 95.5 87.6 16.7 3.2Employment/population ratios 58.3 62.4 75.1 63.5 93.4 5.6 17.3 90.0 93.2 78.8 56.6 61.9 60.8Unemployment rates 7.2 93.0 89.1 11.6 4.9 67.8 57.8Labour force participation rates 6.2 72.2 8.4 75.7 65.4 51.8 93.4 83.9Employment/population ratios 64.1 65.2 70.3 49.8 8.5 93.7 4.6 5.8 48.2 19.1 61.9 94.0 88.8 2.9 60.9 56.6 74.4Unemployment rates 91.7 84.8 16.7 13.8 89.1 56.6 90.9 60.2 2.3Labour force participation rates 9.8 77.9 3.8 59.1 16.3 60.9 61.1 92.7Employment/population ratios 65.5 53.1 70.7 52.5 51.7 7.4 93.8 5.3 75.3 69.0 13.2 52.0 92.6 11.6 84.8 4.9 4.0 62.4 70.2 92.8 89.0 14.1 63.5 97.0 57.7 88.3 17.9 61.0 8.6 4.9 57.4 6.2 56.1 75.3 91.6 5.4 3.1 52.5 93.2 54.3 81.9 54.0 54.1 94.4 5.2 16.3 56.1 59.4 20.5 61.9 8.5 91.9 4.4 66.0 14.6 51.1 3.3 79.3 92.6 90.5 11.2 51.1 92.1 66.4 84.6 7.3 8.6 10.1 62.9 5.8 12.5 68.8 92.6 4.6 53.0 88.1 63.5 56.5 58.6 3.3 4.2 57.0 17.8 74.6 19.9 91.8 8.5 4.4 8.9 51.8 52.4 55.4 93.3 63.0 2.3 91.6 7.9 8.0 8.3 67.0 4.4 19.2 50.6 92.4 3.6 63.2 85.4 14.0 63.6 68.2 14.4 3.9 92.6 8.0 9.5 8.0 52.3 12.6 57.8 58.6 4.3 91.8 6.1 3.1 52.3 15.6 18.7 51.9 93.1 4.2 8.7 67.6 1.8 50.3 92.4 6.7 7.6 5.9 62.6 19.7 3.3 92.3 52.3 13.9 57.3 7.8 8.2 7.7 11.8 52.4 51.4 93.1 5.7 18.5 3.7 9.0 92.0 63.0 7.7 5.7 18.8 52.5 3.1 56.8 13.7 8.1 7.9 93.0 5.6 17.5 63.5 9.0 7.4 5.7 12.9 7.8 5.3 5.5

b d

Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997,

b d

c d For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Sur OECD,

b For 1994, data cover persons aged 55 and over. Age group 15 to 24 refers 16 24. The year 1990 refers to 1991. Above countries only.

) ) ources: ) ) Switzerland OECD Europe Turkey United Kingdom United States Sweden European Union Total OECD a b c d S 200 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

(cont.) 27.0 63.6 9.2 25.2 63.2 13.8 26.1 62.7 10.3 Women 25.3 59.7 12.4 24.2 60.6 12.7 22.659.1 61.2 75.2 12.0 40.2 21.8 60.9 62.6 75.9 12.4 36.1 62.0 75.8 37.020.6 63.4 48.1 77.0 22.4 41.2 20.3 49.0 23.8 20.0 49.9 23.8 19.4 50.7 24.4 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation rates 67.0Employment/population ratios 59.4 75.7Unemployment rates 70.0 11.3 35.5Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios . . 33.5 60.6 7.5 . .Unemployment rates 51.9 75.7Labour force participation rates 70.4 . . 5.6 . . 68.9Employment/population ratios 37.4 62.2 . 87.7 . 14.3 34.3Unemployment rates 60.4 . 80.3 11.6 . . . 45.8Labour force participation rates 54.1 9.0 51.9 75.9 .Employment/population ratios . 51.7 42.4 65.9 51.3 86.0 8.4 69.6 36.3 8.3 47.8Unemployment rates . 88.4 . 82.7 84.0 39.7Labour force participation rates 33.1 5.2 33.4 59.5 7.5 14.0 85.0 19.7Employment/population ratios 43.1 7.6 38.2 39.8 25.2 72.9 50.8 76.4 10.2 2.3 19.1 42.9 8.3Unemployment rates 69.4 27.8 84.7 65.1 3.8 23.9 69.9 36.9 31.1Labour force participation rates 57.4 39.2 9.0 83.7 82.1 3.8 8.0 72.5Employment/population ratios 40.8 10.7 34.1 28.8 27.8 54.0 59.0 3.4 64.1 80.3 21.3 40.1 30.1 6.7 14.6 31.7 39.3 19.0 49.7 76.7 59.6 76.6 20.5 26.4 7.6 40.8 35.3 6.0 8.5 70.8 14.5 12.3 28.2 85.1 66.6 8.5 70.5 30.1 36.5 22.4 37.4 53.1 31.6 23.8 82.1 51.5 82.1 22.2 7.1 4.2 72.7 42.9 7.6 28.1 33.6 26.7 48.8 7.6 78.9 72.8 13.1 47.1 23.2 32.6 39.5 24.3 28.1 33.1 38.7 15.2 18.1 3.8 77.3 9.8 65.5 15.7 22.3 28.4 40.2 24.0 32.6 70.4 6.7 14.6 8.6 29.0 85.4 67.5 30.9 8.2 12.4 24.6 8.3 36.2 50.1 82.0 7.9 53.9 81.7 32.2 22.8 73.2 44.2 28.9 25.9 10.0 1.2 46.1 77.9 73.3 25.0 7.6 4.0 23.0 43.9 12.6 25.0 32.6 7.8 44.6 17.7 77.8 36.9 13.5 66.6 23.8 31.1 32.5 14.3 32.7 6.3 4.1 85.5 6.6 67.6 31.3 10.7 26.9 48.0 8.0 55.0 26.3 74.6 42.6 31.9 28.8 9.9 31.4 9.9 43.9 73.9 2.6 24.5 26.6 9.2 33.7 13.0 23.7 94.8 67.1 5.7 32.9 37.7 5.1 34.1 12.7 13.5 85.6 42.0 8.2 28.0 47.8 10.9 6.0 56.9 4.5 20.9 8.7 38.4 24.6 43.2 73.7 24.5 2.9 9.3 66.0 33.0 9.7 32.6 41.3 14.7 27.5 57.5 12.3 8.6 9.6 25.1 3.0 10.4 40.6 16.5 11.9 3.1 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios . . . . 58.7 . . . . 56.1 . 83.0 . . 80.8 . . . 80.8 4.3 . . 35.3 77.9 59.0 2.7 29.5 . 71.5 . 52.8 86.4 65.7 16.6 3.6 82.1 80.6 7.3 10.4 77.7 6.6 59.8 8.1 31.9 54.6 88.1 4.9 68.9 9.6 84.3 84.3 15.6 3.6 9.7 81.4 59.6 30.2 7.7 8.6 54.9 86.8 68.5 5.3 4.3 84.0 81.2 14.4 16.4 77.2 61.3 3.5 30.6 57.2 85.1 7.8 67.2 7.8 81.8 80.6 10.8 4.0 3.3 77.7 14.5 4.9 6.7 6.7 4.4 3.9 3.6 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation rates 67.7Employment/population ratios 59.3 66.6Unemployment rates 63.0 12.4 24.9Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios . . 24.2 65.9 5.5 . . 55.6 67.4 34.1 . . 3.0 . . 62.7 26.5 27.5 . 60.8 . 15.7 25.3 67.6 . 54.5 19.2 . . . 6.9 9.9 58.2 69.2 . . 10.3 9.4 33.0 . 65.2 . 28.6 4.7 . . 67.2 . 4.9 . 27.5 67.6 14.0 . . 23.4 13.2 . 58.0 . 68.8 5.7 . . 11.2 31.7 64.4 31.3 . . . 4.0 . 68.2 30.0 64.8 5.9 . . 58.9 14.1 13.3 55.4 68.6 23.7 . 55.2 . 73.3 29.9 6.4 64.1 30.6 11.1 69.8 18.8 6.2 69.0 29.3 4.3 18.3 4.4 56.4 12.5 4.8 14.6 52.7 24.4 73.9 29.3 2.9 70.1 11.3 17.9 6.6 69.7 17.3 55.4 6.5 4.0 4.2 13.0 51.4 74.4 25.7 5.1 70.7 17.9 10.2 3.5 17.3 4.3 7.3 5.0 3.3

b, c Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Australia Austria Belgium STATISTICAL ANNEX 201

