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The Elwha River – 1 1/2 Years After the Start of Dam Removal

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The Elwha River – 1 1/2 Years After the Start of Dam Removal Adaptive monitoring to a large-scale restoration action – The Elwha River dam removal Photo by John McMillan G. Pess, J. McMillan, S. Morley, T. Beechie, M. Liermann, K. Denton, K. Frick (FE, NWFSC), M. McHenry, R. Moses, M. Elofson, S. Sampson, L. Ward (Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe), R. Peters (USFWS), J. Duda, Amy Draut, C. Curran, C. Magirl, O. Stefankiv (USGS), J. Bountry, T. Randle (BOR), A. Ritchie, S. Brenkman, P. Crain (NPS) Photo courtesy of Brian Cluer Disclaimer Any opinions expressed today are my own & not necessarily shared or represented by NOAA. Dwight Barry Chris Curran Mike Ackley Pat Connolly Tina Herschelman Joe Anderson Jeff Chan Amy Draut Mary Hunchberger Jeff Duda Trisha O’Hara Randy Cooper Roger Peters Jason Dunham Mike Gross Dan Spenser Nancy Elder James Starr Brad Thompson Guy Gelfenbaum Marshal Hoy Ian Jezorek Ian Miller Chris Konrad Chris Magirl Kyle Martens Rusty Rodriguez Tim Beechie Steve Rubin Josh Chamberlin Andrew Stevens Keith Denton Christian Torgersen Matt Beirne Jon Warrick Sam Brenkman Phillip Blackcrow Anna Elz Pat Crain Sonny Earnest Kurt Fresh Jerry Freilich Mel Elofson Kinsey Frick Heidi Hugunin Mike McHenry Polly Hicks Josh Geffre Doug Morrill Anna Kagley Phil Kennedy Raymond Moses Martin Liermann Lauren Kerr Rebecca Paradis John McMillan Andy Ritchie Kim Sager-Fradkin Sarah Morley Tim Randle Anna Torrance Sonny Sampson Krista Nichols Jennifer Bountry Brian Winter Larry Ward Gary Winans Roadmap for today’s talk • Watershed overview • Background • The action • Questions • Results Photo by John McMillan • Summary Impacts of the Dam – Fish Passage > 90% of habitat inaccessible Elwha fishes Coho salmon Pink salmon Chinook salmon John McMillan John McMillan John McMillan Steelhead Chum salmon Sockeye salmon Jonny Armstrong John McMillan Bull trout Sculpin spp. Brook trout John McMillan Elwha fishes Threespine stickleback Redside shiner Pacific lamprey Eulachon Impacts of the Dam – Salmon Populations Total population decline Shift in species composition 100% 400k400,000 Steelhead 80% Coho 300,000 60% Chinook Sockeye 200k200,000 98% reduction 40% Chum Pink 100,000 20% 0 Estimated total ofEstimated all salmonids 0% PrePre dams dams PostPost dams Pre-Dam Post-Dam All native populations are very low in abundance Species of interest Species Estimated population % Hatchery size below dams Spring Chinook Unknown Unknown Summer/Fall Chinook ~2,000 ~75 Coho ~2,000 ~76 Chum ~100 0 Pink ~100 0 Sockeye ~25 0 Winter steelhead ~300 ~? Summer steelhead ~50 0 Sea-run cutthroat Unknown 0 Char ~500 0 Elwha River Ecosystem & Fisheries Restoration Act “…for the removal of the dams and full restoration of the Elwha River ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries.” 102nd Congress of the U.S.A. January 3, 1992 September 2011 October 2012 What’s Going to Happen To All the Sediment? ~ 20 million m3 of sediment accumulated in reservoirs • ~ 54% fine, ~46% coarse • ~40% predicted to erode downstream Predictions • suspended-sediment > 10,000 ppm • temporary deposition of fines in pools • more dynamic floodplain • bed aggradation in lower river • beach formation in estuary N. Chism/Lighthawk How will habitat conditions & salmon populations change? • Lower and Middle River – How will mainstem habitat conditions change? – How will floodplain channels respond? – How will stream productivity change? – How will different habitats respond to turbidity? • Middle and Upper River – How will salmon populations change when they recolonize newly open habitats? What has occurred with the Elwha Dam removal? Location Dams & former reservoirs Nearshore River ecosystem Processes Sediment dynamics Stream productivity Fish recolonization Fish impacts Elwha The Elwha River Basin Olympic Natl. Park Photos: John Gussman Elwha The Elwha River Basin Olympic Natl. Park Photos: John Gussman How Are the Elwha Dams Being Removed? • Concurrently in controlled increments over 2-3 years • Fast enough to limit duration of physical impacts • Slow enough to limit severity of biological impacts • Deconstruction temporarily halted during fish windows Glines Canyon Dam – U.S. NPS Webcam Glines Canyon Dam – Jan 2012 Glines Canyon Dam – Jan 2013 Glines Canyon Dam – Jan 2014 John Gussman Glines Canyon Dam – Jan 2014 John Gussman Glines Canyon Dam – Jan 2014 Former Mills Reservoir – January 2014 John Gussman Elwha Dam Elwha River – Elwha Dam Elwha Dam Elwha River – Elwha Dam Elwha Dam Elwha River – Former Elwha Dam How has sediment supply changed? 