- Literature Review:
- Sr. No .1
- Name of the Author : P.G. Koehler and C. L. Tucker
- Name of the Article : Subterranean Termite
- Pages: 7 Nos.
- Date of Published : April 1993 Revised in 2003 University of Florida, IFAS, Extention No. ENY 210
- Journal Name : Entomology and Nematology, Florida Cooperative Service
- Review: Subterranean Termite, Dampwood and Drywood Termite are the main three types of termites . Subterranean Termites are the most destructive and it attacks structures by building tubes from nest to wood structures. They feed on wood which contain cellulose which is digested by them by protozoa and convert cellulose into usable food. The nest in the soil contains moisture to protect them from low humidity and predation and they build mud tunnels or tubes to reach wood. At swarming stage the broken wings are located at light are hence they are attracted to light. No wood contact with soil, ventilation, regular inspection can avoid the entry of termite and for effective control for Subterranean termite, Pre and post treatment methods for new and for existing structures at different stages with repellent and non repellent insecticides as required with the additional control method of using Termite Bait.
- Sr. No . 2
- Name of the Author : Matthew R. Tarver, Christopher B. Florane, Dunhua Zhang, Casey Grimm and Alan R. Lax
- Name of the Article : Methoprene and temperature effects on caste differentiation and protein composition in the Formosan Subterranean termite, Coptotermesfomosanus
- Pages: 10 Nos. - Date of Published : December 2011
- Journal Name : Journal of Insect Science, Vol. 12/ article 18
- Review: Worker to soldier differentiation is modulated by temperature i.e. higher temperature greater number of soldiers in compare to the lower temperature. Due to the Temperature and feedings were correlated with the proteins. Coptotermesfomosanus soldier differentiation is potentially controlled by temperature and multiple proteins temporally are affected by temperature and treatment.
- Sr. No . 3
- Name of the Author : Gary W. Bennett, Extension Entomologist
- Name of the Article : Household & Structural
- Pages: 4 Nos.
- Date of Published : May 2010
- Journal Name : PurdueUniversity Extension E-4-W , 1-888-EXT-INFO
- Review: Termites are social insects with several types of individuals in colony i.e. winged reproductive, workers and soldiers who having mandibles teeth for protecting colony. Workers enter in to structures by mud tubes from nest to collect the food. During construction, to protect the attack from termite, homeowner shall apply all the recommended pre treatments by the professional pest control agency for new by using insecticides with the approved concentration.
- Sr. No . 4
- Name of the Author : V.R. Lewis,Insect Biology, UC Berkeley and Editor: B. Ohlendorf
- Name of the Article : How to Manage Pest: Pest of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets
- Pages: 6 Nos.
- Date of Published : September 2009 - Journal Name : DrywoodTermitesUC ANR Publication 7449
- Review: Drywood termite is secretive insect and its presence and infestation can be determined by fecal pellets coming up from the wooden kickout holes. It can be detect by trained dogs and odor detectors. Spot treatment for infested wooden part and for hidden affected areas and complete infestation whole structure treatment is applied. Fumigation, dust and heat treatment is also recommended for infestation. Non-chemical methods includes replacement of infested wood, use of pressure treated wood and Heat treatment.
- Sr. No . 5
- Name of the Author : Sang-Hee Lee, Tea-Soo Chon
- Name of the Article : Effects of Climate change on Subterranean termite territory size: A simulation study
- Pages: 12 Nos.
- Date of Published : March 2011
- Journal Name : Journal of Insect Science: Vol. II, Article 80
- Review: Climate change strongly affects ecosystem and resilience at the same time it affects community and population dynamics within the ecosystem and further affects behavior at individual level which also includes foraging and breeding performance. There have been numerous behavioral and physiological changes due to temperature increase. Favorable conditions of slight temperature increase in insect pest development. The simulated territory grew in the summer and shrank in the winter. The effect of climate mainly reflects the larges and smaller sized territory as well as foraging territory dynamics of subterranean termite.
