Informational Graphics: the Visual Dimension What Does That Mean?

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Volume 7, Issue 5 Informational Graphics The Visual Dimension

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

A Word About Informational Graphics Lesson: Informational graphics Cave drawings, mathematic charts, troop movement diagrams and Metro communicate information quickly and maps. Through the ages, humans have instinctively known that visuals accurately, explain complex ideas, and communicate information quickly. draw the reader into text.

Informational graphics are an important tool in communicating news and explaining complex ideas. The News Art department of The Post produces thousands of artworks each year — the maps, charts and informational graphics that help readers comprehend stories quickly.

These are drawn by hand, mixed media or computer assisted. “Our latest Level: Low to high interest is in 3-dimensional graphics software that gives us the ability to Subjects: Art, Computer Graphics, model, for example, anything from the international space station to a Mathematics, Science mosquito. Our cartographers are experimenting with GIS-based mapping Related Activity: Language Arts, systems and satellite photography,” states Michael Keegan, AME/News Art. Geography, History, Technology

They are the work of 4 managers, 2 designers, 6 informational graphics specialists, 3 cartographers, 10 feature section designers, 2 part-time staff and 5 graphics editors (assigned to National, Metro, Foreign, Business, Food, Home, Health and Sports). They please the eye, inform and educate Post readers every day. NIE Online Guide Editor — Carol Lange The examples that are included in this guide reflect the variety and types Art Editor — Carol Porter of informational graphics to be found in The Post. Use them in art and language arts, biology and health, mathematics and science, history and Contributing to this guide: KidsPost technology classes. They reflect career opportunities and inter-disciplinary Deputy Editor Brenna Maloney drew studies. They are sources of information, models and inspiration for upon her experience as Metro graphics projects. editor and Features graphics editor at The Washington Post and graphics editor at National Geographic Magazine to answer all of our questions. She provides insight into the role of the graphics editor, working as a liaison between major sections of the newspaper and News Art’s artists and cartographers.

Washington Post News Art Assistant Managing Editor Michael Keegan advised and gave his full support to this project.

Send comments about this guide to: Margaret Kaplow, Educational Services Manager, [email protected]

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Informational Graphics: The Visual Dimension What Does That Mean?

The informational graphics, • What does the graph indicate? Informational graphics are visual also called infographics, in this • How does this graph differ from presentations of data, complex ideas, guide stand alone to communicate an informational graph that News locations and functions. They are the information and model Art or students might prepare on graph, chart or art communicating ideas interdisciplinary projects. Select the same topic? [Toles includes that can be hard to understand with words from the suggested activities ones no statistics, no time frame, no alone. that are appropriate for the age of source of data.] At The Washington Post, the News Art your students, time available and • Who is taking the test? department creates the infographs — maps, curriculum fit. • What additional message is charts, and illustrations that help readers conveyed through word choice comprehend stories quickly. Define Infographics (“tall,” “short,” and “like”) in the A map can be as simple as intersecting Give students The Post. With a written response? streets or as detailed as a relief map in crayon or marker they are to circle • From the continuation of the which mountains, ice flow and animal in each section anything that is not “answer” found in the lower right movement are represented. a headline, story, photograph and of the box, what do students Charts, whether fever-line, pie or bar, caption or an advertisement. What believe is Toles’ perspective? Ask with clarity display numeric relationships remains are maps, art illustrations, them to write a brief summary of that may be hard to describe succinctly in charts and graphs. This is the work his main idea. a story. Timelines, flow diagrams and poll of the News Art department. • Do students agree with Toles’ charts illustrate detailed information. The artists and cartographers in point of view? Why? Informational graphics place readers at News Art create the visuals that • Is the graph an effective device the scene. communicate ideas that can be hard to convey his commentary in They show the physical layers and to understand with words alone. compact, visual format? complicated movements of machines and These informational graphics Teachers might provide students humans, inanimate objects and living — maps, charts and graphs with the facts, scores from beings. (fever-line, pie or bar), timelines, international testing in math and flow diagrams, poll charts and science covering a ten- to 25-year art illustrations help readers period. Have students plot the comprehend stories quickly. numbers. Do they indicate the same Teachers may use “Informational decline or has Toles exaggerated to Graphics Collection” at this time make his point? to acquaint students with the many types of devices. Meet a Graphics Editor The liaison between the reporters Read the Graphic Cartoon in the sections of The Washington Editorial cartoons are often based Post and the News Art department on events and actions. Although is the graphics editor. Read and they have a point of view, they are discuss our interview with Brenna more than the cartoonist’s opinion. Maloney, former Metro graphics Research and the results of studies editor and Features graphics editor inform the images that appear for The Washington Post and new before the reader. Give students deputy editor, KidsPost. “Test: Interpret This Graph” Maloney gives insight into the by Washington Post editorial job and the process of creating an cartoonist Tom Toles. Questions informational graphic. In addition that you may discuss include: • What is the topic of the graph? continued on page

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program continued from page Science reporter David A. Read About It Fahrenthold covers the risk to a focus on a career, the interview of extinction caused by the The Newspaper Designer’s Handbook can be used in conjunction with alteration of natural ecosystems. Tim Harrower graphics for which she was the Give students “Animals Struggle McGraw-Hill, 2007 graphics editor and/or reporter: With Effects of Global Warming” In its sixth edition, the step-by-step guide “Chew on This,” “Invasion of the (third in the monthly series, In includes creation of maps, charts and Critters,” and “Sinus Surgery.” the Greenhouse). Looking only at diagrams as well as layout and typography You might ask students to prepare the globe portion and headline, guides. The examples are excellent and the an organization chart of News Art can students tell where and what suggested exercises develop student skills. based upon information provided in animals are “struggling”? What do the interview. Compare it with the they already know about any of A Practical Guide to Graphics Reporting: organizational chart provided in this these regions? Read and discuss the Information Graphics for Print, Web and guide. (See “Informational Graphics explanatory copy. Note and discuss Broadcast Collection.”) the use of black, stylized images Jennifer George-Palilonis and one color. Focal Press, 2006 Review the Types of Infographics How to create diagrams, charts, maps and Distribute “Informational “As Temperatures Rise, Health other information graphics. Includes CD- Graphics Collection” Students are Could Decline” (fifth in the series) ROM with interactive, animated information to find examples of the devices is written by Post reporter David graphics. listed. Teachers may follow-up Brown. Discuss what is understood this activity with an application/ about the impact of climate change The Best of Newspaper Design decision making problem. Give on human health as presented Society of News Design them data from your current in the opening paragraphs of the Rockport Publishers, annual study. Ask students to create an article. The remainder of the article A collection of professional winners in informational graphic using the reports on the five areas into which categories including art and illustration, data, selecting the best format in researchers group health effects news, and information graphics which to present the data. — heat stress, extreme weather, air pollution, waterborne and food- Illustrate a Concept Borne Disease, and Vector-Borne The successful informational Disease. News Art artist Patterson graphic draws the reader to and Clark illustrates the concepts in the into the story, explains complex “Health Risks of Global Warming” ideas and makes the point quickly. informational graphic. As part of a unit of study or • Discuss the concepts presented in research project, teachers could the top portion of the illustration. require students to produce an • Brown notes that researchers, informational graphic. In this aware of policymakers, have guide, we provide two examples organized their findings in of informational graphics and an accessible groupings. Are the five editorial cartoon on the topic of main groups apparent to students global warming. who view the infograph? Before giving students the • In what ways do the arrows and infographics, teachers may wish human figures assist in conveying to read the opening paragraphs of the health risks? the science news articles that these illustrate. (See “Climate Change A political dimension of global Brings Risk of More Extinctions.”) warming is addressed in editorial What information is conveyed by the reporter? continued on page

