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Viewing Angles of Each Source Active Galactic Nuclei: Masses and Dynamics Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Catherine J. Grier Graduate Program in Astronomy The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Bradley M. Peterson, Advisor Professor Richard W. Pogge Professor Paul Martini Copyright by Catherine J. Grier 2013 ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I present the results of work to improve measurements of black hole masses (MBH) and investigate the structure of the broad line region (BLR) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), which are key tracers of galaxy formation and evolution. I address these issues by carrying out high-cadence reverberation mapping experiments on several targets using the telescopes at MDM Observatory on Kitt Peak and by further testing the relationship between MBH and host-galaxy velocity dispersion (σ∗) as a calibrator for the MBH scale. Reverberation mapping can be employed for two specific purposes: 1) Measurement of MBH in AGNs and 2) Determination of BLR dynamics. We obtained improved reverberation measurements of the radius of the BLR and MBH for the object PG 2130+099 and performed a re-analysis of previous data. Reverberation data were also collected at several observatories over a 140-day span in 2010. We obtained high sampling-rate light curves for five objects, from which we have measured the average radius of the Hβ-emitting region and calculated MBH. Our new measurements substantially improve previous measurements for these objects. We also measure the lag in the He ii λ4686 emission line relative to the optical continuum ii in Mrk 335, which is the first robust lag measurement for a high-ionization line in a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy. We also recovered velocity-resolved reverberation lags for all five AGNs and velocity-delay maps for four. In all four objects, velocity-delay maps show evidence for gravitational infall and in some cases Keplerian motion. These maps constitute a large increase in the number of objects for which we have resolved velocity-delay maps and provide evidence supporting the reliability of reverberation-based MBH measurements. Finally, I discuss the results of an investigation with the Gemini North 8-m telescope to obtain σ∗ measurements in high-mass quasars. I report successful measurements for four objects that improve the quality of two measurements near the high-mass end of the distribution and add two new objects to the sample. We update the entire AGN MBH–σ∗ sample and obtain a new estimate of the virial factor used to calibrate all MBH measurements in AGNs. iii Dedicated to my family, Boyce, Cindy, and Chris Grier, and my boyfriend Thomas Beatty. I could not have done this without all of your love and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I’d like to thank my advisor, Brad Peterson, for all of his help and support. He has provided advice and friendship throughout my entire time here and is truly invested in the success and happiness of his graduate students, for which I am endlessly grateful. I’d also like to thank my committee members Richard Pogge and Paul Martini for their invaluable help with all aspects of running the enormous observing programs that my work entails. I would like to thank my parents for their constant, unwavering support in this endeavor and in all of my endeavors in life. I’d also like to thank my brother Chris, who has been a role model of mine and a good friend for my entire life — he keeps me in line. I would next like to thank my boyfriend, Thomas Beatty, for his love and support during the past few years. He has helped get me through some of the rougher periods, and like my family, he has been a source of unwavering support and strength during my time here. I would also like to thank my roommate, Jill Gerke, for keeping me sane and for being the best roommate I’ve ever had for four years during this process. She v (and the cats) gave me a place to relax and enjoy when I returned from the office, and for that I am eternally grateful. I also thank my various officemates through the years for making work at the office an entertaining and enjoyable experience. The OSU department and the graduate student body as a whole deserves a thanks in this regard, as the people here are all wonderful people and the collaborative, friendly environment they provide is the reason why our program is so good. I extend a special thanks to David Will, our computer tech, for saving me on numerous occasions and making my computing life much easier than I have any right to expect it to be. I thank all of my coauthors and collaborators on the various publications for their contributions to the various projects. I’d also like to thank the various OSU professors throughout the years who have gone out of their way to answer my questions and help out, particularly Todd Thompson, Chris Kochanek, Smita Mathur, and Scott Gaudi. vi VITA 2007 ........................... B.S. Physics & Astronomy, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2007 – 2009 .................