(cont.) 50.0 78.5 58.1 51.6 80.4 59.6 53.9 60.5 18.0 53.9 62.5 19.4 55.4 65.1 19.8 Women 22.1 46.6 13.3 21.1 47.0 13.1 20.641.8 47.7 53.5 13.8 13.2 20.3 36.8 47.9 50.6 14.4 54.3 13.2 59.8 35.3 17.5 53.6 10.2 ...... 34.5 68.4 33.1 32.3 68.9 33.6 30.6 68.8 35.4 32.6 69.9 37.0 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 64.3 55.8 69.3 65.6 13.2 30.7 29.5 62.2 5.4 53.3 71.0 4.0 66.6 36.7 14.3 35.4 63.3 6.1 55.9 71.6 68.0 3.5 38.9 11.737.9 64.0 56.9 73.2 5.1 69.5 42.8 2.7 41.7 55.7 11.0 47.4 68.5 64.6 5.1 43.0 41.7 2.7 14.8 5.7 3.1 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 44.8Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 43.0 64.2Unemployment rates 62.9 47.2 40.7 4.1Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 46.5 47.1 38.5 54.2 2.1 44.6 65.3 53.7 49.6 44.0 5.5 1.4 63.4 48.1 49.5 42.3 42.0 49.7 0.9 47.2 5.3 47.2 39.7 50.1 48.6 13.8 4.7 44.4 65.2 0.1 49.9 2.8 50.1 13.8 45.0 2.2 63.2 48.5 49.9 6.0 41.9 55.7 1.9 47.5 47.6 39.7 55.6 0.0 1.0 13.4 6.1 44.4 65.8 55.1 50.4 7.2 40.0 0.2 63.7 48.8 3.1 50.2 40.5 52.7 3.9 47.6 47.7 5.3 38.5 56.9 2.1 13.3Unemployment rates 44.7 66.7 1.2 56.4 49.6Labour force participation rates 0.9 38.5 6.7Employment/population ratios 64.6 49.5 49.4 39.8 7.8 55.9 0.4 48.4 Unemployment rates 3.2 37.1 58.4 10.2Labour force participation rates 3.9 4.8 . .Employment/population ratios 57.5 49.2 2.3 . 1.0 . . 48.9 . 1.0 6.3 53.0 . . . . 8.3 0.4 46.0 . 67.0 . . 3.2 . 4.2 . 63.4 . 13.3 . 6.6 . 31.5 2.2 . . . . 37.9 0.0 31.1 41.6 5.4 1.7 24.8 . 78.6 . 73.4 . 1.4 . 67.2 .6 34.7 28.7 33.8 16.9 14.5 26.8 35.6 38.9 . . 6.8 23.5 78.0 74.1 6.4 67.7 . . 27.6 33.8 2.1 34.5 26.3 34.6 13.2 17.1 38.3 23.8 77.5 74.3 7.0 4.9 67.8 26.9 36.8 31.2 2.6 25.5 34.3 39.8 12.5 20.0 24.7 76.5 74.8 5.2 67.3 27.1 7.4 38.3 28.0 25.7 3.6 12.0 18.0 4.9 6.5 3.4 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 34.5Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 32.5 38.2 36.8 24.4 59.2 5.8 24.2 35.8 52.2 57.9 3.8Unemployment rates 32.8 41.3 51.6 11.9 16.9Labour force participation rates 1.0 39.8Employment/population ratios 10.9 25.8 15.8 59.6 25.4 8.3 36.0 65.0 6.3 56.9 32.1 42.3 3.5 18.4 50.7 79.2 9.0 40.6 26.9 61.8 76.1 11.0 1.7 53.9 8.0 26.2 35.2 65.7 52.8 10.8 53.0 3.9 32.1 43.4 4.9 18.6Unemployment rates 46.6 79.4 4.1 41.9 27.8Labour force participation rates 1.9 12.7 60.9 76.4Employment/population ratios 55.4 27.5 36.2 12.1 2.6 67.5 7.9 54.3 53.7 33.2 46.1 47.5 20.5 3.8 8.8 47.3 80.4 44.4 3.2 30.1 28.7 46.9 61.8 77.4 3.5 1.9 57.4 11.6 29.4 37.2 39.7 69.6 19.5 11.856.4 57.3 1.0 7.5 20.6 21.0 18.1 43.1 81.7 3.7 21.5 8.4 54.3 5.1 7.2 59.2 38.9 10.3 1.9 19.3 3.6 50.1 58.1 17.4 12.7 42.4 28.4 6.5 83.3 2.2 21.6 55.5 3.9 60.6 5.5 9.8 40.2 19.9 1.8 49.1 17.6 41.4 11.1 27.5 21.2 56.8 11.4 3.5 41.9 20.2 48.8 17.8 1.7 41.2 26.3 22.2 58.1 12.1 43.4 20.6 46.1 18.0 25.4 12.7 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 47.3Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 39.6 45.5 39.3 16.1 19.9 43.0 13.5 18.2 42.5 27.8 52.1 33.7 54.1 46.2 35.4 15.0 8.3 47.0 11.3 21.4 14.7 34.3 20.8 19.7 42.0 53.2 13.2 2.0 34.7 54.6 13.7 35.4 8.2 48.6 21.2 33.8 12.3 17.4 19.4 40.6 53.7 10.9 3.0 33.7 57.5 13.8 37.6 8.5 51.4 23.4 33.9 12.6 17.0 21.8 41.9 54.8 10.7 35.6 58.4 4.9 14.4 53.0 23.3 39.2 6.7 33.8 22.2 12.9 15.2 55.1 15.0 4.3 9.3 39.9 4.9 13.1 3.8

b c

b New Zealand Norway Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Poland Portugal Spain Netherlands Ireland Italy 202 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK 55.9 73.5 49.5 39.7 62.9 35.9

(cont.) 32.6 59.7 26.339.9 31.7 62.5 59.4 35.3 26.3 vey. 34.0 61.2 25.733.1 33.3 59.4 61.8 25.8 40.3 26.1 62.1 33.2 34.8 62.1 26.3 Women 42.8 81.0 59.4 42.9 81.1 59.5 39.9 80.1 60.755.3 38.9 71.5 78.6 47.0 60.7 34.7 55.1 60.3 72.2 24.9 33.9 47.5 58.7 55.2 25.4 40.8 72.8 61.5 47.9 34.5 Percentages 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 15 25 55 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 to 24 to 54 to 64 Part III, forthcoming. Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by age sex Table C. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 68.3Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 65.9 90.8Unemployment rates 89.7 65.8 67.8 3.6Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 64.7 49.9 65.4 71.7 1.2Unemployment rates 86.0 69.8 53.1 39.4 3.5Labour force participation rates 1.6Employment/population ratios 62.5 52.7 63.6 33.5 36.0 2.7 14.3 49.9 59.1Unemployment rates 70.8 33.9 15.0 26.6 72.4Labour force participation rates 5.8 86.2 0.7 67.7Employment/population ratios 56.9 26.4 35.7 65.9 72.9 5.9 63.4 55.0 7.0 60.7 31.0Unemployment rates 33.5 5.0 68.6 38.7 62.9 9.0Labour force participation rates 1.0 46.7 57.1 72.1 31.6 14.0 4.3Employment/population ratios 24.3 36.7 65.1 56.1 74.0 13.1 85.8 5.9 69.1 57.9 24.2 35.3 56.9Unemployment rates 5.9 74.0 70.6 10.7 3.4 45.2 50.7Labour force participation rates 5.7 65.0 56.7 63.0 31.0 34.4 5.0 69.3Employment/population ratios 40.7 44.0 62.5 41.5 6.3 63.7 4.6 5.9 45.4 60.3 72.5 32.8 12.6 0.4 26.1 38.5 64.9Unemployment rates 75.3 57.9 14.5 18.3 84.4 26.5 69.2 49.1 4.1Labour force participation rates 42.1 2.8 26.0 12.1 34.7 57.0 6.4 74.0Employment/population ratios 48.9 24.7 64.6 44.5 40.5 6.7 60.8 9.2 40.5 64.8 11.6 31.1 32.8 69.5 4.7 2.0 40.8 62.3 68.1 5.4 55.5 17.5 62.3 76.7 27.1 31.6 50.3 6.5 5.0 27.9 6.9 39.3 65.8 75.6 4.3 12.2 0.4 27.1 73.5 25.4 60.7 42.8 44.2 63.6 8.7 14.3 27.8 31.2 22.1 58.6 74.5 3.9 49.2 10.4 43.8 4.6 59.2 6.0 66.0 59.9 12.1 26.5 29.5 11.5 35.5 70.3 6.9 40.2 6.2 11.6 62.2 68.7 3.7 27.4 28.1 34.2 24.3 47.6 3.8 3.7 5.8 38.8 66.1 20.7 76.1 8.0 6.0 4.5 27.9 41.7 24.2 66.4 11.1 58.8 0.3 75.0 11.0 3.8 22.2 49.6 3.6 43.0 66.3 3.6 36.2 71.3 15.0 40.3 5.6 11.0 62.6 14.2 4.2 69.5 7.1 27.7 11.3 47.0 38.7 4.8 76.7 20.7 3.4 7.4 2.5 8.2 28.7 40.9 66.8 4.4 50.9 10.4 11.0 0.5 22.6 42.8 66.5 4.6 36.4 11.0 3.4 69.8 4.9 7.0 28.5 14.4 46.5 10.7 29.1 20.5 40.1 67.2 8.9 3.9 7.0 4.1 10.3 66.3 22.4 37.0 4.6 28.6 11.0 2.7 46.2 7.7 14.0 67.5 20.9 9.4 7.0 37.7 10.3 4.7 8.1 14.0 6.8 4.7

b d

Labour Force Statistics, 1977-1997,

b d

c d For Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, data are from the European Labour Force Sur OECD,

b For 1994, data cover persons aged 55 and over. Age group 15 to 24 refers 16 24. The year 1990 refers to 1991. Above countries only.

) ) ources: ) ) Switzerland OECD Europe Turkey United Kingdom United States Sweden European Union Total OECD a b c d S STATISTICAL ANNEX 203 Percentages Both sexes Men Women for persons aged 25-64, 1995 Less than Upper Tertiary Less than Upper Tertiary Less than Upper Tertiary education education education education education education education education education upper secondary secondary level upper secondary secondary level upper secondary secondary level Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by educational attainment Table D. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 66.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 60.8Unemployment rates 59.2 8.5 80.8Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 55.8 75.8Unemployment rates 86.7 54.6 5.7 78.9Labour force participation rates 6.2 83.2Employment/population ratios 47.3 76.7Unemployment rates 90.1 13.4 82.4 60.6 77.9 4.0Labour force participation rates 2.9 88.3 73.4Employment/population ratios 52.7 72.1Unemployment rates 86.8 13.0 73.9 60.2 89.6 79.1 7.5 2.0Labour force participation rates 11.0 83.7 70.0Employment/population ratios 55.6 84.1 72.3 92.7Unemployment rates 86.1 70.3 3.6 72.0 7.7 87.0 84.3 8.6Labour force participation rates 88.9 80.6 5.3 63.0Employment/population ratios 61.5 6.2 84.8 82.4 93.2Unemployment rates 92.5 14.6 56.4 74.0 6.5 69.0 88.5 10.3 87.8Labour force participation rates 2.1 91.6 91.9 52.9 4.0 64.2Employment/population ratios 54.1 84.4 80.5 2.5 91.6Unemployment rates 92.9 21.6 50.2 73.7 63.5 60.3 88.2 13.2 84.7 8.3 0.7Labour force participation rates 88.9 88.6 4.6 47.1 67.1 59.5Employment/population ratios 51.9 1.7 80.6 71.0 6.2 80.0 91.1Unemployment rates 88.9 14.0 39.4 79.0 16.1 68.7 4.6 56.8 88.7 82.8Labour force participation rates 76.8 3.0 85.1 82.1 8.6 32.0 8.9 69.1 66.4Employment/population ratios 49.2 87.2 75.4 6.1 6.3 85.9 93.9 87.7 7.6 13.3 47.0 72.4 66.5 60.0 90.1 12.5 77.1 8.9 84.0 6.5 93.4 18.8 82.0 41.1 56.6 58.7 56.2 83.4 71.0 1.7 4.0 82.0 94.4 3.4 88.5 54.6 70.9 21.7 71.2 6.5 58.1 6.3 88.2 68.2 7.9 78.5 89.6 12.7 84.2 7.4 50.8 61.8 11.6 65.1 48.6 0.5 73.6 62.0 2.3 80.8 90.9 86.2 16.4 66.3 79.1 79.4 4.9 89.7 16.6 12.8 72.1 75.6 5.1 9.0 83.6 4.2 79.2 55.3 68.4 77.2 82.6 8.6 66.6 7.1 90.3 92.5 86.7 65.4 8.1 84.3 84.8 85.2 13.5 7.6 8.1 89.4 86.7 16.6 83.0 7.9 51.4 80.3 6.4 76.7 79.6 91.4 91.7 2.7 52.5 80.8 81.3 4.2 21.5 88.4 87.7 6.3 87.8 6.5 44.5 4.8 68.4 68.6 83.1 9.5 1.0 86.5 91.1 46.2 74.7 92.6 15.4 15.6 80.4 4.3 85.9 15.3 40.1 4.1 65.2 86.1 6.0 83.2 94.4 39.2 68.7 7.1 77.6 90.6 13.2 7.0 35.6 12.8 62.0 5.7 82.8 32.2 49.2 77.6 4.0 6.7 26.0 42.2 9.8 9.2 80.2 57.1 71.1 19.3 6.2 52.3 14.2 78.5 75.0 8.3 11.4 4.4 Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland 204 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