- Sr. No . 6
- Name of the Author : SeungwooSim and Sang-Hee Lee
- Name of the Article : Measurement of the time required for a termite to pass through tunnels with different curvatures - Pages: 6 Nos.
- Date of Published : July 2011
- Journal Name : Journal of insect science: Vol. 12 , Article 64
- Review: The subterranean termite excavate complex tunnel networks below the ground for foraging. The tunnels are either curved or meandering. Termite passed smooth and rounded corners faster than sharp corners and curvature. The tunnel network reflects the foraging efficiency and other biological constraints of termite with its efficiency of food encounter rate distribution of food resources. Curvature can be defined as how quickly the slope of a curve is changing about any point along a curve the higher the curvature, the greater the bending.
- Sr. No . 7
- Name of the Author : Sook Jung Ku, Nan-Yao Su and Sang-Hee Lee
- Name of the Article : Measurement of time taken by the Formosan Termite, Coptotermesformosanus, to pass tunnel intersections
- Pages: 7 Nos.
- Date of Published : May 2011
- Journal Name : Journal of insect science: Vol. 12 , Article 23
- Review: During the foraging activity, termite may encounter a considerable number of tunnel intersections. During encounter the intersection, they select wide path for more traveling. They spend some time gathering information for making a decision regarding their moving direction by anntenation. It is directly connected to the termites’ survival because depending on the time, the total traveling time taken by the termites for transferring food resources from the site of food to their nest can vary significantly because of many intersections.
- Sr. No . 8 - Name of the Author : Fabiana Elaine Casarin, Ana Maria Costa-Leonardo and Alberto Arab
- Name of the Article : Soldiers initiate foraging activities in the subterranean termite, Heterotermestenuis
- Pages: 5 Nos.
- Date of Published : January 2008
- Journal Name : Journal of insect science ISSN: 1536-2442, Volume 8, Number 2
- Review: Termite foraging is a social process in which groups of individuals search in organized patterns for new food sources. The soldier of termite is unique among social insects by its morphology and in some species they also play a role as scouts by exploring new food sources. When termite confined in the test chamber added with food source for 24 hours, the soldiers started acting as scouts in most of the replicates. In the field colonies, the minor soldier were initiated foraging behavior the most by recruiting some workers for the food source but when soldiers and workers percentage is equal, both initiated the search for food.
- Sr. No . 9
- Name of the Author : Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa and J. Kenneth Grace
- Name of the Article : Preferences of CoptotermesformosanusShikari and Coptotermesgestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
- Pages: 9 Pages
- Date of Published : November 2011
- Journal Name : Insects 2011, 2, 499-508; doi: 10.3390/insects 2040499
- Review: The Formosan subterranean termite, CoptotermesformosanusShikari, and the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermesgestroi (Wasmann), are both pest of wood in service in Hawaii and Florida. The purpose of the study were to compare feeding rates and wood feeding preferences of these two termite species using a multiple choice test. Comparing wood preferences is useful for selecting building materials for use under conditions of high termite hazard, and to identify wood species requiring preservative treatment before use. The conclusion of the study as feeding rates and wood preferences were slightly different between the two termites.
- Sr. No . 10
- Name of the Author : MA Horwood and RH Eldridge
- Name of the Article : Termite InNew South Wales Part 2. Termite Infestations: Inspection, Detection and Treatment
- Pages: 11 Pages
- Date of Published : March 2005
- Journal Name : Forest resources Research, Number 22 ISSN: 0155-7548
- Review: The Subterranean termite attack originates from a nest by underground foraging galleries they reach timber inside timber or through mud shelter tubes constructed on the concrete surface. The mud tubes and the large number of winged reproductive or swarmer is the sign of termite infestation. Inspection of pest control operators is needed to decide the proper treatment. Eradicate the colony of termite will be first priority and then the insecticide treatment shall apply with repellent and non repellent insecticides to eradication and creating barrier inside and outside. Dust and termite bait treatment shall also apply for effective control of termite. Removal of affected trees around building will be the additional precaution to restrict the entry of termite.
