The West Indian Parrots
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History of Species Reviewed Under Resolution Conf
AC17 Inf. 3 (English only/ Solamente en inglés/ Seulement en anglais) HISTORY OF SPECIES REVIEWED UNDER RESOLUTION CONF. 8.9 (Rev.) PART 1: AVES Species Survival Network 2100 L Street NW Washington, DC 20037 July 2001 AC17 Inf. 3 – p. 1 SIGNIFICANT TRADE REVIEW: PHASE 1 NR = none reported Agapornis canus: Madagascar Madagascar established an annual export quota of 3,500 in 1993, pending the results of a survey of the species in the wild (CITES Notification No. 744). Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Quota 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3200 Exports 4614 5495 5270 3500 6200 • Export quota exceeded in 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1998. From 1994 - 1998, export quota exceeded by a total of 7,579 specimens. • Field project completed in 2000: R. J. Dowsett. Le statut des Perroquets vasa et noir Coracopsis vasa et C. nigra et de l’Inséparable à tête grise Agapornis canus à Madagascar. IUCN. Agapornis fischeri: Tanzania Trade suspended in April 1993 (CITES Notification No. 737). Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Quota NR NR NR NR NR NR Exports 300 0 0 2 0 • Field project completed in 1995: Moyer, D. The Status of Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri in the United Republic of Tanzania. IUCN. • Agapornis fischeri is classified a Lower Risk/Near Threatened by the IUCN. Amazona aestiva: Argentina 1992 status survey underway. Moratorium on exports 1996 preliminary survey results received quota of 600. Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Chick Quota 1036 2480 3150 Juvenile Quota 624 820 1050 Total Quota NR 600 NR 1000 Exports 19 24 130 188 765 AC17 Inf. -
Vocal Learning in Grey Parrots (Psittacus Erithacus): Effects of Social Interaction, Reference, and Context
The Auk 111(2):300-313, 1994 VOCAL LEARNING IN GREY PARROTS (PSITTACUS ERITHACUS): EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION, REFERENCE, AND CONTEXT IRENE M. PEPPERBERG Departmentof Ecologyand EvolutionaryBiology, University of Arizona, Tucson,Arizona 85721, USA ABSTR•cr.--Formany passerines,the extent,timing, and even presenceof allospecificvocal learning can be influencedby the form of input that is received.Little data exist,however, on vocal learning in parrots (Psittacidae). I have previously proposed that such vocallearning proceeds most readily when input is (1) referential,(2) contextuallyapplicable, and (3) interactive.The referentialaspect demonstrates the meaningof the codeto be taught, the contextualaspect demonstrates the use that can be made of the information contained in the code, and the interactive aspectprovides explicit training that is constantlyadjusted to the level of the learner. To obtain information on the relative importanceof thesethree aspectsof input on learning in a mimetic species,I used three different conditionsto train two juvenile Grey Parrots(Psittacus erithacus) to produceEnglish labelsto identify various commonobjects. Each bird experienced:(1) audiotapedtutoring, which was nonreferential, noninteractive,and did not demonstratecontextual applicability; (2) videotapes,which pro- vided reference and limited information about context, but which were noninteractive; and (3) live human tutors, who interactivelymodeled the meaning and use of the labelsto be learned.The birdslearned only from the live tutors.A third parrot,trained on a separateset of labelsby tutorswho provided only limited referenceand contextfor thosevocalizations, learnedto producethat setof labelswithout comprehension.The data suggestthat, even for birds known for their mimetic abilities, social interaction, reference, and full contextual experienceare important factorsin learning to produceand comprehendan allospecificcode. Received22 April 1993,accepted 10 October1993. -
Object Permanence in Four Species of Psittacine Birds: an African Grey
AnimalLearning & Behavior 1990, 18 (1), 97-108 Object permanence in four species of psittacine birds: An African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), an Illiger mini macaw (Ara maracana), a parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus), and a cockatiel tNymphicus hollandicus) IRENE M. PEPPERBERG and MILDRED S. FUNK Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Four psittacids-an African Grey parrot, an Illiger macaw, a cockatiel, and a parakeet-were tested on object-permanence tasks that are commonly used to assess levels of understanding in human infants during their first 2 years. These birds showed Stage 6 competence, demonstrat ing that object permanence is not limited to mammals. The results for these birds were compar able to those of an African Grey parrot that·had been trained in interspecies communication prior to object-permanence testing. Our findings thus suggest that although language-like behavior provides a communication channel that facilitates testing, such language training is unlikely to affect the outcome of the tests. Object pennanence-the notion that objects are separate biana, Kamil & Balda, 1985; Vander Wall, 1982; entities that continue to exist when out of sight of the European jays, Garrulus glandarius, Bossema, 1979; observer-would seem to be one of the more important jackdaws, Corvus monedula, Etienne, 1976-1977; cognitive concepts, and thus an appropriate topic for com Lorenz, 1970; marsh tits, Parus palustris, Sherry, 1982; parative study. Object permanence was nevertheless Shettleworth & Krebs, 1982; chickadees, Parus largely ignored during almost a century of comparative atricapillus, Sherry, 1984; Shettleworth & Krebs, 1986) research (note Burghardt, 1984; Macphail, 1987), pos provide evidence for behaviors such as recovery of cached sibly because it was considered both innate and unitary-a food or cavity nesting that would appear to require a con concept so basic that researchers could not imagine how cept of object permanence. -
