Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF INFERTILITY (VANDHYATVA)
DR DEEPAK BHOLE Associate professor,Department of Streerogand Prasutitantra, Gramin Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Patur
DR JYOTI AMLE Assistant professor (Prasuti Tantra Strirog) Dr Vedprakash Patil Ayurved College and Research Institute Jalna
HISTORICAL ASPECTS : History of any particular subject enables us to understand the origin, progress and other aspects of that subject. Vandhyatva has been a long standing problem of human community right from ancient period upto this modern era. VAIDIC KALA : In vaidic literature, it is mentioned that there will be no use of world without a child in family. In Atharvaveda "PuranadhatriYosa" is mentioned.InGrhasthasrama man prays god, that his wife should be "PrunadhatriYosa". In Upanisada while describing details about Grhasthasrama stated that, to reproduce the children and taking care of them should be followed as a duty. PURANAKALA : In Padma Purana it is mentioned that a woman having one child is called as "Kaka Vandhya". In Brahma Purana, while explaining the importance of "Sri KrisnaDurgaStrotra", it is said that a woman who as a Vandhya, Kakavandhya, Mrtavatsa or Durbhaga can conceive by reciting this strotra, within one year. In Ramayana, Raja Dasaratha even after having three wives was devoid of offspring which made him to perform the PutrestiYajna. In Mahabharata, PutrestiYajna is described which was performed by queens of Kuru family, who did not conceive in the presence of their husbands. In KautilyaArtha Sastra, the author considered a striaputravati, if she does not have issue for eight years. He further stated that the husband should wait for a period of ten years even if she produce dead children and twelve years in case, she delivers only female children then son desiring husband can remerry. SAMHITA KALA : In Harita Samhita, Harita has described Vandhyatva as a disease, in eighty VatajaVyadhi. He has defined Vandhyatva as a failure to achieve a child rather than pregnancy, because he has included Garbhasravi, Mrtavatsa also under the classification.
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In Susruta Samhita, Vandhyatva has been described under the title of VandhyaYonivyapada, which is included amongst twenty gynaecological disorders (Yonivyapada). Caraka and vagbhata, have referred Vandhya due to abnormality of Bijamsa and mentioned as the Upadrava of Yoni Vyapada. In Kasyapa Samhita under the description of Jataharinis, he has mentioned one Puspaghni having useless Puspa and certain others characterised with repeated expulsion of foetus of different gestational periods. In MadhavaNidana, the types of Vandhyatva have been described. In Sarangadhara Samhita, RasaratnaSaumuccaya, Yoga Ratnakara and BhaisajyaRatnavali etc. have described some therapeutics of Vandhyatva. VANDHYATVA AS A DISEASE : We does not find unequivocal description of Vandhyatva in any of the Ayurvedic classics except Harita Samhita. But in Harita Samhita also, he has given classification only, no specific etiology or pathogenesis was explained. Vandhyatva as a disease is only given by Harita while describing eighty VatajaVyadhi. While other Acharyas has not considered it as a independent disease, rather, a cardinal feature of so many diseases. Apart from this they have not used word Vandhyatva, but it is the only symptom i.e. failure to achieve pregnancy, has been referred under various conditions like coitus with old, young or diseased woman; coitus in abnormal posture, woman having diseased yoni or abnormality of Artava etc. In Kasyapa Samhita (K.Sa. Jati 3) he mentioned that, the couple having number of children with proper growth and development due to effect of nature (Savbhavat) or their own deads (Svakarmaparinamat) are fortunate, otherwise, should be treated, i.e. it will be a disease condition which needs Cikitsa. AcaryaHarita in classification of Vandhyatva includes Garbhasravi, Mrtavatsa etc. From above references we can consider Vandhyatva as a disease. Vandhyatva may be defined as the inability of a couple to achieve child rather than pregnancy by their Svabhava and Svakarma. VYUTPATTI : VANDHYA : The word "Vandhya" is derived from the root "Vandha" with 'Yak' suffix which means barren, unproductive, fruitless and useless. The root 'Vandha' is when suffixed by 'Ayhnyadayasch' Pratyay, Vandhya is formed as objective, means, one who is a Vandhya i.e. barren or childless woman.
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NIRUKTI : The woman in whom there is hindrance of any kind to the normal process of conception is Vandhya. DEFINITION : A woman whose Artava is perished is called Vandhya. SYNONYMS : Vasa - The woman who does not conceive even if she is submissive is called Vasa. Avatoka - The woman having missed abortion is called Avatoka. Avakesi - The woman who is devoid of Putrasukha and Prasavasukha is called as Avakesi. Sravatgarbha - :The woman who miscarries frequently is termed as Sravatgarbha. Aphala - The woman without progency is Aphala. CLASSIFICATION : Vandhyatva has been classified in the following ways according to different Acarayas. Caraka Samhita: In Caraka Samhita, classification is not given but considering the references together it can be as follows : 1. Vandhya - Vandhya refers to incurable congenital or acquired abnormalities resulting into absolute sterlity. 2. Apraja : Infertility in which woman conceives after treatment (Ca. Ci. 30/16, C.P.) 3. Avandhya : This word has been described by Cakrapani. The word Avandhya suggests a childless woman, but capacity to conceive with quite delay. 4. Sapraja : Sapraja is a condition in which woman in her active reproductive age does not conceive, after giving birth to one or more children. HARITA : Harita has described six types of Vandhya. 1. Never conceiving woman - During childhood in case there is Garbhakosabhanga(injury to the uterus) and loss of Dhatus, woman never conceive. 2. Kakavandhya - one child infertility. 3. Anapatya - No child 4. Garbhasravi - Repeated abortion 5. Mrtavatsa - Repeated still births 6. Balaksaya - Infertility due to loss of Bala. RASARATNA - Samuccaya : He classified Vandhyatva in nine types. 1. Adivandhyatva 2. Vataja 3. Pittaja
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4. Kaphaja 5. Sannipataj 6. Butaja 7. Daivaja 8. Raktaja 9. Abhicaraja VANDHYAKALPADRUMA : Eight types of Vandhya are described. 1. Tripaksi - one who has fourty five days menstrual cycle. 2. Subhrati - The Vandhya who has dystrophy of internal genital organs and discolouration of skin all over the body. 3. Sajja - This Vandhya has irregular menstrual cycle. Sometime it comes earlier and sometimes later. 4. Trimukhi - This Vandhya has excessive watery discharge from Yoni and she has no satisfaction for coitus and diet both. 5. Vyaghrini - one child infertility. 6. Baki - This Vandhya has red discharge from Yoni for eight to ten days and is incurable. 7. Kamalini - This Vandhya has continuous watery discharge from Yoni and she is incurable. 8. Vyaktini - The disease similar to diabetes mellitus in woman is described asVyaktiniVanhya. (V.K.St. Ci. 46-50) NIDANA OF VANDHYATVA: In classics specific causitive factors of Vandhyatva are not given. To get the complete picture of Nidana, the subject matter from all related places are recapulated here. First of all we will see the factors responsible for fertility / conception. AcaryaSusruta (Sa. 2/33) equating germination of seed with achievement of conception quoted that if Rtu (period near ovulation i.e. Rtukala), bija (ovum and sperms), Ksetra (female reproductive system) and Ambu (nurishment) assemble together the conception will definitely occurs. While Caraka (Sa. 8/17) quoted that when both male and female after observing the advocated dietetic regimen and other mode of life and perform coitus and ejaculated unvitiated. Sukra, passing through healthy Yoni, reaches healthy Garbhasaya and gets mixed with disease free Sonita, then conception is definite. Vagbhata I (A.S. 1/68) has given importance to Ksetra and Bija while Vagbhata II (A.H. 1/89) has emphasize that besides healthy Garbhashaya, Marga, Rakta (ovum), Sukra, properly functioning Vayu and normal psychological status (happy mood) are also essential.
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Summarizing the above description it can be said that for achievement of conception - 1. Healthy and properly functioning female reproductive system (Yoni). (Yoni includes ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina). 2. Healthy sperms and ovum 3. Proper functioning Vayu 4. Normal psychology 5. Healthy partners 6. Proper nursing factor 7. Proper coitus are necessary When these factors are in favourable condition cause conception, but the diseased condition of any one or many of these factors cause Vandhyatva. NIDANA OF VANDHYATVA W.S.R. TO ABIJOTSARGA (ANOVULATION): Failure of the ovary to produce a matured ovum is anovulation. Menstrual cycle without having a mature ovum is called as anovulatory cycle, and is the main cause of infertility. Some conditions with their Nidanas, are available in classics, which seems to be related with Abijotsarga causing Vandhyatva are being mentioned here : REVATIJATHARINI (Puspaghni): Under the description of jathariniesKasyapa has mentioned one Puspaghni, the woman affected menstruates in regular inerval but is unable to conceive. The other symptoms given are, she has corputent and hairy cheeks. The cause of initiation of Revati is Adharma. ASTARTAVA DUSTI: Acharyas have mentioned that AstartavaDusti if remains untreated or not properly treated then it causes Abijata i.e. it is unable for Prajotpadana (Su. Sa. 2/3). Susruta, just after describing eight disorders of Sukra, has enumerated eight disorders of Artava. Dalhana has clarified that the clinical features of Artava are identical to those for Sukra. Both the Vagbhatas have expressed similar views. Disorders of Artava have been classified by Susruta on the basis of predominance of Dosas and disorders of Sukra on the basis of main clinical feature. Actually there is no difference in both these, at one place (in Artava), the causative factor has been given the importance and at other, the clinical features. Since all the classics have mentioned that Artava also exhibits similar clinicalfeatures of Sukramdisorders of Artava are being given on the basis of description ofdisorders of Sukra.
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CLASSIFICATION : 1. On the basis of Causative Dosa (a) Vataja (b) Pittaja (c) Slesmaja (d) Raktaja (e) VataPittaja(f) Pitta Kaphaja (g) VataKaphaja (h) Tridosaja 2. On the basis of specific clinical features (a) Vataja (b) Pittaja (c) Kaphaja (d) Kunapa Gandhi (e) Granthi - Bhuta (h) Putipuya (i) Ksina and (j) MutrapurisaTulya or Malatulya CLINICAL FEATURES: • VatajaArtavaDusti : The Artava Vitiated by Vata is – 1. Red, black or dark violet in colour. 2. Thin dry, frothy and scattered. 3. It is excreted slowly and with pain specially perforating or piercing type pain. • PittajaArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Pitta is – 1. Yellowish or bluish in colour. 2. It is free from unctuousness, smells like pus fungus blood or has putrid smell. 3. At the time of excretion is hot, associated with severe burning and feeling of heat. • KaphajaArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Kapha is – 1. Whitish or slightly yellowish in colour mixed with Majja. 2. It is too much thick, slippery or lubricous, unctuous and settles down if put in the water. • Kunapa Gandhi ArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Rakta– 1. It smells like a dead body 2. Artava discharged more and red like fresh blood 3. It is also associated with heat and burning etc. features of Pitta. • GranthibhutaArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Vata and Slesma – 1. It has clotted appearance 2. Associated features are of both the dosas (pain due to Vata and unctuousness due to Kapha etc._ • Putipuya or PuyaArtavaDusti: The Artava vitiated by Pittakapha- 1. Putipuya means it is putrid and purulent 2. It is characterised with other features of Pitta and Kapha (burning, fever, heat due to Pitta and heaviness etc. due to Kapha). • KsinaArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Pitta and Vayu – 1. It is scanty, less in quantity and delayed.
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2. Associated with pain in Vagina and also the features of Vata and PittaDosas. • MutraPurisa Gandhi ArtavaDusti : The Artava vitiated by Tridosa- 1. It smells like urine and feces. NIDANA OF ARTAVADUSTI : Authors have not described any specific etiology of these Astartavadusti. But as it is similar to that of SukraDusti. We can correlate SukradustiNidana with its causative factor in some extent. (Ca. Ci. 30/136-138) 1. Viharajanya - Excessive sexual indulgence, untimely sexual congress, sexual abstinence, sexual congress with an unresponsive woman, supression of the natural urges 2. Aharajanya - Habitual use of unwholesome diet, habitual use of dry bitter, astringent very saltish, acid or hot articles. 3. Other - Owing to old age, worry grief or lack of mutual confidence, injury by weapons, caustics or fire, owing to fear, angry, black magic, emaciation due to disease, vitiation of body elements Due to this Nidanasevana, the Dosas get provoked either sinlgy or collectively and reaching the (RetovahaSira) Rajovahisira, soon, they vitiate the (semen) Artava excessively. In classics Sudhaartava has been told as one of the essential factor for the conception, complete growth and development of the foetus along with its normal full term birth. In the quotation as given in (Su. Su. 2/4). the vitiated Artava has been mentioned as one of the main cause of intertiluity. This means that if the Artava (Bahipuspa, menstruating blood) is vitiated by the Dosas then there will be no production of Bija (Antapuspa, ovum). In Susruta Samhita, the Garbhotpatti has been compared with the AnkurUtpatti and it has been mentioned clearly that the Artava of a woman vitiated by the deranged Vata, Pitta,Kapha or Rakta either singly or in combination of two or more Dosas, should be likewise considered as unfit for the purpose of fecundation. In modern science the menstrual phenomenon and the ovulation are correlated. In many ovarian disfunctions the menstrual pattern get disturbed. In Kasayapa Samhita some Nidanas are given for ArtavaDusti. • Use of Nasya during menstruation. • Consumption of excessive not eatables and drinks. • Use of excessive medicines for Sodhana purpose to the woman of MrduKostha having received Snehana and Svedana.
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AVARANA : In the concept of Artavanasa both Susruta and Vagbhata has described that both Vata and Kapha when aggravated, obstruct the path, thus Artava is destroyed. Though Artava is not finished completely however it is not discharged monthly. (Su.Sa. 2/21). USE OF TIKSNAVIRECANA IN MRDUKOSTHA: AcaryaKasyapa has defined clearly the bad effect of TiksnaVirecana in a person having Mrdukostha. According to him, due to this, Vata is aggravated and causes Svasa, Kasa etc. along with Bijopaghata in case of female. Vata mainly ApanaVata responsible for all type of abnormalities (Ka. Si. 3). ArtavaVahaSrotasaViddhata - According to AcaryaSusruta the trauma on the ArtavaVahaSrotasa cause anovulation and is the cause of infertility. Bijadusti :During antenatal period if mother takes VataPrakopakaAhara and Vihara, the Vata get aggravated and spoil the Bija or Bijabhaga or Bijabhagavayava in female child and thatin turn results in the congenital abnormality of female genital organs which is termed as Vandhya in Caraka Samhita SariraSthana and Sandhi Yoni in Cikistasthana by all acaaryas. Dietic habit : Due to AtiUsnaAnnapana, Virya, Artava, Bija become Upachita. Yonivyapada: AcaryaCaraka mentioned that Yoni (reproductive system) of woman when afflicted with Dosas or diseases, causes, Apatyavighata, does not retain Sukra and Garbha, i.e. become infertile. Also causes Upadravas like Gulma, Arsa, Pradara and other Vata disorders (Ca,. Ci. 30/5, 37/78), Stambha and Sula (A.S. U. 38/.53 I.) Some specific Yonivyapada related to Vandhyatva. W.S.R. to Abijotsarga. Acaranayonivyapada : Dalhana mentioned that in this disease the woman is hyperexcited during coitus than the man or she feels excessive itching and therefore fertilization also not occurs. (Su. U. 38/16, 17 D). MadhavaNidana, Bhavaprakasa and Yogaratnakara also mentioned the same description. Aticarana : Susruta explained that AticaranaYonivyapada is cause due to excessive sexual act and she doesnot retain the Bija. While commenting Dalhana quotes that is woman does not achieve conception (Su.U. 38/16 D) (Ma. Ni. 62/9, B.P.Ci. 70/.12). Putraghni / Jatagni - The aggravated Vata due to predominance of Ruksa property, repeatedly destroy the foetus. DustaSonita is also a causative factor which was given by Susruta also in different manner as "Raktasansravat". (Su. U. 38/13). Suska : Only Adhamalla (Sa. Pu. Kha. 7/178) has mentioned NastaArtava as the only symptom of SuskaYonivyapada.
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Vamini : All Acaryas mentioned that the disorder, in which Sukra (sperm) only or admixed with Raja, is expelled with or without pain within six to seven days of its entry into uterus is termed as Vamini. Vandhya : Susruta defined the VandhyaYonivyapada with the absence of Artava. Sandhi yonivyapada : It is explained in BijadustijanyaNidana. Asrja or apraja : AcaryaCaraka, only explain that due to aggrevation of Rakta and Pitta, there is bleeding even after achievement of conception. Cakrapani in addition comments that excessive bleeding leads to abortion, thus the woman remains without progency (Praja) hence, it is also termed as Apraja (Ca. ci. 30/16 C.D.). Summarizing all those references, it can be stated that the Nidana of Yonivyapada given by Acaryas can be taken as the Nidana of Vandyatva and also for the anovulation causing Vandhyatva. • AharajaNidana - Mithyaahara (Ca. Ci. 30.7), Dustabhojana (A.S.U. 38/32)(A.H.U.33/27) • ViharajaNidana - Mithyavihara (Ca. Ci. 30/7), Coitus with Ruksa, Durbala, Bala, Excessive coitus (Su. U. 38/3), Use of foreign bodies for sexual organisms (A.S.U.38/32). • PradustaArtava - (Ca. Ci. 30/7) • BijaDosai.e,. abnormalities of sperm or ovum. • Daiva - unknown or idiopathic factor Thus etiologies of Vandhyatva can be boldly categorized under 4 headings as specified by the classics. Though we find number of reasons for Abijotsarga they go nowhere beyond these four VyapakaNidana. SAMPRAPTI : The Vyadhijanaka, Vyapara is called as Samprapti. In detail, the manner in which the vitiated dosa diffuses in the body to liberate the disease is known as Samprapti. It is also called Jati and Agati. Susruta, (Su. Su. 24/19) while explaining Vyadhi formation specify the "KhaVaigunya" "Kha" means the Akasa or Avakasa and the Avakasayukta Bhava (organ) of Sarira are Srotasa (Ca. Vi. 5/9). Srotasas play very important role because no substance in the body can grow and develop or waste and atrophy independent of Srotasa (Ca. Vi. 5/3). The general causes of Srotodusti given by Caraka are related to Dosa and Dhatu (Ca. Vi. 5/23). Also the general SrotodustiLaksanas are Atipravrtti Sanga. Siragranthi, Vimargagamana. Among these Sanga may be explained by three ways, • The substance to be produce is less. • The production is normal but the channel is small. • The channel may be obstructed.
