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Effective Termite Protection for Multi-Family & Commercial Wood Buildings

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Effective Termite Protection for Multi-Family & Commercial Wood Buildings Effective Termite Protection for Multi-Family & Commercial Wood Buildings Techniques for Keeping Wood-Frame Buildings Pest-Free Wood-frame construction is a good choice for commercial damaging and economically important species in the U.S., and multi-family buildings, even in states where termites follow pheromones and physical guidelines such as the pose a higher risk. Wood buildings are safe, economical outside of foundation walls. They can use any gap as a and sustainable. With the right precautions, they’re also pathway—so it’s important to minimize hidden access durable and insect resistant. That includes proper design and treat critical areas.” and detailing, good construction practices, and a pest This paper focuses on how to design and construct management strategy that involves pesticides and/or physical wood-frame buildings for termite prevention, and how barriers. Where termites pose a risk, it is good practice for to keep buildings insect-free over the long term. Intended the general contractor to engage a pest control specialist for developers and design/construction teams, it covers during pre-construction to map out an appropriate plan. building code requirements, best practices, control methods, According to Faith Oi, PhD, Director of the University of costs, and ongoing maintenance. It emphasizes subterranean Florida’s Pest Management University, the key to effective termites (including Formosans), and briefly covers termite prevention is making the building inhospitable drywood termites and other insects with the potential to termites. “Subterranean termites, which are the most to cause damage. Photo: Charlan Brock Architects $FRA_798_TERMITE-SolutionPaper.indd 1 11/12/19 10:02 AM What the Codes Say In the following locations, wood must be treated using waterborne preservatives in accordance with the American Insect infestation is a common but avoidable threat in Wood Protection Association standard AWPA U1 for above- most parts of the country. Termites pose a particular risk, ground use, or of naturally-durable species: to the point that building codes include provisions for their prevention, but carpenter ants, powder post beetles, and • 2304.12.1.1 – Joists, girders and subfloor other wood-boring pests can also cause damage. Wood joists or wood structural floors that are closer than 18 inches or wood girders that are closer than 12 inches to Termite requirements are included in the International the exposed ground in crawl spaces or unexcavated areas Building Code (IBC), International Residential Code (IRC), located within the perimeter of the building foundation state codes, and local codes and ordinances. Wording varies, but codes often cover similar ground, including • 2304.12.1.2 – Wood supported by exterior foundation walls required pest control tactics, the use of licensed companies, Wood framing members, including wood sheathing, that contracts, notices of treatment, inspection, and certificate are in contact with exterior foundation walls and less than of compliance. Some requirements are based on level of 8 inches from exposed earth risk—e.g., the IBC refers to “geographical areas where • 2304.12.1.3 – Exterior walls below grade hazard of termite damage is known to be very heavy” Wood framing members and furring strips in direct contact regarding the treatment of wood floor framing. The map with the interior or exterior masonry or concrete walls shown in Figure 1 is used as a guide. below grade • 2304.12.1.4 – Sleepers and sills Building code requirements go a long way toward preventing Sleepers and sills on a concrete or masonry slab that is in termites in a building. For example, Section 2304.12 of the direct contact with earth 2018 IBC requires the use of preservative-treated wood or naturally durable wood in certain locations, as described • 2304.12.1.5 – Wood siding below. Preservative treatment in the IBC refers to pressure Wood siding that is less than 6 inches from the earth, treatment as opposed to surface treatment (e.g., spraying or less than 2 inches vertical from concrete steps, porch or brushing). For clarity, the term pressure-preservative- slabs, patio slabs and similar horizontal surfaces exposed treatment is used in this paper. to the weather District Flats in Charlotte, NC includes five stories of wood-frame construction over a concrete podium. Photo: Studio Fusion Architecture & Interiors, Larry Harwell Photography 2 $FRA_798_TERMITE-SolutionPaper.indd 2 11/12/19 10:02 AM FIGURE 1: Termite Probability Map Relative hazard of subterranean termite infestations in the United States Source: 2018 IBC Figure 2603.8 Very Heavy Moderate to Heavy Slight to Moderate None to Slight Understanding the Threat: Termite Facts Worldwide, there are more than 2,000 termite species. drainage. Colonies are usually found in wood that’s in contact Forty-five can be found in the U.S., and termites are with soil, but can also be found in wood well above ground present in all states except