Phylogeography of the Military Macaw (Ara Militaris) and the Great Green Macaw (A
The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127(4):661–669, 2015 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MILITARY MACAW (ARA MILITARIS) AND THE GREAT GREEN MACAW (A. AMBIGUUS) BASED ON MTDNA SEQUENCE DATA JESSICA R. EBERHARD,1,5 EDUARDO E. IÑIGO-ELIAS,2 ERNESTO ENKERLIN-HOEFLICH,3 AND E. PAÙL CUN4 ABSTRACT.—The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) and the Great Green Macaw (A. ambiguus) are species whose close relationship is reflected in their morphological similarity as well as their geographic ranges. Military Macaws have a disjunct distribution, found in Mexico as well as several areas in South America, while Great Green Macaws have two or more disjunct populations from Honduras to eastern Ecuador. We used mitochondrial sequence data to examine the phylogenetic relationships between these two species, and also among representative samples across their ranges. Our data clearly support recognition of the two species as being distinct evolutionary lineages, and while we found significant phylogeographic structure within A. militaris (between samples collected in eastern and western Mexico), we did not find any evidence of lineage divergence between A. ambiguus from Costa Rica and Ecuador. Received 12 December 2014. Accepted 30 May 2015. Key words: disjunct distribution, Great Green Macaw, Military Macaw, phylogeny, phylogeography. The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) and the South America, primarily east of the Andes from Great Green Macaw (A. ambiguus), sometimes northwestern Colombia and northwestern Vene- named Buffon’s Macaw, are both large macaws zuela to north-western Argentina (Ridgway 1916; that are closely related and possibly conspecific Chapman 1917; Alvarez del Toro 1980; Ridgely (Fjeldså et al. 1987, Collar et al. -
A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus Hyacinthinus) Pair
The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 2 2020 A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair Pamela Mulkay University of Central Florida Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Undergraduate Research at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Mulkay, Pamela (2020) "A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair," The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ): Vol. 12 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj/vol12/iss1/2 Mulkay: A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw Published 9-17 Vol. 12.1: April 8, 2020 THE PEGASUS REVIEW: UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair By: Pamela Mulkay Faculty Mentor: Frank Logiudice UCF Department of Biology ABSTRACT: This study observes the courtship behaviors of an Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus pair in the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens in Sanford, Florida. A. hyacinthinus reproductive behaviors occur in four steps in the following order: Allopreening, Cloacal allopreening, Back to Back Copulation Position and finally, Copulation (Schneider 2006). Behavioral observations were taken twice a week for an average of 2 to 3 hours each day for ten weeks. The resulting data was analyzed based on the different actions, types of movement, and types of maintenance observed of the A. -
Scarlet Macaw Ara Macao
Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Characteristics: Named for their bright red plumage, scarlet macaws also have green and blue primary and flight feathers. They have bare white skin between their beak and their eye. Typical of parrots, they use their feet to climb, grip and also as a “hand” for feeding and grasping (Blank Park Zoo). Behavior: Very social, “talkative” birds which live in flocks of up to 30 birds. They are fast flyers with great maneuverability. Vocalization is important for group communication (Sedgewick County Zoo). Reproduction: Similar to other macaws, the female lays 2 to 4 eggs on a nest cavity. The chicks hatch following a 24 to 26 day incubation period. When the chicks Range & Habitat: hatch, they are blind and featherless. They fledge the nest around 3.5 months old. Rainforests, forests bordering rivers, wooded grasslands Diet: Wild: Fruits, vegetable matter and nuts. Often found at clay licks around exposed river banks eating soil which may provide them with nutrients and minerals lacking in their diet and neutralize acid in their system. Zoo: Parrot pellets, seeds, apples, carrots, greens, oranges Conservation: Like other parrots, scarlet macaws also are suffering a decline due to Lifespan: up to 60 years in habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. While only one out of many birds captivity and in the wild. smuggled into the pet trade will survive, the smugglers think the payoff is worth the loss. A single macaw sold on the black market may be worth Special Adaptations: Can eat fruit thousands of dollars (Rainforest Alliance). -
Scarlet Macaw Receives Endangered Species Act Protections