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Vagbhata stated the importance of Agni in Roganirmana. The Agni and Ama are interrelated. Also the normal or vitiated state of Dosa depends on Agni. (Ca. ci. 5/36). The Samprapti of Vandhyatva W.S.R. to Abijotsarga begins with the various factors explained under Nidana and ends up with Abijotsarga, which is the main cause for the symptomatology of Vandhyatva. SAMPRAPTI GHATAKA: Dosa - Tridosawith Predominant Vata Dhatu - Rasa, Rakta Upadhatu - Artava Srotasa - Artavavaha Srotodusti - Sanga Udbhavasthana - Pakvasaya(Mulasthanaof Vata) Adhisthana - Yoni Vyadhisvabhava - Cirakari Marga - Abhyantara(Garbhasayaas Kosthanga) The specific aetiological factors mentioned previously cause provocation of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Vata the main Dosa vitiates with its own causative factors also. Vata on account of its quality of subtleness (Suksmatvata) is really the impeller of other two humours. Vitiated Vata agitates the other two humors and throw them in the place having KhaVaigunya. Here the Khavaigunya is in ArtavavahaSrotasa specially in the Bijagranthi. Due to NidanaSevana, Dosa and Agni get vitiated. Mandagni is the main cause of Ama formation. The Ama formed executes hazardous effects, it adhers to Srotasa and forms AvarodhatmakaDusti. Ama spreads throughout the body, propelled by the vitiated Vata along the RasavahaSrotasa and in modern physiology, a variety of transforming and transmitting substances present in the body like enzymes, hormones, catalysis etc. when these are unable to function properly entirely different metabolites are formed which the body is not acquanted to process. These accumulated in the body in different systems affecting the normal mechanism of that particular system. These may be formed as Ama. Due to hypofunctioning of Jatharagni, DhatvagniMandya also occurs. Due to Mandagni and Nidanasevana, Rasa, RaktaDhatu get vitiated. Also the Dhatvagnimandya causes the Ksayatmaka effect on the Artava i.e. the production of Artava, Upadhatu of Rasadhatu or Raktadhatu becomes less. Thus it is the Upadhatvatmakadusti. Visvamitra has clarified that hair thin vessels fill the uterus for whole month to receive Bija and due to RasadustiPosanatmakaDusti can cause Abijotsarga.The vitiated Apanavayu and Kapha when get mix can cause Avaranatmaka (Su. Sa. 2/21)Dusti causing Abijotsarga.The vitiated Vata along with Pitta causes the Artavaksaya i.e. Ksayatmakadusti causing Abijotsarga.
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Management of Vandhyatva W.S.R. to Abijotsarga can be broadly classified into : • Samanya Cikitsa : SamanyaCikitsa means general management of Yoniroga which includes Sodana and SamanaCikitsa. • Visesa Cikitsa : VisesaCikitsa includes Uttarabasti as the best treatment forYoniroga and Artavadusti. SAMANYA CIKITSA: 1. SodhanaPancakarmaCikitsa a. 'Yoniroga' 'Yoni Sukrasayaroga' are mentioned as VirecanaSadhya diseases (Su.Ci. 33/32, A.H. Su. 18/9). b. Niruhabasti was advocated for many diseases one of them is "Rajonash" (A.H.Su.19/2). c. Niruha and Anuvasanabasti can be given for "Yonisula" and "SukraArtavaStanyanasa". d. NiruhaBasti works as a nector for woman. e. Snehana, Svadena, Vamana, Virecana, Niruha, Anuvasana and speciallyUttarabasti are to be employed in the treatment of Artavadusti (A.H. Sa. 2/12). a) For Yoniroga patient should be treated with Kalka, Picu,Acamana(Yoniprakasalana), Abhyanga, Pariseka, Pralepa etc. (Su. Sa. 21/2), (B.P. Ci. 7/35). 1) General / AusadaCikitsa : a. The therapeutic measures mentioned for PradaraRaktatisara, Sonitapitta, Raktarsa, also can be adopted for YonirogaCikitsa (Ca. Ci. 30/327, 328). b. The line of treatment described for SukraDosa, Artavadosa, StanyaRoga, Klaibya, Mudhagarbha, Garbhiniroga, Apprajataroga, can be adopted for ArtavadustiCikitsa (Su. U. 38/37, 32). c. Rasayana and Vajikarana drugs are also useful (Su. Sa. 2/12) d. SukradosaharaAusada may also be useful (Su. Sa. 2/12) e. Ksira only or medicated with Jivaniya drugs is useful for treatment (K.S. Si.) f. The drugs, Anna. i.e. Saliyava, Madya, Mansa and Pittalam may useful. [Su. Su. 15/10]. g. 'Mutradosapratisedhokta" drugs can use in Yoniroga (Su. Su. 2/12) VISESA CIKITSA / UTTARABASTI: The prime role of Vata in Yoniroga (disorders of reproductive system) and Vandhyatva is stressed / mentioned by all Acaryas. The line of treatment should be start with VataSamana. "Basti is the best treatment "Basti Vataharanam" (Ca. Su. 25/40) also Vagbhata quoted "Upakramanam Sarvesam Soagrani" (A.H. Su. 19/1). Basti is the first treatment for Vata Pradhana other dosa orVatadosa only also Hitakara for Pitta, Kapha, Rakta, Sansarga and Sannipatapradhana diseases (Ca. Ci. 35/6). In all Pancakarma therapy Basti is Pradhana due to its different actions (Aneka Karma) and Nanavidha Dravya Samyoga. Among the three types of Basti, Uttarabasti has some special quality due to which it is nominated as "Uttara:" i.e. "Srestha". Uttarabasti is the main line of treatment in Yoniroga and Mutrasaya Roga.In Artavadusti, specially the Uttarbasti plays main role.
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SADHYA - ASADHYATA - It depends upon the specific causes of Vandhyatva, i.e. the Vandhya described by Caraka as a congenital disease is incurable. Harita explains (H.S. Tru. Sta. 48/4-8) that first five types of Vandhya are curable. Infertile woman, who has coitus before her menarche gets cured with difficulty. Anapatya gets cured with treatment. Vandhyatva due to loss of Dhatu is also curable. Vandhyatva caused due to anovulation is Krcchasadhya. PATHYA : • Coitus during Rtukala is beneficial (H.S. Tru. Stha. 48). • The coitus should be done only with the Kamana of Apatya. • Milk is beneficial use of this help in achievement of pregnancy. • Meat increases Artava, gives nurishment and helps in getting pregnancy (K.S. Khil.24/6). • Lasuna is also Pathyafor infertile woman (K.S. Kalp.) BIBILOGRAPHY: 1. Bhaishajyaratnavali of Govind Das , Edited by Shri KavirajAmbikadattShastri, ChaukhambaPrakashan, Varanasi, Reprint 2012\ 2. Charak Samhita of Agnivesh, With AyurvedDipika commentary of Chakrapanidatt , edited by GangasaheyaPandeya , 3. Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Shri Dalhanacharya , edited by Vaidya YadavajiTrikamji Acharya, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, reprint 2009 4. Harita Samhita , edited by HariprasadTripathi, ChoukhambaKrushnadas Academy, Varanasi, 1 st edition 2005 5. Bhela Samhita , Of Bhela, edited by Shri GirijaDayalu Shukla , ChoukhambaBharati Academy, Varanasi, reprint 1999 6. Yogratnakar , ShrilakshmipatiShastri, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 7 th edition, 2002 7. BhavaprakashNighantu of Shri Bhava Mishra, edited by Dr. G. S. Pandey ChoukhambaBharati Academy, Varanasi, reprint 2002 8. Sharangadhara Samhita , of Sharangadhara, edited by Prof. K.R. S. Murty, ChoukhambaOrientalia, Varanasi , 4 th edition 2001 9. Kashyapa Samhita of MaharshiKashyapa, edited by Prof.(Km.)P.V. Tevari, Chaukhambavisvabharati Varanasi, reprint 2008 10. MadhavaNidan of Shri Madhavakara with Madhukosh, edited by Prof. YadunathaUpadhyaya, Choukhamba Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi. 11. AayurvediyaPanchkarmaVidnyan , Vaidya HaridasKasture, BaidyanathAyurvedBhavan, Nagpur, 6 th edition, 1999. 12. Bhavaprakash of Shri Bhavamishra edited by Shri B.S. Mishra, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 9 th edition, 2005 13. Amarkosha, PanditHargovindaShastri, Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 14. AshtangaHridaya, Dr. Anna Kunte, K. R. Shastri, 1 st edition Reprint, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2010. 15. AshtangSanghrah, Dr. Lal Chandra shastri, Trivedi, 1 st edition Reprint, Shree Baidyanatha Ayurveda Bhavan PVT LTD, Nagapur. 16. Chakradutta by P.V. Sharma, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhavana, 2nd edition.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 12 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 REVIEW ON PATHYA KALPANA
Vd. Gangadhar Bapurao Dhandge Assistant professor, Swasthvrutta and yoga department, Dr. Vedprakash Patil Ayurved College And Research Center Jalna Vd. Ravindra Prabhakar Dhandge Assistant professor, Kaychikitsa departmentDr. Vedprakash Patil Ayurved College And Research Center Jalna Vd. Atul Dnyandeo Sanap Associate Professor Rasshastra And Bhaishjyakalpna Department SKS Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital Mathura
The proverb “you are what you eat” is very meaningful according to ayurvedic and modern medicine’s view. Many diseases are caused due to unhealthy food habits.Ahar is unavoidable even though patient is on medication.In Dosha Prakopa , Pathyahara helps to reduce strength of Prakupita Doshas. If a disease is manifested in spite of the intake of Pathyahara then one should first ascertain its nature and then ‘Abhyas’ or ‘Matra’ of Pathya should be increased. Pathyahara is useful for maintainance as well as achievement of health. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: PATHYA KALPANA IN SAMHITA: CHARAK SAMHITA ó Peya ó Laja Peya ó Vilepi ó Manda-Laja Manda ó Laja Saktu ó OdanaYusha ó Rasa Supa ó Raga Shadava ó Panaka ó Aamra-amalaka-Leha ó Shindaki ó Kalamla etc.. SUSHRUTSAMHITA ó Lajamanda ó Peya ó Vilepi ó Manda ó Yavagu ó Payasa
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ó Krishara ó Adhauta –Dhauta Odana ó Bhrista Tandula ó Supa Shaka ó Mamsa (Siddha and Asiddha) ó Veshavara ó Mudga Yusha ó Raga Shadava ó Khada, Dhanyamla, Panaka (Guda/Mridvika) ó Dadhyamla, Takramla ó Rasala ó Mantha MATERIALS AND METHODS: List of pathya kalpana Prepared by rice 1.Anna (Cooked rice) 2. Manda (Gruel) 3. Peya (semisolid gruel) 4. Vilepi (porridge) 5. Yavagu (rice porridge) 6. Krashara (Khichadi) ANNA (COOKED RICE) ó Dahlana says “Annanm Pancha Gunam Toye” ó Bhavaprakasha also says same. ó He says to use five time water in preparation of Anna Kalpana MANDA (GRUEL) Properties : ó Light for digestion. ó Anna of unwashed rice, with gruel, very cold- heavy, kaphavardhaka. -Kapha - Pittahara, Laghu, Deepaka, Grahi, Trishnahara, Jwarahara, Sadyasantarpaka (Pranadharaka), Vatanulomaka, Dhatusamyakrita, Sroto Mardava Krita Uses:- Jwara, Atisara, Trishna, Daha, Murcha, Who are under snehana/virechana/Langhana treatment PEYA (RICE PORRIDGE)- Su.Su 46/340,341;sha.ma.kh 2/167 PROPERTIES :- • Laghu, Swedajanaka, Deepaka, Bastishodhaka, Vatanulomaka. Subsides Hunger,thirst, exhaustion. (Eg. Laja Peya Dipikakara says Bhaktamanda as a synonym for Peya. • As Yusha is mentioned after Peya in Sharangadhara, Kinchida Ghana Sandra Peya is called as Yusha.
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• He also states that some opine, Yusha has to prepared from Shibi Dhanya only. • Kashyapa opines to use 20 times of water in its preparation. VILEPI (RICE PORRIDGE) - Su. Su. 46, Sh. Ma. Kh. 2/168 Properties:- Madhura-rasa & vipaka, Grahi, Hridya, Bramhana, brings feeling of satiety, Vrana-Akshi- Roga Hitakar Yavagu (gruel/porridge) INGREDIENTS:- Broken rice-1part Water-6 parts Method of preparation: -Rice is boiled completely with 6 parts of water -Only liquid, devoid of solid content-manda -Liquid & solid -Peya -Liquid & solid,prepared with only 4 parts water-Vilepi DOSE: • ¼ Part of actual consumption capacity of rice • Yavagu, Manda, Peya, Vilepi are to be prepared from laja as per Arundatta. • Yavagu is of two types as per Hemadri on As. Su.6/26 –Alpa Siktha Peya, Bahu Siktha Vilepi. • Yadavji sites Shushruta quotation and says Yavagu is of three types –Manda, Peya & Vilepi. • Payasa, Krushara etc. are the different varieties of yavagu.Payasa is also called kshireya, ksira, and paramanna. • Yavagu is prepared by adding different drugs and when properly prepared, yavagu enhances the properties of these drugs.For making yavagu to a individual, one-fourth quantity of rice should be collected from that of his routine rice quantity. KRUSHARA (KHARA PONGAL) Bh. Pr kru; Su Su46/348 Properties:- Kapha-pittakara, Vatahara, Guru, Balya, Shukrala, Malamutra vardhaka IMPORTANCE Carbohydrate constituent of rice is starch. Starch acts like soluble fibre in gastrointestinal tract.Starch has a low osmolality than glucose, so yavagu can be used in non-infectious diarrhoea. Rakta shali contains more iron value than that of other rice, and having good digestive property, so it can be used in mandagni. Human diet should meet all nutrient needs.
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Should maintain appropriate body mass or growth of an individual. Should prevent illness caused by deficiency of nutrient intake. Adequate Macronutrients& Micronutrients are must for good health • Manda- only supernatant liquid part taken leaving the boiled rice. • Peya- equal solid rice and liquid portion are taken. • Yavagu- more solid rice portion and less portion taken. • Vilepi- only solid rice part is obtained. CONCLUSION 1. Food develops& sustains living creatures. 2. Food plays Key role in maintaining good health, preventing & curing disease. 3. Ayurveda gives due importance to the concept of ‘Diet’. 4. All major texts of Ayurveda incorporate the chapter ‘Krutannavarga’. 5. Selection of food is must for its healthy effect. 6. ‘Samskaras’ help to establish the effect of Pathya Kalpas. 7. ‘Agni’ is the base to select Pathya Kalpana. 8. ‘Pathya Kalpanas’ more useful in diseased condition. 9. Persons/Patients Compliance is not neglected while choosing Pathya Kalpana BIBILOGRTAPHY: 1. Bhaishajyaratnavali of Govind Das , Edited by Shri Kaviraj Ambikadatt Shastri , Chaukhamba Prakashan, Varanasi, Reprint 2012 2. Charak Samhita of Agnivesh, With Ayurved Dipika commentary of Chakrapanidatt , edited by Gangasaheya Pandeya , 3. Sushruta Samhita edited by Anantram Sharma, Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 1 st edition 2001 4. Yogratnakar , Shrilakshmipati Shastri, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 7 th edition, 2002 5. Bhavaprakash Nighantu of Shri Bhava Mishra, edited by Dr. G. S. Pandey Choukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, reprint 2002 6. Sharangadhara Samhita , of Sharangadhara, edited by Prof. K.R. S. Murty, Choukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi , 4 th edition 2001 7. Kashyapa Samhita of Maharshi Kashyapa, edited by Prof.(Km.)P.V. Tevari, Chaukhamba visvabharati Varanasi, reprint 2008. 8. Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Dr. K. C. Chunekar, Dr. G. S. Pandey, 1st edition Reprint, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2009. 9. Bhaishajya Kalpana Vigyana, Acharya P. V. Sharma, Reprint, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, 2006.