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program continued from page a one-page analysis of the use and Graphics & Design impact of black and white and cartoonist Tom Toles’ Jan. 2, 2008, colors in infographics. www.aiga.org/ cartoon. He does not provide much For practice, give students “Sight American Institute of Graphic Arts of the data one would expect in a for Your Eyes: What Do Colors The professional association for design site fever-line presentation. The reader, Mean?” is rich in visual stimulus. Be sure to view in the lower right corner, even calls • If only black and white were the Inspiration section archives. attention to his failure to provide available for printing, would this a time frame; Toles’ response re- article have the same impact? www.snd.org enforces his less than optimistic Would infographics even have The Society of News Design point of view. Discuss with students been used? SND’s mission is to enhance communication the international documents and • How important are the through excellence in visual journalism. current context of the cartoon. illustrations in full color? Publishes The Best of Newspaper Design. • Why are the keys essential to • There are several color swatches Explore the site for resources (in print, understanding the illustration? in “Some Other Colors.” What video, PDF and podcast formats). • In what ways does having if four of them had been used knowledge of fever-line charts instead of red, blue, green and www.spj.org/sdxa2002b.asp help convey Toles’ point of view? yellow in the larger panel? Society of Professional Journalists • Toles has a very sparse style. Use the other example from SPJ Sigma Delta Chi awards include Some cartoonists would have KidsPost in this guide, “Putting Informational Graphics. added lines to show the most Pieces Together” to compare and active countries on the chart contrast the design elements. www.societyillustrators.org to serve as a contrast to the Typography as well as color might Society of Illustrators U.S. policies. Would this have be discussed. Contrast the tones Site includes video archive of lectures and conveyed the message more of the two graphics. The topic of online exhibit. Begun in 1901, its first clearly? What if other countries creating a family tree could be monthly dinners were attended by such and another key that indicated presented in a very traditional prominent illustrators as Howard Pyle, swiftness of signing documents manner. How does the artist’s style Maxfield Parrish, N.C. Wyeth, Charles and level of involvement were influence the mood? Dana Gibson, Frederic Remington and added? special guests like Mark Twain and Gloria Organize Your Group Swanson. Practice Presenting Data Use both the KidsPost “Putting What should one use? A bar the Pieces Together” and the www.spd.org or pie chart, fever-line or chart? News Art organizational chart Society of Publication Designers “Visualize the Numbers” is a as examples. Students might be Web site has helpful Resources section. template for circle, line and bar asked to create an organizational SPD encourages artistic excellence by charts. Provide students with chart of the legislative branch of judging annually the work of thousands of data drawn from a news, science, government, your school system or design professionals in the United States business or sports article — or have a club to which they belong. How and abroad. “The activities of SPD promote them read the article to collect the does typography and type of line the art director’s role as visual journalist data. Give students data that might influence the tone? and partner in the editorial process — the appear on standardized testing; partner responsible for telescoping and ask them to select the appropriate Chew on This shaping information, the one who gives tone template and plot data. Laura Stanton took a whimsical to an editorial voice.” look at the digestion process. Analyze the Effect of Design Read Graphic Editor Brenna Examine several informational Maloney’s comments about this graphics to study the impact of work. (See “Meet the Graphic color on the design and on the Artist.”) Does the illustration need reader’s response. After discussion, students could be asked to write continued on page

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program continued from page 2. Prevention: Provide ways to Past Post Guide keep the problem away from a to be anatomically correct in this resident’s door (text illustrated The creation of maps to enhance articles context? If the text is accurate, with appealing house and critters) and to assist readers in placing events in do readers/students get the same 3. Facts: Put the problem into their geographic location is an important understanding of the process of perspective (data, charts and role of the News Art department. Examples digestion? Discuss the importance graphs) of the work done by Post cartographers are of knowing one’s audience when 4. Solution: If all else fails, how do not included in this guide. We encourage creating an informational graphic. owners get rid of the problem? teachers to download the entire NIE online (text and illustration) guide that focuses on maps. Face a Problem Read Graphic Editor Brenna “Sinus Surgery: It Was All in Maloney’s comments about this Putting Yourself on the Map His Head” is a more anatomically work (See “Meet the Graphic Maps are found daily in The Post. correct illustration, including a Artist.”). Activities in this guide encourage a study photograph and computer model of “Invasion of the Critters” is an of these maps to enhance reading of the patient’s skull. This information example of handling a problem the newspaper, increase understanding graphic comes closer to the work sometimes faced when preparing of international and local events and to of a medical illustrator. This a graph. If the range of numbers improve geography skills. informational graphic could be used is too great, how does one best in a biology, technology, advanced visually represent the data? Discuss For younger students, teachers are provided art or pre-med course. how this team handled the problem a lesson plan to create a handland. For Discussion in a biology course by focusing on one mouse. In order older students, a two-page illustrated would cover defining and locating to be as accurate as possible, what handout presents 12 types of maps. sinuses, detailing the ailment did the team have to assume? [Half Examples of infographics in this guide and attempted remedies. In a of the offspring would be female] include a map of South America (“Latin technology course, the focus Preparing a similar informational America’s New Leftists”), maps of Europe could be on the use of computer graphic utilizes skills in research, and Africa comparing fertility rates imaging, CR scans, cameras and the language arts, art, technology and (“Children: Too Many, Too Few”), and a microdebrider that both removes mathematics. Depending on the student handout on inset maps. minute particles and shaves tissue. topic, history and science will also In a pre-med course, additional be incorporated. Either assign or An interview with Post cartographer dialogue would be spent on the have students select a problem from Richard Furno presents the creative process knowledge, precision and steady a list that teachers provide. The from the perspective of the News Art hand of the surgeon. project may be done alone, in pairs member. It makes a good pairing with the or teams. Students are to complete interview of Brenna Maloney, a graphics Prepare a Problem Poster research. Be sure they compile a list editor, found in this guide. “Invasion of the Critters” is a one- of sources — as Brenna Maloney page research paper. As a poster states: “I am not looking for just it conveys essential information any source, I am looking for the without pages to plod through. best source.” Would readers have read a long Students should prepare a draft article that jumped to a second of their informational graphic page, even if main points were after they have written the bulleted? Unlikely. succinct narrative and sketched The content can be broken into the illustration, prepared a graph four main sections, from top to or chart and reviewed that they INSIDE online guides for use with bottom: have covered all four steps of the The Washington Post are found at www. 1. Research: Present the background assignment. washpost.com/nie. Select and download and why homeowners should care Putting Yourself on the Map (Volume 6, (text) continued on page 7 Issue 2, December 19, 2006) in the Lesson Plans section.

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

C M Y K

continued from page 6 An evaluation of the infographic C1 correlate withDAILY those 12-09-07 given in DCthe M1text? C1 CMYK would include: Using the most recent figures Package the Court • Is the card recognizable to current on military having served in Iraq and “Another Milestone for Stevens” is users? Does this help draw attention[ABCDE Afghanistan,] those that were injured a good example of packaging several of the Metro rider to the article? and those who died, compare costs to forms of informational graphics to • How many layers compose the card? those reported on November 13, 2007, C give a statistical sketch of a Supreme Do we know the exact number or get when this ran in The Post. Student Court Justice. Review and discuss a sense of the type of information teams could be asked to research the different kinds of information embedded or printed on layers? Revolutionary War, Civil War and that is provided. This was published • Does the text provideMETRO enough Sunday, DecemberSpanish9, 2007 American War uniforms, their DC M1 November 16, 2007. When will Stevens information to explain how the card expense and casualty/injury rates. have served the ninth-longest tenure? will work? They will need to convert expenses to Government students could be MARC FISHER inflation-adjusted dollars. assigned other Supreme Court justices Compare and Contrast Having the best sources for data (past and present) to create a similar As Give Holiday students Windows “The Price Have of Vanished,is an important aspect of creating an informational graphic package. AProtection.” Bit of Winter Looking Enchantment first at the three Has, Tooinfographic. With students review the illustrations, compare and contrast the Defense Manpower Data Center nce, we made special trips relegated to nostalgic memories, scenes tells the story of the art and business of Get Smart downtown this protectivetime of year, wearin old movies worn and onby New soldiers York’s Fifth in the window shows.online “Department material. stores Where else would O lining up to gape at mechanical Avenue (and even there, the competing lived and died by their windows. They bears eating porridge, Victorian cats stores’ windows are all produced by one spared no expense. This was the secular How do they do that? In this celebratingcase, in the snowthe and toy three soldiers wars.company). Note the details andcreche.” you go to gather accurate data for the guarding over our happy holidays. The reasons for the demise of the Oddly enough, in this era in which how will the new SmarTrip card Now,be those same jumbo-sizenumber windows of itemsChristmas that window can are well-known: be contrasted The technology hasproject? made it possible to in re-purposed downtown department decline of the downtown department personalize retailing as never before, able to compute all fares and specialstore buildings offer viewsfrom of advertising headgearstore, to the risefootwear. of windowless big-box consumers expect less in the way of signs, old photos and waiters grinding retailing, the replacement of service and splendor. Businesses that passes and allow riders to automatically$12 guacamole. Use the datafamily-owned given local to shops crunch by big national the once rose or fell on their ability to lavish This is progress? chains and the triumph of convenience customers with service — airlines, add money? The grand old animatednumbers. Christmas Doover students’ showmanship. numbers supermarkets, department stores — now window displays of the sort that once “It was an amenity of the compete to cut costs to the bone. Any had Woodies, Hecht’s, Garfinckel’s and walking-around town,” says William notion of romance in shopping has Lansburgh’s competing to demonstrate “Larry” Bird, a Smithsonian curator their creative extravagance are now whose new book, “Holidays on Display,” See FISHER, C6, Col. 1