February 25, 2019 Contact: Christina Meister, 703-358-2284, [email protected] Scarlet Macaw Receives Endangered Species Act Protections Northern Subspecies Listed as Endangered – Certain Southern Subspecies and Subspecies Crosses Listed as Threatened Today, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service finalized Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing determinations for scarlet macaw. The Service will list the northern subspecies of the parrot (Ara macao cyanoptera) as endangered and the northern distinct population segment (DPS) of the southern subspecies (A. m. macao) as threatened. The southern DPS of the southern subspecies (A. m. macao) and subspecies crosses of the northern and southern subspecies will also be listed as threatened based on similarity of appearance. The Service is also adding the southern subspecies and subspecies crosses of the scarlet macaw to an existing special rule for parrots under section 4(d) of the ESA. This will continue to provide needed protections while allowing for interstate commerce and the import and export of certain captive-bred birds provided the requirements of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Wild Bird Conservation Act are met. Scarlet macaws are brilliantly colored parrots native to Mexico and Central and South America. They have the broadest range of all the macaw species. However, the scarlet macaw’s range in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) has been reduced over the past several decades primarily due to habitat destruction and harvesting the species for the pet trade. The ESA provides numerous benefits to foreign species, primarily by prohibiting activities such as import, export, take, interstate commerce and foreign commerce. -
Habitat Modelling and the Ecology of the Marsh Tit (Poecile Palustris)
HABITAT MODELLING AND THE ECOLOGY OF THE MARSH TIT (POECILE PALUSTRIS) RICHARD K BROUGHTON A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 Bournemouth University in collaboration with the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. 2 ABSTRACT Richard K Broughton Habitat modelling and the ecology of the Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris) Among British birds, a number of woodland specialists have undergone a serious population decline in recent decades, for reasons that are poorly understood. The Marsh Tit is one such species, experiencing a 71% decline in abundance between 1967 and 2009, and a 17% range contraction between 1968 and 1991. The factors driving this decline are uncertain, but hypotheses include a reduction in breeding success and annual survival, increased inter-specific competition, and deteriorating habitat quality. Despite recent work investigating some of these elements, knowledge of the Marsh Tit’s behaviour, landscape ecology and habitat selection remains incomplete, limiting the understanding of the species’ decline. This thesis provides additional key information on the ecology of the Marsh Tit with which to test and review leading hypotheses for the species’ decline. Using novel analytical methods, comprehensive high-resolution models of woodland habitat derived from airborne remote sensing were combined with extensive datasets of Marsh Tit territory and nest-site locations to describe habitat selection in unprecedented detail. -
Sparrow Swap: Testing Management Strategies for House Sparrows and Exploring the Use of Their Eggshells for Monitoring Heavy Metal Pollution
ABSTRACT HARTLEY, SUZANNE MARIE. Sparrow Swap: Testing Management Strategies for House Sparrows and Exploring the Use of their Eggshells for Monitoring Heavy Metal Pollution. (Under the direction of Dr. Caren Cooper). Human movement across the globe, particularly through colonialism throughout the last 500 years, has led to the introduction of species into novel environments where they threaten the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of those novel environments. In the Anthropocene where other threats such as climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction already occur, invasive species are just one more threat facing ecosystems. But what if we can find a way to use an invasive species to help monitor those other threats while at the same time managing them? In the following thesis I explore the strategies by which volunteers manage House Sparrows to minimize their negative impact as an invasive species, but also the potential to use their eggs as indicators of heavy metals in the environment. House Sparrows compete with native birds for nesting spaces. They are also commensal with humans, utilizing buildings as nesting spaces and split grains and forgotten French fries as food sources. In order to 1) find effective management strategies for House Sparrows and 2) evaluate their use as indicators of environmental contaminants, a citizen science project Sparrow Swap was created. Sparrow Swaps takes advantage of the ubiquity of House Sparrows and the expertise of volunteer nestbox monitors to gather data about House Sparrow nesting behaviors and eggs across the United States. In Chapter 1, I address the first research goal of Sparrow Swap by comparing the outcomes of two different strategies by which volunteers manage House Sparrows. -
High Level of Self-Control Ability in a Small Passerine Bird