(cont.) Percentages Both sexes Men Women for persons aged 25-64, 1995 Less than Upper Tertiary Less than Upper Tertiary Less than Upper Tertiary education education education education education education education education education upper secondary secondary level upper secondary secondary level upper secondary secondary level Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by educational attainment Table D. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 58.8Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 56.6Unemployment rates 56.5 3.8 77.4Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 52.1 75.8Unemployment rates 89.1 67.8 7.9 77.7Labour force participation rates 2.1 88.5Employment/population ratios 63.2 74.0Unemployment rates 86.4 80.3 65.5 6.7 84.5 0.6Labour force participation rates 4.8 82.8 78.4Employment/population ratios 61.2 81.8Unemployment rates 84.2 76.4 58.1 6.5 87.7 83.8 4.1Labour force participation rates 3.3 81.5 2.5 71.3Employment/population ratios 50.0 85.9 80.5 93.3Unemployment rates 91.0 13.9 80.9 71.6 87.0 78.5 3.2Labour force participation rates 4.0 93.0 88.9 6.7 74.9Employment/population ratios 67.2 83.9 69.6 2.1 90.7Unemployment rates 87.0 39.4 76.0 11.4 58.3 6.2 91.7 82.3 2.4Labour force participation rates 87.4 83.7 36.9 7.4 70.9Employment/population ratios 46.3 0.4 88.9 77.0 3.6 93.2 92.0 3.8 20.6 41.3 69.4 65.6 86.4 89.3 79.9 6.4 90.1 89.0 37.4 6.6 59.5 64.2 77.7 3.6 85.4 65.1 3.1 6.3 81.2 93.9 87.4 10.1 57.8 84.6 14.2 18.5 66.8 71.5 84.6 91.4 3.2 80.2 91.4 74.7 54.4 80.0 62.4 67.4 3.3 76.4 83.5 4.3 9.5 14.5 80.6 90.2 2.1 93.2 55.1 81.3 73.1 5.8 87.2 81.9 8.7 9.6 76.7 87.1 89.0 51.6 5.5 67.8 70.4 2.7 83.0 79.7 6.0 1.3 77.2 93.9 16.6 6.6 92.0 49.1 91.3 78.2 4.5 91.2 3.5 74.9 2.8 90.6 90.2 42.5 81.6 75.4 79.3 4.7 6.3 4.9 88.0 91.7 3.7 59.7 13.0 90.4 71.9 93.6 10.6 1.9 13.6 86.2 82.1 55.4 84.7 62.0 3.5 84.7 10.4 3.0 84.7 93.7 3.6 37.4 77.2 94.9 81.2 88.8 13.7 9.6 26.7 6.3 70.8 92.7 7.2 2.0 90.5 28.5 96.3 80.5 67.3 4.1 87.8 5.2 94.6 72.9 49.3 2.3 82.5 8.4 26.7 62.7 89.2 66.1 59.3 9.4 82.3 1.8 19.8 3.0 92.7 70.5 89.2 68.2 7.7 5.4 79.5 77.5 3.8 3.3 2.6 Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 53.8 48.9 71.8 9.1 76.5 71.1 70.4 87.4 1.0 72.4 7.9 80.9 71.2 81.8 76.3 7.3 1.6 80.2 70.9 89.2 86.8 2.0 7.1 87.9 82.1 91.8 93.1 87.2 1.5 91.4 5.5 95.8 33.0 93.7 28.5 5.0 1.8 61.0 65.7 60.7 58.3 2.1 13.5 81.9 46.8 73.3 46.3 11.2 0.5 53.9 53.1 10.6 1.1 1.4

a Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Italy Korea Luxembourg STATISTICAL ANNEX 205

OECD Indicators. – Unemployment, labour force participation rates and employment/population ratios by educational attainment

Education at a Glance Table D. Unemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment ratesLabour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratiosUnemployment rates 67.2Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 64.0Unemployment rates 61.8 4.8 67.9Labour force participation ratesEmployment/population ratios 54.3 63.2Unemployment rates 76.6 12.2 59.8 82.1Labour force participation rates 6.9 74.1Employment/population ratios 53.9 76.0Unemployment rates 88.8 10.0 97.7 60.7 79.1 7.4 3.3Labour force participation rates 85.5 92.9Employment/population ratios 52.4 75.1 88.2 13.7 73.2 3.7 60.8 89.1 80.1 5.0 85.8 4.9 60.7 52.7 84.4 73.5 84.0 88.4 13.4 72.0 2.7 60.9 89.2 17.2 80.4 8.2 81.5 83.3 64.2 53.4 81.7 74.2 5.3 92.7 88.6 12.3 30.4 77.9 5.8 87.9 10.9 79.8 7.7 88.9 83.7 8.4 29.0 67.9 3.0 83.3 74.6 93.6 88.1 54.6 78.0 33.4 5.5 87.9 12.8 6.5 4.1 91.0 84.4 5.2 50.3 68.1 28.9 81.4 4.6 62.5 92.1 47.2 76.5 74.1 4.2 88.1 12.6 59.9 2.9 87.4 7.4 43.2 67.2 8.0 69.6 82.0 13.6 84.2 92.3 47.4 71.2 88.1 12.1 81.5 5.1 87.8 6.9 40.4 8.6 67.8 82.6 6.1 4.1 82.4 92.9 47.8 71.5 80.3 4.9 89.2 14.8 6.2 40.9 64.5 3.2 4.8 83.7 48.2 71.9 78.1 4.0 14.4 42.2 65.3 9.8 2.6 83.8 71.5 78.4 12.6 6.7 66.4 9.1 82.7 79.1 6.5 7.1 4.4 OECD (1997), Data are for the year 1996.

) ource: Turkey United Kingdom United States European Union OECD Europe Total OECD a S 206 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

Table E. Incidence and composition of part-time employment,a 1990-1997 Percentages

Part-time employment as a proportion of employment

Men Women

1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australiab 12.2 13.9 14.2 14.9 . . 39.4 40.7 40.9 41.3 . . Austria . . . . 2.3 1.9 2.1 . . . . 21.6 22.2 22.0 Belgium 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 32.8 33.4 33.5 34.0 34.3 Canada 9.1 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.5 26.8 28.6 28.2 28.9 29.4 Czech Republic . . . . 1.8 2.0 1.9 . . . . 5.7 5.3 5.5 Denmark 10.6 10.2 10.0 10.6 11.9 29.9 26.7 25.8 24.4 24.7 Finland . . . . 5.0 5.2 4.8 . . . . 11.2 10.5 10.2 France 4.7 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 22.0 24.5 24.7 24.6 25.6 Germany 1.8 2.7 3.0 3.3 . . 29.6 27.9 29.0 29.8 . . Greece 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.3 12.8 13.5 13.3 13.9 14.2 Hungary . . . . 1.9 1.8 1.8 . . . . 4.6 4.6 5.0 Icelandc, d 7.6 8.2 8.3 6.7 . . 40.3 37.4 37.7 33.0 . . Ireland 4.6 6.9 7.4 7.1 8.0 19.8 24.7 26.5 26.5 27.1 Italy 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.6 5.1 19.7 22.3 22.8 22.6 24.0 Japanb, e 9.5 11.7 10.1 11.7 . . 33.4 35.8 34.9 36.6 . . Koreab, f . . 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.3 . . 6.9 6.7 6.9 7.8 Luxembourg 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 . . 19.3 26.4 29.2 25.3 . . Mexico . . . . 9.6 8.0 8.6 . . . . 31.3 25.3 29.9 Netherlands 13.3 10.7 10.9 10.8 10.6 50.8 53.5 54.2 55.2 54.6 New Zealand 8.4 9.7 10.0 10.4 10.9 35.0 36.6 36.1 37.3 37.4 Norway 6.7 7.6 7.5 8.0 7.9 39.1 37.6 37.4 37.3 36.8 Portugal 2.1 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 12.5 13.1 13.2 13.5 14.1 Spain 0.9 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 10.8 14.4 15.8 15.8 16.6 Sweden 5.3 7.1 6.8 6.7 6.5 24.5 24.9 24.9 24.1 22.6 Switzerlandc 8.5 8.5 7.8 9.4 7.9 45.9 48.7 48.5 49.1 47.8 Turkey . . 5.0 5.2 4.0 2.9 . . 20.4 19.4 13.9 12.7 United Kingdom 4.8 6.3 6.7 7.2 7.6 39.3 40.4 39.8 40.6 40.1 United Statesd 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.7 . . 20.0 19.5 19.3 19.1 . . European Uniong 4.1 4.6 4.9 5.2 6.1 28.4 29.3 29.1 29.4 29.6 OECD Europeg 4.4 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.9 28.3 29.0 27.0 27.2 28.5 Total OECDg 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.6 25.1 24.3 24.1 23.8 26.5

Part-time employment as a proportion of total employment Women’s share in part-time employment

