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03 Literature Review - Literature Review: - Sr. No .1 - Name of the Author : P.G. Koehler and C. L. Tucker - Name of the Article : Subterranean Termite - Pages: 7 Nos. - Date of Published : April 1993 Revised in 2003 University of Florida, IFAS, Extention No. ENY 210 - Journal Name : Entomology and Nematology, Florida Cooperative Service - Review: Subterranean Termite, Dampwood and Drywood Termite are the main three types of termites . Subterranean Termites are the most destructive and it attacks structures by building tubes from nest to wood structures. They feed on wood which contain cellulose which is digested by them by protozoa and convert cellulose into usable food. The nest in the soil contains moisture to protect them from low humidity and predation and they build mud tunnels or tubes to reach wood. At swarming stage the broken wings are located at light are hence they are attracted to light. No wood contact with soil, ventilation, regular inspection can avoid the entry of termite and for effective control for Subterranean termite, Pre and post treatment methods for new and for existing structures at different stages with repellent and non repellent insecticides as required with the additional control method of using Termite Bait. - Sr. No . 2 - Name of the Author : Matthew R. Tarver, Christopher B. Florane, Dunhua Zhang, Casey Grimm and Alan R. Lax - Name of the Article : Methoprene and temperature effects on caste differentiation and protein composition in the Formosan Subterranean termite, Coptotermesfomosanus - Pages: 10 Nos. - Date of Published : December 2011 - Journal Name : Journal of Insect Science, Vol. 12/ article 18 - Review: Worker to soldier differentiation is modulated by temperature i.e. higher temperature greater number of soldiers in compare to the lower temperature. Due to the Temperature and feedings were correlated with the proteins. Coptotermesfomosanus soldier differentiation is potentially controlled by temperature and multiple proteins temporally are affected by temperature and treatment. - Sr. No . 3 - Name of the Author : Gary W. Bennett, Extension Entomologist - Name of the Article : Household & Structural - Pages: 4 Nos. - Date of Published : May 2010 - Journal Name : PurdueUniversity Extension E-4-W , 1-888-EXT-INFO - Review: Termites are social insects with several types of individuals in colony i.e. winged reproductive, workers and soldiers who having mandibles teeth for protecting colony. Workers enter in to structures by mud tubes from nest to collect the food. During construction, to protect the attack from termite, homeowner shall apply all the recommended pre treatments by the professional pest control agency for new by using insecticides with the approved concentration. - Sr. No . 4 - Name of the Author : V.R. Lewis,Insect Biology, UC Berkeley and Editor: B. Ohlendorf - Name of the Article : How to Manage Pest: Pest of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets - Pages: 6 Nos. - Date of Published : September 2009 - Journal Name : DrywoodTermitesUC ANR Publication 7449 - Review: Drywood termite is secretive insect and its presence and infestation can be determined by fecal pellets coming up from the wooden kickout holes. It can be detect by trained dogs and odor detectors. Spot treatment for infested wooden part and for hidden affected areas and complete infestation whole structure treatment is applied. Fumigation, dust and heat treatment is also recommended for infestation. Non-chemical methods includes replacement of infested wood, use of pressure treated wood and Heat treatment. - Sr. No . 5 - Name of the Author : Sang-Hee Lee, Tea-Soo Chon - Name of the Article : Effects of Climate change on Subterranean termite territory size: A simulation study - Pages: 12 Nos. - Date of Published : March 2011 - Journal Name : Journal of Insect Science: Vol. II, Article 80 - Review: Climate change strongly affects ecosystem and resilience at the same time it affects community and population dynamics within the ecosystem and further affects behavior at individual level which also includes foraging and breeding performance. There have been numerous behavioral and physiological changes due to temperature increase. Favorable conditions of slight temperature increase in insect pest development. The simulated territory grew in the summer and shrank in the winter. The effect of climate mainly reflects the larges and smaller sized territory as well as foraging territory dynamics of subterranean termite. - Sr. No . 