1950 PHOTO OF WOODWARD & LOTHROP WINDOWS — THE WASHINGTON POST Artist’s Production Notes Making a Smarter Card Licensing Many of the changes to improve DISTRICT Contactless Chip Module: The SmarTrip Laura Stanton: Smarter Card EDITION SmarTrip’s operations will happen at the chip is embedded here. The chip fare gate reader and in software that will communicates with the turnstile reader in Sought not alter the physical characteristics of the Metro gate. It holds the necessary data This is an example of storytellingCommuter with an the cards. When system modifications that allow riders to make a transaction at are finished, SmarTrip will the gate. In Drug handout image that doesn’t tellThey’re you just littlemuch things automatically update the first time the that if fixed could Transparent card is scanned at the fare gate. Overlay on its own—but if you write textimprove to our commute.explain In Elements of the SmarTrip card: Printing Industry a new feature, we’ll take Layer it, you can turn it into an informativeyour ideas to those in charge. C2 Printed Antenna Layers: Antenna printed of Bill Targets conductive ink allows the chip to communicate with the graphic. The graphic uses an image provided Metro gate reader, which has another antenna in it. Each layer forms two printed antenna loops. When the Metro Gate Sales Agents by Metro. Graphics editor April Umminger card is laminated and these layers stack, Reader: Not Also Today they create a complete antenna for shown. Powers the By Nikita Stewart worked with Metro to write text explaining communication to the reader. chip by creating a Washington Post Staff Writer THE DISTRICT radio frequency field to read the card. what each layer did. One pieceA Twist of on Developmenttext had The District could become the Printing Layers: first jurisdiction in the country to li- In Columbia Heights Shows SmarTrip cense pharmaceutical sales repre- the information about the layerWhen the that city condemned would graphics on the front; sentatives, a move a council member their building, a group instructions and says would help protect doctors and interact differently under theof women new fought system. back. A1 information on the back. patients from disreputable agents who drive up the costs of prescrip- As the graphic artist, I poppedChristmas that Gone piece Wild out tion drugs. Revelers wearing holiday Transparent Overlays The drug industry says the move by putting it in a box to set costumesit off put from a rowdy the spin (top and bottom of card): is unnecessary because it overlaps Made of polyvinyl chloride. on the season. C4 with federal laws. Protects the printing on the other text, so that readers immediately focus The D.C. Council is set to vote Anacostia Cafe in Jeopardy card and gives it a matte or glossy finish. Tuesday on member David A. Cata- on that piece of informationCustomers rally to try to save nia’s SafeRx Act, which would also a neighborhood fixture. C3 ban pharmaceutical manufacturers When doing graphics, I ask myself, “What’s from using doctors’ prescription Shifts in Library System data for marketing purposes with- the point?”— the single mostSeveral important employees let go; SOURCES: WMATA, Giesecke & Devrient BY APRIL UMMINGER AND LAURA STANTON — THE WASHINGTON POST out the doctors’ knowledge. others retire in overhaul. C12 At issue, Catania (I-At Large) and idea I am trying to convey — and then I do his allies say, is an industry whose MARYLAND representatives can mislead doctors everything I can to simplify Athe Plea in graphic Mortgage Crisis so and patients into buying the most The Rev. Jesse Jackson visits expensive drugs on the market, that point is obvious. Somethinghard-hit Prince should George’s stand out as the one piece of information readers need to take away. This can work shunning reasonably priced gener- to call for a remedy. A14 Rocket (and Subway) Science ics or drugs that could be just as ef- with a list, a chart, or, in this case, an image that someone else gave us. We highlight the focus using boldface text, color fective. Because the agents’ salaries Firms Protest Sales Tax are dependent on sales, they some- shading or pointer boxes —Computer but probably services compa- not all three at once. times give the wrong impressions nies want a levy passed in the Metro Hopes Upgrade Will Make for a Smarter SmarTrip Card about drugs and present themselves special session repealed. C11 as medical professionals, Catania said. Sexual Assaults Examined By Lena H. Sun andria’s DASH Pass — that many riders use Other professions are licensed, January 8, 2008 Annapolis and other military Washington Post Staff Writer to© save 2008 money. THE WASHINGTONSo riders who parkPOST and COMPANY use Catania said — why not pharmaceu- academies focus of study. C3 About the Changes special passes must carry SmarTrip cards and Metro’s electronic SmarTrip cards are no As part of the technology upgrades, Metro and old-fashioned paper cards. It costs Metro See LICENSING, C4, Col. 2 VIRGINIA geniuses, but the agency hopes to make them its contractor are reformatting the chip inside about $500,000 a year for paper fare cards. Three Seek U.S. House Seat Mensa ready over the next year. New technol- the card and replacing outdated fare collection Technology upgrades will enable the elec- A special election on Tuesday ogy will allow the cards to compute all fares equipment. Once those technology changes are tronic cards to calculate special passes, al- will determine who will and special passes that Metro and most of its completed by the end of next year, the card will lowing riders to ditch their paper cards and replace Jo Ann Davis (R), regional bus partners offer, and make it far be able to: saving the agency money. who died recently. C5 easier to add money for trips. To put money on the cards, riders must Costumes As it stands, SmarTrip cards can’t do too ª Compute all fares and special passes now use machines in subway stations or on much: Riders can use them to pay for a single offered by Metro and most of its regional bus buses. Each trip deducts from their total, like partners. Of Cho Victims Obituaries bus or subway ride and to park at Metro lots, a debit card. most of which do not accept any other form of ª Allow riders to automatically add The new technology will enable riders to payment. money, like E-ZPass, by linking SmarTrip to a automatically add money to SmarTrip cards Rile Va. Tech The cards cannot factor an array of special credit card and loading money when the the same way drivers do with the popular E- passes — such as Metrorail’s 7-Day Fast Pass, balance dips below a designated level. Montgomery County’s Ride-About and Alex- See SMARTRIP, C6, Col. 5 Community By Theresa Vargas and Michael Laris Washington Post Staff Writers Alternative Metro Fare Hikes Proposed The Virginia Tech community has reacted by the thousands over the Albert Viton, 94 past few days to photographs posted Md. Plan Would Lower Increases in Long-Distance Trips, Parking on the Internet that show a couple of United Nations official was Pennsylvania State University stu- also a prolific writer on Lena H. Sun service, poor communication about delays and malfunc- dents dressed up in Halloween cos- Middle East issues. C7 By Washington Post Staff Writer tioning escalators and elevators were among the reasons tumes mocking the April massacre. Robert Carroll Vandivier, 82 fare increases were not justified, according to a Metro re- Comments about the photos, Days before the Metro board is scheduled to make a fi- port. which show students wearing blood- The former minister became nal decision on the largest proposed increases in subway Nearly one-fourth of all riders called the proposals un- ied, bullet-riddled Virginia Tech an advocate for the mentally fares and parking fees, members from Maryland have of- fair to those who park and long-distance commuters clothing, intensified on Facebook as ill and, later, for peace. C8 fered an alternative that would soften the impact on sub- traveling during rush hours. Even the handful who sup- more people learned about them. urban and long-distance rush-hour riders. ported increasing fares said bus and off-peak subway rid- What began as a volatile reaction, Index The Maryland proposal, which is being circulated ers should share more of the costs. however, seemed to turn into a les- among board members, seeks smaller increases in long- About 13 percent of customers said the increases son of “rising above” the incident by LOTTERIES...... C4 distance trips and parking hikes. Its backers say the plan would hurt low- and middle-income riders like them- yesterday. OBITUARIES ...... C7-8 would raise almost the same amount of money because it selves who could not afford to live in the District and “We rose above the very person DEATH NOTICES...... C8-10 assumes that fewer riders will abandon the system be- have moved to outlying suburbs. who killed our friends and family. cause of higher fares. “This takes into account our need to raise the neces- We showed our incredible power A decision on fares is expected Thursday, but if board sary revenue while reflecting the comments in the public then to will over negativity, and can Today’s Forecast members don’t reach a consensus, it could be delayed. hearings,” said Maryland board member Peter Benja- do it again,” read the message from Metro officials have warned that delays will mean even min, referring to the latest plan. It has the support of the Virginia Tech PhD student Ken Stan- higher increases later. other voting Maryland member, board Chairman Eliza- ton yesterday at the top of a Face- At public hearings last month, 150 people testified and beth Hewlett, and state Transportation Secretary John book site called “People against this 36° 37° 44° 47° 272 more submitted written comments to the board. D. Porcari, he said. costume.” “While this incident in- 9 a.m. Noon 5 p.m. 9 p.m. More than two-thirds were riders from Maryland and Virginia members had mixed reactions. Chris Zim- volved students at Penn State, we Virginia. Nearly half said the proposed increases were