- Sr. No .11
- Name of the Author : Becky Crouse
- Name of the Article : Taking the Terror Out of Termites
- Pages: 4 Nos. - Date of Published : 2002
- Journal Name : Pesticides and You, Vol. 22 No.1 Beyond Pesticides/National Coalition Against the Misuse of pesticides
- Review: Termites are beneficial insects in the nature environment as recycling dead wood into reusable nutrients but it cause an estimated $ 5 billion in structural damage per year. Still there are various methods to prevent this danger for structures. Traditional soil treatment and the pre constructional measures at different stages of constructions for new structures as well as for existing infested structures, elimination of dampness and post treatment measures shall apply. For Dampwood and Drywood termites, removal of infested wood and the moisture from dampwood is the basic step and immediately applying of Non Toxic and Least Toxic insecticides for the infested wooden part shall apply for long term protection. Termites are not the end of the world or your home, but you have to do everything you can to prevent them.
- Sr. No .12
- Name of the Author : Michael F. Potter, Extension Entomologist
- Name of the Article : Protecting Your Home Against Termites
- Pages: 2 Nos.
- Date of Published : Issued Feb 1993 and revised March 2004
- Journal Name : ENTFACT-605, UK Cooperative Extension Service, University of KentuckyCollege of Agriculture, UK
- Review: To protect your home from termite; Eliminate wood contact with the ground, Avoid moisture accumulate near the foundation, Reduce humidity in crawl spaces, Never store wood or paper near foundation or inside the crawl space, use mulch sparingly and Apply proper treatment from professional pest control operator. Preventively treating a home for termites is a reasonable investment. If building is previously treated still it is required to hire regular service agreement to maintain the termite free zone. - Sr. No .13
- Name of the Author : Glenn Dubois, secretary, Australian Pest Controllers Associaiton Inc.
- Name of the Article : Builders vs Termites , Avoiding Liability for Termite Damage
- Pages: 2 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2006-07
- Journal Name : Master Builder Vol. 64
- Review: When the homeowner realize of damage, they are motivated to seek compensation from the builder or pest control company. Many builders view the building code and local council requirements as their only legal responsibility for termite protection but in court, the builder is responsible as he is responsible for installation termite control system. Builder can protect himself from liability by Building project in steel and termite resistant wood, Installing insecticide barriers in wall cavities and critical penetration points and insecticide treatment in soil. Builders shall ensure limitation and post maintenance requirements of termite control system to have protection from the liability. He should insist the post soil treatment after the landscape around building.
- Sr. No .14
- Name of the Author : YahayaMijinyawa, E.B. Lucas and F.O. Adegunloye
- Name of the Article : Termite Mound Clay as Material for Grain Silo Construction
- Pages: 9 Nos.
- Date of Published : July 2007
- Journal Name : Agriculture Engineering Internation: the CIGR E Journal. ManuscriptBC 07 002. Vol. IX.
- Review: Silos are the appropriate structures for bulk storage of grains. For the construction of Silos, use of Termite mound clay was identified as a potential material to eliminate moisture condensation, durable, easy to construct, cheap and readily available to farmers. The treated termite mound clay silo demonstrated great potential for reducing temperature fluctuations and maintaining grain quality in storage. Clay can be defined as a very fine-grained soil of less than 0.1mm in size and which is plastic when moist but hard when fired. It is excellent fire resistant compared to wood.
- Sr. No .15
- Name of the Author : Shankar Ghuge, Pest Control Operator
- Name of the Article : Building Barriers against the Silent Destroyer
- Pages: 2 Nos.
- Date of Published : May 2012
- Journal Name : Clean India Journal
- Review: To protect the Termite attack in building, the Author of this article as a professional pest control operator has suggested the termite control measures. With the help of planning, coordination and proper implementation of termite management procedure i.e. insecticide treatment can create a termite barrier for new buildings. For the existing structures, proper detection of infestation and with the help of post construction treatment, termite infestation can eliminate.