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Dr. Nirmal Satish Baburao Associate Professor Kaumarbhritya –BalrogMatoshriAsarabaiDaradeAyyrved College, Babhulgaon, Yeola, Nashik. Dr. Anmol Vishwas Belwalkar Assistant professor, Kayachikitsadpt, MES AyurvedMahavidyalaya, GhanekhuntLote, Khed Dr. Sanap Atul Dnyandeo Associate Professor Rasashastra and Bhaishajyakalpna SKS Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital Mathura
ABSTRACT: Suvarnprashan is the one of discovery of Ayurved. It deals with the Childs immunity which is first described in Jatkarma. Inpresent scenario neonatal deaths seen in most of the areas due to prematurity, asphyxia, pathological infections etc. Now a days immunization schedules widely accepted from birth of child but there are most of child gets illnesses due to low immune profile to most of pathological agents other than immunized agents. In that case Suvarnprashan helps to improve active immunity against those pathogens from first day of life. KEY WORD:- Suvarnprashan, active immunity, Jatkarma INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda, the science of life, is the most rational and scientific amongst the ancient systems of medicine, provide not only effective cure of diseases but also prevention. In which The Kaumarbhritya is branch which deals with disease of children. The order of kaumarbhritya according to their importance is different in Samhitas like in Charak on sixth, Susrut on fifth, Vaghbhat on second and Kashyap on first priority in Ashtang Ayurved. Infections, asphyxia and prematurity are the leading causes of neonatal deaths. The major cause of neonatal death is perinatal infections. Though National Vaccination Schedule is implicated, mortality rate in India is (34 per thousand live births) still high. From the first day of life vaccination schedule is started but these vaccines are not able to protect the child from common infections. In Kaumarbhritya for immunisation SUVARNA PRASHANA is one of important contribution to provide healthy and long life to child. In which first Samskara performed soon after birth is ‘Jatakarma’. In this Samskara, the mixture of Madhu, Ghrita, Suvarna and Medhyadravyasare fed to the new born. These Lehana given in the Jatakarmasamskara is nothing but the immunization process. The maximum development of the brain takes place in first two years of life which can be assessed by increase in the head circumference of the child 95% at the 21st month of age. Hence, administration of MedhyaDravayas in this period enhances the development of nervous system.
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LITERATURE: ‹ Kashyapsamhita:-Suvarnais rubbedwithwaterandmixedwithhoneyand ghrita. ‹ CharakSamhita :-Only Madhu & Ghritalehana after cutting the cord and before Stanyapana. Suvarnais not described forlehana. ‹ SusrutSamhita :-After jatkarma Madhu, Sarpiand Anantchurna (suvarna) lehanwith Anamika Anguli before Snana (gunjapramana-Dalhana). Other prasha in Susruta Samhita 1. Suvarna, Kustha, Madhu, Ghrita,Vacha 2. Suvarna, Matsyakshi, Sankhpuspi, Madhu,Ghrita 3. Suvarna, Arkapushpi, Vacha, Madhu,Ghrita 4. Suvarna, Kaidarya, Sweta, Durva, Madhu,Ghrita. ‹ AshtangHridaya • Suvarnawithvacha, brahmi, tapya, pathya along with madhu & ghrit. • Suvarna with dhatri (amalaki). • Suvarna, shvetvacha, kushtha, arkapushpi. • Suvarna, matsyaxi, shankha, kaidraya, vacha. ‹ Bhavprakash&Yogaratnakar:-Same assu.sha.10 ‹ Bhaishajyaratnavali – • Swarnab hasma and Churnas of Kustha, Vacha, Haritaki, Brahmi are licked with Madhu and Ghrita . • ControversiesareregardingthedoseoftheindividualcontentaswellastotalLehana. ‹ Sharangdharsamhita:- • Suvarnab has ma is to be licked with Madhu and Ghrita to the child. • Same as Bhavaprakasha Why Lehana ? • As Lehana isthesameconceptofrouteofadministrationforthechildreninconcerntopalatability , convenience,easyto administerandgenerallywell acceptedwithnosideeffects. • Kashyaphasdescribedvariouslehanainspeciallehadhyayawhichindicatesitsimportanceinchi ld for developing immune power and to fight against infection. Various lehas described for specific purposelikeSamvardhanaghritaforpangu,muka,badhirachild.(ka.sU.19) Duration for SuvarnaPrashana • 1 month or 6 months:- KashyapSamhita • 1 yr:- AshtangHridaya • 1 yror 12 yr:-Dalhana, Bhavprakash SUVARNA: Rasa panchaka-
Rasa: Madhur, tikta, kashaya Viry: Sita Vipaka: Madhur Doshagnata: Tridoshahar
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Guna: Guru, Pichhila, Snigdha Karma: Bruhan, Rasayan, Vishahar, Buddhi-Smritiprad, Hrudya Rogaghnata: Kshaya, Unmada, Tridoshajajvara, Visha, Shosha Dosage : SuvarnaBhasma - 1/8 to ¼ Ratti. (15 – 30 mg) (Ra.Ta) MADHU Rasa panchaka- Rasa –Madhur, Kashaya. Guna –Ruksha, Shita, Guru (cha.),Laghu (sus), Picchila,Sukshamarganusari, Yogavahi. Virya –Shita. Vipaka –Madhur. Doshaghanata – Vatakarak, Pitta-rakta-kaphashamak.(cha.), Tridoshashamak (sus.) Karma – Dipana, Varnya, Swarya, Sandhanam, Shodhanam, Ropanam, Chedanam, Sangrahi, Chakshushaya, Prasadanam. Rogaghanata – Trishna, Visha, Hikka, Raktapitta, Prameha, Kustha, Krimi, Chhardi, Shwasa, Kasa, Atisar, Vranasadhankar. GHRIT Rasa panchak- Rasa- Madhur Guna- Snighdha, Guru, Shita Virya- Shita Vipak- Madhur Doshghanata- Pittaghana Karma- Agni BalaAayu Shukra Chakshukar Rogaghanata- Apasmar, Unmad, Murcha, Shirorog ,Karnagog, Netrarog BENEFITS OF SUVARNAPRASH - Agnivardhan Balya Rasayan Medhya Varnya BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Charak Samhita of Agnivesh, With AyurvedDipika commentary of Chakrapanidatt , edited by GangasaheyaPandeya , 2. Sushruta Samhita edited by Anantram Sharma, ChoukhambaSurbharatiPrakashan, Varanasi, 1 st edition 2001 3. Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasangraha commentary of Shri Dalhanacharya , edited by Vaidya YadavajiTrikamji Acharya, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, reprint 2009 4. HaritaSamhita , edited by HariprasadTripathi, ChoukhambaKrushnadas Academy, Varanasi, 1 st edition 2005. 5. Sharangadhara Samhita , of Sharangadhara, edited by Prof. K.R. S. Murty, ChoukhambaOrientalia, Varanasi , 4th edition 2001 6. Kashyapa Samhita of MaharshiKashyapa, edited by Prof.(Km.)P.V. Tivari, Chaukhambavisvabharati Varanasi, reprint 2008
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 19 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 “A CRITICAL STUDY OF TVAK SHARIR WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ROHINI TVAK.”
DR. KAMLAKAR DNYANDEV INGALE PG Scholar DR. RUPALI R. BAWA Guide &Asso Prof. Rachana Sharir Dept. DR. NITIN CHANDURKAR Hod of Rachana Sharir Dept Dr.D.Y.Patil College of Ayurveda &Reaserch Centre Pimpri, pune -18.
ABSTRACT: Ayurveda is science of life and its main aim is to maintain healthy status of healthy living being, i.e., prevention of disease and treatment of disease. As per Ayurvedic science, sharir is made up of dosha, dhatu, updhatu and mala. Tvak is considered as updhatu of mamsa dhatu. Tvak is one among the five Gyanendriyas having its perception as mentioned with their respective diseases. In Ayurvedic classics, various opinion regarding tvakuttapati, tvakstara and associated disorders are mentioned. This article lays emphasis on the known and the lesser known functions of tvak, its correlation with skin with special reference to anatomical aspect . This article describes tvak in all respects of Rachna sharir (i.e. structure, origin, types etc). Since description of tvak and its thickness is present in both the sciences, so an attempt is made in this article to correlate and compare tvak with skin. KEYWORDS: Twacha, Charma, Sparshan, Chavi, Chadani, Asrugdhara, Kruti, Ajin. INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda originated in India long back in the pre vedic period. Ayurveda is a perfect ancient science of life, the word ‘ayu’ literally means life and ‘veda’ the science or knowledge. Be side’s, dealing with principle for maintenance of health, it has developed a wide range of therapeutic measure’s to combat diseases. Ayurveda follows low of nature of propound number of applied doctrines for the understanding of life, health and diseases. Many of these doctrines are valid even in today’s hectic life and may throw light on several unresolved issues regarding science of medicine and solve many uncertainties. Ayurveda has given significant importance for the knowledge of sharir acquired by physicians for betterment of society.in the sharir, if some one wants to learn exact clinical condition, he must know about ‘TVAK’ from superficial to deep. In shabdkalpdrum etymology of Tvak is defined as follows, ‘ व संवरणे ’ The organ which covers the surface of body is called ‘Tvak’.it is made up of ‘panchmahabuta’ and adhisthana for ‘sparshenendriya’.it is dwelling place of Bhrajak pitta and regulate the temperature of the body. It is the main seat of vatadosha as well as mana. Skin is the largest organ of the body in terms of, surface area and weight.it is sensory organ responding to
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 20 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 reflexes and is protective system that shields the entire body. Apart from perceiving sensation, skin also has excretory function. According to sushrutTvak appears like a skim on the surface of the boiled milk. Tvak is made up seven layers out which RohiniTvak is 6 th layer. Every successive layer is thicker than the previous one and can be affected by various disorders. Sushrut has decribed Rohini Tvak as follows , ष ीरोिहणीनाम ीही माणा यप यबु लीपदगलग डािध ाना।सु.शा. 4/3 The 6 th layer is called Rohini Tvak. It measures 1 vrihi in thickness and is the seat for Granthi,Apachi,Arbud,Shlipad, and Galgand. Today there is a cosmetic era, people are getting more and more conscious about healthy skin. Especially female are seeking more attention towards healthy skin to be on top in fastest growing filed of fashion. Pollution global warming ,adulteration of food and irregular life style have accounted to a steep rise in the incidence of skin diseases, which is almost 30% of total disease in recent time’s. Ayurveda has a mentioned wide variety of treatment of skin diseases along with preventive or prophylactic aspect. So, according to need of the hour, we must study the anatomy of skin and its variation from person to person depending upon his prakruti and other factor’s of the individual. After studying variation’s in skin and variation in pathogenesis of skin diseases, we can advice specific treatment. Taking inti consideration the above fact detail study of Tvaksharir is necessary AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: a) To study concepts of TvakSharir described in various Ayurvedic literatures and Modern sciences. b) Detail study of Rohini Tvak according Ayurved and modern science. LITERARY REVIEW : a) Etymology of Tvak : In Ayurveda skin is stated as Tvak or Twacha. It is included under “PanchGyanendriyaAdhisthana.” It is stated as “IndriyaVishesha” which covers the whole body since birth that encloses all the body component of body like Meda, Shonita..etc. It has great capacity of expansion and stretching. Tvak is adhisthana of “PranadiPanch Vayu” where Vayu resides and bring out its function. Tvak is specialised sense organs which acquire special sensory perception of pain, touch, pressure, heat and cold. b) TvakUttapati: Formation and development of Tvak is took place during the “Garbhanirmati” i.e. Process of formation and development of Garbha. According to Charka Garbha is formed by the amalgamation of Shukra, Shonita and Jiva (soul) in mother’s womb. Along with above three elements AshtaPrakruti and ShodshaVikara is also involved in Garbhanirmana. Sushruta depicts formation of Tvak from the metabolization of Shukra&Shonita by Tridosha. For better understanding of TvakUttapati in Brihattrayee the whole process of formation of Tvak is compare with formation of creamy layer over the surface of milk, when it is boiled and allowed to cooled down, formation of thick layer of skim take place which is explained as “Ksheerat –Santaanika .Indu in his commentary “Shashilekha” explains the appearance and arrangement of skin layers by giving an illustration of Kadalidal i.e. Stem of Banana, which has several layers that are arranged in systematic concentric
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 21 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 manner. He states that Tvak is formed from the Sara bhaaga (Prasaad) of Rakta dhatu, shiny and lustrous appearance of skin is due to Rakta dhatu. Hemadri in his commentary “AyurvedRasayan” depicts that whole body is “Panchmahabhautik” and Twacha is formed by metabolization of Rakta dhatu by its own dhatwagni, several layer of Tvak are formed over outer surface of embryo.According to BhavaprakashTvak is formed by Pachan that is metabolization of Shukra and Rasa Dhatu. c) TvakUttapati Kala: Charak describes Bala-Varna-Upachaya in sixth month of intrauterine life, As Varna complexion is the attribute of skin it is clear that Tvak is formed in sixth month of intrauterine life. According to AstangSangraha&HridyaUttapati of Kesha, Roma, Nakha, Asthi, Snayu, Bala, Varna, Sira and Tvak develops in sixth month of intrauterine of life . As per modern all layers of skin is formed in fourth month of intrauterine life. TVAK STARA: In Ayurveda Samhita several layers of Tvak has been described on the basis of different names, associated skin disorders observed in TvakStara their variable thickness and functions performed by these layers. These skin layers are described from superficial to deep. Its thickness is measured on the parameter available in that era i.e. “Vrihi” that can be taken as thickness and size of paddy or barley. There is different opinion about numbers of skin layers TvakStara is observed among Atreya and Dhanwantri denomination. In Sushruthsamhita, AstangaHridya, Bhavprakashsamhita and Sharangdharsamhita seven layers of TvakStara is mentioned. whereas in Charakasamhita, Bhelsamhita&AstangaSangrah six layers of Tvakstara is enumerated. this controversial opinion about number of skin layers is due to prospective vision of surgeon and physician. 1) FIRST LAYER – AVABHASINI: Acharya Sushruta called outermost Tvakstara as “Avabhasini” having thickness about 1/18 th ofVrihi and it is Tvakrogaadhisthana of Sidhma and Padamkantka. Dalhan mentioned that first layer is responsible for the exhibition of Gaur, Shyamadi Varan (complexion) and five types of Prabha (glory) and Chaya (shades) of the body with help of Bhrajak Agni present in this layer. Maharishi Charak&VriddhaVagbhat named first and outermost layer of Tvak as “Udakdhara” as name itself suggest it holds the Udakdhatu. Indu depicts that this layer carries Udaka dhatu and prevents outflow and maintain ‘Aradrata bhava’ i.e. moisture content of the Tvak on its outer surface. LaghuVagbhat stated Bhasini as first layer having similar qualities mentioned in Astangasangrah&Charak. As per Dr.Ghanekar commentary first TvakStara is responsible for exhibition of complexion, glory and different shades of Tvak which depends on melanin pigments produced by melanocytes present in malphighian layer. As the layers above malphighi are opaque, exhibition of complexion is done by Stratum Corneum; hence Avabhasini may be correlated with Stratum Corneum. 2) SECOND LAYER – LOHITA: Sushruta named second Tvakstara as ‘Lohita’ having thickness of 1/16 th ofVrihi. And it is tvakrogaadhisthana of Tilkalka, Nyacha&Vyanga. Charak&VriddhaVagbhat called second Tvakstara as ‘Asrugadhara’. Indu explains that this layer as “RudhantvaAsram” i.e. it holds the blood and prevents outflow of Rakta dhatu from the body. Hemadri describes this layer as ‘Lohini’. Ghanekar stated that as Lohita lies beneath the Avabhasini and it is constituted by transparent layer of three to five clear cells which placed deeply below the stratum corneum. Hence it may be compared with Stratum Lucidium.
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3) THIRD LAYER– SHWETA: Acharya Sushruta called third Tvakstara as “Shweta”, it seems to Shweta varniya in appearance, having thickness of 1/12 th ofVrihi and it is tvakrogaadhisthana of Charmadal, Ajagalika&Mashak. Charak&VriddhaVagbhata mentioned third Tvakstara as prime location of Sidhma&Kilas. AstangaHridya describes third TvakStara as site of SidhmaShivtraAdhisthana. Ghanekar explained that Shewtastara lies exactly below the Lohita. So it may be compared with Stratum Granulosum; it is made up of two to three layers of granular cell, these cells are flat and are in transitional state that is lies between Stratum Corneum and Stratum Malphighi layer. 4) FOURTH LAYER – TAMRA: Acharya Sushruta describes the fourth layer of Tvak as “Tamra”. It lies beneath the Shweta and having thickness of 1/8 th ofVrihi. It is tvakrogaadhisthana of Kustha and Kilas. Charak mentioned fourth Tvakstara as Dadrukusthaadhisthana. In AstangSangrah and Hridya fourth layer is stated as site for Sarvakusthaadhisthana. Sharangdhara and Bhavprakasha state the Tamra as site for KilasShivtra. Ghanekar in its commentary state that Tamra may be correlated with Stratum Malphighi, as etiopathogenesis Kilas (leucoderma) is mentioned in Tamrastara, which occur due to cessation of production of melanin that is produced by melanocytes present in Stratum Malphighi layer. Melanin pigment determines the complexion of an individual; hence we may correlate Tamra with Stratum Malphighi. 5) FIFTH LAYER – VEDINI: Sushruth describes fifth Tvakstara as “Vedini”. As name suggest it is concerned with the perception of touch, pain, heat, and cold. It is about 1/5 th ofVrihi in thickness & it is tvakrogaadhisthana of Kustha and Visarpa. Maharishi Charak&Vagbhat describes fifth TvakStara as site for Alaji&Vidradhiadhisthana. Hemadri called this TvakStara as “Tvagavedini”as well as “Rogkarini”. Sharangdhar and Bhavprakash describe these Tvakstara as site for Sarvakustha&Visarpa. Ghanekar explained that VediniStara has function of perception of sensation as it is studded with too many corpuscles and nerve ending. In third degree burn injury to these layer leads to severe pain. Kustha and Visarpa mention in this layer also produces histopathological changes in papillary layer of dermis. Hence we may correlate Vedini as Papillary layer of dermis. 6) SIXTH LAYER– ROHINI: Sushruta named sixth layer of Tvak as “Rohini” which is equal to one Vrihi in thickness. It is tvakrogaadhisthana of Granthi, Apachi, Galganda, Arbuda, &Shleepada. As name suggests it is concerned with wound healing process i.e. VranaRopana Karma. Charak named these Tvakstara as Arunshiadhisthana. Chakrapani describe that sudden injury to this layer leads to “Tamayatiandhaeva” i.e. “TamaPravesha” i.e. feeling of darkness in front of eye due to sudden loss of consciousness. Acharya Vagbhat called sixth Tvakstara as “Pranadhara”. Indu state that any injury to this layer leads to life threatening condition TamaPravesh i.e. feeling of blindness for short period, it is prime location of Arunshi i.e. small boils, blackish red in appearance commonly found in small joints and very difficult to treat. Dr Ghanekar correlates Rohini with Reticular layer of dermis as it lies beneath the Vedini. Rohini name given to this layer is due to its function of wound healing process Ropan Karma, it play major role in formation of granulation tissue and helps in wound healing. 7) SEVENTH LAYER –MANSADHARA: Acharya Shaushruta named seventh TvakStara as “Mansadhara”. It is thickest layer measuring about Two Vrihi. It is the tvakrogaadhisthana of Bhagandara, Vidradhi&Arsha.