WEATHER...... C12 too high; nearly half also said unreliable bus and rail See METRO, C6, Col. 1 See PHOTOS, C5, Col. 1

C M Y K C1 Volume 7, Issue 5

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Meet the Graphics Editor

What does a graphics editor do? I’d like to say, “Immediately,” but Each of the major sections at The that is not always the case. Sometimes Washington Post — National, Metro, reporters have been working on a Foreign, Business and Sports — has story for a long time, but have been so a graphics editor. These editors act focused on the story, that they have not as a liaison between their desk and considered graphic possibilities. the News Art department to create Or the project is of such a delicate informational graphics. A graphics nature, as in the case of many of the editor works with reporters and desk Investigative projects, that the graphics editors to conceptualize graphics, editor literally can’t be pulled in until collect data, report and write text for a almost the end. If the story is a daily, graphic. the graphics editor will usually have a In addition, graphics editors are good sense of it early on and can begin responsible for gathering as much the reporting at the same time the visual reference materials — charts, story is being reported out. The timing maps, diagrams, and photographs — as really does vary. Sometimes we are needed by the artist who will illustrate playing catch-up, other times, we are the graphic. When these materials in on a project from its inception. The have been collected and the text of more time we have, obviously, the more the graphic reported and written, thorough we can be. the graphics editor assists the artist Brenna Maloney and the art director in designing and and the art director in designing and Is the story finished when you get it to executing the graphic. executing the graphic. illustrate? Or are you involved as the story is taking shape? Who decides that an informational Rarely do I work on a graphic when the What does a graphics editor do? graphic is needed to accompany story is finished. It is usually in some Each of the major sections at The a story? form of draft, or, in the case of breaking Washington Post — National, Metro, It is the graphics editor’s news, the event itself is happening at Foreign, Business and Sports — has responsibility to make that call. Sitting that moment and we are reacting to it. a graphics editor. These editors act in on daily meetings with his or her as a liaison between their desk and section helps the graphics editor to be How much time do you have to create the News Art department to create aware of all the stories being worked an illustration? informational graphics. A graphics on, both dailies and long-term projects. Simple graphics, like a bar chart or editor works with reporters and desk Often, editors and reporters approach a fever line, can be illustrated in 15 editors to conceptualize graphics, the editor with ideas for graphics or minutes, provided the graphics editor collect data, report and write text for a come to talk about upcoming stories and/or reporter has already done the graphic. they are working on. Otherwise, it’s up reporting and has the data at their In addition, graphics editors are to the graphics editor to stay connected fingertips. Other graphics take more responsible for gathering as much to his or her reporters and know what time —months of reporting. The size of visual reference materials — charts, is going on so that he or she can assess the graphic is not always indicative of maps, diagrams, and photographs — as the news and the need for graphics. I the reporting time needed. needed by the artist who will illustrate was in Metro for eight years and had I once spent two full days trying to the graphic. When these materials over 100 reporters to keep track of. track down the data for a 4-inch bar have been collected and the text of chart that ran in the Health section. the graphic reported and written, When does a graphics editor get The data was just very hard to get. the graphics editor assists the artist involved in the process? continued on page 9

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

continued from page 8 Frankly, I can’t draw my way out of a story. They also help layout and design paper bag, so I really do need an artist people know what to expect: Is this I’ve also been in situations where I’ve to translate my reporting and writing going to be a tiny graphic? A large one? had to produce a full-page graphic in a into a solid informational graphic. A display graphic? single week, which we did (more than I work very closely with artists and once) in the aftermath of 9-11. cartographers. Over the years, we’ve Who has the final decision of what is developed a good rhythm and flow to published? Have you ever worked a long Who provides the numbers, data and the work. Some are great at breaking time on an illustration that was not other information that is used in charts? news; some are genius at features work. published? How much research is involved? So I try to work with the best person I Well, the final final decision would A great deal of reporting is involved can for the type of assignment I’m on. come from the managing editor, but for each graphic. Sometimes the But it is always, always a collaborative a graphic, just like any story, can get reporter on the story will bring the effort. And, really, that is why the job is “killed” anywhere along the way for graphic editor a data set he or she so much fun. any number of good reasons. I’ve killed wants charted, so the reporting work many a graphic because it didn’t make is already done for us. Often, we need Why do you require a dummy sense or it didn’t hold together or it to consult with multiple sources on or draft of the infographic? was off-point or it was badly executed. a graphic, so a reporter can “get you Any reporter working on a story will I’ve had a few killed because there started,” but there’s still a lot of work write a draft. Graphics are no different, was literally no space in that day’s for the graphic editor to do. I am except that instead of reading the newspaper to put it in. And yes, I have not looking for just any source, I am draft, the editor also will LOOK at the had a few killed that I worked on for a looking for the best source. And that draft. Drafts help editors and reporters long time. It doesn’t happen often, but can take time. envision where they are taking the it does happen.