- Sr. No .16
- Name of the Author : DedeHermawan, Yusuf S. Hadi, Esi. Fajriani, Muhamad Y. Massijaya and NurwatiHadjib
- Name of the Article : Resistance of Particleboards Made from Fast-Growing Wood Species to Subterranean Termite Attack
- Pages: 6 Nos.
- Date of Published : May 2012
- Journal Name : Insects 2012, 3, 532-537; doi:10.3390/insects 3020532 - Review: Wood from plantation forest generally contents a lot of juvenile wood which is inferior to mature wood in physical-mechanical properties and durability such as jabon, sungkai, nangium and the mixture of the three species by using the Indonasian standardized laboratory tests. Small diameter logs from fast growing species offer good prospects bio composite products, such a plywood, particle board, fiber board, cement board, glulam, laminated veneer lumber. Use of higher density wood as raw material for particle board resulted in higher resistance to subterranean termites.
- Sr. No .17
- Name of the Author : Brian Forschler
- Name of the Article : Sustainable Termite Management Using an Integrated Pest Management Approach
- Pages: 12 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2011
- Journal Name : CAB International 2011, Urban Pest Management: An Environment Perspective (ed.P.Dhang)
- Review: Integrated Pest Management i.e. Integrated termite Management (ITM) is implementing meaningful and sustainable termite management practice with residual insecticides and correct volume to create continuous and uniform barrier with the knowledge of insect history and behavior. IPM or ITM includes application Termite Baits by monitoring and inspection the termite control activity to ensure structural protection. Termite Bait required knowledge based programme that involves Inspection, Action plan development, action plan implementation and continued inspections.
- Sr. No .18
- Name of the Author : J.K.Grace and J.R. Yates Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI96822USA
- Name of the Article : Termite resistant Constructions and Building Materials - Pages: 8 Nos.
- Date of Published : 1999
- Journal Name : Proceedings of the third international conference on Urban Pests, Wm H. Robinson, F. Rettich and G.W. Rambo (editors)
- Review: Termite resistant constructions includes avoid wood-to-soil contact, avoidance water within the structure, use of termite resistance building materials, Use of steel framing in building, Installation of physical and chemical barrier and bait/monitoring stations , Avoid contact soil with structure, Keeping structural wood dry and moisture free, Installing removable skirting at floor level for inspection purpose, Avoid hollow concrete masonry to protect the entry of termite. Application of repellent and non repellenttermiticides to create a chemical barrier for a longer period of time as well as Bait/monitoring system is also effective for termite resistant structure.
- Sr. No .19
- Name of the Author : Abdel Ghaly and Skai Edwards, Department of Process Engineering and Applied sciences, DalhousieUniversity, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Name of the Article : Termite damage to Buildings: Nature of Attacks and Preventive Construction Methods
- Pages: 12 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2011
- Journal Name : American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences 4(2): 187-200, 2011 ISSN 1941-7020. 2011 Science Publication
- Review: Termites are an essential member of the soil ecosystem by improving soil but they can negatively impact human welfare by causing damage to unprotected cellulose materials, timber structures etc. Termite damages to building due to poor building techniques or structural defects, use of poor constructional materials. Various structure sections and the entry points are showed in article and considering the entry points of termites, creating internal and external barriers can be protected from damage. Brushing, spraying and dipping treatments are advisable for the protection of wood in structure.
- Sr. No .20
- Name of the Author : ParthoDhang
- Name of the Article : A Preliminary Study on Elimination of Colonies of the Mount Building Termite Macrotermesgilvus (Hagen) Using a Chlorfluazuron Termite bait in the Philippines
- Pages: 5 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2011
- Journal Name : Insects 2011, 2, 486-490; doi: 10,3390/insects 2040486
- Review: Termite baiting system is in form of process cellulose powder consisting proprietary cellulose-feeding matrix with the bait toxicant chlorfluazuron is used against termites by distributing the bait toxicant throughout the colony, resulting in population loss and colony elimination. The observation after using bait is the dead termites were bundled together in mass. No live workers were found in the test mound. This study proves that a termite bait using Chlorfluenzuron as an acive ingredient may suppress and possibly eliminate colonies.