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University 2009 – 2012 .................... Head Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2010 ........................... M.S. Astronomy, The Ohio State University 2013 ........................... Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Research Publications 1. Ganguly, R., Misawa, T., Lynch, R., Charlton, J. C., Eracleous, M., Hawthorn, M. J., and Grier, Catherine J., “Quasar Intrinsic Absorption in the HST Archive”, ASP Conference Series, 373, 297, (2007). 2. Wilhite, Brian C., Brunner, R. J., Grier, Catherine J., Schneider, D. P., & vanden Berk, D. E., “On the variability of quasars: a link between the Eddington ratio and optical variability?”, MNRAS, 383, 1232, (2008). 3. Grier, Catherine J., and 16 coauthors, “The Mass of the Black Hole in the Quasar PG2130+099”, ApJ, 688, 837, (2008). 4. Grier, Catherine J., and 10 coauthors, “Investigating the High-Luminosity End of the Active Galaxy MBH–σ∗ Relation”, Co-Evolution of Central Black Holes and Galaxies, IAU Symposium 267, (2009). vii 5. Grier, Catherine J., Mathur, S., Ghosh, H., & Ferrarese, L., “Discovery of Nuclear X-ray Sources in SINGS Galaxies”, ApJ, 731, 60, (2011). 6. Grier, Catherine J., Peterson, B. M., Denney, K. D., Bentz, M.C, & Pogge, R. W., “New Results in Reverberation Mapping”, in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and their Place in the Universe, Proceedings of Science, POS(NLS1), 52, (2011). 7. Assef, R. J., and 32 coauthors, including Grier, Catherine J., “Black Hole Mass Estimates Based on CIV are Consistent with Those Based on the Balmer Lines”, ApJ, 742, 93, (2011). 8. Grier, Catherine J., and 38 coauthors, “A Reverberation Lag for the High-ionization Component of the Broad-line Region in the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Mrk 335”, ApJL, 744, 4, (2012). 9. Assef, R. J., Frank, S., Grier, Catherine J., Kochanek, C. S., Denney, K. D., & Peterson, B. M., “The Importance of Broad Emission-Line Widths in Single Epoch Black Hole Mass Estimates”, ApJ, 753L, 2, (2012). 10. Grier, Catherine J., and 42 coauthors, “Reverberation Mapping Results for Five Seyfert 1 Galaxies”, ApJ, 755, 60, (2012). 11. Dietrich, M., Peterson, B. M., Grier, Catherine J., and 7 coauthors, “Optical Monitoring of the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy 3C 390.3”, ApJ, 757, 53, (2012). 12. Grier, Catherine J., and 40 coauthors, “The Structure of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei: I. Reconstructed Velocity-Delay Maps”, ApJ, 764, 47, (2013). 13. Bentz, M.C., Denney, K. D., Grier, Catherine J., & 14 coauthors, “The Low-Luminosity End of the Radius-Luminosity Relationship for Active Galactic Nuclei”, ApJ, 767, 149, (2013). 14. Somers, G., Mathur, S., Martini, P., Watson, L. C., Grier, Catherine J., & Ferrarese, L., “Discovery of a Large Population of Ultraluminous X-ray Sources in the Bulge-less Galaxies NGC 337 and ESO 501-23”, ApJ, submitted, (2013). 15. Grier, Catherine J., and 9 coauthors, “Stellar Velocity Dispersion Mea- surements in High-Luminosity Quasar Hosts and Implications for the AGN Black Hole Mass Scale”, ApJ, 772, 2, (2013). viii FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Astronomy ix Table of Contents Abstract ...................................... ii Dedication ..................................... iv Acknowledgments ................................ v Vita ......................................... vii List of Tables ................................... xiv List of Figures .................................. xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................ 1 1.1 Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies . .. 1 1.2 ActiveGalacticNuclei .......................... 2 1.3 ReverberationMapping. .. .. 5 1.4 Velocity-Resolved Reverberation Mapping . .... 7 1.5 The AGN MBH–σ∗ Relation ....................... 8 1.6 ScopeofthisDissertation . .. .. 11 Chapter 2 The Mass of the Black Hole in the Quasar PG 2130+099 14 2.1 Background ................................ 14 2.2 ObservationsandDataAnalysis . 15 x 2.2.1 Observations ........................... 15 2.2.2 LightCurves ........................... 16 2.3 TimeSeriesAnalysis ........................... 18 2.3.1 Time delay measurements . 18 2.3.2 Line width measurement and mass calculations . 21 2.4 Discussion................................. 22 Chapter 3 Reverberation Mapping Results for Five Seyfert 1 Galaxies 38 3.1 Background ................................ 38 3.2 Observations................................ 39 3.2.1 Spectroscopy ..........................
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