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Sharangdhara and Bhavprakash describes seventh layer as “Sthula”, having thickness of two Vrihi, it is the abode of Vidradhi. Adhamal mention Sthula along with Vidradhi it is also the site of Bhagandara and Arsha. Dr.Ghanekar denies the inclusion of Mansadharastara under Tvak. He agreed with six layers theory of Charka. He suggest that Mansadharastara explain by Sushruta may be correlated with subcutaneous layer of hypodermis as it is comprises of blood vessels, lymphatic and adipose tissue. Dalhana describes the total thickness of Tvakstara is Angust Udara Pramana which is equal to ShadaYavaPramana that is the thickness of six barley together. The parameter of thickness is given for fleshy area not for runny area like SukshmaAnguli (little finger) and lalaat (forehead). The motive behind describing thickness of each Tvakstara is for performing various surgical procedures such as abdominal tapping should be done in AngustUdarPraman by Vrihimukha Yantra in Ascitis. Gannath Sen describe two layer of TvakStara; Outer layer is named as “Tanvi” which give rise to Plosha and Pidika, when it gets burned. Inner layer is called as Sthula, it is thick and provides protection to the body. It is responsible for “SnehaadiKarshnam” i.e. metabolization of locally applied. ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN : 1) HAIR: Hair or pili are present on most skin surface except the palms, palmar surface of the fingers, the soles, and plantar surface of feet. In adults, hair usually is most heavily distributed across the scalp, in the eyebrows, in the axillae, and around the external genitalia. Although the protection it limited, hairs on the head guard the scalp from injury and the sun’s ray.it also decrease heat loss from the scalp. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eye foreign sparticles, as does hair in the nostrils and the external ear canal. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF HAIR: Each hair is composed of columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells bounded together by extracellular proteins. Theshaft is the superficial protein of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin. The root is the protein of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer. The shaft and root of the hair both consist of three concentric layers of cells; medulla, cortex, cuticle of the hair. The inner medulla, which may be taking in thinner hair, is composed of two or three row of irregularly shaped cells. The middle cortex forms the major part of the shaft and consist of elongated cells. Surrounding the root of the hair is the hair follicle,which is made up of an external root sheath and the internal root sheath. The external root sheath is downward continuation of the epidermis. The internal root sheath is produced by the matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair. The dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle is called dermal root sheath. HAIR GROWN: Each hair follicles goes through a growth cycle, which consist of growth stage, regression stage, and the resting stage. During the growth (anagen) stage, cells of hair matrix divide. As new cells from the hair matrix are added to the base of hair root. Existing the cells of the hair root are pushed upward and the hair grows longer. While the cells of the hair are being pushed upward, they become keratinized and die. following the growth stage is the regression (catagen) stage, when the cells of the hair matrix stop dividing, the hair follicle atrophies, and hair stops growing. After the regression stage, the hair follicles enter a resting (telogen) stage. Following the resting stage, new growth cycle beings.The old hair root falls out or is pushed out of the hair follicle, and a new hair
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 24 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 beings to grow in its place. Scalp hair is in the growth stage for 2 to 6 year, the regression stage for 2 to 3 weeks, and the resting stage four about 3 month. HAIR COLOUR: The colour of hair is due to primary to amount and type of melanin in its keratinized cells. Melanin is the synthesized by melanocytes scattered in the matrix of the bulb and passes in to cells of the cortex & medulla of the hair. Dark- coloured hair contains mostly eumelanin; blond and red hair contains variants of pheomelanin. Hair becomes grey because of a progressive decline in melanin production; grey hair contains only a few melanin granules. White hair result from the lack of melanin and the accumulation of air bubbles in the shaft. 2) SKIN GLANDS: SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL): Sebaceous glands (se-BA- shus; sebace = greasy) are simple, branched acinar glands. with few exceptions. They are connected to hair follicles. The secreting portion of a sebaceous gland lies in the dermis, usually opens in to the neck of the hair follicles. In some locations such as a lips, glans penis, labia minora and tarsal glands of the eyelids, sebaceous glands open directly in to the surface of the skin. Absent in the palms, soles sebaceous glands are small in most area of the trunk & limbs also large in the skin of the breast, face, neck, superior chest. It is secrete an oily substance called sebum , mixture of cholesterol, triglyceride, proteins, inorganic salt sebum coat thesurface of hair of helpskeep them from drying and becoming brittle. Sebum also prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft & pliable, inhibits growth of the some bacteria. SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS (SWEAT): There are 3 to 4 million sudoriferous glands (sudor = sweat; ferrous = bearing). The cells of these glands release sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles or into the skin surface through pores, sudoriferous glands are divided into two main type - Eccrine sweat glands (eccrine = secreting out wardly) Apocrine sweat glands (apocrine = separated from) ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS : They are simple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common than apocrine sweat glands. They are distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body. Especially in the skin of the forehead, palm and soles. Eccrine sweat glands are not present, however the margins of the lips, nail bed of the finger and toes, glans penis, glans clitoris, labia minora, and eardrums. The secretary portion of eccrine sweat glands is located mostly in the deep dermis (sometimes in the upper subcutaneous layer). The excretory duct projects through the dermis and epidermis and end as a pore at the surface of the epidermis. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS : They are also simple, coiled tubular glands. They are found mainly in the skin of axilla, groin, areolae of the breast, and bearded regions of the face in adult males. These glands were once thought to release their secretion in the apocrine manner by pinching of a portion of the cells. We now know, however, that their secretion is via exocytosis, which is characteristics of eccrine glands. Nevertheless, the term apocrine is used. The secretion portion of these sweat glands is located mostly in subcutaneous layer, & excretory duct opens into hair follicles. CERUMINOUS GLANDS: Modified sweat glands in the external ear also called ceruminous glands. (cer = wax), produce a waxy lubricating secretion. The secretory portion of ceruminous glands lie in the
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 25 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 subcutaneous layer, deep to sebaceous glands. Their excretory duct open either directly in to the surface of external auditory canal or into the duct of sebaceous glands is a yellowish material called cerumen, or earwax. Cerumen, together with hairs in the external auditory canal, provides a sticky barrier that impends the entrance of foreign bodies and insects. Cerumen also waterproofs the canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells. 3. NAILS Nails are plate of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear and solid covering over the dorsal surface of distal surface of the distal portions of the digits. Each nails consists of a nail body, a free edge, and a nail root. The nail body is the visible portion of the nail. It is comparable to the stratum corneum of the general epidermis, with the exception that its flattened, keratinized cells fill with the harder type of keratin, do not shed. Below the nails body is a region of epithelium and a deeper layer of dermis. Most of the body appears pink because blood flowing through the capillaries the underlying dermis. The nail root is portion of the nails that buried in a fold of skin. DISCUSSION: According to ancient research methodology, before establishing any theory, the finding should be subjected through some sequential steps. The research work is done to draw some conclusion (Nigmana) from the findings and results. To communicate the findings with the results, discussion (Upanaya) is needed. It is the process to re-examine the whole work. Upanaya form a firm base for Nigamana. Inspite of detailed classical study and experimentation, a theory can be be accepted only after proper reasoning of observations. Hence, the discussion is very much important part of any scientific research.it can either support the hypothesis or it can help in amendment or it may revolutionize the concept totally.Therefore, before concluding this work, it is necessary to discuss about the findings of all the sections. The sequence of discussion here follows the same path as the description in the study. ON REVIEW OF LITERATURE : ON REVIEW OF TVAKSHARIR: According to Ayurved ‘Tvak’ is the external covering of the body. Modern science also defined skin as an external covering of the body. Thus from the above statement, we can show that, the Tvak according to Ayurved& skin according to modern science, show resemblance between each other. According to Sushruta, Tvak gets developed in the form of layer on the surface of Garbha, just like cream gets formed on heating milk. Modern science too has given development of skin in form layer with resemblance to Ayurved. Thickness of Tvak mentioned by Sushruta and commentator Dalhana show diversities. Sushruta seems to be more accurate in describing thickness of Tvak which is more/ less same to the thickness quoted in modern text’s of anato7 my., According to Ayurveda Tvak reflects varna of an individual, which shows similarity with modern science that melanin pigment present in skin determines that colour of individual. Tvak is one the Dnyanendriyas which is vayaviya in nature. Its abode is Sparshnendriya, which is responsible for the sensation of touch. A like the above quotation, modern science has also consider, skin a sensory organ, which is also responsible for the sensation of touch. ON REVIEW OF ANATOMY OF SKIN: Skin is the outer most layer of the body. it is divided into two layers outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis can be divided into a number of layers from deep to superficial as follows: basal layer (stratum basale),spinous or prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum),granular
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 26 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 layer(stratum granulosum ),clear layer(stratum lucidum )and cornified layer(stratum corneum.Dermis is divided into two layers from deep to superficial as follows ; reticular layer & papillary layer.These 7 layer of skin can be correlated with first 5 layer and last one mamasdhara of Tvak mentioned by Sushruta, on the basis of their number, thickness , function & disease occurring in it, i.e. – according to Sushrutavedini is 5 th layer of tvak and is the seat of Krushtha&VisarpaVyadhi. According to modern medicine in disease resembling Krushtha and visarpa i.e. leprosy and SLE, nerve ending are involved. These nerve ending are present in papillary layer. Hence Vedini can be correlated with papillary layer. Protection, thermoregulation, excretion & tactile sensation are important functions of the skin. According to Ayurveda also, Tvak is mainly related to sweda mala which is excreted through innumerable openings on it. Its abode is Sparshendriya, which is described in modern text can be correlated with function of Tvak described in Ayurved. CONCLUSION: After detailed study of various concepts about TvakSharir from various Ayurvedic literatures and modern science. This study is an effort to bring autocracy about various doubtful concept of TvakStara, which may be useful for scholars, teachers & physicians for the purpose of people’s interest. We can correlate AyurvedoktaTvakStara with Modern sciences as per mentioned by Ghanekar, which are as follows :-
Sr.no. AyurvedoktaTvakStara Correlated with Modern Skin Layer 1. Avabhasini Stratum Corneum Epidermis 2. Lohita Stratum Lucidium Epidermis 3. Shweta Stratum Granulosum Epidermis 4. Tamra Stratum Malphighi Epidermis 5. Vedini Papillary layer Dermis 6. Rohini Reticular layer Dermis 7. Mansdhara Subcutaneous tissue Hypodermis
REFERENCE: 1. Clinical Anatomy by Richard S. Snell; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company; 7 th edition. 2. Gray’s Anatomy ;editor in Chief Susan Standring Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 39 th edition. 3. Clinical oriented anatomy by Keith L. Moore and Arthur F.Dalley; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins-A Wolters Kluwer Company; 15 th edition. 4. Human embryology by I.B.Singh; MacMilan Indian Limited, New Delhi; 7 th edition. 5. Vaidya YadavjiTrikamji Acharya, Sushrut Samhita of Sushrut with the Nibanda Commentary by Dalhanacharya, ChaukhanbhaSurbharatiPrakashan , Varanasi,1994. 6. AshtangSangraha – Shashilekha Commentary by Indu, edition by A. D. Athvale, Published by M.A. Athvale, pune. 7. Vaidya YadavjiTrikhamji Acharya, The Charaka-Samhita of Agnivesh, revised by Charak and Drudhabala with Ayurved Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, MunshiramManoharlal Publication Pvt.Ltd,4 th edition 1981.
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8. BhishakVachaspati Pandit Durgadas Shastri, SharangdharSamhita,Choukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi,2002. 9. Kashyapasamhita by Nepal Rajguruna P HemrajsharmanaChaukhambhaPrakashana. 10. Pandit Hari Sadashiv Shastri, Ashtanga Hrudaya of Vagbhata with the Commentaries ‘Srvanga-sunder’ buArundata and AyurvedRasayan by Hemadri, ChaukhambhaSurbhartiPrakashan, Varanasi,1997. 11. Ranjitrai Desai, Ayurvediya Kriya Sharir (Hindi), Shree VaidyanathAyurved Bhavan, Nagpur, 1982. 12. Madhava Nidana – by Madhavakara, Madhukosha Sanskrit commentary by Shri Vijayrakshita&Srikanthadatta and Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Y. N. UpadhayayaChaukhambhaSankritSansthan,Varanasi. 13. Veni Madhav Shastri, Narayan Hari Joshi, Ayurvediya Shobha-Kosha, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya SanskrutMadal, Mumbai, 1968. 14. Sanskrit- Hindi-Dictionary – by MotherWilliams,Moti Lal BanarsiDass, Delhi. 15. Sanskrit Hindi Kosha, VamanShivramApte,MotilalBanarasidas Publication, 2001. 16. Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in heath and illness by Anne Waugh & Allison Grant; Elesevir Churchill Livingstone; 9 th edition. 17. Principle of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grbowski;Harper Collins College Publishers. 18. Ghanekar’s commentary on Sushruta Samhita Sharirstan “AyurvedRahasya Deepika” by Dr, Bhaskar Govind Ghanekar, published by Mehrchandprakashan Delhi 2007;4(3): 107 reprinted edition.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 28 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 COMPARISON OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION
Anshu Duhoon Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut (U.P.) Sandeep kumar Professor, Department of Physical Education, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut (U.P.)
ABSTRACT: Compairing the personality traits of volleyball players was the purpose of study at different level of their participation. To serve the purpose of study, total of 70 male volleyball players were selected 35 each from University and National level. Subjects were randomly selected at Senior National and All India inter university volleyball tournament at Mumbai and Chennai respectively. B.F.I Questionnaire developed by Goldberg (1992) was used an instrument for measuring five personality factors. The “independent t-test” was applied in order to examine the hypothesis of this study, SPSS 20 version was also used and here the significance level was 0.05. The results indicated that there was no significant difference at both university and national level squash players. It could be attributed that mastery over the skill at both level (University and National) could have been of same level to draw any conclusion. However results indicate that there was no significant difference at National and University level. KEY WORDS: Personality, Trait INTRODUTION: Psychology is the scientific study of human mind and behavior. Hoe we think, feel, act and interact individually and groups. Psychology is concern with all aspects of behavior and thoughts, feelings and motivation underlying that behavior it is a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice. Psychology is science and psychologist study human behavior by observing, measuring and testing, them arriving at conclusion that is rooted in sound scientific methodology. (Cherry, 2013).In order to achieve optimum performance in games and sports physical education teachers coachers and trainees has to understand about all these factors that contributes to overall performance. These factors are physical fitness, technical and tactical level of sports man, physiological make up of the performer and the trainer. Teachers and coaches must train the performer through these aspects of training (Suresh, 2004). METHODOLOGY: Subject Selection: To serve the purpose of this study Thirty five male players who had participated in all India inter university volleyball championship held at Chennai, 2015 and Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 29 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 thirty five (N=35) male players who had participated in Senior National volleyball championship held at Mumbai, 2014 were selected purposively as subject for the study. The age of the subjectsor male were from 16 to 30 years. Administration of Questionnaire: To assess the personality traits of subjects, Questionnaire the Big Five Inventory (BFI) developed by Oliver P. John was selected as a criterion measures.The questionnaire was administered individually by the research scholar to all the subjects with the request that they shall give correct and accurate answers. All the subjects were given necessary instructions, on the basis of instructions given in the questionnaire. Subjects were told that not to give answers in right and wrong and they should express their frank opinion as what they fell about themselves according to each question of the questionnaire.It contain 44 items, likert- type scale with items answered on a five point scale from agree strongly to strongly disagree.Only factors measured with the help of the questionnaire are: 1. Extraversion 2. Agreeableness 3.Conscientiousness 4.Neuroticism 5.Openness Statistical Technique: The “independent t-test” was applied in order to examine the hypothesis of this study, SPSS 20 version was also used and here the significance level was 0.05. RESULT:
Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Big-five personality factors of university and National volleyball players
Group N Mean Std. Std. Error variables Deviation Mean University 35.00 24.91 4.84 .82 Extroversion National 35.00 26.51 3.07 .52 University 35.00 29.37 6.94 1.17 Agreeableness National 35.00 29.83 5.64 .95 University 35.00 29.20 4.48 .76 Conscientiousness National 35.00 28.63 4.60 .78 University 35.00 21.86 4.53 .77 Neuroticism National 35.00 23.69 3.45 .58 University 35.00 34.94 6.43 1.09 Openness National 35.00 32.97 4.50 .76 Table 1 shows the scores ofM and SD scores of personality factor in case of extraversion for the male university level volleyball players was 24.91 + 4.84; agreeableness 29.37 + 6.94; conscientiousness 29.20 + 4.48; neuroticism 21.86 + 4.53; openness was 34.94 + 6.43; and for the male national level volleyball players was extroversion 26.51 + 3.07; agreeableness 29.83 + 5.64; conscientiousness 28.63 + 4.60; neuroticism 23.69 + 3.45; and lastly in openness 32.97 + 4.50.