- Sr. No .21
- Name of the Author : Nan-Yao Su and Rudolf H. Scheffrahn
- Name of the Article : A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects for integrated pest management programmes
- Pages: 13 Nos.
- Date of Published : 1998
- Journal Name : Integrated Pest Management Reviews 3,1-13 (1998) - Review: Soil insecticide barrier have been the single most important tool for subterranean termite control. There are imitations to current soil termiticides and for the reduction of use of termiticides there is one laternative of Baiting /monitoring programme for effective termite control practice. After the elimination of termites in bait station, monitoring resumes and fresh bait is applied if new termite activity is detected.
- Sr. No .22
- Name of the Author : Derril L. Hume, 1313 E. Coolidge St.Phoenix, Ariz.85014
- Name of the Article : Termite Blocking System
- Pages: 6 Nos.
- Date of Published : March 1992
- Journal Name : U.S. Patent Documents, Patent Number: 5094028
- Review: A termite blocking system includes a non toxic termite repelling, hygroscopic material such as salt into the pathway of subterranean termite as well as it can apply to the under construction activity on the surface of soil to repel termite without pollution. The fact that termites are in intimate contact with the earth, that they ingest soil in their passage through it that they manipulate soil and moisten it with their saliva in constructing above ground tunnels, leads to the innovative termite blocking system.
- Sr. No .23
- Name of the Author : Jeffery et al
- Name of the Article : Rechargeable Termite Barrier for Buildings
- Pages: 10 Nos.
- Date of Published : Nov. 1994
- Journal Name : United State Patent (19) Patent no. 5,359,806 - Review: Pesticide barrier is created for building excavation from the termite and other insect infestation by flexible membrane comprises an assembly of fiber or filaments. This assembly incorporates below or above the structure with the network of connected permeable walled tubes so that as insecticides may be charge or recharge to all parts of the membrane particularly the barrier has been created. This system is useful for uneven surfaces accurately tailored to the activity and number of insects reduces.
- Sr. No .24
- Name of the Author : Albert E. Campbell , Firestone Cir., Charles F. Stevenson
- Name of the Article : System To Exterminate And Control Subterranean Termite And Other Subterranean Pests
- Pages: 9 Nos.
- Date of Published : Jan 1995
- Journal Name : United State Patent, Patent No. 5,378,086
- Review: The insect has low tolerance for temperature extremes i.e. 60* F between 90* F after that either they relocate favorable environment or they die. To avoid application of toxic chemicals for termite control this patented method is introduced by using high or low pressure steam in the form of the latent heat of vaporization and has been used in the underground application of rejuvenating oil fields. The steam which is injected into the well tubing at ground surface travels to the bottom of the well. The steam does not require chemicals and it delivers through the plurality of holes at all required areas of structure.
- Sr. No .25
- Name of the Author : Gudeta W. Sileshi, Philip Byeko, Philip O.Y. Nkunika, Benjamin M. Sekematte, Festus K. Akinnifesi and Oluyede C. Ajayi
- Name of the Article : Integrating Etho-Ecological and Scientific knowledge of Termite for Sustainable Termite Management - Pages: 9 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2009
- Journal Name : Ecology and Society 14(1): 48.
- Review: Termites provides essential ecosystem services and the local communities have comprehensive indigenous knowledge of termite ecology and taxonomy and apply various indigenous control practices. They know the importance of termite in human nutrition and widely consume termite mound soil for nutritional benefit and use as indictors of soil fertility and use mount soil for low risk farming for crop protection. Sustainable termite management includes without causing ecological damage, conservation of non-pest termite species. Use traditional measures i.e. digging and destroy colony, burning unwanted wood, use dead animals/meat to poison mounds and caw dung and urine have been used for termite control.