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (2018) 72: 118 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2529-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE High level of self-control ability in a small passerine bird Emil Isaksson1 & A. Utku Urhan1 & Anders Brodin1 Received: 27 October 2017 /Revised: 8 June 2018 /Accepted: 14 June 2018 /Published online: 26 June 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Cognitively advanced animals are usually assumed to possess better self-control, or ability to decline immediate rewards in favour of delayed ones, than less cognitively advanced animals. It has been claimed that the best predictor of high such ability is absolute brain volume meaning that large-brained animals should perform better than small-brained ones. We tested self-control ability in the great tit, a small passerine. In the common test of this ability, the animal is presented with a transparent cylinder that contains a piece of food. If the animal tries to take the reward through the transparent wall of the cylinder, this is considered an impulsive act and it fails the test. If it moves to an opening and takes the reward this way, it passes the test. The average performance of our great tits was 80%, higher than most animals that have been tested and almost in level with the performance in corvids and apes. This is remarkable considering that the brain volume of a great tit is 3% of that of a raven and 0.1% of that of a chimpanzee. Significance statement The transparent cylinder test is the most common way to test the ability of self-control in animals. -
African Grey Parrots
African Grey Parrots African Grey Parrot Information The African Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus , is a medium-sized parrot native to the primary and secondary rainforests of West and Central Africa. Its mild temperament, clever mind and ability to mimic sounds, including human speech, has made it a highly sought after pet for many centuries. Certain individuals also have a documented ability to understand the meaning of words. African Grey Parrots Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Tribe: Psittacini Genus: Psittacus Species: Psittacus erithacus The African Grey Parrot is the only recognized species of the genus Psittacus. The genus name “Psittacus” is derived from the word ψιττακος (psittakos ) which means parrot in Ancient Greek. There are two recognized subspecies of African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus) : 1. Congo African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus erithacus ) 2. Timneh African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus timneh ) Congo African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus erithacus ), commonly referred to as “CAG” by parrot keepers, is larger than the Timneh African Grey Parrot and normally reaches a length of roughly 33 cm. It is found from the south-eastern Ivory Coast to Western Kenya, Northwest Tanzania, Southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Northern Angola, including the islands of Príncipe and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea. Adult members of this subspecies are light grey with red tails, pale yellow irises, and an all black beak. Pet Congo African Grey Parrots usually learn to speak quite slowly until their second or third year. Timneh African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus timneh ), commonly referred to as “TAG” by parrot keepers, is smaller than the Congo subspecies and is endemic to the to the western parts of the moist Upper Guinea forests and nearby West African savannas from Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone and Southern Mali to at least 70 km east of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire. -
Community Monitoring of the Military Macaw (Ara Militaris) Project Overview and Projection for 2014
Community Monitoring of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) Project Overview and Projection for 2014 By: Jennifer Lowry 1 Table of contents: Overview:……………………………………………………………………………………….....3 Summary:………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Methods:…………………………………………………………………………………………..8 References:……………………………………………………………………………………...…8 Budget:…………………………………………………………………………………………….9 Agenda:…………………………………………………………………………………………..10 2 Continuing the Community Monitoring Program Community: Santa María de los Cocos Focal Species: Ara militaris- Military Macaw – Guacamaya Verde Created by Jennifer Lowry OVERVIEW The Need For Monitoring: Denoted as Appendix 1 of CITES and classified as endangered in Mexico by SEMARNAT in 2002, the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) has only 4 unique but fragmented populations in Mexico (Rivera-Ortíz et al. 2008). These populations consist of 30-90 individuals, however, not much is known about their ecology because of the difficult access to remote breeding and foraging sites; where not much published information is available (Carreón 1997, Loza 1997, Gaucín, 2000, Gómez-Garduño 2004). Limited foraging studies have been completed in Mexico, but suggested that the Military Macaws are specialized grainivores and have a limited but variable diet seasonally (Contreras-González et al. 2009). Limited published information is available on their breeding ecology, but it appears that populations of Military Macaws do not share a synchronized breeding schedule. In the Sótano del Barro area, Gaucín (2000) suggested that pair formation starts November and terminates in February, with the primary nesting period being from May to June. This study lacks fledgling data and only located 7 nests in the Sótano del Barro and 2 nests in Arroyo Hondo, but suggests more nests were present and included Chuveje as a potential nesting site. Nests were formed on cliff sides, though populations on the pacific side of Mexico nested in tree cavities (Forshaw 1977, Carreón 1997, Loza 1997).