1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

Australiab 23.5 25.2 25.6 26.2 . . 69.4 68.2 68.3 67.4 . . Austria . . . . 10.6 10.7 10.8 . . . . 87.9 89.9 89.1 Belgium 15.8 16.9 16.7 17.1 17.4 80.0 82.0 82.5 83.1 83.2 Canada 17.0 18.8 18.6 18.9 19.0 70.1 68.8 68.8 69.1 69.7 Czech Republic . . . . 3.5 3.4 3.4 . . . . 70.5 67.4 68.9 Denmark 19.9 18.0 17.3 17.0 17.9 72.4 70.1 68.9 66.7 64.8 Finland . . . . 8.4 8.0 7.5 . . . . 72.6 69.5 68.6 France 12.6 14.5 14.8 14.8 15.5 79.6 79.9 79.1 78.8 78.8 Germany 13.2 13.5 14.2 15.0 . . 91.7 88.7 88.2 87.6 . . Greece 7.7 8.4 8.2 8.5 8.7 57.8 58.3 60.6 61.3 62.9 Hungary . . . . 3.2 3.1 3.3 . . . . 67.7 69.4 71.3 Icelandc, d 24.1 23.3 23.5 20.0 . . 84.0 82.1 82.9 82.8 . . Ireland 10.7 14.8 15.9 15.7 16.7 74.1 74.0 74.4 74.9 74.0 Italy 9.6 11.0 11.5 11.6 12.4 73.7 76.1 75.3 75.4 74.7 Japanb, e 19.2 21.4 20.1 21.8 . . 70.7 67.6 70.1 68.0 . . Koreab, f . . 4.6 4.4 4.4 5.1 . . 60.6 61.2 63.5 62.4 Luxembourg 7.6 10.9 11.8 10.7 . . 87.5 88.9 89.4 87.8 . . Mexico . . . . 16.6 14.8 15.8 . . . . 60.8 62.4 63.7 Netherlands 27.3 28.4 28.8 29.4 29.1 69.4 77.9 77.6 78.5 78.9 New Zealand 20.0 21.5 21.5 22.4 22.7 76.4 75.1 74.0 74.3 73.4 Norway 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.4 21.2 82.9 81.2 80.9 80.1 80.0 Portugal 6.4 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.9 81.2 78.4 83.6 81.9 81.3 Spain 4.1 6.3 6.9 7.2 7.9 84.7 79.4 81.1 78.6 77.1 Sweden 14.5 15.8 15.1 14.8 14.2 81.1 76.8 76.8 76.5 76.3 Switzerlandc 24.4 25.7 25.2 26.7 25.4 80.1 81.3 82.1 80.1 82.5 Turkey .. 9.5 9.3 6.9 5.8 . . 62.6 60.3 59.2 63.7 United Kingdom 20.8 22.6 22.5 23.2 23.1 87.6 85.5 84.4 83.7 82.8 United Statesd 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.2 . . 68.2 69.0 69.3 69.8 . . European Uniong 14.1 15.3 15.5 15.9 16.5 83.0 82.7 82.2 81.8 79.3 OECD Europeg 13.9 14.8 14.0 14.2 15.9 80.9 80.7 80.5 80.6 79.4 Total OECDg 14.4 14.3 14.1 14.0 14.9 74.6 74.5 73.3 73.7 74.3 a) Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week. b) Data refer to actual hours worked. c) 1990 refers to 1991. d) Employees. e) Less than 35 hours per week. f) Civilian employment. g) Above countries only. Notes, sources and deﬁnitions: See OECD Labour Market and Social Policy, Occasional Paper No. 22, «The Deﬁnition of Part-time Work for the Purpose of International Comparisons», which is available on Internet (http://www.oecd.org/els/papers/papers.htm). STATISTICAL ANNEX 207

Table F. Average annual hours actually worked per person in employmenta

1979 1983 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Total employment Australia 1 904 1 852 1 869 1 874 1 879 1 876 1 867 1 866 Canada 1 802 1 731 1 738 1 718 1 735 1 737 1 732 . . Czech Republic ...... 2 065 2 072 2 062 Finlandb . . 1 809 1 764 1 744 1 780 1 775 1 790 1 779 Finlandc 1 868 1 821 1 764 1 754 1 768 1 773 1 773 1 763 France 1 813 1 711 1 668 1 639 1 635 1 638 1 666 1 656 Germany . . . . 1 625 1 610 1 604 1 581 1 577 1 574 Western Germany 1 764 1 724 1 611 1 582 1 581 1 561 1 558 1 558 Icelandd .. .. 1 777 1 828 1 813 1 832 1 860 1 839 Italy 1 788 1 764 ...... Japan 2 126 2 095 2 031 1 905 1 898 1 889 . . . . Mexico ...... 1 804 . . 1 834 1 955 1 909 New Zealand . . . . 1 820 1 844 1 851 1 843 1 838 . . Norway 1 514 1 485 1 432 1 434 1 431 1 414 1 407 1 399 Portugal ...... 2 000 2 009 ...... Spain 2 022 1 912 1 824 1 815 1 815 1 814 1 810 1 809 Sweden 1 451 1 453 1 480 1 501 1 537 1 544 1 554 1 552 Switzerland ...... 1 633 1 639 1 643 . . . . United Kingdom 1 821 1 719 1 773 1 715 1 728 1 735 1 732 1 731 United States 1 905 1 882 1 943 1 946 1 945 1 952 1 951 1 966 Dependent employment Canada 1 757 1 708 1 718 1 704 1 720 1 726 1 721 .. Czech Republic ...... 1 984 1 990 1 981 Finlandb . . . . 1 668 1 635 1 674 1 673 1 692 1 687 France 1 667 1 558 1 539 1 521 1 520 1 523 1 547 1 539 Germany .. .. 1 583 1 558 1 552 1 529 1 522 1 519 Western Germany 1 699 1 686 1 557 1 527 1 527 1 506 1 502 1 503 Icelandd .. .. 1 843 1 790 1 774 1 776 1 799 1 790 Italy 1 748 1 724 1 694 1 687 1 682 ...... Japane 2 114 2 098 2 052 1 913 1 904 1 909 1 919 1 990 Japanf . . . . 2 064 1 920 1 910 1 910 1 919 1 891 Korea . . 2 736 2 512 2 475 2 470 2 486 2 465 2 434 Mexico ...... 1 921 . . 1 933 2 006 1 955 Netherlands 1 591 1 530 1 433 1 404 1 395 1 397 . . . . Spain 1 936 1 837 1 762 1 748 1 746 1 749 1 747 1 745 United States 1 884 1 866 1 936 1 939 1 947 1 953 1 951 1 967 a) The concept used is the total number of hours worked over the year divided by the average numbers of people in employment. The data are intended for comparisons of trends over time; they are unsuitable for comparisons of the level of average annual hours of work for a given year, because of differences in their sources. Part-time workers are covered as well as full-time. b) Data estimated from the Labour Force Survey. c) Data estimated from National Accounts; total employment figure for 1997 is preliminary. d) Data for 1990 refer to 1991. e) Data refer to establishments with 30 or more regular employees. f) Data refer to establishments with 5 or more regular employees. Sources and definitions: Australia: Data supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics from the Labour Force Survey. Annual hours worked are adjusted to take account of public holidays occuring during the reporting period. The method of estimation is consistent with the National Accounts. Canada: Series supplied by Statistics Canada, based mainly on the monthly Labour Force Survey supplemented by the Survey of Employment Payrolls and Hours, the annual Survey of Manufacturers and the Census of Mining. Czech Republic: Data supplied by the Czech Statistical Office and based on the quarterly Labour Force Sample Survey. Main meal breaks (one half hour a day) are included. Finland: Data supplied by Statistics Finland, National Accounts series based on an establishment survey for manufacturing, and the Labour Force Survey for other sectors and for the self- employed. Alternative series based solely on the Labour Force Survey. France: Data supplied by Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes´ Economiques,´ produced within the framework of the National Accounts. Data for 1992 to 1994 have been revised slightly. Iceland: Data are provided by Statistics Iceland and are based on the Icelandic Labor Force Survey. Annual actual hours worked per person in employment are computed by multiplying daily actual hours worked by annual actual working days net of public holidays and anual vacations. The latter are for a typical work contract by sector of activity. Germany: Data supplied by the Institut fur ¨ Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, calculated within a comprehensive accounting structure, based on establishment survey estimates of weekly hours worked by full-time workers whose hours are not affected by absence, and extended to annual estimates of actual hours by adjusting for a wide range of factors, including public holidays, sickness, overtime working, short-time working, bad weather, strikes, part-time working and parental leave. Italy: Data for total employment provided by ISTAT, based on a special establishment survey discontinued in the mid 1980s. For dependent employment, data for 1983 to 1994 supplied by Eurostat and from 1960 to 1982 trend in data is taken from the total employment series. Japan: Data for total employment are Secretariat estimates based on data from the monthly Labour Survey of Establishments, extended to agricultural and government sectors and to the self-employed by means of the Labour Force Survey. Data for dependent employment supplied by Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, from the Monthly Labour Survey, referring to all industries excluding agriculture, forest, fisheries and government services. Korea: Data supplied by the Ministry of Labour from the Report on Monthly Labour Survey. Mexico: Data supplied by STPS-INEGI from the bi-annual National Survey of Employment, based on the assumption of 44 working weeks per year. Netherlands: From 1977 onwards, figures are ‘‘Annual Contractual Hours’’ per job, supplied by Statistics Netherlands, compiled within the framework of the Labour Accounts. Overtime hours are excluded. For 1970 to 1976, the trend has been derived from data supplied by the Economisch Instituut voor het Midden en Kleinbedrijf, referring to persons employed in the private sector, excluding agriculture and fishing. New Zealand: Data supplied by Statistics New Zealand and derived from the quarterly Labour Force Survey, whose continuous sample design avoids the need for adjustments for public holidays and other days lost. Total employment figures revised slightly. Norway: Data supplied by Statistics Norway, based on National Accounts and estimated from a number of different data sources, the most important being establishment surveys, the Labour Force Surveys and the public sector accounts. For 1978 to 1995, data revised due to major revision of National Accounts; for earlier years, trend in data taken from old series. Portugal: Data derived from the quarterly Labour Force Survey, whose continuous sample design avoids the need for adjustments for public holidays and other days lost, supplied by Ministério do Emprego e da Seguran¸ca Social. Spain: Series supplied by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica and derived from the quarterly Labour Force Survey. Series break at 1986/87 due to changes in the Survey. Sweden: Series supplied by Statistics Sweden derived from National Accounts data, based on both the Labour Force Survey and establishment surveys. Figures for 1993 to 1994 revised slightly. Switzerland: Data supplied by Office fédéral de la statistique. The basis of the calculation is the Swiss Labour Force Survey which provides information on weekly hours of work during one quarter of the year. The estimates of annual hours are based also on supplementary annual information on vacations, public holidays and overtime working and have been extended to correspond to National Accounts concepts. United Kingdom: Figures refer to Great Britain. Break in series 1994/95 due to small change in the way estimates of employment are derived. For 1992 to 1995, the levels are derived directly from the continuous Labour Force Survey. For 1984 to 1991, the trend in the data is taken from the annual Labour Force Survey. From 1970 to 1983, the trend corresponds to estimates by Professor Angus Maddison. United States: Data supplied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are based on the Current Population Survey. Series breaks at 1975/76 and 1989/90 due to changes in population controls and at 1993/94 due to redesigned CPS questionaire. Data beginning in 1997 are not strictly comparable with data for 1996 and earlier years due to the introduction of revised population controls. 208 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