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40 34.94
35 32.97 29.83 29.37 29.2 30 28.63 26.52 24.91 25 23.69 21.86 20 University 15 National
Mean Scores Mean 10 5 0 Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness BIG-FIVE VARIABLES Figure1. Mean score of personality traits for volleyball players Graphical representation of mean score of personality traits in figure 1 show that players of national level have mean score higher than in Extroversion, Agreeableness, neuroticism.
Table 2 Comparison of mean scores of Big-five personality factors of University and National volley ball players
Variables t-test for Equality of Means
T df Sig. (2-tailed)
Extroversion 1.65 68.00 0.10 Agreeableness 0.30 68.00 0.76 Conscientiousness 0.53 68.00 0.60 Neuroticism 1.90 68.00 0.06 Openness 1.49 68.00 0.14 TABLE VALUE: Extroversion calculated t (1.65) is less than the tabulated t value (2.00) with df 68.00 at 0.5 level of significant difference thus, there is no significant difference between University and National level volleyball player. Agreeableness calculated t (0.30) is less than the tabulated t value (2.00) with df 68.00 at 0.5 level of significant difference thus, there is no significant difference between University and National level volleyball player. Conscientiousness calculated t (0.53) is less than the tabulated t value (2.00) with df 68.00 at 0.5 level of significant difference thus, there is no significant difference between University and National level volleyball player. Neuroticism calculated t (1.90) is less than the tabulated t value (2.00) with df 68.00 at 0.5 level of significant difference thus, there is no significant difference between University and National level volleyball player.Openness calculated t (1.49) is less than the tabulated t value (2.00) with df 68.00 at 0.5 level of significant difference thus, there is no significant difference between University and National level volleyball player.
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DISCUSSION On the basis of the results of the study, the hypothesis stated that there would be significant difference between university and national level volleyball players is hereby not accepted. The present result may be owing to the factor that the sample size taken for the study might have been one of the reasons. Further though there have not been statistically significant difference but if we look at the mean scores it is observed that the national level volleyball players mean scores are higher than university players in only some factors. The present work may be taken as a preliminaryfinding; more in depth work is essential in this direction. As personality has become essential and prime focus at all stages of life and especially for the players as present day have lot of anxiety and consciousness with regard to their personality. REFERENCES: 1. Ak, E., &Koçak, S. (2010). Coincidence-anticipation timing and reaction time in youth tennis and table tennis players. Perceptual and motor skills , 110 (3), 879-887.Allen, M. S., 2. Allen, M. S., Greenlees, I., & Jones, M. (2011).An investigation of the five-factor model of personality and coping behaviour in sport. Journal of sports sciences , 29 (8), 841-850. 3. Bartholomew‘s, J. B., Seifert, J., & Portman, R. S. Motivation Among Highly Active Individuals. 4. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., &Henrich, J. (2010).Pride, personality, and the evolutionary foundations of human social status. Evolution and Human Behavior , 31 (5), 334-347. 5. CM Gonçalves, G., Rabelo, I. S., & Rubio, K. (2014).Assessment of Personality in Brazilian Athletes. International Journal of Applied , 4(3), 86-91. 6. Courneya, K. S., &Hellsten, L. A. M. (1998). Personality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, barriers and preferences: An application of the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences , 24 (5), 625-633. 7. Dunn, J. G., & Dunn, J. C. (1999). Goal orientations, perceptions of aggression, and sportspersonship in elite male youth ice hockey players. Sport Psychologist , 13 , 183-200. 8. Dunn, J. G., Gotwals, J. K., & Dunn, J. C. (2005).An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences , 38 (6), 1439-1448. 9. Egloff, B., &Gruhn, A. J. (1996).Personality and endurance sports. Personality and Individual Differences , 21 (2), 223- 229. 10. Hendricks, J. W., & Payne, S. C. (2007). Beyond the big five: Leader goal orientation as a predictor of leadership effectiveness. Human Performance ,20 (4), 317-343. 11. John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008).Paradigm shift to the integrative big five trait taxonomy. Handbook of personality: Theory and research , 3, 114-158. 12. Jones, G., & Swain, A. (1992).intensity and direction as dimensions ofcompetitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and motor skills , 74 (2), 467-472. 13. Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012).Effects of the Big Five personality dimensions on appraisal coping, and coping effectiveness in sport. European Journal of Sport Science , 12 (1), 62-72. 14. Landers, R. N., &Lounsbury, J. W. (2006).An investigation of Big Five and narrow personality traits in relation to Internet usage. Computers in Human Behavior , 22 (2), 283-293. 15. Mc Daniel, S. R., Lim, C., & Mahan, J. E. (2007).The role of gender and personality traits in response to ads using violent images to promote consumption of sports entertainment. Journal of Business Research , 60 (6), 606-612. 16. O'Sullivan, D. M., Zuckerman, M., & Kraft, M. (1998).Personality characteristics of male and female participants in team sports. Personality and Individual Differences , 25 (1), 119-128. 17. Rees, T., Hardy, L., Ingledew, D. K., & Evans, L. (2000). Examination of the validity of the social support survey using confirmatory factor analysis. ResearchQuarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 (4), 322-330. 18. Rhodes, R. E., &Courneya, K. S. (2003). Relationships between personality, an extended theory of planned behaviour model and exercise behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology , 8(1), 19-36. 19. Sáez DE Heredia, R. A., Muñoz, A. R., &Artaza, J. L. (2004).The effect of psychological response on recovery of sport injury. Research in Sports Medicine , 12 (1), 15-31 20. Smith, H. S., &Laufer, A. (2014). Opioid induced nausea and vomiting. European journal of pharmacology , 722 , 67- 78. 21. Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., Barnett, N. P., & Everett, J. J. (1993). Enhancement of children's self-esteem through social support training for youth sport coaches. Journal of applied psychology , 78 (4), 602. 22. Taylor, D., O’Toole, K. S., Auble, T. E., Ryan, C. M., & Sherman, D. R. (2001).Sensation seeking personality traits of recreational divers. 23. Tok, S. (2011). The big five personality traits and risky sport participation. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal , 39 (8), 1105-1111. 24. Vollrath, M. (2001).Personality and stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 42 (4), 335-347. 25. Watson, A. E., & Pulford, B. D. (2004). personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors 1. Perceptual and motor skills , 99 (1), 83-94 26. Whiteside, S. P., &Lynam, D. R. (2001). The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and individual differences , 30 (4), 669-689 Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 32 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 A STUDY OF RACISM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CRICKET
Dr. Vitthal Dumnar Dept. of Physical Education and Sports P A H College, Ranisawargaon
ABSTRACT : Racism is a big insult to the any person born in this world. One person thinks for himself as the white and the other as the black. The white behaves abusively with the black. White always tries to avoid any relation with black skinned peoples. In colonial era the British badly treated with people who had black skin. This racial discrimination has become the tragedy for the blacks. Even in the modern world today race affected badly. Also the cricket in the world suffered from the racial discrimination or racial abuse. Many black cricketers have created their own identity through their talent in the sport and race couldn’t affect it. KEYWORDS - Racism, colonial, discrimination, modern, identity. INTRODUCTION: Since the ancient time peoples of the various casts, religion and of various colors are living together in society. Actually the peoples of any religion or any cast equal but the many of them claims that they are superior to the other. Then the society has divided into the many parts on the basis of cast, religion, color, poor and rich. Even in the modern world issues like race affect the world badly. Cricket is one of the most popular sports of the world. Since the cricket started in England in the 18 th century it has been known as the “gentleman’s game”. The game is very popular all over the world. The game has given the many cricketing stars like Don Bradman, Sir Vivian Richards, Malcolm Marshall, Kapil Dev, Imran Khan, Javed Miandad, Brian Lara, Wasim Akram, Sachin Tendulkar, Shane Warne, Muralidharan, MS Dhoni, AB de Villiers , Chris Gayle and more. While the players like these cricketers they played in very friendly atmosphere. Many time they shown the aggression towards the opposition players. But when the color related issues entered in the cricket, whole cricket lost its reputation as a gentleman’s game. It took much time to regain its reputation as a gentleman’s game. Still there are some incidents about the race which are spoiling the game. Very popular online website, Britannica explains the term “race” as: The modern meaning of the term race with reference to humans began to emerge in the 17th century. Since then it has had a variety of meanings in the languages of the Western world. What most definitions have in common is an attempt to categorize peoples primarily by their physical differences. In the United States, for example, the term race generally refers to a group of people who have in common some visible physical traits, such as skin colour, hair texture, facial features, and eye formation. Such distinctive features are associated with large, geographically separated populations, and these continental aggregates are also designated as races, as the “African race,” the “European race,” and the “Asian race.” Many people think of race as reflective of any visible physical (phenotypic) variations among human groups, regardless of the cultural context and even in the absence of fixed racial categories. The term “racism” is defined as a haughty, disdainful, and prejudiced attitude and criminalizing an ideology on the basis of race, clan or tribe to hate and insult other race on the basis
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 33 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 of color etc. Ruth Benedict has defined racism as: Racism is the dogma that one ethnic group is condemned by nature to congenital inferiority and another group is destined to congenital superiority. It is the dogma that the hope of civilization depends upon eliminating some races and keeping others pure. It is the dogma that one race has carried progress with it throughout human history and can alone ensure future progress. It is a dogma rampant in the world today and which a few years ago were made into a principal basis of German polity. [Benedict pp. 98] According to Clive Gifford the history of racism traces back to the colonialism. Gifford says in his book Racism: Racism has its roots in the age of European Colonialism, which began over 400 years ago. As Europeans discovered and claimed overseas lands as colonies, the belief grew that European Civilization was the greatest the world had ever known .Europeans thus felt justified in treating other peoples as inferior. From the 1500s and on, many European countries like France, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and Great Britain explored and claimed lands in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific as their own. Little attempt was made by the arriving colonists to understand the civilization, culture, and beliefs of the native peoples. Instead they were often thought of as savages, primitives, and, in some cases, no better than animals. As a result, the colonists assumed the right to take their lands, ruling them without agreement, and killing, mistreating, and enslaving millions of people. [Dar pp. 22] INFLUENCE OF RACISM ON CRICKET: When the decolonization was accelerated in the world, the mindset of the people began to change about the ideas of race, specially the superiority of whites. But South Africa isolated itself from this change. The anti-apartheid movement demanded South Africa’s boycott including the sports. In 1970, the ICC has banned South Africa from participating in international authorized cricket According to the Wikipedia, the ICC, non-white members, particularly India, protested loudly about the discrimination their own diaspora received in South Africa, including the policies of apartheid which now legally barred non-whites from playing Test cricket for South Africa and the refusal of accepting touring teams that fielded non-whites. In 1970, the ICC banned South Africa from participating in internationally recognized cricket. The decision of ban was taken when the South Africa cricket team was one of the strongest teams in the world which affected the cricket career of many talented players of the country. The ban on the South Africa cricket team badly affected the domestic cricket also. After the ban in 1970 South Africa has missed the major tournaments of the ICC including the new world cup in 1975. Missing ICC tournaments cost South Africa financially too. In 1980 “Rebel Tours” starts in South Africa to play international cricket but it was not recognized as the official cricket. The players who were participated in these tours faced the limited or lifetime ban. The ban was lifted in 1991. South Africa played its first ODI (One Day International) match in November 1991 against India and first test match against West Indies in April 1992. In July 2006, Ashwell Prince has become the first non-white cricketer to captain the South African cricket team at the age of 29, when he was deputy for Graeme Smith. Racial quotas were first introduced and later rescinded in 2007, but again it was re-established in 2016, despite being highly controversial, particularly criticised by the Institute of Race Relations in South Africa. According to this quota South African team must now have an average minimum of six non-white players, of which two must be black African, in matches over the season. This rule of quota has led
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 34 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 to some white players emigrating from South Africa, who claimed that they were disadvantaged by positive discrimination. Kevin Pietersen, who was born in Pietermaritzburg, has left South Africa to play for England, who later became one of the world’s best batsmen. Also the Indian peoples since the colonial era are considered as the black peoples. Peoples of India are abused and humiliated on the basis of their skin colour. The greatest leader of the nation and freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi also was the victim of racism when he was travelling in South Africa by train. When the Indian cricketers play abroad they face racial remarks from the spectators and also from the opponent players. recently The India cricket team toured Australia from November 2020 to January 2021 to play four Tests, three One Day Internationals and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. In Sydney test match which was played between 7-11 January, India pacer Mohammad Siraj faced the racial slurs from the cowed while fielding at boundary lines. According to BCCI (The Board of Control for Cricket in India) Siraj was called as “Brown Dog” and “Big Monkey” [thewire] from the SCG stands. Siraj’s senior pace partner Jusprit Bumrah also abused on the same tour. BCCI complained to the ICC match referee David Boon. Sean Carroll, the head of Cricket Australia. According to him there is zero tolerance to racism in Australia. He says, “As series hosts, we unreservedly apologise to our friends in the Indian cricket team and assure them we will prosecute the matter to its fullest extent.” [thewire] BCCI secretary Jay Shaha also condemns the incident happened with Siraj he says, “ Racism has no place in our great sport or in any walk of society.” [thewire] After the incident happened to Siraj former India off-spinner Harbhajan Singh reveals that he was racially abused by the Australian crowd on his previous tours. Harbhajan was involved in the infamous “monkeygate” incident. At that time former Australian all-rounder Andrew Symonds claimed that he was taunted as “Monkey” by Harbhajan which is racially offensive insult. Harbhajan on 10th January 2021 writes on twitter, “I personally have heard many things on the field while playing in Australia about Me My religion My colour and much more..This isn’t the first time the crowd is doing this nonsense..How do u stop them?? #AUSvIND” [twitter] The talented England pacer Jofra Archer faced racial abuse twice at the beginning of his career. Archer was racially abused by New Zealand crowd. When in 2019, England touring New Zealand, Jofra Archer twitted that he has faced the racial insults from the New Zealand crowd in Mount Maunganui during Day 5 of the 1st Test. It was led to a strict investigation started by the ECB(The England and Wales Cricket Board) and NZC (New Zealand Cricket) against the perpetrator and the guilty was slapped with a ban of 2-years by the board. About the incident Archer wrote on November 25, 2019 on his twitter handle as: “A bit disturbing hearing racial insults today whilst battling to help save my team , the crowd was been amazing this week except for that one guy , @TheBarmyArmy was good as usual also.” New Zealand Cricket issues an apology to Jofra Archer. The Black Caps (Official tweeter handle of NZC) wrote on their twitter handle , “ We are shocked and disappointed to hear of the verbal abuse @JofraArcher received after the Test today. @englandcricket might be our rivals but they're also our friends and racist abuse is never okay!” In the county match Sussex against Somerset racial issue happened with Pakistani cricketer and the former Sussex batsman Ashar Zaidi. During the match promising English seamer Craig Overton told him, “go back to your own fucking country.” After the incident happened the ECB’s
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 35 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 independent disciplinary panel investigated and decided on a level one punishment for abusive language rather than a level three punishment for abuse related to “race or national origin”. Overton then faced two-match ban because of two previous minor offences on his record. [theguardian] England all-rounder Moeen Ali has once claimed he was racially abused by Australian player during the 2015 Ashes series in England. He also claims that he has received racial abuse from Australian supporters during the 2017 Ashes series in December, he wrote about the incident in his autobiography Moeen (2018) which is published in October 2018. About the incident Ali writes: “It was a great first Ashes Test in terms of my personal performance. However, there was one incident which had distracted me. An Australian player had turned to me on the field and said, ‘Take that, Osama’ [a reference to Islamic terrorist Osama Bin Laden]. I could not believe what I had heard. I remember going really red. I have never been so angry on a cricket field.” [indianexpress] Former Australian cricketer and present coach of Australia cricket team Darren Lehmann has called his racial outburst against Sri Lanka in 2003 "the biggest mistake" of his life. In an interview Lehmann says, “It was the biggest mistake of my life. I apologised for it on the night, to the captain Kumar Sangakkara [Sanath Jayasuriya was captain] and the Sri Lankan team, and hopefully they've forgiven me and we can move on," Lehmann said of an offence that had him banned for five ODIs. "I speak about it honestly, it was a big mistake, and it was a big learning curve in my career and if I can impart anything on other players along the way, then so be it” [espncricinfo] After the Zimbabwe cricket team failed to qualify their coach Heath Streak was relieved from his duty. After his departure Zimbabwe cricket chairperson Tavengwa Mukuhlani blames that streak treating black and white players differently. But streak says the allegations are ‘laughable’. He says, "I've been accused by the chairman of ZC of being a racist, I find this preposterous and laughable and even to respond to them for people who know me, is lowering my standards… The allegations that during the WCQ, I dropped black players for white players is also ludicrous. When I dropped people like Kyle Jarvis for Tendai Chisoro nothing was said, but when I dropped Cephas Zhwao for PJ Moor, then I'm a racist… Those who are around me and who know me and are most important to me as in the players can vouch for that. Why do all these people that the chairman claims are accusing me of racism, why do they not come out in public and say that themselves?" [https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/101516/heath-streak-dismisses-racist-charges-cricbuzzcom] Conclusion: Even after the colonization the whole world has suffered from the racism. Not only the common people but also the popular personality of the various sports suffered from the racism. Cricket is being played in the various countries, and issue of racism still following even in the modern world when the peoples are thinking progressively. It is often said that the well educated people do not believe in issues like race or any other discrimination. But now we can see that there is enough change in the thinking of the people and the cricketers of the any nation. It can be seen that Jofra Archer, James Anderson and Stuart Broad celebrates the wicket or victory together. So there is lot of change in mindset of the various countries cricket boards regarding race. REFERENCES:- 1. Benedict, Ruth. Patterns of Culture . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Boston,U.S.A. 1937.Print. 2. Dar Bilal Ahmad. Problematique of Race and Gender: A Retrospective Approach. Literary Herald: An International Refereed English e-Journal. Vol. 3, Issue 2 (August 2017). Pages 18-27. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Africa
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4. https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/moeen-ali-racism-england-austraia-ashes-2015-5357529/ 5. https://thewire.in/sport/india-australia-test-match-racism-mohammed-siraj 6. https://twitter.com/BLACKCAPS/status/1198900727092895745 7. https://twitter.com/harbhajan_singh/status/1348136501901619200 8. https://twitter.com/jofraarcher/status/1198870354980040714?lang=en 9. https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human 10. https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/101516/heath-streak-dismisses-racist-charges-cricbuzzcom 11. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lehmann-reflects-on-racial-outburst-740441 12. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/dec/13/ashar-zaidi-somerset-craig-overton-apologise-racist-behaviour
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 37 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF INDIAN POST IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Dr. Amol Namdevrao Tammalwar Research Student, Mahatma Gandhi Mahavidyalaya, Ahmedpur Dist. Latur
INTRODUCTION: Financial inclusion plays a major role in inclusive growth of the country. It is estimated that globally over 2.5 billion people are excluded from access from access to financial services of which one third is in India. The objective of financial inclusion exercise is easy availability of financial services which allows maximum investment in business opportunities, education, save for retirement, insurance against risks, etc. by the rural individuals and firms. In Indian the basic concepts of financial inclusion is having a saving or current account with any bank. In reality it includes loans, insurance services and much more. In advanced economies, financial inclusion is more about the knowledge of fair and transparent financial products and a focus on financial literacy. In emerging economies it is a question of both access to financial products and knowledge about their fairness and transparency. Other than banking, the Indian post which partially do banking activity under the ministry of finance is doing a commendable job towards providing easy financial services to the people throughout the country especially in the remote areas though its huge network. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The objective of study the role of post office in financial inclusion, problems and challenges of Indian post in financial inclusion RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The paper is basically a descriptive one. The paper tries to review, what role the post office is playing in financial inclusion. While preparing the paper relies exclusively on secondary data. The secondary data was collected from websites of the Indian post, RBI bulletin, annual reports of RBI and ministry of finance and from various reputed journals. ORIGIN OF INDIAN POST: The first post office in India was established by East India company in the year 1688 in Bombay followed by Calcutta and Madras. It was named as company mail. The post office department of the East Indian company was first established on march 31, 1774 at Calcutta, followed in 1778 at madras and in 1792 at Bombay. The present type of post office in India were 889. The number of post offices in India increase from 23,344 in 1947 to 1,54,866 as on 31/03/2011. Out of total post offices in India 1,39,040 numbers post offices are in rural areas which accounts for 89.78%
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 38 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 of India’s total post office and remaining 15,826 number of post offices situated in urban areas which is only 10.22% of total numbers of post offices. Apart from providing regular postal service’s the post offices in India are also providing financial services to the public through post office savings bank. The Indian post starts postal life insurance in the year 1984 as a welfare scheme for the employees of the post and telegram department due to huge demand of the scheme latter on it was opened for employees of the other departments and finally in the year 1995 it was opened for all people. In addition to these services post office also provide money transfer services. Post office saving bank which was establish with an objective of encouraging saving habit and thrift among the masses has now become a medium of mobilizing a huge amount of funds. ROLE OF INDIAN POST IN FINANCIAL INCLUSION: by access to financial services, it is implied that people should have access to not only a bank account but also affordable credit facilities to conduct their business and insurance facilities to have financial security in case of troubles in the family. Alongside this, also lies covering the need for financial literacy where individuals are aware of and have information about various financial products and an understanding of pros and cons of investing their hard earned money in these products. With respect to India, the problem presents a gigantic task at hand due to a large population of 1.3 billion where nearly 58 percent of the people not having access to banking services and this number is growing at a rapid pace with the high population growth rate. The low level of literacy and vast span of the country (inaccessible village) adds to the scale of the problem for any workable solution to be implemented. This has led to creation of multiple solutions by various departments of GOI, which may cause duplication of efforts and repeat coverage of the same segments of population. Thus, there is a need for developing solution to the problem based on utilizing the synergy between existing resources and providing an implantable and sustainable solution. Multiple initiatives have been undertaken by both GOI and the RBI to tackle the problem of giving the unbanked people an access to financial services. Many of these initiatives were entirely new schemes with little thought about synergy with other schemes existing in the system. The existing extensive network of post offices can be targeted by utilizing it as an alternative banking solution for the unbanked people. In this context, current banking facilities available for people at post offices have been explored and also their capabilities have been observed for the cause of financial inclusion at minimum cost and maximum synergies.