- Sr. No .26
- Name of the Author : Effect of Bait supplements on the Feeding and Tunneling behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isopteran: Rhinotermitidae)
- Name of the Article : Mary L. Cornelius United States, Department of Agriculture, Agri. Research Service, Southern Regional Research Centre.
- Pages: 5 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2005
- Journal Name : Proceedings of fifth national conference on Urban pests Chow-Yang Lee and William H. Robinson (Editors)
- Review: The successful baiting programs depends on the ability of the Termites to find and consume the bait which spreads the slow acting toxin to nestmates through trophallaxis. Termite may or may not find bait stations. Tunneling activity of C. formosanus found greater in sand treated with crude extracts of sawdust inoculated with the lignin-degrading fungus MarasmiellusTroyanus Singer, then in sand treated with crude extracts of sawdust without fungus. This results chemical released from decayed sawdust influenced termite tunneling behavior. Water soluble compounds of a disk influence the construction of new tunnels and can potentially direct termite tunneling towards a bait station in the field.
- Sr. No .27
- Name of the Author : Jane Ferguson Foos and Davis H. Daiker
- Name of the Article : Termiticide Efficacy Review for Talstar
- Pages: 7 Nos.
- Date of Published : February 2004
- Journal Name : Scientific Evaluation Section, FloridaDaprtment of Agriculture and Consumer Service, Division of Agricultural Environmental Services, Bureau of Pesticides
- Review: The label includes the treatment for new constructions, below crawl space, slab, hollow foundation and void treatments. Treated wood and structure with Talstar was 100% prevented and protected from termites for the period of Five years. For prevention of infestation of new construction, the label directs that a 0.06% Bifenthrin emulsion gives satisfactory performance.
- Sr. No .28
- Name of the Author : Byron L. Reid, Robert Brinkmann, Graeme Smith, Kiyoto Ishizaka, Boy Palis and Vivian Villiers
- Name of the Article : Imidacloprid use in termite Control Operations Globally and Changing use Patters in the United States.
- Pages: 8 Nos.
- Date of Published : 1998 - Journal Name : Abstract in XXV meeting of society of Invertebrate pathology, Heidelberg, p 304
- Review: Imidacloprid a non-repellent termiticide was first registered for termite control in 1993 which causes mortality in termites foraging near treated structures. It is transmissible to other termites not directly exposed to treated soil. Use of non repellenttermticides can be less disruptive to occupants of infested structures with reduced cost. It includes: Novel mode of action, excellent systematic and contract activity, wide variety of application methods with low application dose, long residual control, strong binding to soil organic matter and favorable toxicological and environmental profiles.
- Sr. No .29
- Name of the Author : B.S. Rawat and Team
- Name of the Article : Evaluation of Chlorfluanzuran 0.1% based Termite Bait for termite Management in Buildings
- Pages: 6 Nos.
- Date of Published : 2009-10
- Journal Name : CBRI Annual report 2009-2010
- Review: This article involves alternative termite management techniques i.e. 1. Termite Bait system which is alternative approach to chemical treatment by using toxicant from chlofluazuron0.1% which proved 100% result in laboratory test 2. Use of Metarhiziumanisopliei.e.Entomophtoraanisopliae fungus which grows naturally in soil thought the world of insects and causes disease to various insects by acting as parasite and infest insects and primarily beetle larvae.3. Piping system network below structure for provision of insecticide application by of pressure pump.
- Sr. No .30
- Name of the Author : Yoshio Katsuda, Yoshihiro Milanamite and CharuneeVongluuang - Name of the Article : Development of Silafluofen-Based Termiticides in Japan
- Pages: 8 Nos.
- Date of Published : Dec. 2011
- Journal Name : Insects 2011,2,532-539; doi: 10.3390/insects 2040532
- Review: To overcome the pyrethroid problem’s high toxicity, this compound i.e. silafluofen based termticide introduced with synthetic pyrethroid and have low toxicity, chemical stability and the mode of action involves action on the neuroazonal sodium channel and acts as contact and stomach poison. It can apply as a effective termite control at inside and outside stages of construction activity as other termiticides.