Table G. Incidence of long-term unemployment from survey-based data in selected OECD countriesa, b, c, d, e As a percentage of total unemployment

1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over

Australia 41.1 21.6 56.9 36.3 51.4 30.8 48.7 28.4 51.5 30.8 Austria ...... 42.8 27.5 42.5 25.6 47.7 28.7 Belgium 81.4 68.7 75.2 58.3 77.7 62.4 77.3 61.3 77.2 60.5 Canada 18.8 5.7 30.9 15.2 27.8 14.1 27.7 13.9 25.7 12.5 Czech Republic . . . . 40.9 21.6 52.5 30.6 52.4 31.6 53.0 30.5 Denmark 53.2 29.9 54.0 32.1 46.6 27.9 44.4 26.5 45.7 27.2 Finlandf 32.6 9.2 52.8 30.6 54.3 37.0 58.6 39.3 50.4 31.1 France 55.5 38.0 61.7 38.3 64.0 42.3 61.5 39.5 63.7 41.2 Germany 64.7 46.8 63.8 44.3 65.9 48.7 65.3 47.8 . . . . Greece 71.9 49.8 72.8 50.5 72.7 51.4 74.7 56.7 76.5 55.7 Hungary . . . . 62.6 41.3 73.0 50.6 75.2 54.4 73.5 51.3 Iceland . . . . 32.9 15.7 33.3 17.5 31.4 19.6 26.0 16.0 Ireland 81.0 66.0 80.7 64.3 77.9 61.4 75.7 59.5 73.6 57.0 Italy 85.2 69.8 79.5 61.5 80.2 63.6 80.8 65.6 81.8 66.3 Japan 39.0 19.1 36.1 17.5 37.7 18.1 40.4 20.2 41.3 21.8 Korea 14.3 3.3 20.7 5.5 17.7 4.3 15.8 3.8 15.7 2.5 Luxembourgg (66.7) (42.9) (54.7) (29.6) (49.5) (23.8) (44.6) (27.6) . . . . Mexico ...... 7.9 1.5 9.8 2.2 5.3 2.3 Netherlands 63.6 49.3 77.5 49.4 80.4 46.8 81.8 50.0 80.4 49.1 New Zealand 39.5 20.9 50.0 32.3 43.3 25.5 36.5 20.7 36.5 19.5 Norway 40.4 19.2 43.3 28.0 43.3 26.5 29.9 14.0 26.6 12.8 Poland . . . . 65.2 40.4 63.1 40.0 62.8 39.0 62.2 38.0 Portugal 62.4 44.8 57.2 43.4 65.1 50.9 66.7 53.1 66.7 55.6 Spain 70.2 54.0 73.4 56.1 72.8 56.9 72.2 55.7 71.8 55.5 Sweden 15.9 4.7 38.5 17.3 35.6 15.8 38.4 17.1 46.7 29.6 Switzerland . . . . 50.3 28.9 50.4 33.6 52.1 25.0 49.4 28.5 Turkey 72.6 47.0 68.5 45.4 60.3 36.3 65.9 43.5 62.7 41.6 United Kingdom 50.3 34.4 63.4 45.4 60.8 43.6 58.1 39.8 54.8 38.6 United States 10.0 5.5 20.3 12.2 17.3 9.7 17.5 9.5 15.9 8.7 European Unionh 65.3 48.6 67.5 48.1 68.1 50.1 67.4 49.3 68.2 50.2 OECD Europeh 65.9 48.2 66.8 46.5 66.8 47.7 66.6 47.5 66.7 47.6 Total OECDh 44.6 30.8 52.4 35.2 49.7 33.8 50.1 34.0 48.3 32.7 a) While data from labour force surveys make international comparisons easier, compared to a mixture of survey and registration data, they are not perfect. Questionnaire wording and design, survey timing, differences across countries in the age groups covered, and other reasons mean that care is required in interpreting cross-country differences in levels. b) The duration of unemployment data base maintained by the Secretariat is composed of detailed duration categories disaggregated by age and sex. All totals are derived by adding each component. Thus, the total for men is derived by adding the number of unemployed men by each duration and age group category. Since published data are usually rounded to the nearest thousand, this method sometimes results in slight differences between the percentages shown here and those that would be obtained using the available published figures. c) Data are averages of monthly figures for the Canada, Sweden and the United States, averages of quarterly figures for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Norway, New Zealand, Poland and Spain, and averages of semi-annual figures for Turkey. The reference period for the remaining countries is as follows (among EU countries it occasionally varies from year to year): Australia, August; Austria, April; Belgium, April; Denmark, April-May; Finland, autumn; France, March; Germany, April; Greece, March-July; Iceland, April; Ireland, May; Italy, April; Japan, February; Luxembourg, April; Mexico, April; the Netherlands, March-May; Portugal, February-April; Switzerland, second quarter; and the United Kingdom, March-May. d) Data refer to persons aged 15 and over in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland and Turkey; and aged 16 and over in Iceland, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Data for Finland refer to persons aged 15-64 (excluding unemployment pensioners). Data for Hungary refer to persons aged 15-74, data for Norway refer to persons aged 16-74 and data for Sweden refer to persons aged 16-64. e) Persons for whom no duration of unemployment was specified are excluded. f) Data for 1990 refer to 1991 and data for 1994 refer to 1993. g) Data in brackets are based on small sample sizes and, therefore, must be treated with care. h) For above countries only. Sources: Data for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom are based on the European Labour Force Survey and were supplied by Eurostat. Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Labour Force Australia. Canada: Unpublished data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by Statistics Canada. Czech Republic: Data from the Labour Force Sample Survey supplied by the Czech Statistical office. Finland: Unpublished data from the Supplementary Labour Force Survey (biennial since 1989) supplied by the Central Statistical Office. From 1995 onwards, data supplied by Eurostat and based on the European Labour Force Survey. France: Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes´ Economiques,´ Enquête sur l’Emploi. Hungary: Data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by the Central Statistical Office. Iceland: Data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by Statistics Iceland. Japan: Statistics Bureau, Managment and Coordination Agency, Report on the Special survey of the Labour Force Survey. Korea: National Statistical Office (NSO), Annual report on the Economically Active Population Survey. Mexico: Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, Report on the Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey. New Zealand: Unpublished data from the Household Labour Force Survey supplied by the Department of Statistics. Norway: Unpublished data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by the Central Statistical Office. Poland: Data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by the Central Statistical Office. Spain: Unpublished data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security. Sweden: Statistics Sweden, AKU. Switzerland: Data from the Labour Force Survey supplied by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Turkey: Data from the Household Labour Force Survey supplied by the State Institute of Statistics. United States: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings. STATISTICAL ANNEX 209

Table H. Incidence of long-term unemployment from survey-based data among mena, b, c, d, e As a percentage of male unemployment

1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over

Australia 42.7 24.4 59.4 38.6 54.1 34.2 50.8 30.9 54.7 33.1 Austria ...... 36.5 24.6 38.2 23.2 42.1 28.9 Belgium 79.5 66.1 72.4 53.4 76.4 61.4 75.2 58.9 76.6 59.4 Canada 19.1 6.6 32.7 17.1 29.1 15.9 28.4 15.3 27.2 14.5 Czech Republic . . . . 38.9 20.8 51.5 30.2 50.9 31.0 53.0 31.3 Denmark 48.9 27.8 52.1 31.9 51.9 31.9 44.2 28.1 44.5 26.3 Finlandf 36.8 9.7 53.7 34.0 58.6 42.0 60.7 43.6 50.8 33.9 France 53.1 35.4 60.2 37.3 62.1 41.4 58.6 37.1 61.7 39.1 Germany 65.2 49.1 60.4 41.2 63.3 45.9 61.8 44.5 . . . . Greece 61.8 39.9 65.8 41.3 64.3 42.3 66.7 47.3 69.1 45.8 Hungary . . . . 65.0 43.6 74.0 52.0 76.8 57.0 74.2 52.6 Iceland . . . . 29.7 13.5 32.4 17.6 34.6 23.1 28.0 20.0 Ireland 84.3 71.1 83.0 68.5 80.7 66.8 79.2 64.6 77.9 63.3 Italy 84.1 68.6 77.4 59.6 78.9 62.7 78.7 64.1 81.2 66.5 Japan 47.6 26.2 40.2 21.4 43.7 23.5 46.2 23.8 49.2 28.8 Korea 16.6 4.1 22.8 6.6 19.0 4.7 17.9 4.1 18.5 3.5 Luxembourgg (80.0) (60.0) (59.6) (33.8) (50.6) (26.0) (49.0) (30.1) . . . . Mexico ...... 7.4 1.3 9.7 2.1 6.0 2.1 Netherlands 65.6 55.2 74.3 50.0 78.7 51.6 81.4 54.3 76.6 49.9 New Zealand 44.1 24.5 55.1 36.7 48.2 29.6 40.2 23.8 40.4 22.2 Norway 39.7 19.0 43.5 28.1 44.4 28.6 31.0 15.5 28.0 14.0 Poland . . . . 61.8 36.8 59.4 36.2 59.3 35.2 57.8 33.5 Portugal 56.3 38.2 54.2 42.3 63.0 48.4 64.1 51.7 64.8 53.4 Spain 63.3 45.8 68.6 49.6 67.7 51.1 67.4 49.8 67.2 49.9 Sweden 16.2 5.4 40.5 19.4 37.6 17.4 40.3 18.5 48.5 31.8 Switzerland . . . . 47.4 22.4 46.8 30.6 50.0 20.8 47.9 25.5 Turkey 71.2 44.9 66.2 43.2 56.1 32.2 63.7 39.9 59.3 38.1 United Kingdom 56.8 41.8 68.6 51.2 66.2 49.6 63.5 45.9 60.2 44.9 United States 12.1 7.0 22.2 13.9 18.7 11.0 18.5 10.3 16.7 9.4 European Unionh 63.5 47.0 66.0 46.7 66.7 49.0 65.2 47.4 66.6 48.9 OECD Europeh 64.4 46.5 65.1 44.9 64.8 45.9 64.4 45.5 64.6 45.8 Total OECDh 43.7 29.7 51.8 34.6 48.4 32.7 48.9 32.7 47.7 32.1

Notes and sources: See Table G. 210 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

Table I. Incidence of long-term unemployment from survey-based data among womena, b, c, d, e As a percentage of female unemployment

1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months 6 months 12 months and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over and over