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Table 1: Number of post office in India Year Rural Urban 2008-09 1,39,144 15,871 2009-10 1,39,182 15,797 2010-11 1,39,040 15,826 2011-12 1,39,086 15,736 2012-13 1,39,164 15,692 (source: Indian post 2013) From the above table shows that in India, there are nearly 1,54,85 post office as on March 31, 2013, with nearly ninety percent in rural areas. The number of post office in rural areas in more when compared to urban areas. Table 2: Number of post offices in India (state wise)
State 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Andhra Pradesh 16,149 16,147 16,141 16,141 Assam 4,006 3,996 4,004 4,007 Bihar, Jharkhand 9,056 9,057 9,055 9,057 Chhattisgarh 3,122 3,123 3,125 3,127 Delhi 571 573 575 576 Gujarat 8,972 8,976 8,983 8,979 Haryana 2,653 2,655 2,661 2,664 Himachal Pradesh 2,777 2,777 2,777 2,778 Jammu and Kashmir 1,691 1,693 1,693 1,695 Jharkhand 3,091 3,094 3,095 3,095 Karnataka 9,822 9,814 9,772 9,703 Kerala 5,068 5,070 5,067 5,068 Madhya Pradesh 8,322 8,316 8,310 8,314 Maharashtra 12,850 12,853 12,860 12,858 North East 2,934 2,935 2,932 2,912 Orissa 8,162 8,161 8,161 8,163 Punjab 3,904 3,877 3,853 3,849 Rajasthan 10,316 10,313 10,312 10,324 Tamil Nadu 12,116 12,111 12,065 12,064 Uttar Pradesh 17,662 17,666 17,640 17,668 Uttarakhand 2,714 2,715 2,715 2,718 West Bengal 9,057 9,057 9,061 9,062 Total 1,55,015 1,54,979 1,54,866 1,54,822 TYPES OF SCHEME IN INDIAN POST: 1. Saving Account scheme 2. Recurring Deposit scheme 3. Time Deposit scheme 4. Monthly Income scheme 5. National Saving certificate 6. Public Provident fund scheme 7. Postal life Insurance 8. Rural postal life Insurance
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN INDIAN POST: 1. Lack of basic Infrastructure: The post offices in India, especially post offices in rural areas which playing an important role in providing financial services in rural areas are not equipped with basic infrastructure. In most of the post offices even proper sitting arrangement for staff is not available. 2. Less Numbers of staff: There is a crunch of manpower in the post offices. It is observed that most of the post offices are run by one or two persons and need to do all sorts of work which has a very adverse effect on performance and output. 3. Lack of coordination: There are many examples in the foreign countries where post offices are doing tremendous work for financial inclusion in coordination with other departments. But, till today Indian post keep itself away from other sister organization or other organization also not seeking coordination of Indian post in providing financial services. 4. Slow progress of Innovation: To cope with the fast changing environment Indian post also need to be catching the new invention and technology timely. The Indian post still following the age old practices of working. Though it bringing some innovation recently but in a very slow speed. Out of total post offices only 25,464 post office are computerized till 2011-12. 5. Abstain from landing: Providing loan is one of the major aspects of financial inclusion but Indian post is not till today taking it as a part of its business which has arrowed down its operation. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS: Indian post is playing a very important role in financial inclusion but it can play a much better role if it can overcome from the following problems. Indian post should tie-up with banks to utilize their extensive network by setting up small banking counters at each of their post offices. Especially rural branches. The government owned post offices have sufficient space in the post offices to set up such a counter with a computer and printer, to be operated by a commercial bank employee. Thus the post offices and their capabilities can work as an alternative banking solution for the better improvement of financial inclusion. Capabilities of post office imply the space available in the post office, capacity of the post office to handle cash balances and qualifications and knowledge level of the post office employees for basic financial services. Hence utilizing of post offices networks can provide another way forward in extending financial inclusion. Indian post can give a new dimension to the process of financial inclusion and can reach an extra mileage in the field of financial inclusion. REFERENCE: 1. Chakraborty K.C. 2009. Technology, financial inclusion and the role of urban cooperative banks, RBI 2. Annual Report 2009-13
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 41 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 STUDY THE EFFICACY OF KARANJ TAIL YONI PICHU & TRIPHALA KWATH YONI DHAVAN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF R.T.I. FREQUENCY
Dr. Swapanil Agrawal Associate Professor, Department of Prasuti, Tantra, R.P.A.M.P., Purna
Dr. Suhas Khote Associate Professor, Department of Shalya Tantra, V.P.Ayurved College, Jalna
Dr. Ajay Nagula Associate Professor, Department of Rasa-shastra and BhaishajyaKalpana, S.S.V.P. Ayurved College, Hatta, Hingoli ABSTRACT: According to Ayurveda, health of a female starts in the fetal stage itself which describes the measures to yield a good female child. The distrinctive anatomical & physiological features of women in each age group were well studied by ancient sages of Ayurveda. Just as the river is cleansed by its flow the women are purified by menstrual flow. That is the reason for the non- susceptibility of women to many diseases. The regimens to be followed during menstrual & post menstrual periods are well advocated in Ayurveda. At least once in her life, a reproductive age women faces one of the common problems like Leucorrhea, dysmenorrhea PID etc. ayurvedic management has special effects that are long lasting safe & natural in this regard. KEYWORDS : Ayurveda, PID INTRODUCTION : Reproductive age women, repeatedly suffer from vaginitis, cervicitis, leucorrhea, lower abdominal pain and low backache like symptoms. The first and foremost of these problems is emergence of a vaginal discharge of varying degrees, the shweta pradara (white discharge). This includes discharge due to vaginitis caused by different infective genera, cervicitis and related cervical erosion, PID and dysmenorrhea, due to related cervicitis. This causes considerable discomfort for daily work of a woman. If these symptoms persist, many women feel insecure and worried by the possibility of Cancer. WHO is undertaking various programmes all over the world to promote women's health. SWASTHASYA SWASTHA RAKSHANAM (Health for all), is the motto of Ayurveda. Ayurvedic literature gives a handful of drugs and procedures in this regard. The aim of this study is to establish a standard ayurvedic regime for the above said problems on OPD basis and evaluate its efficacy.
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AIM: STUDY THE EFFICACY OF KARANJ TAIL YONI PICHU & TRIPHALA KWATH YONI DHAVAN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF R.T.I. FREQUENCY OBJECTIVES: 1) To establish a standard ayurvedic regime for commonly met gynecological problems. 2) To assess the efficacy and spectrum of this regimen. 3) To assess its efficacy on recurrence of these problems. a. Vaginitis b. White discharge c. Pain in lower abdomen d. Low backache MATERIALS AND METHODS: Materials : 1. Triphal (fruits of embelica officinalis, termenalia chebula and terminalia bellerica in equal amounts) 500 ml decoction for vaginal douching. Vaginal tampon soaked wit 25 ml lukewarm karanj (pongamia pinnata) oil. 2. This combination was given daily for 7 days from 5th day of menses for 3 consecutive cycle. 3. TRIPHALA- In vitro studies have shown that triphala has a good potency in fighting bacterias like salmonela typhii, klebsiella, shigella and fungi like candida albicans* Besides this, its acids e.g chebulagic acid, chebulic acid, vit. C, maintains the vaginal pH for vaginal homeostasis anti-inflammatory properties of Triphala, which contains vitamin C in abundance;, fastens the healing process, resulting in early recovery from cervical erosions. Its astringent property takes care of the excess vaginal discharge, KARANJA (PONGAMIA PINNATA) OIL: has shown inhibitory effects on bacillus anthrasis, e. coli, pseudomonas mangiferac, staphylococcus aurcus, staph. Albus and xanthomonas compestris. Karanja oil is very efficacious drug for skin diseases. It was noted that cervical erosions had faster healing rate with karanj oil. SESAME OIL: Sesame oil is rich source of Vit. E. phytoestrogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vit.B6. Vit.E is anti-oxidants in nature which relives stress and slows the ageing process. Also relieves symptoms associated with PMS. High polyunsaturated fatty acids in sesame, reduce cholesterol levels and blood pressure significantly. It has antispasmodic properties, which make its role here for abdomen pain and backache, redusing pelvic congestion. Hence it prevents fixed retroversion of the uterus. Also it nourishes the sacral plexus and gives relief
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 43 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 from low back pain, which is the commonest clinical feature in middle aged women. It prevents degenerative changes in lumbar region. METHODS : 1) Selection criteria of patients : patients of above symptom, who were attended OPD & IPD in our hospital were entrolled for study as per selection crieteria which is subsequently described. Total 3 female patients of age 20 to 45 years were slected for study. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA : 1. Age between 20 to 70 years 2. Sex : Female 3. Married females of age 20 to 45 years with following complaints were selected for the study. a) Vaginitis b) Vaginal candidiasis c) Vaginal trichomoniasis d) Mild cervicitis and related symptoms e) Pain in lower abdomen f) Low backache EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA : 1. Patient with known active infections like TORCH, VDRL, Syphilis, HIV, HBsAg. Tuberculosis etc. 2. Pap smears of patients above the age 35 years were taken and patients with dysplasia of even mild degree were rejected. 3. Patients with major systemic disease like HTN, DM, Hypo/ Hyperthyroidism, Asthma etc. 4. Severe cervical erosions 5. Endometrial polyp ASSESSMENT 1. Subjective criteria for assessment a. White discharge : Grade Features 0 No discharge + Mild stain on cloth & not visible ++ Moderate stain on cloth & visible +++ Visible stain on cloth & Vulva
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b. Vaginitis Grade Features 0 Absent + Mild irritation or itching ++ Moderate irritation or itching; not affect daily routine +++ Continuous sever itching / irritation & affect daily routine c. Backache Grade Features 0 No pain + Mild back pain during bending forward ++ Moderate pain during bending but not affect daily routine +++ Severe pain still standing & affect daily routine d. Pain in abdomen Grade Features 0 No pain + Mild pain ; analgesia not required ; minimal interference ++ Moderate pain ; analgesics required, moderate interference with daily activity; & last for more than 72 hrs +++ Severe pain ; analgesics required; pain confines patient to bed & causes severe interference with daily acitivities
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF RESULT : On the basis of observations and with the did of stastical interferences result obtained will be interpreted. 1. Uttam upashaya : (76% to 100%) √Complete relief in subjective sign & symptoms. 2. Madhyam upashaya (51% to 75%) √Relief in subjective signs and symptoms 3. Alpa upashaya (26 % to 50%) √Relief in subjective sign and symptoms without any changes 4. Anupashaya (0% to 25%) √No relief in subjective signs and symptoms.