Alaska. Species fall into three where there’s a moisture source. main categories: To enter a building, subterranean termites use a system • Subterranean termites – The biggest threat to buildings, of galleries in the soil and mud (or shelter) tubes above but controllable; Formosan and Asian subterraneans can ground. They can pass through cracks as small as 1/16-inch be especially damaging and require extra vigilance in the in concrete or any part of a building that isn’t edible (e.g., southeast, California, and Hawaii steel, glass, composites). Mud tubes are made of soil, wood • Drywood termites – Found primarily in southern coastal fragments, and bodily secretions. areas and Hawaii; some species can be found in furniture Damage is not restricted to wood or cellulose-based and are considered to have worldwide distribution components; termites have been known to chew through • Dampwood termites – Primarily in the Pacific Northwest; cable shields, plastic laminates and foam insulation. They rarely an issue for buildings because of the degree of also aren’t limited to structural wood components—they’ll wetness they require damage kitchen cabinets, storage boxes, books, and the A fourth category, higher termites, requires caution in Florida. surface of drywall. Formosan colonies have been found on Sometimes called coneheads, these termites make nests in the top floors of concrete high-rises in Hawaii and Miami.1 trees and don’t need soil access to a structure. This makes Swarming termites aren’t the ones doing damage. The them easier to find and remove than other species. presence of adult, winged termites, known as swarmers, Subterranean termites need three things to survive: food, is a signal that a colony is in the area and it’s time for an moisture and habitat. Damp wood conditions are ideal, inspection. The role of swarmers is to look for a suitable so these termites are often found near leaking pipes, roof location to start a new colony. It’s the workers in the colony gutters, and wood kept moist by run-off water or poor site doing the harm. 3 $FRA_798_TERMITE-SolutionPaper.indd 3 11/12/19 10:02 AM In the following locations, any treated wood that complies with the AWPA U1 standard may be used. However, treated wood in interior locations must be protected with two coats of urethane, shellac, latex epoxy, or varnish unless waterborne preservatives are used. • 2304.12.2.1 – Girder ends Ends of wood girders entering exterior masonry or concrete walls, unless they have a 1/2-inch airspace on top, sides and end • 2304.12.2.2 – Posts or columns Pressure-preservative-treated wood used as sill plates. The IBC Posts or columns supporting permanent structures and requires that surface treatments be applied to end cuts and holes. supported by a concrete or masonry slab or footing in Photo: Western Wood Preservers Institute direct contact with the earth, unless they meet all of the following criteria: they are not exposed to the weather or they’re protected by a roof, eave, overhang or other • 2304.12.5 – Wood used in retaining walls and cribs covering; they are supported by concrete piers or metal In geographical areas where hazard of termite damage is pedestals projected not less than 1 inch above the slab known to be very heavy, Section 2304.12.4 also requires or deck and are separated from the concrete pier by an that wood floor framing in locations specified in Section impervious moisture barrier; and they are located at least 2304.12.1.1 and exposed framing of exterior decks or 8 inches above exposed earth balconies be of pressure-preservative-treated wood • 2304.12.2.3 – Supporting member for permanent in accordance with AWPA U1 for the species, product appurtenances preservative and end use or provided with approved methods Supporting members for balconies, porches and other of termite protection. permanent appurtenances where they are exposed to Attic ventilation and under-floor (crawl space) ventilation are weather without adequate protection, except in geographic also addressed in Sections 1202.2.2 and 1202.4, respectively. regions where climatic conditions preclude the need to use durable materials in these conditions Although it isn’t the guiding code for commercial and multi- • 2304.12.2.4 – Laminated timbers family buildings, the IRC is a good reference for termite Structural glulam members that are exposed to weather prevention strategies. For wood-frame buildings in high-risk and not fully protected from moisture areas, Section R318.1 requires the use of at least one of the following: • 2304.12.2.5 – Supporting members for permeable floors and roofs • Chemical termiticide treatment Wood structural members that support moisture- • Termite baiting system permeable floors or roofs that are exposed to the weather, such as concrete or masonry slabs, unless separated by an • Pressure-preservative-treated wood impervious moisture barrier • Naturally durable termite-resistant wood • 2304.12.2.6 – Ventilation beneath balcony or elevated • Physical barrier walking surfaces Where requirements are contradictory, the local building Enclosed framing in exterior balconies and elevated walking code has ultimate authority.
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