How do you decide whether a fever- In this NIE online guide, we reproduce line, pie or bar chart should be used? “Invasion of the Critters” (Nov. 8, 2007) When do you use a timeline, flow that you, Patterson Clark and Todd diagram or poll chart? Lindeman completed. Tell us about the Our reporting will dictate that. We project. The use of the mice to illustrate have to answer this question: What is how quickly the critters multiply is the most effective way to convey this great. information? I always like to answer: Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha With a FULL-PAGE, FULL-COLOR ha. Would you believe me if I told you BUTT-KICKING GRAPHIC! But the that I literally spent six SOLID hours reality, of course, is that I may only counting those mice? Yeah. What a have an hour to produce it and a news booger of a day THAT was. By that hole of four inches (a full page is 120- point in the project I knew just a little inches, as a point of reference). So, bit TOO much about the rodents and I need to be efficient and I need to pesticides. I was starting to lose friends convey the information in the clearest, because I would begin conversations most useful and direct way that I can. with things like, “Hey, Bob, nice tie Often it’s trial and error … a bar chart today! Did you know that fast-acting doesn’t work, so I try a different way. rodenticides can kill a rat in a matter of hours because they interfere with the To what extent is the graphic clotting process?” Yeah. It was bad. illustration your decision or the work Anyhow, the artist, Todd Lindeman, of a team? and I were trying to sort out an I literally could not do my job without the help of the News Art staff. continued to page 10

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

continued from page9 effective way to illustrate how serious a rodent problem can become if left alone. But we were getting tangled up in the math. If you start with two rats and they mate and she had six babies but only half of them are girls …. Well, we were into advanced algebra in no time. So, I contacted two separate rat experts and tried to work through the numbers over the phone. It was a nightmare. But it HAD to be correct. Readers will look at a graphic like that and they WILL COUNT EACH RAT and try the math themselves. You really, really need to be certain of what you are putting into a graphic. Six hours later, we were.

We also include “Chew on This”(Nov. 20, 2007) in this guide. The credits indicate that you did the reporting and Laura Stanton did the graphic. How did you work as a team and who provides the December 5, 2006 information that is published? I can easily say that Laura Stanton regret … even though the art is not What training did you have? is one of the greatest newspaper artists drawn to scale or anatomically correct, I have a bachelor’s degree in in the known universe and every single our epiglottis really is too low and we something called public and corporate graphics editor, to a man, would agree. heard about that from readers. A lot of communications (which included a On the digestion piece, I had done tons readers.) lot of journalism, English, writing and tons of reporting, but there was Do you have a favorite project or and communications courses) and a not enough time to illustrate this piece illustration? Why do you like it? master’s degree in journalism. I was in an anatomically correct way. Laura I really do love working on full-page teaching journalism to high schoolers came to the rescue with a more relaxed graphics. I like having that large canvas in the non-profit world before I came approach. Why not make the art fun, to tell a story exclusively through to the graphics world. I answered an she suggested? The text already had visuals. I find this work intense and ad that ran in The Post: Knight-Ridder that bent, so her feature-y approach to challenging. Tribune (now McClatchy Tribune) the art made it a hit. (Only one small was looking for a “graphics reporter.”

About the Graphics Editor

Brenna Maloney earned a bachelor’s degree from Butler University in Indianapolis and a master’s degree from Michigan State University in East Lansing. She was a graphics reporter for Knight-Ridder Tribune (now McClatchy Tribune) for 4 years before becoming metro graphics editor at The Washington Post. After 8 years at The Post, Maloney became the first graphics editor for National Geographic Magazine. A year later, missing newspaper work, she returned to The Post as features graphic editor for the Health, Food and Home sections. She is currently deputy editor for KidsPost. She lives in Washington, D.C., with her husband and two young sons.

Informational Graphics Collection Type of Informational Graphics Have you ever read an article about a technical subject and wished it were • Bar graph illustrated? Or wanted a map to locate an event taking place in another • Line or fever-line graph state or country? Maps, charts and informational graphics help readers to • Line or bar graph indicating positive and understand stories more quickly and help explain complex topics. negative values • Pie chart “We produce thousands of pieces of art work each year and turn away • Labeled drawing or graphic many requests for others we simply don’t have the resources or time to • Illustration execute,” explains Michael Keegan, AME/News Art. • Text placed in close proximity to a supportive illustration or other visual, forming a unit Research (“Eyes on the News”) completed by the Poynter Institute shows • Highly schematic or stylized illustration newspaper readers take in 80% of the artwork and are three times more • Illustration that shows an inset magnified likely to read text with a visual element. For this assignment, you will be for detail putting this research to the test. • Coding using shading or patterns • Map with an inset map To the right is a list of the types of informational graphics to be found in • Cutaway drawing The Washington Post. Find examples of ten different devices. Clip the • Cross-section examples. Paste each example on a clean sheet of paper and label it. Be • Organizational chart sure to include date, section and page number. • Procedural flow chart Headline • Poll chart Subhead herehereSubhead Bar graph Pie chart

12 Text placed in close 11.4 Xxxx Xxxx proximity to a 8 11.2 40% 50% supportive illustration 9.6 or other visual, 4 forming a unit Xxxx 10% 0 2004 2005 2006 Labeled drawing or graphic SOURCE: Some Organization Line or fever-lineTHE graph WASHINGTON POST

100

20 Yesterday: 40.50 0 J FMAM JJ J FMAASONDM JJ 2008

Line or bar graph indicating positive and negative values Illustration Name ______Date ______

Map with an inset map Organizational chart

Balt. HOW. CO. AME News Art ANNE MONT. ARUNDEL Graphics Editors CO. CO. Department head After print graphics are oversees operation prepared for publication, some D.C. P.G. Detail One editor assigned to each news and production are modified for use online. CO. section desk who works with editors, (daily, weekly and Some graphics are created VA. reporters and news artists. (5) long-term design directly for the Post’s Web site Ches. Magothy and graphics.) by news artists/designers. MD. Bay River CAL CO. RD. C RES OL AC LE E G R E O BAY Cape RITCHIE HWY. P H HILLS K S Saint W DR. Y. Claire Arnold Bay Hills Cartography Infographics/Design Part-time Staff Feature Design

2 301 50 RD. Mapmakers for all news and Informational graphics and Administrative assistant One art director Design Director TS RE feature sections. (Head car- illustration for all news and and cartographer. (2) or page designer Se A Bookworld v G tographer and 3 staffers.) feature sections. (Graphics per section. er R n A 10 director and 6 staff artists.) (11) Comics 450 M R . iv T MILE Food er S Some design done for news sections: A-Section, Metro, Health 179 Extras, Financial, Real Home Estate, Style and Sports. KidsPost (2 staff designers.) MARYLAND Style Ches. Sunday Source Annapolis Bay Travel BY LARIS KARKLIS — THE WASHINGTON POST Weekend

Cutaway drawing and cross-section Unit chart: Coding using shading or patterns For Rent Condo projects on the market that were changed to rentals during 2006 and ﬁ rst three quarters of 2007.

Condo projects Individual to rentals units

2006 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 10 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1,700

2007 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ bayhills 13 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 2,600 SOURCE: Delta Associates MAP PROOF THE WASHINGTON POST Desk: Real Estate Run Date: 01 / 05 / 08 Size: 11p0 x 3.5” Labeled drawing TECHNIQUES | Slicing Salmon Artist: Karklis @ 4-4289 or graphic To prepare the salmon for curing: filename.XTN ª Using a very sharp ª Carve a 1/4-inch deep slice of salmon in the same ª Cut another slice, flip it over and place it CCI-SLUG (dropped / / 07) knife with a thin blade, manner, using an open palm of your free hand to keep next to the other slice, creating a mirror make a diagonal cut the salmon firm as you guide the knife through. Place effect, making sure the slices do not overlap. (no more than a 1/4 this slice on one side of a prepared plate. inch deep) to trim the top of the fillet to even its surface. Set aside the trimmed piece and reserve for another use.

BY TOBEY — THE WASHINGTON POST Name ______Date ______

Visualize the Numbers

Select from the templates the one that is best to present the data you have collected and analyzed. The scale on the vertical axis of the chart should be indicated in equal increments. Be sure to include the source of your information.

BAR CHART This chart compares two or more items side by side. Bars are used to represent the data. Place the bars in logical order: alphabetical, chronological or ranked by size. Each item may be labeled either inside the bar or at an end. Always start the lowest value at zero (0) on left scale. More complex charts may include negative numbers. Establish a baseline of zero. The negative numbers fall below the baseline and need a minus sign. Positive numbers are above the baseline and do not need a plus sign.