4000 North 3000 Above Dams Below Dams Between Dams 1000 meters 2000 Year 1: ~ 8% of sediment mobilized 1000 FNU/FBU FNU/FBU Photo: Andy Ritchie, NPS 0 Aug-11 Oct-11 Dec-11 Feb-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 Dam removal begins Elwha Dam removed Lake Mills gone Datasource: USGS How much sediment to date? Former Mills reservoir August 2013 Approximately 40% of the total stored sediment has been estimated to be released as of October of 2013 North 25,000,000 Mills reservior 20,000,000 Aldwell reservior 1000 meters 3 15,000,000 10,000,000 Meters 5,000,000 0 Total stored Total released (Oct 2013) Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie, NPS Data courtesy of Jennifer Bountry , U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and Andy Ritchie, NPS and USGS Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie Former reservoirs – Lake Mills Boulder Creek Photo by John Gussman Former reservoirs – Lake Mills Boulder Creek Slide courtesy Josh Chenoweth, U.S. NPS Former Reservoir – Lake Aldwell September 2011 Former Reservoir – Lake Aldwell January 2014 Former Reservoir – Lake Aldwell Photo by John McMillan December 2012 Former Reservoir – Lake Aldwell Revegetation Plan • 7 year plan • Plant 400,000 native plants • Sow 5,000 pounds of locally harvested seed Slides courtesy Josh Chenoweth Mouth of Elwha River - nearshore Photo: Matt Beirne, Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Warrick, J.A., and Stevens, A.W., 2011, A buoyant plume adjacent to a headland - observations of the Elwha River plume: Continental Shelf Research, v. 31, p. 85-97. Mouth of Elwha River ~ 2006 MouthSediment of Elwha dynamics River - Nearshore April 2012 Photo: Tom Rooda Much suspended sediment transported to the Strait of Juan De Fuca Mouth of Elwha River Feb 2013 Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie, NPS Mouth of Elwha River Feb 2014 Photo courtesy of Tom Rooda and CWI, All Rights Reserved Sediment dynamics – Nearshore biota 2011 2012 2009 2012 Rubin, Elder, et al. Changing sediment supply in the Elwha River Lake MillsMills delta delta against dam face Dam removal Elwha dam abuts Glines begins removed dam Change in riverbedin Changeelevation (m) Slide courtesy of Chris Magirl, USGS How will mainstem habitat conditions change? • Pool filling • Change in substrate size • Change in spawnable area Photo by John McMillan Flow Glines Elwha Canyon Dam Dam 17 pools and riffle crests 19 pools and riffle crests 8 fine sediment sites 9 fine sediment sites Strait of Juan De Fuca Strait (3 per site) (3 per site) How will mainstem habitat conditions change? Longitudinal profiles & Pool filling • • residual pool depths • Change in substrate size • Shovel samples for fine sediment in riffle crests • Change in spawnable area • Pebble counts (fish size) Flow Glines Elwha Canyon Dam Dam 17 pools and riffle crests 19 pools and riffle crests 8 fine sediment sites 9 fine sediment sites Strait of Juan De Fuca Strait (3 per site) (3 per site) Physical response of main stem lower Elwha Glines Canyon Dam Elwha Dam Sediment accumulation Longitudinal profile In floodplain channels Change in streambed particle size Slide courtesy of Amy Draut - USGS September 2011 – Start of dam removal Cobbles (~110 mm) Slide courtesy of Amy Draut, USGS April 2012 – Lower dam removed Cobbles (~110 mm) & mud (~0.04mm) Slide courtesy of Amy Draut, USGS August 2012 – Upper dam removal in progress Pebble/gravels (~25mm) Slide courtesy of Amy Draut, USGS Physical response of main stem lower Elwha Slide courtesy of Jennifer Bountry and Tim Randle, Bureau of Reclamation Physical response of main stem lower Elwha • Pools have filled • Riffle crests largely exposed • Less evidence of mid-channel bars relative to the middle Elwha Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie, NPS Physical response of floodplain channels - Lower Elwha Boston Charley 1997 Boston Charley 2013 Photos: Mike McHenry LEKT Physical response of floodplain channels in the lower Elwha March 2013 100 meters Flow Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie, NPS Physical response of floodplain channels 102 in the lower Elwha Water surface 101 May 2011 surface 100 99 98 pools Arbitrary elevation (m) elevation Arbitrary 97 96 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Distance from mouth (m) 100% Boulder 75% Cobble Gravel 50% Sand % total 25% Silt 0% May 2011 February 2013 Physical response of floodplain channels 102 in the lower Elwha February 2013 surface 101 Water surface May 2011 surface Ave sediment depth 0.20m 100 99 98 pools Arbitrary elevation (m) elevation Arbitrary 97 96 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Distance from mouth (m) 100% Boulder 75% Cobble Gravel 50% Sand % total 25% Silt 0% May 2011 February 2013 Phyiscal response of main stem middle Elwha Sediment accumulation in floodplain channels Longitudinal profile Gravel bar development, Wood accumulation Physical response of main stem middle Elwha March 2012 Photo courtesy of Lighthawk Fisherman’s bend, “Boulder garden” 100 meters Flow Physical response of main stem middle Elwha February 2013 Photo courtesy of Andy Ritchie, NPS Fisherman’s bend, “Boulder garden” 100 meters Flow Mainstem middle Elwha – Fisherman’s Bend Photos courtesy of Mike
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