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OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT Student ‘t’ test were applied for analysis of actual quantitative data for after treatment given and 6 months continuous treatment for recurrence reported cases. 1. White discharge Grade No. of PTS No. of PTS Rec. reported before T/T after T/T/ at 6th months 3 4 0 0 2 22 1 11 1 4 11 7 0 0 18 22 Total 30 30 30 t 29 = 15.20, P<0.001 2. Vaginitis Grade No. of PTS No. of PTS Rec. reported before T/T after T/T/ at 6th months 3 4 0 0 2 7 1 1 1 9 8 5 0 12 21 24 Total 30 30 30 t 29 = 8.92, P<0.001 3. Backache Grade No. of PTS No. of PTS Rec. reported before T/T after T/T/ at 6th months 3 5 0 2 2 10 4 8 1 7 4 7 0 8 22 13 Total 30 30 30 t 29 = 3.91, P<0.001
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4. Pain in abdomen Grade No. of PTS No. of PTS Rec. reported before T/T after T/T/ at 6th months 3 3 0 0 2 8 3 2 1 11 8 7 0 8 19 21 Total 30 30 30 t 29 = 7.33, P<0.001 DISCUSSION : 1) Upashay Anupshaya in white discharge p/v : After completion of treatment there are our of 30 patients, 18 patients shown uttam upshay (No discharge), means 60% patients were relived the symptoms 11 patients shown madhyam upshay (mild stains) means 40% patients are relived symptoms & only one patient shown alpa upashaya where as recurrence reported after six month shown that 22 patients were uttam upashaya i.e. 73% patients are completely relived & only 8 patient shown madhyam & alpa upashay means between 25 to 75% relief. 2) Upashay & anupshaya in vaginitis : After completion of treatment there are out of 18 patient; 9 patients shown uttam upashaya (absent) means 50% patients were relived the signs & symptoms. Madhyam upashaya (mild irritation) were 8 patient i.e. 45% patients are relieved symptoms upto 75% & only one patient were alpa upashaya (moderate irritation) in recurrence reported case after 6 month later there are 24 patient are completely relived & 5 patients had mild irritation & only one had moderate irration. 3) Upshaya & anupshaya in Backache : After completion of treatment there are out of 22 patients, 14 patients shown uttam upshaya (no pain) means 64% patients were relived the signs 04 patients were madhyam upashaya (mild pain) & 4 patients were alpa upashaya (Moderate pain). In recurrence reported cases 13 patients shown complete absent of backache & 15 patients shown madhyam & alpa upashaya but only 2 patients shown Anupashaya. 4) Upshaya & anupshaya in pain in abdomen : After completion of treatment there are out of 22 patients, 11 patients shown uttam upshaya (No pain in Abdomen) means 50% patients were relived the symptoms. 8 patients shown madhyam upashaya (mild pain in Abdomen) means 37% patients pain was partially relived & 3 patients shown alpa upashaya (moderate pain). In recurrence reported after 6 months were 21 patients had no pain Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 47 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 abdomen, 7 patients had mild pain & only 2 patients had moderate pain. Hence karanj Taila Yoni pichu & Triphala kwath yonidhavan are effective in the management of reproductive tract infection frequency CONCLUSION : After conducting clinical study the efficacy of Karanj Tail Yonipichu & Triphala Kwath Yonidhavan in management of reproductive tract infection frequency, a conclusion can be laid down as follows. Karaj Taila has shown significant role in skin diseases so as it was noted that cervical erosions had faster healing rate with karaj tail that will couse reliefing symptoms of vaginitis & white discharge which were mostly occurs in R.T.I. frequency, it reduces the bacterial growth with its effective active ingredient. Sesame oil was also used in preparation of karaj tail which has rich source of Vit E & Vit. B6. Vit E is anti-oxidant which relives stress also relieves symptoms associated with PMS. It has antispasmodic properties which reduces the pain in Abdomen & lower backache & reducing pelvic congestion. It also nourishes the sacral plexus & gives relief from low backache. It prevents degenerative changes in lumbar region. Where as triphala yoni dhavan has good bactericidal properties & also maintain the vaginal pH for reducing vaginal infection & anti- inflamatory property fasten healing process so results in recovery cervical erosions. During study period no any adverse effect or complication was not noted in patients. Treatment was well tolerated by all patients from study it can be concluded that karanj Tail Yoni pichu & Triphala kwath Yoni- dhavan is effective in the management of R.T.I. in frequency. REFERENCE : 1. Premawati Tiwari, Ayurveda prasuti tantra evam striroga, Part 2 striroga chaukhamba orientalis Varanasi, 3rd edition 2007. 2. Brahmanand Tripathi, Charak Samhita (Hindi translation) chikitsasthana Vol-2, Chukhambha Surabharathi Prakashan, Varanashi 3. Charak Samhita, Aacharya Priyavrat Sharm Chaukhamba prakash, Sanskrit Pratishtan 4. D.C. Dutta’s textbook of Gynaecology 6th edition, chapter 13, Dysmenorrhea & other disorders of menstrual cycle Page-171 5. Vaidya Lakshmipathi shastri, Yograthakara with Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chaukhamba Prakashan, Edition, 2006. 6. Acharya Vagbhat ‘Ashtanghriday’ with Sarvangsundari and Ayurvedrasayana commentary Nirnaysagar press, Bombay 1939
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 48 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 Biju: A victim of Globalization in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss
Mr. Bhendekar Vithal Digamber
Ph.D. Research Scholar, S.L.L.C.S.S.R.T.M.University, Nanded,, Maharashtra ABSTRACT: Indian Diaspora has become now one of the largely acquainted literary discourses among the other academic studies across the world. It has attained a greatly interested subject of study in post colonial studies. Indians migrated in the various developed countries during the British rule for variety of purposes and formed there Colonial Diaspora. Indian immigrants migrated to other countries after the globalization at large quantity. Globalization is said to be the prominent reason in mass movement of Indian immigrant to alien land but consequently it has shattered the dreams of various people with depriving of the basic human rights to them, racial discrimination, bitter experiences, and insecurity of jobs along with strict immigration norms in host land. Kiran Desai through the present novel has focused on the impact of globalization led immigration on the characters both in home land and host land. Biju is one of the main characters and Indian undocumented immigrant in the novel who is victimized by the so called globalized western culture with letting him of nowhere man in host land and home land after return. KEYWORDS : Globalization, immigration, Multiculturalism, displacement, alienation, homelessness etc. INTRODUCTION: Bharati Mukherjee is a contemporary American Writer of Indian origin and the first generation writer who portrays the real picture of diaspora experiences through the characters in her novels. She writes about the concerns and experiences of the immigrants faced in new land abroad. She mainly portrays the issues of woman immigrants in her literary corpus especially in the ‘Wife’ and ‘Jasmine’ novels. The select novel also explains the plight of young woman, endeavored to be an ideal wife and finally being fall prey to the sufferings in host land resulting killing her husband at the end. Through the novel, Mukherjee makes an attempt to expose the trauma and pains, question of identity, cultural shock after migrating to host land. The Inheritance of loss describes multi-folded story of immigration with having its setting in of two different geographic locations. The story and the action of the novel shift from India to America and backward. It primarily painted the picture of contemporary immigrants’ life during the dawn of globalization, liberalization and multiculturalism environment across the world especially in Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 49 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 the western parts. Globalization is said to be the phase of development. Globalization leads to the mass movement of people from different countries to developed countries like America and such instance can be seen in the form of movement of Jemu and Biju for the sake of higher education and betterment of life respectively. Desai through the characters depicts the problems faced by the Indian immigrants and intensely reveals the victim condition of the one of the main characters, Biju amid the globalized and liberalized culture in host land after the migration. The novel comprises of various characters such as Jemubhai Patel, Biju, Sai, Gyan, the Cook, Noni and Lola etc. But the study of the present paper is limited only to the Biju, an illegal immigrant who is attracted by the western culture and soon migrates to western countries for the sake of better living and social status. The story of the The Inheritance of Loss revolves around the Biju, a son of the Cook and an undocumented immigrant in America. The paper explores the impact and consequences of colonialism and globalization on Biju after his migration to America. Diaspora is the result of post colonialism and globalization in which plenty of mass movement has been occurred across the world. The unfulfilled wish of Cook to go abroad passed on to his son Biju by him. His father tries a lot to send his son abroad through the recruitment agent at the first time but he cheats them eventually. After the first attempt of sending Biju abroad went in vein he tries for the tourist visa process at the US embassy. He gets the visa subsequently which is limited for only fifteen days stay from the date of issue. Immigrants are humiliated at every point of the immigration. Though the visa last only for the fifteen days, Biju stays illegally almost three years in America. After the arrival in America he gets the job at bakery and he writes a letter to his father noting as, “I have a new job in bakery and the boss leaves us in complete charge”(83) However the Biju’s condition was different, as he was feeling alienation and isolated being an illegal immigrant. He immensely faces the problems of basic amenities that one requires like shelter and medicine in America. But his father unawares of this flux of Biju being miserable, helpless, homeless, uprooted, alienated and without fellow co- existence in dream land. The protagonist of the novel also possesses the dream of materialistic world and his attraction of west culture and subsequently leads to be the victim of globalized culture with being caught in between the two cultures. Biju throughout his journey in America bears and faces the pain and misery as an illegal immigrant, as his dream of distinguished and respectful life is converted into the journey of traumatic experiences. He changes his jobs often as a part of fear of having no legal document with him and as a result of his changing works he feels alienate hopeless ad helpless. As an illegal immigrant, he always lives his life with limitations. Owners of restaurants used to harass the undocumented immigrants with paying low and if there is the round of authorities of US Immigration department, then they are said to leave the job by owners. Amid this traumatic situation
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Biju realizes the important of legal immigrants. He never reports his father about his actual life full of problems without having shelter, medicine and kindness and hides his traumatic life writing as: Respected Pitaji, no need to worry.Everything is fine. The manager has offered me a full-time waiter position. Uniform and food will be given by them. Angrezi khana only,no Indian food, and the owner is not from India. He is from America itself. (14) As a result of having no immigration documents and its fear of exposure, he prefers to change his jobs hotel to hotel often; French, Mexican, Italian, and Indian. Immigrant especially illegal immigrants become the part of extreme exploitation at the hands of owners of the restaurants along with by the native of America in host land. The picture of Homeless and multicultural environment is also the part of his sufferings. He lives with other immigrants of different nationalities in the basement kitchen of New York. The reality of the shelters of these immigrants is underlined in a shocking way as: Above, the restaurant was French, but below in the kitchen it was Mexican and Indian, and, when a Paki was hired, it was Mexican, Indian, and Pakistani. (21) The immigrants across the world faces the humiliation because native people of host lad always hates them with ill treating based on their color, class and race. Globalization leads to the existence of various issues like identity crisis, rootless, cultural clashes, humiliation, and homelessness. Developed regions are the matter of attraction for the underdeveloped country people. Biju is the one who falls prey to this monster of globalization and stuck between two cultures and worlds. He faces humiliation not only by the Native Americans but by the Indian origin communities too. Nandu, his father’s friend who lives in the America working in transport also does not help Biju. He seeks Nandu’s help as a countryman but he shows his inhumane behavior with him as: Nandu had also not answered the phone and had tried to hide when Biju arrived on his doorstep, and then when he thought Biju had left, had opened the door ad to his distress found Biju still standing there two hours later.(98) Kiran Desai through her present novel aptly delineates the impact of globalization and liberalization on Indian psyche with detailed picture of suffering and concerns of legal and illegal immigrants in the host land. Biju in the novel suffers from alienation, homelessness, humiliation, dislocation and relocation along with nostalgic feeling resulting to return to India and on his return he could not get the feeling of belongingness to his own land because of the robbery of his baggage. The incidents of growing violence in India also upset him drastically leaving of nowhere man. CONCLUSION : In this way, the present novel depicts the concerns and traumatic experiences of life and struggle of Biju in a view of globalization and liberalization point of view. Kiran Desai through the
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 51 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 present novel has focused on the impact of globalization led immigration on the characters in home land and host land. Biju as an illegal immigrant in America becomes the victim of Globalization which leads to let him of nowhere man in host land and home land after return. To put in simply, the story is an account of the journey of Biju’s sufferings in America. Through the novel, Desai makes an attempt to expose the trauma and sufferings, alienation, homelessness, dislocation humiliation, cultural clash and nostalgia through the character Biju after migrating to host land. REFERENCES: 1. Brah, A. Cartographic of Diaspora: Contesting Idenntities . Routledge. 1996. 2. Desai, Kiran. The Inheritance of Loss . Penguin,2006. 3. Jay, Paul. Global Matters:The Transnational Turn in Literary Studies .Cornell.2010. 4. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. The Post Colonial Critic Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. Routledge. 1990.