Arresting the Crime Rate Headline Explanation After two years of rising reports of violent crime, the latest statistics show a decrease in the first half of 2007. Percentages represent the change from the first half of the previous year. Violent crime Specific areas of violent crime Homicide Forcible rape Robbery 10 8 6 4 2 1.4 0 * -2 –1.1 –1.2 -4 –2% –1.8 -6 –5.0 –5.7 –6.1 -8 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07

SOURCE: Justice Department * Less than one-tenth of 1 percent.

BY TOBEY — THE WASHINGTON POST SOURCE:

PIE CHART This chart represents the parts that make up a whole. 165 The whole totals 100% of something. Segments (or pie slices) divide the Headline circle into accurate proportions, so 25% of the total would be one-quarter of Explanation the pie. You can label inside or outside of the pie. Shade or color-code for clearer distinction.

(Something)

(Something) . (Something) (Something)

SOURCE: Volume 7, Issue 5

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Tom Toles

December 6, 2007

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Tom Toles

January 2, 2008

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Sinus Surgery: It Was All in His Head Sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that allow mucus to drain into the nasal passages. But they can get infected. And reinfected. In Seth Hamblin’s case, years of chronic sinus infections led him down the path to image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery and, eventually, to better breathing.

Infection in the Sinuses Surgery Gives Relief The sinuses are lined by The aim of the surgery is to mucus-secreting cells that remove diseased tissue and Sphenoid sinuse keep the inside of the nose open the natural sinus drainage Deep in the center moist and protect it from dust pathways while preserving as of the skull and pollutants. much of the normal anatomy as (not shown) Ethmoid possible. Tiny hair cells called cilia sinuses propel the mucus Deeper in Before surgery, a computerized Frontal sinuses toward the the skull model of Seth’s skull and Mucus Positioned back of the behind the sinuses was created with a Cilia behind the nose and eyes series of CT scans. The scans throat, where forehead revealed heavy blockages of his it is swallowed. ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. (Dark areas indicate unblocked Each sinus is passages.) connected to the nasal passages by a small Ethmoid opening in bone called an ostium.

If bacteria infects the Maxillary Maxillary sinus cavities, the Area blocked Example of linings’ membranes by sinusitis cleared area become inflamed Maxillary (sinusitis), blocking the sinuses ostia and preventing proper Behind the drainage. A microdebrider and endoscope cheeks were fed through Seth’s nose For some people, like Seth, and into his sinus cavity. The this can become a chronic instruments were equipped with condition. Over several years, sensors that transmitted infared he had run the gantlet of signals. Software integrated treatments: decongestants, Microdebrider this data with the CT scans, antihistamines, nasal steroid providing his surgeon with a sprays, antibiotics and “real time” view of the precise extended antibiotics. Nothing location of the instruments. gave lasting relief until his With this enhanced view, Seth’s doctor recommended surgery. surgeon could reach the damaged areas without causing harm to surrounding tissue.

THE TOOLS For this type of surgery, precision is key: If the surgical field is unclear, surgeons can lose their bearings and risk damaging orbital tissues, the optic nerve or the internal carotid artery — all of which can be a millimeter away. Microdebrider Cuts or "shaves" soft tissue with a rotating Endoscope inner blade. Like a miniature telescope, it provides a close-up view of the immediate surface area and eliminates the need Built-in suction continuously for an external incision. removes tissue and main- tains a clear surgical field. Camera

SOURCE: Washington ENT Group

BY BRENNA MALONEY AND LAURA STANTON — THE WASHINGTON POST

SINUS PROOF3 Desk: HEALTH Run Date: 12 / 11 / 07 Size: 47p7 x 57p1 ” Artist: NAME

CCI–SLUG: filename.XTN (dropped //06)

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METROSunday, December 9, 2007 DC M1

MARC FISHER As Holiday Windows Have Vanished, A Bit of Winter Enchantment Has, Too nce, we made special trips relegated to nostalgic memories, scenes tells the story of the art and business of downtown this time of year, in old movies and on New York’s Fifth the window shows. “Department stores O lining up to gape at mechanical Avenue (and even there, the competing lived and died by their windows. They bears eating porridge, Victorian cats stores’ windows are all produced by one spared no expense. This was the secular celebrating in the snow and toy soldiers company). creche.” guarding over our happy holidays. The reasons for the demise of the Oddly enough, in this era in which Now, those same jumbo-size windows Christmas window are well-known: The technology has made it possible to in re-purposed downtown department decline of the downtown department personalize retailing as never before, store buildings offer views of advertising store, the rise of windowless big-box consumers expect less in the way of signs, old photos and waiters grinding retailing, the replacement of service and splendor. Businesses that $12 guacamole. family-owned local shops by big national once rose or fell on their ability to lavish This is progress? chains and the triumph of convenience customers with service — airlines, The grand old animated Christmas over showmanship. supermarkets, department stores — now window displays of the sort that once “It was an amenity of the compete to cut costs to the bone. Any had Woodies, Hecht’s, Garfinckel’s and walking-around town,” says William notion of romance in shopping has Volume 7, Issue 5 Lansburgh’s competing to demonstrate “Larry” Bird, a Smithsonian curator their creative extravagance are now whose new book, “Holidays on Display,” See FISHER, C6, Col. 1