Australia 38.8 17.8 53.1 33.0 47.4 25.6 45.4 24.8 47.1 27.5 Austria ...... 49.4 30.6 48.1 28.8 54.5 28.4 Belgium 82.5 70.0 77.7 62.6 78.7 63.2 79.1 63.3 77.8 61.5 Canada 18.4 4.5 28.3 12.5 26.1 11.9 26.8 12.2 23.9 10.2 Czech Republic . . . . 42.6 22.2 53.3 30.9 53.7 32.1 53.0 29.9 Denmark 57.7 32.0 55.8 32.4 42.5 24.9 44.6 25.3 46.7 27.9 Finlandf 26.3 8.4 51.3 25.7 49.6 31.5 55.5 34.1 50.0 28.2 France 57.3 40.0 63.0 39.3 65.7 43.2 64.0 41.6 65.6 43.3 Germany 64.2 44.5 67.1 47.2 68.4 51.3 69.4 51.7 . . . . Greece 78.2 55.9 78.0 57.2 78.9 58.3 79.7 62.5 81.4 62.2 Hungary . . . . 58.9 37.6 71.3 48.3 72.7 50.4 72.3 49.2 Iceland . . . . 32.4 14.7 34.5 17.2 28.0 16.0 28.0 12.0 Ireland 75.0 56.8 76.8 57.4 74.0 52.9 70.1 51.2 66.6 46.9 Italy 86.0 70.7 81.5 63.3 81.5 64.4 82.8 67.1 82.5 66.2 Japan 26.3 8.8 30.5 12.2 28.8 10.0 30.7 12.5 30.1 11.8 Korea 9.0 0.8 16.1 3.2 15.1 3.6 11.2 3.0 11.0 0.9 Luxembourgg (55.6) (33.3) (48.9) (24.6) (48.0) (21.0) (40.6) (25.3) . . . . Mexico ...... 9.0 1.7 10.0 2.4 4.4 2.6 Netherlands 62.0 44.6 80.9 48.7 82.1 42.0 82.1 46.1 83.4 48.5 New Zealand 32.7 15.5 42.7 26.0 37.1 20.2 31.9 16.9 31.6 16.1 Norway 42.5 20.0 43.9 29.8 31.4 17.3 28.6 12.2 24.4 11.1 Poland . . . . 68.4 43.8 66.6 43.7 66.1 42.5 66.0 41.9 Portugal 66.4 49.4 60.1 44.3 67.2 53.4 69.2 54.4 68.5 57.7 Spain 76.5 61.5 78.4 62.9 77.5 62.6 76.7 61.3 75.9 60.4 Sweden 15.0 3.9 35.3 14.1 33.0 13.8 35.9 15.4 44.4 26.9 Switzerland . . . . 53.4 35.6 54.0 36.5 54.4 29.4 51.6 32.8 Turkey 75.6 51.2 74.3 51.0 71.1 46.9 72.3 53.6 69.7 49.0 United Kingdom 40.8 23.7 53.3 33.9 50.6 32.3 47.7 28.0 45.3 27.8 United States 7.3 3.7 18.0 10.2 15.6 8.1 16.2 8.4 14.9 8.0 European Unionh 66.9 50.1 69.3 49.7 69.6 51.2 69.7 51.2 69.9 51.5 OECD Europeh 67.4 50.0 68.7 48.4 69.0 49.7 69.0 49.8 68.9 49.5 Total OECDh 45.7 32.1 53.1 35.8 51.2 35.1 51.5 35.4 49.1 33.5

Notes and sources: See Table G. STATISTICAL ANNEX 211 4 273 4 280 4 297 4 290 ––––– ––––– 0.08 0.07 0.03 – 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.2 Austria Belgium –––– ––––– ––––––– 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.07 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.64

a 8 733 8 917 9 114 9 222 Australia of GDP of the labour force of GDP of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Public expenditures Participant inflows –––– 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries ) 429.7 457.3 487.6 509.8 2 239.6 2 334.4 2 421.6 2 508.1 7 409.6 7 762.3 8 055.6 8 305.0 9 Table J. ) 3 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 1.88 0.75 1.62 0.72 1.29 0.84 1.30 0.66 7.9 8.0 9.2 5.6 0.36 0.36 1.55 0.39 1.43 0.44 1.41 1.24 1.29 1.36 3.01 1.40 2.88 1.50 2.77 12.3 13.5 2.77 14.3 17.0 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adults 0.14Measures for unemployed and disadvantaged youth 0.16Support of apprenticeship and related forms 0.04of general youth training 0.14 0.04 0.08Subsidies to regular employment in the private 0.03sectorSupport of unemployed persons starting enterprises 3.4 0.01 0.01Direct job creation (public or non-profit) 0.02 3.7 0.01 0.5 0.03Vocational rehabilitation 0.01 4.2Work for the disabled 0.5 0.03 0.01 1.8 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.4 0.4 0.13 0.03 0.11 0.1 0.2 0.22 0.03 0.5 0.12 0.1 0.01 0.11 0.05 0.6 0.15 0.1 0.01 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.03 0.16 0.11 0.04 0.02 1.1 0.9 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.18 0.02 – 0.06 0.04 0.4 1.1 0.17 0.07 0.04 0.3 0.03 0.17 – 1.8 0.3 0.3 2.5 0.03 3.1 – 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.03 2.7 1.2 0.4 0.04 0.3 2.9 0.55 1.0 0.4 0.03 0.57 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.57 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.56 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.9 0.03 0.03 0.04 2.9 0.06 0.10 0.04 2.9 0.05 0.10 0.04 2.8 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.27 0.10 . . 0.6 . . . . 0.6 . . . . 1.8 . 4.5 . . . . . Fiscal year starts on July 1 in Australia. TOTALGDP (national currency, at current prices, 10 2.62 2.34 2.12 1.97 1.91 1.80 1.81 1.73 4.25 4.23 4.17 4.27 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 5. Measures for the disabled6. Unemployment compensation7. Early retirement for labour market reasons 0.07 0.07 1.88 0.07 1.62 0.06 1.29 0.6 1.30 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 1.42 0.15 1.30 0.14 1.29 0.14 1.22 0.14 2.30 . . 2.20 . . 2.11 . 2.12 . . . 1. Public employment services and administration2. Labour market training 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.09 3.8 0.13 4.2 0.13 4.8 0.14 2.1 0.13 0.11 0.21 0.12 0.23 0.15 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 8.7 9.2 8.9 9.1 Programme categories 3. Youth measures 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 – 0.08 0.07 0.03 – 0.8 0.7 0.5 4. Subsidised employment 0.22 0.21 0.31F 0.21 2.3a 2.0 2.5 1.5 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.61 0.62 0.68 0.84 3.5 3.5 4.6 7.4 212 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

(cont.) 0.23 0.31 0.30 0.30 9.3 9.2 . . 0.10 0.08 0.080.34 0.31 0.06 0.2 0.28 0.1 0.27 0.1 2.8 2.8 . . 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.28 2.8 2.8 . . ––––– ––––– ––––––– – –––– ––––– ––––– ––––––– – –––– Czech Republic Denmark

a Canada of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries ) 733.0 774.1 803.1 829.4 1 143.0 1 338.9 1 524.7 1 670.9 925.7 969.1 1 013.9 1 066.2 9 Table J. ) 14 780 14 946 15 038 5 179 5 173 5 175 5 191 2 777 2 798 2 822 3 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 1.94 0.66 1.52 0.61 1.30 0.57 1.18 0.48 3.5 3.2 2.7 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.9 0.20 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.82 1.97 1.93 1.79 5.15 18.4 4.61 19.4 4.35 . . 4.01 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adultsMeasures for unemployed and disadvantaged youthSupport of apprenticeship and related forms of general youth training 0.01Subsidies to regular employment in the private sector 0.01Support of unemployed persons starting enterprises 0.01Direct job creation (public or non-profit) –Vocational rehabilitation 0.01 0.30 0.05Work for the disabled 0.2 0.02 0.27 0.04 0.01 0.24 – 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.01 – 0.01 0.4 2.6 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.5 2.3 – 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.03 0.3 1.9 0.02 0.1 – 0.2 0.02 0.1 – 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 – 0.1 – – 0.02 0.01 – 0.01 0.2 – – – 0.01 – 0.01 – 0.01 0.02 0.01 – 0.01 – – 0.1 0.01 0.3 0.01 0.2 0.1 – 0.3 0.01 – 0.2 – 0.2 0.01 0.2 – – – 0.2 0.1 0.2 – 0.49 0.1 0.29 – – – 0.71 0.2 0.24 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.82 0.21 – – 0.1 0.1 0.67 0.19 0.23 – 0.1 0.15 2.8 1.1 0.06 4.6 0.09 – 0.04 0.8 4.3 0.10 0.03 0.6 1.8 0.02 1.7 0.4 1.9 0.3 0.4 Fiscal year starts on April 1 in Canada. TOTALGDP (national currency, at current prices, 10 2.60 2.13 1.87 1.65 0.32 0.28 0.26 0.32 6.97 6.57 6.27 5.80 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 5. Measures for the disabled 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 – – – 0.01 – – 1. Public employment services and administration2. 0.23 Labour market training 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.17 0.10 2.7 0.10 0.09 2.3 0.08 1.9 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.3 0.3 0.12 0.2 0.12 0.2 0.72 0.12 1.02 0.13 1.12 0.97 12.2 13.7 . . Programme categories 3. Youth measures4. Subsidised employment 0.02 0.026. Unemployment compensation 0.08 0.027. 0.07 Early retirement for labour market reasons 0.02 0.06 0.4 0.06 0.01 0.5 0.01 0.4F 0.01 1.93 0.5 0.4 0.01 1.50 0.01a 0.3 1.29 0.01 1.17 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 – 0.3 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.3 – 0.44 0.09 0.13 0.36 0.10 0.14 – 0.32 1.8 0.20 0.31 1.7 – 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.1 3.75 3.06 1.39 1.55 2.54 1.80 2.22 1.79 STATISTICAL ANNEX 213 Germany