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ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö−ÖÖ“Öß ˆ×§ü™êü: 1) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ÃÖÓ‘Ö™ü−Öê“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †³µÖÖÃÖ Öê. 2) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ŸÖŸ¾ÖÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß •ÖÖ Öæ−Ö ‘Öê Öê. 3) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“µÖÖ ±úÖµÖªÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß •ÖÖ Öæ−Ö ‘Öê Öê. 4) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“µÖÖ ŸÖÖê™ü¶ÖÓ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß †³µÖÖÃÖ Öê. ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß“Öê ÃÖÓú»Ö−Ö †Ö× Ö ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖ Ö: ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“ÖÖ †³µÖÖÃÖ ú׸üŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖÓ−ÖÖ ŸµÖÖ“Öß ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖß ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÃÖÖ¬Ö−ÖÖÓ«üÖ¸êü ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ êú»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ »Ö‘Öã¿ÖÖê¬Ö ×−Ö²ÖÓ¬ÖÖÃÖÖšüß ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ÷ÖÏÓ£Ö, ´ÖÖ×ÃÖêú, ÃÖÖ¯ŸÖÖ×Æüú, ‡Ó™ü¸ü−Öê™ü, ¾ÖŸÖÔ´ÖÖ−Ö¯Ö¡Ö µÖÖ ¤ãüµµÖ´Ö ÃÖÖ¬Ö−ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ¾ÖÖ¯Ö¸ü ú¸ü µÖÖŸÖ †Ö»ÖÖ †ÖÆêü. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö †£ÖÔ: ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ´Æü Ö•Öê ´ÖãŒŸÖ †£ÖÔ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ ÆüÖêµÖ. ×−ÖµÖÓ¡ÖßŸÖ †£ÖÔ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖêú›æü−Ö ´ÖãŒŸÖ †£ÖÔ ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖú›êü ¾ÖÖ™ü“ÖÖ»Ö ú¸ü Öê. ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖᯙ †ÖÙ£Öú ¾µÖ¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü †Ö× Ö ¬ÖÖê¸ü Ö µÖÖÓÓ“µÖÖ¾Ö¸üᯙ ¿ÖÖÃÖ−ÖÖ“Öê †ÃÖ»Öê»Öê ×−ÖµÖÓ¡Ö Ö ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê. †ÖÙ£Öú Öê¡ÖÖŸÖᯙ ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü−Ö, ×¾ÖŸÖ¸ü Ö, ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üß ²ÖÖ²ÖŸÖßŸÖ ´ÖãŒŸÖ¯Ö Öê þ֟ÖÓ¡Ö¯Ö Öê úÖ´Ö ú¸ü µÖÖ“Öß µÖÖŸÖ ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ−Ö÷Öß ¤êü µÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê. ˆ¤üÖ. ¯Ö¸ü¾ÖÖ−ÖÖ ¯Ö¬¤üŸÖ ¸ü§ü ú¹ý−Ö Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 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Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 54 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖê“Öê ŸÖŸ¾Ö : 1) ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬Ö Öê¡ÖÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ¿ÖÖÃÖ−ÖÖú›æü−Ö ×¤ü»µÖÖ •ÖÖ ÖÖ·µÖÖ †−Öã¤üÖ−ÖÖÓ“Öê ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ Ö ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê ´Æü Ö•Öê“Ö †−Öã¤üÖ−ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ´ÖÖêšü¶Ö ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ´ÖµÖÖÔ¤üÖ µÖêŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. 2) †ÖµÖÖŸÖ-×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖ ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ÃÖÖê¯Öß ú¸ü µÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖê. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö ¯Ö¸ü¤êü¿Öß ŸÖÓ¡Ö–ÖÖ−ÖÖ«üÖ¸êü ¤êü¿Öß ˆªÖê÷Ö¬ÖÓªÖÓ“ÖÖ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖ ¾ÆüÖ¾ÖÖ µÖÖÃÖÖšüß ¯Ö¸ü¤êü¿Öß ŸÖÓ¡Ö–ÖÖ−ÖÖ“µÖÖ †ÖµÖÖŸÖß“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ÃÖÖê¯Öß ú¸ü Öê. 3) †ÖµÖÖŸÖß¾Ö¸üᯙ ú¸ü ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê †Ö× Ö ×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖßÃÖÖšüß ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖ ÖÖ¸êü †−Öã¤üÖ−Ö ¸ü§ü ú¸ü Öê. †ÖµÖÖŸÖ¤üÖ¸ü-×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖ¤üÖ¸üÖ−ÖÖ †ÖµÖÖŸÖß-×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖß×¾ÖÂÖµÖß ¯Öã ÖÔ Ã¾ÖÖŸÖÓ¡µÖ ¤êü Öê. 4) ¤êü¿ÖÖÓŸÖ÷ÖÔŸÖ ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü¯Öêšüü ²ÖÆãü¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ Óú¯Ö−µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ Ã¯Ö¬ÖìÃÖÖšüß ´ÖãŒŸÖ ú¸ü Öê. µÖÖ ¬ÖÖê¸ü ÖÖŸÖ ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üÖ´Ö¬µÖê ï֬ÖÖÔ ¾ÖÖœüßÃÖ »ÖÖ÷ÖŸÖê. 5) ˆªÖê÷Ö Öê¡ÖÖ´Ö¬Öᯙ ÃÖ¸üúÖ¸üß ÆüßÖÖê¯Ö ×−ÖµÖÓ¡Ö Öê ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê. ˆªÖê÷ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ×¾ÖßÖÖ¸ü, ÷ÖãÓŸÖ¾Ö Öæúß“Öß ´ÖµÖÖÔ¤üÖ µÖÖ×¾ÖÂÖµÖß ÃÖ¸üúÖ¸üß ¯ÖÏןֲÖÓ¬Ö −ÖÃÖ Öê. −Ö×¾Ö−Ö ˆªÖê÷Ö×−ÖÙ´ÖŸÖß“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ÃÖ¸üôû †Ö× Ö ÃÖÖê¯Öß ú¸ü Öê. 6) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ´Öãôêû ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü¯Öêšü †Ö× Ö ÖÖ•Ö÷Öß ³ÖÖÓ›ü¾Ö»ÖÖ»ÖÖ ´ÖÆüŸ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. ¸üÖ•µÖÖÓ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü“Ö ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü¿ÖŒŸÖß¾Ö¸ü †ÖÙ£Öú ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ“Öß •Ö²ÖÖ²Ö¤üÖ¸üß µÖêŸÖê. ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸üÖŸÖᯙ ŸÖŸ¾Öê Øú´ÖŸÖß−ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü šü¸üŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“Öê ±úÖµÖ¤êü : 1) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖŸÖ †£ÖÔ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖê¾Ö¸üᯙ ²ÖÖÊ ×−ÖµÖÓ¡Ö Öê ¤æü¸ü êú»Öß •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸÖÃÖê“Ö µÖÖ ¬ÖÖê¸ü ÖÖŸÖ ¯ÖÖ¸ü¤ü¿ÖÔúŸÖÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ´ÖÖ¡Ö µÖÖ ¬ÖÖê¸ü ÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖᯙ ÃÖ¾ÖÔ“Ö ˆªÖê÷Ö ²ÖÆãü¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ Óú¯Ö−µÖÖ †Ö× Ö ¤êü¿ÖÖÓŸÖ÷ÖÔŸÖ ÖÖ•Ö÷Öß ¯ÖÏןÖšüÖ−ÖÖú›êü ¤êü µÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. úÖÆüß ´ÖÖêšü¶Ö ˆªÖê÷Ö¬ÖªÖÓ−ÖÖ ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×−Öú Öê¡ÖÖŸÖ“Ö šêü¾Ö»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê. 2) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ×Æü †ÖÙ£Öú ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖÃÖ “ÖÖ»Ö−ÖÖ ¤êü ÖÖ¸üß †ÖÆêü. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖêŸÖ †ÖµÖÖŸÖß¾Ö¸üᯙ ²ÖÓ¬Ö−Öê ׿Ö×£Ö»Ö êú»Öê •ÖÖŸÖÖŸÖ. ¯Ö׸ü ÖÖ´Öß ˆ¢Ö´Ö ŸÖÓ¡Ö–ÖÖ−ÖÖ“µÖÖ †ÖµÖÖŸÖߟÖæ−Ö éúÂÖß †Ö× Ö †ÖîªÖê×÷Öú Öê¡ÖÖÓ“ÖÖ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö»ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖê. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ×Æü ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖßÃÖ ¯ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖÆü−Ö ¤êü ÖÖ¸üß †ÖÆêü. µÖÖ´Öãôêû ×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖê†ÓŸÖ÷ÖÔŸÖ ¸üÖ™ÒüÖÓ−ÖÖ †ÖÙ£Öú ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖÃÖÖšüß †−Öêú ÃÖÓ¸ü“Ö−ÖÖŸ´Öú ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸ü ÖÖ ‘Ö›ü¾Öæ−Ö †Ö ÖÖ¾µÖÖ »ÖÖ÷ÖŸÖÖŸÖ. •ÖÃÖê †−Öã¤üÖ−ÖÖ“Öê ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ Ö ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê, ×¾Ö¢ÖßµÖ ŸÖã™ü ú´Öß ú¸ü Öê ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üà´Öãôêû †ÖÙ£Öú ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ÷ÖŸÖß´ÖÖ−Ö ²Ö−ÖŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. 3) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ×Æü †ÖÓŸÖ¸ü¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ ÃÖÆüúÖµÖÖÔ´Ö¬µÖê ¾ÖÖœü ú¸ü ÖÖ¸üß †ÖÆêü. †ÖÓŸÖ¸ü¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üÖŸÖ ´ÖÖêšü¶Ö ¯ÖÏ´ÖÖ ÖÖŸÖ ¾ÖÖœü ÆüÖêŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. ¸üÖ™ÒüÖÓ´Ö¬Öᯙ †ÖÙ£Öú †Ö× Ö ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üß ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö ÃÖã¬ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ. ¾ÖÖœüŸµÖÖ †ÖÓŸÖ¸ü¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ ÃÖÆüúÖµÖÖÔ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü“Ö ¸üÖ™ÒüÖÓŸÖᯙ ¯Ö¸üïָü ×¾Ö¿¾ÖÖÃÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖÖê. ¸üÖ™ÒüÖ¸üÖ™ÒüÖÓ´Ö¬µÖê ´ÖŸÖ³Öê¤ü ú´Öß ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. 4) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“Öß ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖÖ ¸üÖê•Ö÷ÖÖ¸ü ×−ÖÙ´ÖŸÖßÃÖ †−Öããú»Ö †ÖÆêü. µÖÖŸÖ ˆªÖê÷Ö¬ÖÓªÖÓ“µÖÖ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖÆü−Ö ×¤ü»Öê •ÖÖŸÖê. 5) ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×−Öú Öê¡ÖÖ´Ö¬Öæ−Ö ×−Ö÷ÖãÕŸÖ¾Ö Öæúß“Öê ¬ÖÖê¸ü Ö †Ö× Ö ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ•Ö×−Öú ˆªÖê÷ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÖÖ•Ö÷Ößú¸ü ÖÖ»ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖêŸÃÖÖÆü−Ö ŸµÖÖÃÖÖšüß ÃÖ¸üúÖ¸üß ´ÖÖ»Öúß“µÖÖ ˆªÖê÷ÖÖŸÖᯙ ³ÖÖ÷Ö³ÖÖÓ›ü¾Ö»ÖÖ“Öß ×¾ÖÎúß ÆüÖêŸÖê. 6) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ“µÖÖ ¯ÖÏ×ÎúµÖêŸÖ ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü¯Öêšü †Ö× Ö ÖÖ•Ö÷Öß ³ÖÖÓ›ü¾Ö»ÖÖ»ÖÖ ´ÖÆüŸ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖê. ¸üÖ•µÖÖ²Ö¸üÖê²Ö¸ü ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸ü ¿ÖŒŸÖß¾Ö¸ü †ÖÙ£Öú ×¾ÖúÖÃÖÖ“Öß •Ö²ÖÖ²Ö¤üÖ¸üß µÖê‰ú−Ö ¯Ö›üŸÖê. ²ÖÖ•ÖÖ¸üÖŸÖᯙ ŸÖŸ¾Öê Øú´ÖŸÖß−ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü šü¸üŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖÖŸÖ. 7) •ÖÖ÷ÖןÖú ï֬Öì´Öãôêû ¾ÖßÖãÓ“Öê ÷Öã ÖÖŸ´Öú ´Öæ»µÖ ¾ÖÖœüŸÖê. ‹æú Ö ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü Ö ´Æü Ö•Öê ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü ú¸ü µÖÖÃÖÖšüß úÖµÖªÖ“Öß ²ÖÓ¬Ö−Öê ׿Ö×£Ö»Ö ú¸ü Öê ÆüÖêµÖ. úÖ¸ü Ö µÖÖ´Öãôêû †ÖµÖÖŸÖ ×−ÖµÖÖÔŸÖ ÃÖã»Ö³ÖŸÖê−Öê ÆüÖêŸÖê. ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ´Öãôêû ¤êü¿ÖÖÓŸÖᯙ ÃÖÖ¬Ö−ÖÖÓ«üÖ¸êü ÛþÖúÖ¸ü»Öê»Öê »ÖÖµÖÃÖ−ÃÖ, ×−ÖµÖÓ¡Ö Ö, úÖê™üÖ ‡ŸµÖÖ¤üß ¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸üÖ¾Ö¸üᯙ †›ü£Öôêû ú´Öß ú¸ü µÖÖŸÖ µÖêŸÖÖŸÖ. ŸµÖÖ´Öãôêû ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖᯙ †£ÖÔ¾µÖ¾ÖãÖÖ ÃÖã¸üôûßŸÖ¯Ö Öê úÖµÖÔ ú¸üßŸÖ †ÃÖŸÖê. 8) ˆ¤üÖ¸üßú¸ü ÖÖ´Öãôêû −Ö¾Ö−Ö¾Öß−Ö ¯ÖϵÖÖê÷Ö ÆüÖêŸÖÖŸÖ ¾Ö ŸÖÖÓ¡Ößú –ÖÖ−Ö ¤êü¿ÖÖŸÖ µÖê‰ú ¿ÖúŸÖê.
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Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 56 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा केकेके िश क क क क काय स तुि काकाका तुलना मक अ ययन
शोधकता आन द कुमार शारी रक िश ा िवभाग, वामी िववेकान द सुभारती िव िव ालय, मेरठ। ›üÖò. स दीप कुमार आचाय एवं िवभागा य वामी िववेकान द सुभारती िव िव ालय, मेरठ।
सारसारसार:सार ::: आज के इस वातावरण म मनु य काय स तुि को लेकर ब त क तनाव महसूस करता है अ ययन का उददे य काय स तुि म िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा के िश क के बीच मह वपूण अ तर का पता लगाना था अ ययन हेतु आगरा म डल के िविभ िजले से िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा िवषय के 160 िश क का चयन कया गया िजनम समान प से 80 िश ा और 80 शारी रक िश ा िवषय के िश क एवं िशि का का चयन कया गया है। सभी चयिनत यादश का मू यांकन काय स तुि के िलये कया गया आंकडो के िव ेषण हेतु वणा मक सांि य क एवं उनके म य अ तर ात करने हेतु टी-टै ट का उपयोग कया गया है। तथा साथ कता तर 0.05 िनधा रत कया गया है। एवं यह पाया गया क िश ा िवषय के ातक एवं ातको र तर के िश क क काय संतुि म कोई साथ क अ तर नही है। ले कन शारी रक िश ा िवषय के ातक तर के िश को एवं ातको र तर के िश को के म य काय स तुि म साथ क अ तर है। िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा िवषय के ातक तर के िश क क काय स तुि म साथ क अ तर पाया गया है जब क दोनो िवषय के ातको र तर के िश को क काय स तुि के म य कोई साथ न अ तर नही है। िश ा िवषय के ातक तर के िश क क काय स तुि एवं शारी रक िश ा िवषय के ातको र तर के िश को क काय स तुि म कोई साथ क अ तर नही है जब क िश ा िवषय के ातको र तर के िश क क काय स तुि एवं शारी रक िश ा िवषय के ातक तर के िश क क काय स तुि के म य साथ क अ तर है। जब स पूण आंकडो को एकि त ढंग से देखा जाता है तो िव ेषण यह दशा ता है क अिधकांशतः शारी रक िश ा िवषय के िश क का काय स तुि तर िश ा िवषय के िश क क काय स तुि के तर क तुलना म अ छा है मु यमु यमु य श दः काय स तुि , िश ा िवषय के िश क, शारी रक िवषय के िश क, आगरा म डल। प रचयप रचय:::: िश ा मनु य को अ छा इ सान बनाती है। िश ा म ान, उिचत आचरण और तकनीक द ता, िश ण ओर िव ा ाि आ द समािव ह । जो ि िवशेष को समाज से जोडने म मह वाकां ी भूिमका िनभाती है और समाज क सं कृित क िनरंतरता को बनाए रखती है। िश ा ि क अंत निहत मता और उसके ि तव का
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 57 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
िवकिसत करने वाली या है। यही या उसे समाज म एक वय क क भूिमका िनभाने के िलए समाजीकृत करती है और समाज के सद य और एक िज मेदार नाग रक बनने के िलए ि को आव यक ान और कौशल उपल ध कराती है। येक समाज म शारी रक िश ा का मह व उसका वहार धा मक िवचारधारा , आ थक ि थित और आदश पर िनभ र होता है। ाचीन काल म शारी रक िश ा का उददे् य मांसपेिशय को िवकिसत करके शारी रक शि ा करने तक ही सीिमत था क तु शारी रक िश ा के उददे् य म भी समयानुसार प रवत न होता गया वत मान काल म शारी रक िश ा के काय म के अ तग त ायाम, खेलकूद, मनोरंजन आ द िवषय आते है। भारत वष म भी शारी रक िश ा के सा य ब त पुराने समये से िमलते ह यहां पर ि अपने ब को गु कुल प ित म पढने हेतु भेजते थे एवं वहां उ हे शारी रक िश ा का पूण िश ण दया जाता था। काय स तुि भी िश क क जीवनशैली म एक अहम भूिमका रखता ह ै िजससे िश क क स तोष क भावना एवं उसक उपलि धय क भावना िनभ र करती है। येक िश क अपने काय का मू यांकन कह न कह अपनी काय स तुि से करता है। वह अपने वसाियक मू य को ा करने एवं उनक बुिनयादी ज रत को पूरा करने म सहायक िस होता है। ि क काय स तुि य प से उसके संगठन के ित एक सकारा मक सोच को द शत करता है। काय स तुि के पहलु म काय , पया वरण, वेतन, संगठन क सं कृित तथा आजीिवका क सुर ा इ या द को शािमल कया गया है। ि क काय स तुि उसके संगठन म काय रत अ य कम चा रय क संतुि पर भी िनभ र करती है। चूँ क कसी भी संगठन पर काय करने हेतु सभी ि य का संतु होना आव यक है। काय थल पर मनोवै ािनक संतुि वयं म सवा िधक शोिधत चर म से एक है। इसम ि क काय के ित रवैये को भी सि मिलत कया जाता है। िजसम अ य प क काय शैली तथा मनोवै ािनक एवं शारी रक आव यकता का पूण होना भी एक घटक है। य द एक िश क अपनी सं था म काय स तुि का अनुभव करता है तो वह छा के ित यादा से यादा जाग क होगा तथा सं था हेतु नये-नये अनुसंधान करने हेतु यान भी केि त करेगा। साम ी एवंएवंएवं िविधयांिविधयां:::: तुत शोध अ ययन म सव ण के िव ेषणा मक िविध के चरण का योग कया गया है। शोध हेतु जनसं या के प म शोध कता ारा आगरा म डल म काय रत 180 िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा िश क का चयन कया गया िज हे पुनः 80-80 येक वग के आधार पर चयिनत कया गया है। यादश हेतु आगरा म डल के आगरा, फरोजाबाद, मैनपुरी एवं मथुरा िजलो से यादृि छक िविध से पांच ातक एवं पांच ातको र तर के महािव ालय का चयन कया गया तथा चयिनत महािव ालय म स े येक िजले से यादृि छक िविध ारा िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा के 20-20 िश क का चयन कया गया शोध के उददे य के ित हेतु अनुसार शोधकता ारा िश ा और शारी रक िश ा िश क क काय स तुि को अनुस धान चर माना गया एवं आंकडो को एकि त करने हेतु नसरीन एवं ए0अनीस ारा िन मत िश क काय संतुि ावली का योग कया गया शोध अ ययन म शोध कता ारा शोध आंकड का िव ेषण करने हेतु वणा मक सांि य क एवं उनके म य अ तर ात करने हेतु टी-टै ट का उपयोग कया गया है। तथा साथ कता तर 0.05 िनधा रत कया गया है।
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 58 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
आंकडो काकाका िव ेषण एंवएंवएंव प रणाम तािलका सं या ––– 010101 िश ा ातक िश िश िश क िश क क क औरऔरऔर िश ा ातको र िश क क क क काय स तुि क क क तुलना समूहसमूहसमूह सं या मा यमा यमा य मानक िवचलन टीटीटी- टी --- कोर कोर कोर कोर िश ा ातक िश क 40 157 26.59 0.624 िश ा ातको र िश क 40 153 26.05
साथ कता तर 0.05, डीएफ-78, 1.665 तािलका सं या-01 आगरा म डल म काय रत ातक तर के िश ा एवं ातको र तर के िश ा िश क क काय
स तुि के औसत प रणाम का ितिनिध व करती है जो मशः 157 और 153 है साथ कता तर 0.05 पर उपल ध आंकडो का िव ेषण ातक एवं ातको र तर के िश क के बीच काय स तुि म कोई भी साथ क अ तर नही दशा ता है।
तािलका सं या ––– 020202 शारी रक िश ा ातक िश क औरऔरऔर शारी रक िश ा ातको र िश क क क क काय स तुि क क क तुलना समूहसमूहसमूह सं या मा यमा यमा य मानक िवचलन टीटीटी- टी --- कोर कोर कोर कोर
शारी रक िश ा ातक िश क 40 172 18.41 3.413* शारी रक िश ा ातको र िश क 40 154 27.65 * साथ कता तर 0.05, डीएफ-78, 1.665 तािलका सं या-02 आगरा म डल म काय रत ातक तर के शारी रक िश ा एवं ातको र तर के शारी रक
िश ा िश क क काय स तुि के औसत प रणाम का ितिनिध व करती है जो मशः 172 और 154 है साथ कता तर 0.05 पर उपल ध आंकाडो का िव ेषण ातक तर के शारी रक िश ा एवं ातको र तर के शारी रक िश ा िश क के
बीच काय स तुि म साथ क अ तर दशा ता है य क टी-टै ट का प रणाम 3.413 जो िनधा रत तािलका प रणाम से अिधक
पाया गया।
तािलका सं या ––– 030303 िश ा ातक िश क औरऔरऔर शारी रक िश ा ातक िश क क क क काय स तुि क क क तुलना समूहसमूहसमूह सं या मा यमा यमा य मानक िवचलन टीटीटी- टी --- कोर कोर कोर कोर िश ा ातक िश क 40 157 26.59 3.075* शारी रक िश ा ातक िश क 40 172 18.41 * साथ कता तर 0.05, डीएफ-78, 1.665 तािलका सं या-03 आगरा म डल म काय रत ातक तर के िश ा एवं ातक तर के शारी रक िश ा िश क क
काय स तुि के औसत प रणाम का ितिनिध व करती है जो मशः 157 और 172 है साथ कता तर 0.05 पर उपल ध
आंकडो का िव ेषण ातक तर के िश ा एवं शारी रक िश ा िश क के बीच काय स तुि म साथ क अ तर दशा ता है य क टी-टै ट का प रणाम 3.075 जो िनधा रत तािलका प रणाम से अिधक पाया गया।
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 59 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
तािलका सं या ––– 040404 िश ा ातको र िश क औरऔरऔर शारी रक िश ा ातको र िश क क क क काय स तुि क क क तुलना समूहसमूहसमूह सं या मा यमा यमा य मानक िवचलन टीटीटी- टी --- कोर कोर कोर कोर िश ा ातको र िश क 40 153 26.05 0.245 शारी रक िश ा ातको र िश क 40 154 27.65 साथ कता तर 0.05, डीएफ-78, 1.665
तािलका सं या-04 आगरा म डल म काय रत ातको र तर के िश ा एवं ातको र तर के शारी रक िश ा