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program 1950 PHOTO OF WOODWARD & LOTHROP WINDOWS — THE WASHINGTON POST Making a Smarter Card Licensing Many of the changes to improve DISTRICT Contactless Chip Module: The SmarTrip EDITION SmarTrip’s operations will happen at the chip is embedded here. The chip fare gate reader and in software that will communicates with the turnstile reader in Sought not alter the physical characteristics of the Metro gate. It holds the necessary data Commuter the cards. When system modifications that allow riders to make a transaction at are finished, SmarTrip will the gate. In Drug They’re just little things automatically update the first time the that if fixed could Transparent card is scanned at the fare gate. Overlay improve our commute. In Elements of the SmarTrip card: Printing Industry a new feature, we’ll take Layer your ideas to those in charge. C2 Printed Antenna Layers: Antenna printed of Bill Targets conductive ink allows the chip to communicate with the Metro gate reader, which has another antenna in it. Each layer forms two printed antenna loops. When the Metro Gate Sales Agents card is laminated and these layers stack, Reader: Not Also Today they create a complete antenna for shown. Powers the By Nikita Stewart communication to the reader. chip by creating a Washington Post Staff Writer THE DISTRICT radio frequency field to read the card. A Twist on Development The District could become the Printing Layers: first jurisdiction in the country to li- In Columbia Heights Shows SmarTrip cense pharmaceutical sales repre- When the city condemned graphics on the front; sentatives, a move a council member their building, a group instructions and says would help protect doctors and of women fought back. A1 information on the back. patients from disreputable agents who drive up the costs of prescrip- Christmas Gone Wild tion drugs. Revelers wearing holiday Transparent Overlays The drug industry says the move costumes put a rowdy spin (top and bottom of card): is unnecessary because it overlaps Made of polyvinyl chloride. on the season. C4 with federal laws. Protects the printing on the The D.C. Council is set to vote Anacostia Cafe in Jeopardy card and gives it a matte or glossy finish. Tuesday on member David A. Cata- Customers rally to try to save nia’s SafeRx Act, which would also a neighborhood fixture. C3 ban pharmaceutical manufacturers from using doctors’ prescription Shifts in Library System data for marketing purposes with- Several employees let go; SOURCES: WMATA, Giesecke & Devrient BY APRIL UMMINGER AND LAURA STANTON — THE WASHINGTON POST out the doctors’ knowledge. others retire in overhaul. C12 At issue, Catania (I-At Large) and his allies say, is an industry whose MARYLAND representatives can mislead doctors A Plea in Mortgage Crisis and patients into buying the most The Rev. Jesse Jackson visits expensive drugs on the market, hard-hit Prince George’s shunning reasonably priced gener- to call for a remedy. A14 Rocket (and Subway) Science ics or drugs that could be just as effective. Because the agents’ salaries Firms Protest Sales Tax are dependent on sales, they some- Computer services compa- times give the wrong impressions nies want a levy passed in the Metro Hopes Upgrade Will Make for a Smarter SmarTrip Card about drugs and present themselves special session repealed. C11 as medical professionals, Catania said. Sexual Assaults Examined By Lena H. Sun andria’s DASH Pass — that many riders use Other professions are licensed, Annapolis and other military Washington Post Staff Writer to save money. So riders who park and use Catania said — why not pharmaceu- academies focus of study. C3 About the Changes special passes must carry SmarTrip cards and Metro’s electronic SmarTrip cards are no As part of the technology upgrades, Metro and old-fashioned paper cards. It costs Metro See LICENSING, C4, Col. 2 VIRGINIA geniuses, but the agency hopes to make them its contractor are reformatting the chip inside about $500,000 a year for paper fare cards. Three Seek U.S. House Seat Mensa ready over the next year. New technol- the card and replacing outdated fare collection Technology upgrades will enable the elec- A special election on Tuesday ogy will allow the cards to compute all fares equipment. Once those technology changes are tronic cards to calculate special passes, al- will determine who will and special passes that Metro and most of its completed by the end of next year, the card will lowing riders to ditch their paper cards and replace Jo Ann Davis (R), regional bus partners offer, and make it far be able to: saving the agency money. who died recently. C5 easier to add money for trips. To put money on the cards, riders must Costumes As it stands, SmarTrip cards can’t do too ª Compute all fares and special passes now use machines in subway stations or on much: Riders can use them to pay for a single offered by Metro and most of its regional bus buses. Each trip deducts from their total, like partners. Of Cho Victims Obituaries bus or subway ride and to park at Metro lots, a debit card. most of which do not accept any other form of ª Allow riders to automatically add The new technology will enable riders to payment. money, like E-ZPass, by linking SmarTrip to a automatically add money to SmarTrip cards Rile Va. Tech The cards cannot factor an array of special credit card and loading money when the the same way drivers do with the popular E- passes — such as Metrorail’s 7-Day Fast Pass, balance dips below a designated level. Montgomery County’s Ride-About and Alex- See SMARTRIP, C6, Col. 5 Community By Theresa Vargas and Michael Laris 22 Washington Post Staff Writers January 8, 2008 © 2008 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY Alternative Metro Fare Hikes Proposed The Virginia Tech community has reacted by the thousands over the Albert Viton, 94 past few days to photographs posted Md. Plan Would Lower Increases in Long-Distance Trips, Parking on the Internet that show a couple of United Nations official was Pennsylvania State University stu- also a prolific writer on Lena H. Sun service, poor communication about delays and malfunc- dents dressed up in Halloween cos- Middle East issues. C7 By Washington Post Staff Writer tioning escalators and elevators were among the reasons tumes mocking the April massacre. Robert Carroll Vandivier, 82 fare increases were not justified, according to a Metro re- Comments about the photos, Days before the Metro board is scheduled to make a fi- port. which show students wearing blood- The former minister became nal decision on the largest proposed increases in subway Nearly one-fourth of all riders called the proposals un- ied, bullet-riddled Virginia Tech an advocate for the mentally fares and parking fees, members from Maryland have of- fair to those who park and long-distance commuters clothing, intensified on Facebook as ill and, later, for peace. C8 fered an alternative that would soften the impact on sub- traveling during rush hours. Even the handful who sup- more people learned about them. urban and long-distance rush-hour riders. ported increasing fares said bus and off-peak subway rid- What began as a volatile reaction, Index The Maryland proposal, which is being circulated ers should share more of the costs. however, seemed to turn into a les- among board members, seeks smaller increases in long- About 13 percent of customers said the increases son of “rising above” the incident by LOTTERIES...... C4 distance trips and parking hikes. Its backers say the plan would hurt low- and middle-income riders like them- yesterday. OBITUARIES ...... C7-8 would raise almost the same amount of money because it selves who could not afford to live in the District and “We rose above the very person DEATH NOTICES...... C8-10 assumes that fewer riders will abandon the system be- have moved to outlying suburbs. who killed our friends and family. cause of higher fares. “This takes into account our need to raise the neces- We showed our incredible power A decision on fares is expected Thursday, but if board sary revenue while reflecting the comments in the public then to will over negativity, and can Today’s Forecast members don’t reach a consensus, it could be delayed. hearings,” said Maryland board member Peter Benja- do it again,” read the message from Metro officials have warned that delays will mean even min, referring to the latest plan. It has the support of the Virginia Tech PhD student Ken Stan- higher increases later. other voting Maryland member, board Chairman Eliza- ton yesterday at the top of a Face- At public hearings last month, 150 people testified and beth Hewlett, and state Transportation Secretary John book site called “People against this 36° 37° 44° 47° 272 more submitted written comments to the board. D. Porcari, he said. costume.” “While this incident in- 9 a.m. Noon 5 p.m. 9 p.m. More than two-thirds were riders from Maryland and Virginia members had mixed reactions. Chris Zim- volved students at Penn State, we Virginia. Nearly half said the proposed increases were

WEATHER...... C12 too high; nearly half also said unreliable bus and rail See METRO, C6, Col. 1 See PHOTOS, C5, Col. 1

C M Y K C1 Volume 7, Issue 5

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Another Milestone for Stevens John Paul Stevens, at 87 years and seven months, today becomes the second-oldest justice in Supreme Court history. For those wondering if he is tiring of the job: He already has hired clerks for the term that begins in October 2008.

While Stevens is second-oldest, he has served the 10th-longest tenure: His opinions by the numbers Oldest justices In 3,358 cases resulting in and 210 and 209 opinions or judgments: 90 87 days 87 days 86 85 IN THE MAJORITY IN THE MINORITY 100 Oliver W. Holmes Jr. John Paul Stevens Roger B. Taney Harry A. Blackmun Hugo Black 0 74% 26%

Supreme Court tenures In 76 cases in which the court overturned its own precedent: 100 William O. Douglas 36 years, 7 months 0 John Marshall 34 years, 6 months 62% 38%

Stephen Field 34 years, 6 months In 42 cases that overturned Hugo Black 34 years, 1 month congressional laws: 100 0 John Harlan 33 years, 10 months 52% 48% William Brennan 33 years, 9 months William Rehnquist 33 years, 9 months In 3,312 opinions that could be Joseph Story 33 years, 7 months classified as liberal or conservative: ON LIBERAL SIDE ON CONSERVATIVE SIDE 100 James Wayne 32 years, 5 months 0 John Paul Stevens 31 years, 11 months 62% 38%

SOURCE: Analysis by Lee Epstein, Northwestern University School of Law; Supreme Court cases In an interview in April, Stevens said he did not want to articulate his own sense of his judicial legacy. “I just hope people will make their judgments based on what my written opinions say, and not on what people say they say. There’s a long record there, and an awful lot of words.” Here are some notable excerpts from that record:

In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District (2007), Stevens dissented in the 5 to 4 majority’s decision to bar school systems from using race in making school assignments: “There is a cruel irony in the Chief Justice’s reliance on our decision in Brown v. Board of Education. . . . It is my firm conviction that no Member of the Court that I joined in 1975 would have agreed with today's decision.”

In Bush v. Gore (2000), Stevens dissented from a divided court’s decision to halt the Florida recount: “Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year’s Presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the Nation’s confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law.”

In Clinton v. Jones (1997), Stevens wrote for the majority that civil litigation against a sitting president could go forward: “The Court is not persuaded of the seriousness of the alleged risks that this decision will generate a large volume of politically motivated harassing and frivolous litigation and that national security concerns might prevent the President from explaining a legitimate need for a continuance, and has confidence in the ability of federal judges to deal with both concerns.”