(cont.) Finland France of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 Table J. ) 2 502 2 522 2 531 2 562 25 202 25 324 25 378 25 613 39 628 39 394 39 294 39 257 3 ) 511.0 549.9 574.8 618.0 7 077.1 7 389.7 7 662.4 7 860.5 3 328.2 3 459.6 3 541.5 3 641.8 9 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 4.69 4.01 1.68 3.68 1.58 3.23 1.73 1.57 12.0 11.5 12.8 13.1 1.28 1.29 1.31 2.11 1.32 1.95 10.5 1.79 11.5 1.81 11.3 . . 1.37 1.36 1.45 1.25 4.0 4.3 2.51 2.37 4.2 2.52 3.6 2.54 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adultsMeasures for unemployed and disadvantaged youthSupport of apprenticeship –and related forms of general youth training – 0.47 0.01 0.44 0.06Subsidies to regular employment 0.02 0.55in the private sector 0.08 0.53Support of unemployed persons 0.12 –starting enterprises 3.3 0.11Direct job creation (public – 3.7 1.2or non-profit) 4.7 1.2 –Vocational rehabilitation 5.2 1.6 0.15Work for the disabled – 0.06 0.11 1.6 0.40 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.37 0.09 0.04 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.10 1.9 0.34 0.08 0.03 0.6 0.04 0.07 0.56 1.2 0.10 0.32 0.08 0.5 0.06 0.8 0.53 0.04 1.2 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.54 3.2 0.3 0.9 0.06 0.41 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.06 1.0 1.0 3.1 3.8 0.09 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.19 1.0 – 2.8 3.6 0.8 0.12 0.02 0.7 0.20 3.4 1.0 0.8 – 0.16 . . 0.03 0.17 2.9 . 0.02 . 0.25 . – . 0.40 0.04 0.16 0.17 0.03 0.02 1.5 0.06 0.38 0.02 – 0.18 1.9 0.03 0.05 0.45 2.0 0.06 0.2 – 0.21 2.1 0.02 0.06 0.36 0.06 2.3 0.22 0.3 1.9 0.3 – 0.06 1.7 0.06 1.6 0.3 . . 0.4 . 0.4 . 0.06 1.9 – 1.9 0.06 . . 0.4 0.01 0.4 1.9 . 0.1 . 0.07 1.8 0.01 0.01 0.4 . . 1.3 0.07 0.02 . – . . 0.01 . 0.4 0.14 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.32 . – 0.13 . 0.1 0.03 0.34 0.2 0.14 0.3 – . . 0.1 0.32 0.2 0.13 0.2 0.12 0.26 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.13 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.14 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.14 1.0 0.3 – 0.8 – – – reasons 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.49 0.29 0.15 0.05 and administration 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.21 prices, 10 TOTALGDP (national currency, at current 6.36 5.59 5.41 4.79 3.39 3.24 3.09 3.13 3.88 3.73 3.96 3.79 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: 3. Youth measures4. Subsidised employment 0.12 0.16 0.22 0.22 0.775. 1.8 Measures for the disabled 0.68 0.66 2.0 0.53 2.56. 6.2 Unemployment compensation 2.67. 5.1 Early retirement for labour market 0.15 0.30 4.8 0.14 0.30 0.13 4.4 4.22 0.12 0.27 3.57 0.29 0.8 3.27 0.24 2.79 0.33 0.7 2.9 0.40 0.8 0.48 0.8 3.1 0.09 3.4 2.8 0.09 4.2 . . 0.10 4.5 0.06 0.08 0.06 . . 0.3 1.73 0.07 0.39 0.4 1.57 0.07 0.44 1.43 0.4 0.6 0.42 1.44 . 0.34 . 0.7 0.26 1.4 0.7 0.26 1.4 0.7 0.27 1.4 0.28 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.03 0.3 2.08 2.37 2.49 2. Labour market training 0.47 0.45 0.57 0.55 3.3 3.7 4.7 5.2 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 3.9 3.9 3.5 . . 0.42 0.38 0.45 0.36 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.3 1. Public employment services Programme categories F 214 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK res

(cont.) Greece Hungary Ireland Italy of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditu 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 for Italy. 12 Table J. ) 21 106.2 23 755.8 26 486.1 29 474.0 3 548.3 4 364.8 5 613.5 6 843.0 36.1 40.3 44.2 1 550.3 1 638.7 1 771.0 1 873.5 9 ) 4 118 4 193 4 249 4 318 4 346 4 203 4 095 4 048 1 425 1 449 1 494 3 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 0.41 0.31 0.43 0.30 0.44 0.36 0.45 0.27 2.2 2.5 3.3 3.0 0.66 0.61 2.13 0.42 1.22 0.37 0.90 3.6 4.2 0.76 3.5 5.7 1.58 1.68 1.66 11.5 11.9 11.3 1.88 2.93 2.71 1.36 2.42 1.13 1.08 1.16 1.12 0.87 0.88 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adults 0.07Measures for unemployed 0.01and disadvantaged youth 0.04Support of apprenticeship 0.01and related forms of general 0.10youth training 0.01 – 0.05Subsidies to regular 0.02 1.2employment in the private 0.2sector 1.0 –Support of unemployed 0.2 1.9persons starting enterprises 0.1Direct job creation (public 0.02 1.9 –or non-profit) 0.2 0.01 0.03 0.23 – –Vocational rehabilitation 0.03 0.03 0.19Work for the disabled – – 0.02 0.12 0.03 0.08 – 0.06 0.3 0.01 – – 1.3 0.3 0.1 – 0.07 – 1.2 0.3 – 0.2 – – – 0.06 0.7 0.4 0.2 – – 1.1 0.1 – 0.04 0.16 0.1 – – – 0.15 0.5 0.05 0.1 – 0.14 0.7 – 0.02 – 0.1 – – 1.7 0.07 0.7 – 0.06 1.8 0.4 – – – – – 0.08 1.6 – 0.10 3.0 – – – – – 0.12 – 2.9 – 0.3 – – – 0.06 2.5 – 0.2 – – – – 0.06 0.01 – 0.1 – – 1.1 0.01 0.1 – – – – – 0.02 0.14 1.6 0.01 0.01 0.8 0.14 – – – 0.02 0.01 – – 0.13 0.15 1.1 0.10 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.14 – 0.11 0.17 0.12 0.13 – 0.1 0.24 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.7 – 1.4 0.7 – 1.2 0.6 1.8 0.7 1.9 – 0.6 – – 1.9 3.2 0.04 0.89 0.55 – – – 0.89 0.06 0.67 0.40 0.63 0.86 – – 0.03 0.36 – 3.6 0.68 0.04 – – 0.38 3.8 0.12 0.56 – 0.09 – 3.7 0.08 – 0.2 – – 0.1 0.1 – – 0.01 – – 0.04 – – – – – – – – – market reasons – – – – 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.20 and administration 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 at current prices, 10 National currency at current prices 10 TOTALGDP (national currency, 0.72 0.73 0.80 0.71 2.79 1.83 1.32 1.13 4.51 4.39 4.07 3.04 2.48 2.00 1.96 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 3. Youth measures4. Subsidised employment 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.10 0.035. 0.3 Measures for the disabled 0.09 0.3 0.05 0.36. 0.6 Unemployment compensation 0.4 0.017. 0.9 Early retirement for labour 0.9 0.41 – – 0.5 0.43 0.28 – – 0.44 0.27 – 0.17 0.01 0.45 0.18 – – 2.3 3.0 – – 2.7 – 4.4 – 0.68 – 0.86 – 0.88 5.2 – – 0.27 2.02 5.6 0.25 1.07 0.24 5.7 – 0.71 1.4 0.89 0.60 1.4 – 0.86 1.3 0.69 0.94 – 0.61 0.46 – 0.39 – 0.42 – 2.77 – 2.57 0.12 2.29 0.09 0.08 0.2 0.1 0.1 – 0.90 0.92 – 0.68 – 0.68 – Programme categories 2. Labour market training 0.08 0.06 0.11 0.07 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.1 0.23 0.19 0.13 0.08 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.23 0.22 0.21 4.7 4.8 4.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1. Public employment services F a STATISTICAL ANNEX 215

(cont.) 19 803 20 326 20 797 21 188 7 184 7 410 7 517 7 618 Korea Luxembourg Netherlands in Japan. 12

a Japan of GDP of GDP of the labour force of GDP of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 Table J. ) 3 ) 476.7 479.0 488.9 503.7 267 146.0 305 970.2 351 974.7 389 979.2 444.3 487.7 509.7 525.4 614.3 638.4 667.6 705.1 9 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 0.30 0.09 0.35 0.10 0.39 0.13 0.40 0.10 – 0.08 0.06 – 0.08 – 0.09 0.6 – 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.27 1.40 1.28 1.38 0.69 1.53 0.59 2.5 0.60 0.67 2.3 3.29 12.7 3.14 14.2 4.06 3.33 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adultsMeasures for unemployed and disadvantaged youthSupport of apprenticeship –and related forms of general youth training 0.03 – 0.03Subsidies to regular employment in the private sector – – 0.03Support of unemployed persons starting enterprises 0.03 – –Direct job creation (public or non-profit) 0.01 – 0.01Vocational rehabilitation 0.01 0.03Work for the disabled – 0.01 0.04 – 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.01 – – 0.04 0.01 0.02 – 0.02 – – 0.4 – – 0.02 – – – – 0.3 – – – – 0.02 0.3 – – – – 0.1 0.3 – – – – 0.03 – – 0.1 0.01 – 0.1 – 0.02 0.1 – 0.01 – – – 0.22 – 0.1 – – 0.17 – 0.04 0.01 – 0.13 0.05 0.13 – – – 0.05 – – 0.06 1.2 – – – 0.05 – 1.0 0.06 – – – 0.6 0.07 0.1 – – – 0.06 0.6 – – 0.4 0.3 – 0.01 – – – – 0.01 0.3 – 0.03 0.1 – – 0.3 0.1 – 0.05 – 0.2 0.01 0.1 0.1 – – – 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.14 – 0.1 0.04 – 0.01 0.23 – 0.02 0.01 – 0.1 0.2 0.07 – 0.03 0.04 – – 0.2 – 0.03 0.02 – 11.0 0.04 – 0.05 – – 12.4 0.04 0.04 0.58 – – – 0.5 0.55 0.54 – 0.5 – – 0.54 0.5 – 0.1 – – 0.07 0.5 0.1 0.08 – – 0.12 0.2 0.19 – – 0.2 0.1 – – 0.2 – – 0.2 0.2 – – – reasons – – – – – – – – 0.42 0.24 0.24 0.26 – – – – and administration 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.42 0.37 0.34 0.35 prices, 10 Fiscal year starts on April 1; and national currency at current prices 10 TOTALGDP (national currency, at current 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.50 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.88 0.78 0.80 0.95 4.69 4.42 5.44 4.86 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 3. Youth measures4. Subsidised employment –5. 0.03 – Measures for the disabled 0.04 – 0.066. 0.04 Unemployment compensation –7. Early retirement for labour market – – 0.03 0.30 – 0.02 0.35 – 0.39 0.02 – 0.40 – 0.02 – – 0.1 – 0.1 – – 0.1 – 0.01 0.1 0.07 – – 0.09 – 0.07 0.1 0.14 0.09 0.4 – 0.09 0.01 – 0.11 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.1 0.06 0.8 0.09 0.1 0.8 0.10 0.27 0.8 0.1 0.42 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.4 0.04 11.2 0.05 12.7 0.04 0.28 0.58 0.35 0.55 0.36 0.54 0.41 0.54 3.29 0.1 3.14 4.06 0.1 3.33 0.2 0.2 2. Labour market training 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.13 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.6 1. Public employment services Programme categories F a 216 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK ––––– 2––––