6 - Name of the Author : SeungwooSim and Sang-Hee Lee - Name of the Article : Measurement of the time required for a termite to pass through tunnels with different curvatures - Pages: 6 Nos. - Date of Published : July 2011 - Journal Name : Journal of insect science: Vol. 12 , Article 64 - Review: The subterranean termite excavate complex tunnel networks below the ground for foraging. The tunnels are either curved or meandering. Termite passed smooth and rounded corners faster than sharp corners and curvature. The tunnel network reflects the foraging efficiency and other biological constraints of termite with its efficiency of food encounter rate distribution of food resources. Curvature can be defined as how quickly the slope of a curve is changing about any point along a curve the higher the curvature, the greater the bending. - Sr. No . 7 - Name of the Author : Sook Jung Ku, Nan-Yao Su and Sang-Hee Lee - Name of the Article : Measurement of time taken by the Formosan Termite, Coptotermesformosanus, to pass tunnel intersections - Pages: 7 Nos. - Date of Published : May 2011 - Journal Name : Journal of insect science: Vol. 12 , Article 23 - Review: During the foraging activity, termite may encounter a considerable number of tunnel intersections. During encounter the intersection, they select wide path for more traveling. They spend some time gathering information for making a decision regarding their moving direction by anntenation. It is directly connected to the termites’ survival because depending on the time, the total traveling time taken by the termites for transferring food resources from the site of food to their nest can vary significantly because of many intersections. - Sr. No . 8 - Name of the Author : Fabiana Elaine Casarin, Ana Maria Costa-Leonardo and Alberto Arab - Name of the Article : Soldiers initiate foraging activities in the subterranean termite, Heterotermestenuis - Pages: 5 Nos. - Date of Published : January 2008 - Journal Name : Journal of insect science ISSN: 1536-2442, Volume 8, Number 2 - Review: Termite foraging is a social process in which groups of individuals search in organized patterns for new food sources. The soldier of termite is unique among social insects by its morphology and in some species they also play a role as scouts by exploring new food sources. When termite confined in the test chamber added with food source for 24 hours, the soldiers started acting as scouts in most of the replicates. In the field colonies, the minor soldier were initiated foraging behavior the most by recruiting some workers for the food source but when soldiers and workers percentage is equal, both initiated the search for food. - Sr. No . 9 - Name of the Author : Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa and J. Kenneth Grace - Name of the Article : Preferences of CoptotermesformosanusShikari and Coptotermesgestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) - Pages: 9 Pages - Date of Published : November 2011 - Journal Name : Insects 2011, 2, 499-508; doi: 10.3390/insects 2040499 - Review: The Formosan subterranean termite, CoptotermesformosanusShikari, and the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermesgestroi (Wasmann), are both pest of wood in service in Hawaii and Florida. The purpose of the study were to compare feeding rates and wood feeding preferences of these two termite species using a multiple choice test. Comparing wood preferences is useful for selecting building materials for use under conditions of high termite hazard, and to identify wood species requiring preservative treatment before use. The conclusion of the study as feeding rates and wood preferences were slightly different between the two termites. - Sr. No . 10 - Name of the Author : MA Horwood and RH Eldridge - Name of the Article : Termite InNew South Wales Part 2. Termite Infestations: Inspection, Detection and Treatment - Pages: 11 Pages - Date of Published : March 2005 - Journal Name : Forest resources Research, Number 22 ISSN: 0155-7548 - Review: The Subterranean termite attack originates from a nest by underground foraging galleries they reach timber inside timber or through mud shelter tubes constructed on the concrete surface. The mud tubes and the large number of winged reproductive or swarmer is the sign of termite infestation. Inspection of pest control operators is needed to decide the proper treatment. Eradicate the colony of termite will be first priority and then the insecticide treatment shall apply with repellent and non repellent insecticides to eradication and creating barrier inside and outside. Dust and termite bait treatment shall also apply for effective control of termite. Removal of affected trees around building will be the additional precaution to restrict the entry of termite. - Sr. No .11 - Name of the Author : Becky Crouse - Name of the Article : Taking the Terror Out of Termites - Pages: 4 Nos. - Date of Published : 2002 - Journal Name : Pesticides and You, Vol. 22 No.1 Beyond Pesticides/National Coalition Against the Misuse of pesticides - Review: Termites are beneficial insects in the nature environment as recycling
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