- Sr. No .31
- Name of the Author :
- Name of the Article : The efficacy of Organo-Complex-Based Wood Preservative Formula Against Dry wood Termite Cryptotermes Cynocephalus Light.
- Pages: 8 Nos.
- Date of Published : November 2011
- Journal Name : Insects 2011,2,491-498; doi:10.3390/insects 2040491
- Review: The treatment by Organo-Complex-based harmless wood preservation, which consist of copper chromium combined with natural organic compounds is proposed for effective treatment at a lower cost with good result and the fast termination with high resistance of dry wood termites.
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- Sr. No .32
- Name of the Author : Jeanne Roberts
- Name of the Article : Dow and Chlorpyrifos: Making Brain-dead Babies a U.S. Legacy - Pages: 3 Nos.
- Date of Published : Oct. 17, 2008
- Journal Name : Insects 2011,2,491-498; doi:10.3390/insects 2040491
- Review: A well knowntermiticidechlorpyrifos, an organophospate has toxic contents and badly effect on human being and animals. The contact of Chlorpyrifos with pregnant women effects the unborn baby arrive in the world with dead brain. Approved studies showing that chlorpyrifos product labeling provided "wide margins of safety for both adults and children" The Chorpyrifos is banned in U.S. since 2000 first for use of Hospitals, public area etc. but since the year 2004 it is banned for termite control in new construction. These organophosphate pesticides are currently being used bydebt-ridden farmers in India
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
- The ‘Bureau Of Indian Standards’ (BIS) formerly called as ‘Indian Standards Institutions’ have prepared and published the first publication related to the termite management activities viz. ‘Code of Practice for Anti Termite Measures in Buildings’ in the year 1971. It was revised for the first time in the year 1981 with some rectifications of terms i.e. words misprinted or for the clarification of the methodology. In the year 2001 it was published again with the second revision by adding new termiticide (insecticides) in place of old termiticide which was banned in the year 1992-93. - In old code of practice as well as in both revisions, there is lack of consideration of advance constructional practices viz. new building constructional methods, sections with soil contacts, new types of foundations etc. - The research and the study of this subject will establish the new Rules which will cover the drastic change in construction industry, new designs, vertical and underground usage of buildings which require the additional precaution and the protection from proposed termite damage. - Current termite control measures are not sufficient and does not suits to the requirement of advance constructional practices viz. Multi Basement structures, Multi floor structures with special foundations, Earthquake resistant structures etc. - The research and the study of this subject will highlight the damage and loss to the structures and the environment caused by Termite. If it is a new structure, study and understand the types of structures and the sections of buildings as well as identify the soil contact and entry points of termite in to the structure. In case of old structures, identify the causes of infestation, entry points of termite and damage in structure. Before applying of new rules of treatment study and identify the defects of the treatment applied for the old infested structure. - To establish and develop new rules, it is necessary to identify the limitations of current management practices as well as it is required to consider the advanced constructional practices and need of protection of the structures from proposed damage by termite. - With reference to Insecticide Act. 1968 and the Insecticides (Amendment) Rules, 2006, the Structural Pest Control Industry has not considered as a separate Industry which is involved in Non Agricultureal pest Control Activity as well as Non Fumigators or Non Users of Restricted Pesticides. The result of which there is a lack of recommendations for different insecticides mainly termiticides for its usages as well as there is no ready directions have established in Pest Control Industry. - There are different termiticides registered with C.I.B (Central Insecticide Board) and available in market for effective termite management but there is lack of details on the Label and Labelling of those Termiticides when we consider the mode of action, direction of usages as well as the safety aspect of those termiticides. - The New Rules will understand the active ingredients of the respective Termiticides and the dosages as well as the effectivity for termite control.Study the mode of action of termiticide, its residual effect and the repellence before the use. Termiticide means the molecule or insecticide useful and recommend mainly for Termite Control.Label of termiticide includes the dose of termiticide, formulation with the base, safety of it etc, Study the instructions and information of Label is necessary before any application or establishment of rules of termite management,