(cont.) 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.80.02 0.02 1.5 0.02 0.0 1.7 1.7 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.05 –––– –––– ––––– Norway Poland ––– –––0.40.1 2–––––– a New Zealand of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows –––– ––– – –––– ––––––– 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries Table J. ) 1 684 1 728 1 782 1 816 2 151 2 186 2 246 2 292 17 321 17 132 17 068 17 034 3 ) 82.3 88.1 92.1 95.8 867.6 929.0 1 017.8 1 085.1 155.8 210.4 286.0 362.2 9 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 1.59 0.80 1.26 0.74 1.14 0.71 1.17 0.73 9.8 . . 11.5 . . 1.34 1.34 1.32 1.16 1.10 0.91 0.90 . 0.70 . . . 4.1 3.0 0.38 0.39 0.34 0.32 1.87 3.7 1.87 1.93 4.7 1.82 4.4 4.1 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adults Measures for unemployed and disadvantaged youthSupport of apprenticeship and related forms of general youth trainingSubsidies to regular employment 0.39in the private sectorSupport of unemployed persons starting 0.04 0.36 0.03enterprises 0.07 0.32Direct job creation (public or non-profit) 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.31 0.02Vocational rehabilitation 0.08 0.04 0.02 5.2Work for the disabled 0.03 0.3 0.1 5.5 0.09 0.04 0.2 0.10 . 5.5 . 1.2 0.09 0.2 5.3 1.8 0.01 0.9 0.09 0.28 0.05 0.01 1.8 . 0.04 . 0.23 0.9 0.02 1.4 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.18 – 0.01 1.0 0.08 0.02 1.5 0.01 0.19 0.17 0.02 – 0.06 0.02 0.14 1.3 1.5 3.6 0. 0.04 0.09 1.2 2.8 – . . – 0.09 . . 0.03 2.1 0.08 0.7 – 0.6 1.6 . . 0.06 0.03 . . 1.1 . 1.1 . 0.03 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.8 0.2 0.29 0.1 – 0.02 0.1 0.29 – 0.29 . 0.08 . 0.4 0.34 0.01 0.10 0.22 0.02 0.3 0.31 0.08 0.5 0.03 0.3 0.07 . . 0.26 0.5 0.10 – 0.4 0.13 . . . . 0.5 0.12 0.6 0.08 . – . . . 0.7 0.8 0.1 . . . . 0.01 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.01 . . 1.2 0.04 – 0.04 0.8 0.01 – 0.01 0.2 – 0.3 0.4 – 0.1 0.1 – reasons and administration 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 prices, 10 Fiscal year starts on July 1 in New Zealand. TOTALGDP (national currency, at current 2.39 2.00 1.85 1.91 2.66 2.44 2.06 1.60 2.25 2.27 2.27 2.14 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 3. Youth measures 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.3 . . 2.0 . . 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04 . . . . 1.1 0.8 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.10 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.9 4. Subsidised employment 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.14 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.2 0.28 0.22 0.15 0.07 0.6 . . 1.0 0.5 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.16 1.2 1.8 2.0 1.6 5. Measures for the disabled6. Unemployment compensation7. Early retirement for labour market 0.05 0.03 1.59 0.03 1.26 0.03 1.14 1.5 1.17 . . 1.7 . . 0.48 0.63 0.61 0.47 1.32 . . 1.10 0.90 . . 0.70 . . . . 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.8 1.72 1.77 0.1 1.88 1.77 0.1 2. Labour market training 0.39 0.36 0.32 0.31 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.3 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.17 3.6 2.8 2.1 1.6 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1. Public employment services Programme categories F a STATISTICAL ANNEX 217 oncerned.

a Sweden

(cont.) 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.200.09 2.1 0.10 2.1 0.08 3.6 0.08 3.2 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.05 0.02 – – ––––––––– 1––– –––– ––––– Spain –––– July 1, 1995 to December 31, 1996. The 1995-96 GDP is for 18 months, the labour force an average of 6 quarters c 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.70 0.72 0.62 0.59 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 4––– 1––– 3–––– Portugal 0.08 0.13 of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries 1993 1994 1995 1996 1993 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1997 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1997 Table J. ) 4 722 4 820 4 802 4 885 15 701 15 849 16 159 16 332 4 275 4 296 4 325 4 257 3 ) 13 209.6 14 082.6 15 073.2 15 975.7 65 271.1 70 233.0 74 081.8 78 325.5 1 482.8 1 592.9 2 517.4 1 738.9 9 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 0.94 0.87 1.12 0.71 0.96 0.83 1.02 0.95 4.4 4.7 7.1 8.0 0.59 0.81 3.09 0.67 2.46 0.50 2.12 2.2 1.87 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.97 2.99 2.36 2.09 15.5 2.76 14.4 2.53 13.8 13.5 2.26 2.16 Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adults 0.22Measures for unemployed 0.04and disadvantaged youthSupport of apprenticeship 0.16and related forms of general 0.05youth training 0.19 0.05 0.22 0.25Subsidies to regular 0.05 0.15employment in the private 1.1sector 0.2 1.5 0.15Support of unemployed 0.4persons starting enterprises 4.0 0.16Direct job creation (public 0.2 0.13 3.9or non-profit) 1.5 0.3 0.08 0.14 0.06 1.1 0.17Vocational rehabilitation 0.04 1.1 0.19Work for the disabled 0.08 0.24 1.3 0.03 0.18 0.09 0.26 0.09 0.05 1.1 0.01 0.04 – 0.02 0.9 0.11 0.2 0.09 0.05 0.2 – 0.9 0.01 0.2 0.4 0.08 0.04 – 1. 0.3 0.2 0.01 0.03 0.5 0.07 0.05 0.1 0.03 0.3 0.01 0.5 0.03 0.1 0.3 0.02 0.07 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.03 0.5 0.01 – 0.1 0.73 0.3 0.02 0.4 0. 0.01 – 0.75 0.5 0.02 0.3 0.1 0.54 0.03 0.01 0.31 0.04 0.4 0.43 0.2 0.9 0.23 0.05 0.11 3.4 0.1 0.02 0.7 3.7 0.05 0.24 0.1 0.02 0.6 3.9 0.06 0.08 3.4 0.5 0.1 3.7 1.0 2.5 0.06 0.11 1.0 0.09 0.7 0. 0.07 0.7 1.3 0.08 1.5 0.4 0.58 0.5 0.54 0.4 0.43 0.5 0.42 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.8 and administration 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.26 prices, 10 Fiscal year used to start on July 1 in Sweden. From 1997, it starts January 1. The 1995-96 fiscal lasts 18 months, from market reasons 0.11 0.15 TOTALGDP (national currency, at current 1.80 1.83 1.79 1.97 3.68 3.27 2.79 2.37 5.73 5.52 4.62 4.25 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) 3. Youth measures 0.35 0.28 0.35 0.345. Measures for the disabled 2.6 2.0 2.0 0.05 2.7 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.2 0.07 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.01 0.3 0.01 0.31 0.01 0.23 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.02 3.4 0.1 2.5 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.79 0.82 0.70 0.67 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.0 2. Labour market training 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.31 1.3 2.0 4.2 4.2 0.22 0.32 0.35 0.14 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.76 0.77 0.55 0.43 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.2 1. Public employment services Programme categories 4. Subsidised employment 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.17 0.31 0.14 0.20 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 0.87 0.90 0.82 0.70 6.6 6.1 7.7 7.5 6. Unemployment compensation7. Early retirement for labour 0.82 0.97 0.88F 0.89a 3.09 2.46 2.12 1.87 2.71 2.51 2.26 2.16 218 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK

b United States

(cont.) 0.01 – – .. .. –––– 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 . . . . 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.4 0.5 1–––– – – ––––– – – 1––––..0.1 ––––– – –

a –––– – –––– –––– ––––0.10.10.10.1 –––– –––– 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.010.14 0.14 – 0.12 0.1 0.120.02 0.01 0.8 – 0.01 0.8 – 1.0 0.1 1. 0.1 – 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 . . 0.6 Switzerland United Kingdom of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force of GDP of the labour force as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage as a percentage Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows Public expenditures Participant inflows –––– –––– – – ––––0.1– –––– – – –––– – – –––– – – 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1995-96 1996-97 Public expenditures and participant inflows in labour market programmes OECD countries ) 357.2 364.6 363.8 366.7 625.6 663.1 697.0 735.0 6 849.1 7 193.9 7 533.3 7 971.3 9 Table J. ) 3 941 3 937 27 516 27 416 27 352 27 475 134 652 137 075 3 Active measures (1-5)Passive measures (6 and 7) 1.41 0.44 1.15 0.48 1.28 0.53 1.42 0.76 2.1 2.5 0.57 1.60 0.54 1.41 0.46 1.26 0.42 1.05 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.43 0.17 0.35 0.34 . . 0.26 . . Training for unemployed adults and those at riskTraining for employed adults 0.08 0.08Measures for unemployed and disadvantaged youth 0.06Support of apprenticeship and related forms 0.23of general youth training 1.2Subsidies to regular employment in the private sector 1.5Support of unemployed persons starting enterprises 0.14Direct job creation (public or non-profit) 0.13Vocational rehabilitation 0.09Work for the disabled 0.08 0.04 0.08 1.2 0.16 0.22 0.01 1.2 0.01 0.5 0.9 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.5 0.9 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.04 0.05 – 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.01 – 0.04 0.3 – – 0.7 0.1 – 0.8 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.02 – 0.02 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.1 – 0.1 0.01 0. 0.1 . . Excluding Northern Ireland; fiscal year starts on April 1 in the United Kingdom. Fiscal year starts on October 1 in the United States. TOTALGDP (national currency, at current prices, 10 1.85 1.63 1.81 2.18 2.18 1.95 1.72 1.47 0.65 0.55 0.53 0.43 a) b) a) b) a) b) c) a) b) Labour Force (10

or reference: ) ) ource: OECD Database on labour market programmes. 6. Unemployment compensation7. Early retirement for labour market reasons 1.41 1.15 1.28 1.42 1.60 1.41 1.26 1.05 0.43 0.35 0.34 0.26 5. Measures for the disabled 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 . . . . 1. Public employment services and administration2. Labour market training 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.08 0.09 0.24 0.06 0.22 0.23 0.20 1.3 0.18 1.5 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.09 1.3 1.3 0.08 1.0 0.07 1.0 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.7 0.8 Programme categories 3. Youth measures 4. Subsidised employment 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.23F 0.6 0.7a 0.02b S 0.03 0.02 – 0.2 0.3 0.1 – 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 . . . .