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PDF (Full Thesis) Paleomagnetism and Geochemistry of Basalts in the North American Cordillera, Davis Strait, and Antarctica Thesis by Joseph Anthony Biasi In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California 2021 (Defended May 20, 2021) ii © 2021 Joseph Anthony Biasi ORCID: 0000-0003-1196-7877 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In addition to acknowledgements in each chapter, I’d like to show some additional thankfulness here. Firstly, I want to thank my wife Madeline Lewis for her support and patience over many years, many long days of lab work, and many long absences during fieldwork. I’d also like to thank my advisors: Paul Asimow, Claire Bucholz, and Joe Kirschvink, for their intellectual guidance, financial support, and for answering many questions over the last six years. Hard work alone did not bring me to this point. Coincidence, circumstance, and the help of others were major factors in my life. To properly thank all of the friends, enemies, acquaintances, strangers, collaborators, field assistants, co-authors, teachers, professors, and family that have helped me reach this point would be impossible. Therefore, I will express my gratitude all at once: Thank you, may you each get everything that you deserve. iv ABSTRACT Chapter 1 is an introduction to the thesis and contains a brief summary on how the chapters relate to each other. In Chapter 2, we present new whole-rock geochemical data from the Brooks Range Ophiolite (BRO) together with new mineral chemistry data from the BRO, South Sandwich forearc, Izu-Bonin forearc, and Hess Deep. The analyses reveal that the BRO was most likely created in a forearc setting. We show that this tectonic classification requires the Brookian orogeny to begin at ~163-169 Ma. In Chapter 3, we use a combination of paleomagnetic data and thermal modeling to create a magnetic geothermometer (MGT) that can constrain the active transport lifetime of magmatic conduits and igneous intrusions. We apply the MGT technique to eight feeder dikes of the Columbia River basalts (CRB), demonstrating that some dike segments may have been active for less than two weeks, while other segments may have been active for several years. Results suggest that eruption rates, localized spatially along strike of dike segments, were as high as 1–8 km3 day–1. These results help contextualize field evidence for contrasting CRB eruption durations, and suggest a pathway for constraining the tempo of global flood basalt magmatism that is beyond the resolution of geochronology. In Chapter 4, we present new stratigraphic and paleomagnetic data from Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island. This study focuses on new data from 38 paleomagnetic sites. The average pole does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American site at 60 Ma, suggesting that the eruptive sequence at Baffin was emplaced in less time than needed to ‘average out’ secular variation. Secular variation paths generated by our data, combined with an expected rate of secular variation, are used to calculate the eruptive v tempo of lava flow sequences. We find a total eruption duration of ~1.7 kyr and average eruption interval of ~22 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. It appears that the entire package of volcanic deposits was emplaced in a relatively short ‘burst’ of activity, which has also been inferred at similar deposits in western Greenland. We estimate the total volume of Paleocene Baffin lavas to be 176 km3. When combined with the ~1.7 kyr eruption duration estimate, this implies an average eruption rate of ~0.1 km3 yr-1, which is greater than rates found in West Greenland but less than larger flood basalts that are associated with mass extinctions. In Chapter 5, we present new paleomagnetic and paleointensity data from the James Ross Island volcanic group, located on the Antarctic Peninsula. We collected 251 samples from 31 sites, spanning 0.99 – 6.8 Ma in age, and include positive fold, conglomerate, and baked contact tests. Alternating-field and thermal demagnetization of these samples yields an average pole of -87.7º, 271.1º, 훼95=7º. When combined with preexisting data from an earlier study on James Ross Island and two studies from Deception Island, we present a revised paleomagnetic pole of -87.5º, 025º, 훼95=3.6º for the Antarctic Peninsula over the last ~5 Ma. In addition, the C2r/C2n transition may have been recorded at a site on JRI, and further geochronological and paleomagnetic study of these units will refine the age of this reversal. Finally, paleointensity data from three methods (Thellier-Thellier, pseudo- Thellier, and Tsunakawa-Shaw) were collected from all sites. The Thellier-Thellier method had low yields and produced unreliable data, likely due to sample alteration during heating. Results from the Tsunakawa-Shaw and pseudo-Thellier methods were more consistent, and we found average paleointensities of 35 and 65 μT at two sites. vi PUBLISHED CONTENT AND CONTRIBUTIONS Biasi, J., Asimow, P., and Harris, R., 2020, Tectonochemistry of the Brooks Range Ophiolite, Alaska: Lithosphere, v. 2020, doi:10.2113/2020/7866789. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ iii Abstract .......................................................................................................... iv Published Content and Contributions ............................................................. vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................... vii List of Illustrations and/or Tables .....................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................ A-1 Chapter 2: Brooks Range Ophiolite .............................................................. B-1 Abstract .................................................................................................. B-2 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ B-3 2. Geological Background ...................................................................... B-4 2.1 Brooks Range Ophiolite.............................................................. B-4 2.2 Other Oceanic Rocks .................................................................. B-6 2.3 Northern Alaska .......................................................................... B-7 3. Methods ............................................................................................ B-11 3.1 Fieldwork.................................................................................. B-11 3.2 Whole-rock Geochemistry ........................................................ B-11 3.3 Mineral Chemistry .................................................................... B-12 4. Results .............................................................................................. B-13 4.1 Samples and Context ................................................................ B-13 4.2 Major, Minor, and Trace Elements ........................................... B-14 4.3 Rare-Earth Elements ................................................................. B-15 4.4 Mineral Chemistry .................................................................... B-17 5. Discussion ........................................................................................ B-20 5.1 Tectonic Setting ........................................................................ B-20 5.2 Possible Subduction Initiation .................................................. B-21 5.3 Genesis of the BRO .................................................................. B-22 6. Conclusions ...................................................................................... B-27 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. B-27 Supplementary Materials ...................................................................... B-28 Figures and Tables ................................................................................ B-29 References ............................................................................................ B-40 Chapter 3: Columbia River Basalt Dikes ...................................................... C-1 Abstract .................................................................................................. C-2 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ C-2 2. Geological Background ...................................................................... C-3 3. Methods .............................................................................................. C-4 3.1 Sample Collection....................................................................... C-4 3.2 Rock Magnetism ......................................................................... C-6 3.3 Demagnetization ......................................................................... C-6 3.4 Magnetic Geothermometer (MGT) ............................................. C-7 viii 3.5 Geochemistry ............................................................................ C-10 4. Results .............................................................................................. C-11 4.1 Dike Observations and Chemistry ............................................ C-11 4.2 Rock Magnetism
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