SOURCES: A forthcoming entry by Joseph T. Thai in the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court; “The Third Branch”

THE WASHINGTON POST Originally published November 16, 2007

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Climate Change Brings Risk of More Extinctions By David Fahrenthold to the highest mountains in the world,” was devastating. The bear population Washington Post Staff Writer said Lara Hansen, chief climate change fell by 21 percent in 17 years. Shrinking scientist at the World Wildlife Fund, a ice has also been blamed for cannibalism • Originally published September 17, 2007 private research and advocacy group. “It among polar bears in the waters off BLACKWATER NATIONAL WILD- is not something we’re going to see in Alaska, something scientists had not LIFE REFUGE, Md. — What has gone the future. It’s something we see right seen before 2004. This month, a U.S. missing here is almost as spectacular as now.” Geological Survey report predicted that the 8,000 acres of swampy wilderness The temperature increase behind two-thirds of the world’s polar bears that remain. And that makes it these changes sounds slight. The could die out in 50 years. Chesapeake Bay’s best place to watch world has been getting warmer by 0.2 Walruses, too, rely on the ice; mothers climate change in action. degrees Fahrenheit every decade, a U.N. stash their calves on it, then dive down Visitors can see ospreys gliding panel found this year, in part because to feed on the ocean floor. When ice overhead, egrets wading in the channels of carbon dioxide and other human- recedes from prime feeding areas, and Delmarva fox squirrels making generated gases that trap heat in Earth’s mothers and calves can get separated. their unhurried commutes between pine atmosphere. In 2004, University of Tennessee trees. By nature’s clock, the warming has professor Lee W. Cooper was off the But then the road turns a corner, come in an instant. The mechanisms north Alaskan coast when he saw about and Blackwater’s marsh yields to a vast that helped animals adapt during a dozen calves swimming toward his expanse of open water. This is what’s previous warming spells — evolution or boat. His theory: The calves, alone and missing: There used to be thousands long-range migration — often aren’t able desperate without ice nearby, thought more acres of wetland here, providing to keep up. Scientists say that effects are the boat might be a large iceberg. crucial habitat for creatures including beginning to show from the Arctic to There was nothing the scientists could blue crabs and blue herons. But, thanks the Appalachian Mountains. One study, do to help, Cooper said. “I think they in part to rising sea levels, it has drowned which examined 1,598 plant and animal were doomed.” and become a large, salty lake. “If people species, found that nearly 60 percent Other changes have been less deadly, want to see the effects” of Earth’s appeared to have changed in some way. but they show centuries-old patterns increasing temperature, refuge biologist “Even when animals don’t go extinct, shifting. Scientists have noticed changes Roger Stone said, “it’s happening here we’re affecting them. They’re going to in the timing of seasonal migrations, first.” be different than they were before,” said presumably caused by the earlier onset But not just here. Around the world, David Skelly, a Yale University professor of warm weather. scientists have found that climate who has tracked frogs’ ability to react to In some cases, migrating animals change is altering natural ecosystems, increasing warmth. “The fact that we’re suddenly find themselves out of rhythm, making profound changes in the ways doing a giant evolutionary experiment missing the weather conditions or the that animals live, migrate, eat and grow. should not be comforting,” he said. food they need. In parts of the Rocky Some species have benefited from the Some of the best-known changes are Mountains, American robins arrive two shift. Others have been left disastrously happening near the poles, where the air weeks earlier than they used to — and out of sync with their food supply. Two and the water are warming especially often discover the ground snow-covered are known to have simply disappeared. quickly. As they do, sea ice is receding. and little food to be found. If warming continues as predicted, For some animals, this has meant In some cases, migrating animals scientists say, 20 percent or more of the literally the loss of the ground beneath suddenly find themselves out of rhythm, planet’s plant and animal species could their feet. missing the weather conditions or the be at increased risk of extinction. But, Polar bears, for instance, spend much food they need. In parts of the Rocky as the shrinking habitat at Blackwater of their life on the Arctic ice and use Mountains, American robins arrive two shows, the bad news isn’t all in the it as a hunting ground for seals. When weeks earlier than they used to — and out years: Some changes have already ice on Canada’s western Hudson Bay often discover the ground snow-covered begun. “This is actually something we began to break up earlier — three weeks and little food to be found. ... see from pole to pole, and from sea level earlier in 2004 than in 1974 — the effect

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program continued FROM page 24

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program As Temperatures Rise, Health Could Decline By David Brown Washington Post Staff Writer

• Originally published December 17, 2007 Depending on where you are, this is going to be a hotter, wetter, drier, windier, calmer, dirtier, buggier or hungrier century than mankind has seen in a while. In some places, it may be deadlier, too. The effects of climate change are diverse and sometimes contradictory. In general, they favor instability and extreme events. On balance, they will tend to harm health rather than promote it. That is the majority view of scientists trying to solve an equation whose variables range from greenhouse gas concentrations and the El Niño weather pattern to mosquito ecology and human cells’ ability to withstand heat. “We are not dealing with a single toxic agent or a single microbe where we can put our finger with certainty on an exposure and the response,” said Jonathan A. Patz, a physician and epidemiologist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. “Climate change affects everything.” Predictions of how global warming could affect people’s health are crude. They are based on the experience of the past several decades, when there has been a small, well-documented rise in the temperatures of the planet’s atmosphere and oceans. What that says about the future — a time when warming is expected to accelerate, but people may be able to prepare for it — is quite uncertain. the World Health Organization. The toll diarrhea, malaria, heat waves and floods. In the last quarter of the 20th century, is expected to double to about 300,000 But those diseases will play a minor role, the average atmospheric temperature lives and 11 million years of healthy life at best, in many regions that nevertheless rose by about 1 degree Fahrenheit. By by 2020. will feel the effects of global warming. 2000, that increase was responsible for The biggest tolls were in Africa, on the To organize their thinking — and to the annual loss of about 160,000 lives Indian subcontinent and in Southeast focus the attention of policymakers — and the loss of 5.5 million years of Asia. Most of that increased burden of researchers tend to put the health effects healthy life, according to estimates by death and disease was from malnutrition, of climate change into five groups. ...

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Academic Content Standards

Maryland Virginia Washington, D.C.

Mathematics: Analyze Data Mathematics: The student, given Mathematics: Organize and a) Interpret tables a problem situation, will collect, describe distributions of data b) Interpret box-and-whisker plots organize, and display a set of by using a number of different c) Interpret scatter plots numerical data in a variety of forms, methods, including frequency tables, d) Interpret circle graphs using bar graphs, stem-and-leaf plots, histograms, standard line and bar (Standard 4.0, Knowledge of and line graphs, to draw conclusions graphs, stem-and-leaf displays, scatter Statistics, Grade 8) and make predictions. (Probability plots, and box-and-whisker plots. and Statistics, Grade 5, 5.18) (Probability and Statistics, PS.8) Visual Arts: Students will demonstrate the ability to organize knowledge and Visual Arts: The student will create Reading/English Language Arts: ideas for expression in the production works of art by representing and Synthesize information from multiple of art interpreting ideas from other fields sources (e.g., maps, illustrations, 2) Demonstrate ways the elements of knowledge (Visual Communication schematic diagrams, manuals, of art and principles of design are and Production, Grade 7, 7.11) product information, consumer manipulated to communicate ideas publications) to draw conclusions (Grade 6, Standard 3.0 Creative Visual Arts: The student will analyze about the ideas presented. Expression and Production) the effect the elements of art and (Document and Procedural Text, the principles of design have on the 10.IT-DP.6) Reading: Analyze graphic and informa- communication of ideas. (Judgment tional aids that contribute to meaning and Criticism, Grade 8, 8.16) Social Studies, Geography: Students (Grade 7, Standard 2.0: Comprehen- use map and globe skills to sion of Informational Text, Indicator determine the absolute locations 2, Objectives b and c) of places and interpret information available through a map or globe’s legend, scale, and symbolic representations. (2.1)

Visual Arts: Each student will be able to make connections between visual arts, the other content areas, careers and the artist’s role in society (Standard 6, Making Connections)

The Maryland Voluntary State Curriculum Standards of Learning currently in effect for Content Standards can be found online at Virginia Public Schools can be found online at Learning Standards for DCPS are found http://mdk12.org/assessments/vsc/index. www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Superintendent/ online at www.k12.dc.us/dcps/Standards/ html. Sols/home.shtml. standardsHome.htm.