OHIO ARCHAEOLOG1S VOLUME 32

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO

W The Archaeolog ical Society of Ohio TERM EXPIRES OFFICERS Robert Harter. 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware, Ohio Associate Editor. Martha P. Otto. 1984 President Mike Kish. 39 Parkview Ave.. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Westerville. Ohio 43081 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North 1984 Immediate Past President Frank Otto, 2200 E. Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Powell Rd.. Westerville. Ohio 43081. All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ 1984 Vice President Don Gelbach. 3435 Sciotangy Dr.. ologist should be sent to the Editor Memberships, re- Columbus. Ohio 43221 Quests for back issues, changes of address, and other 1984 Exec. Sect. Scott Haskins. 484 Stinchcomb Dr.. matter should be sent to the business office 9 Apt 23. Columbus, Ohio 43202 PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 1984 Treasurer Jim Perry. 2668 Blendon Woods Blvd. OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Columbus. Ohio 43229 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 1984 Rec. Sect. Chris Olenick, 8140 Anne St. S.W Editorial Office Navarre. Ohio 44662 199 Converse Drive. Plain City, Ohio 43064 1986 Editor Robert N. Converse. 199 Converse Dr Plain City, Ohio 43064 TRUSTEES BUS. MANAGER 1984 Alva McGraw. 1177 Eastern Ave.. Joe Redick, 35 W. Riverglen Dr. Chillicothe. Ohio 45601 Worthington. Ohio 43085 1984 Jan Sorgenfrei. Route 1. Pandora. Ohio 45877 1984 Ernest G. Good, 3402 Civic Place. Membership and Dues Grove City. Ohio 43123 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are 1984 Donald A, Casto, 138 Ann Ct.. payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Lancaster. Ohio 43130 bership $10 00, Husband and wife (one copy of publica­ 1986 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd. 206. tion) $10.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for Mt Victory. Ohio 43340 publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological 1986 Steve Balazs. 1010 N. Mulberry St.. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and has no paid officers or employees. Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and 1986 Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., subscription is included in the membership due" Mansfield, Ohio 44907 1986 Wayne Mortine. Scott Dr. Oxford Hts.. Back Issues Newcomerstown. Ohio 43832 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Regional Collaborators Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $4 00 David W Kuhn. 2642 Shawnee Rd . Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N Converse 3 00 Charles H Stout Sr . 91 Redbnnk Drive. Fairborn. Ohio Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse 7.00 Mark W Long. Box 467. Wellslon. Ohio Back issues—black and white —each 3 00 Steven Kelley, Seaman Ohio Back issues —four full color plates—each 3 00 William Tiell 13435 Lake Ave . Lakewood. Ohio Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Robert Jackman, Box 30. Wellsviile. Ohio 43968 to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available James L Murphy, 102 Wilbur Ave from time to time Write to business office for prices and Columbus. Ohio 43215 availability Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St , Bluffton, Indiana 46714 STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Robert N Converse. Chairman Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker. Chairman Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Wayne Mortine William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr Don Bapst Charles Stout, Sr Alva McGraw Jan Sorgenfrei Gordon Hart Bert Drennan Mike Kish David Brose AUDITING COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE John Winsch Robert Hill. Chairman Charles Stout. Jr SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Don Gehlbach Owen Cowan COMMITTEE Jack Hooks Kendall Saunders Robert Converse. Chairman Tom Stropki Lar Hothem EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Jack Lanam Jeff Carskadden Don Casto. Chairman Steve Parker Wayne Mortine Billy Hillen George Morelock Martha Otto Jim Hann Ed Hughes Gordon Hart Steve Q|enick Charles Voshall ' '"bach Jane Weidner RAFFLE COMMITTEE Jane Weidner James Hahn Chris Olenick. Chairman Doug Hooks FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS Buddy Haney Scott Haskins COMMITTEE Graig Ciola Steve Puttera Ernest Good, Chairman Jerry Hagerty Frank Otto Dana Baker EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY Steve Fuller Mike Kish, Chairman LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Don Bapst Lar Hothem Alva McGraw. Chairman Dorothy Good Dwight Shipley Ernest Good Jack Hooks Marylyn Harness David Kuhn Martha Otto Gilbert Dilley SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Joy Jones Earl Townsend Len Weidner Robert Hill TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITOR'S PAGE The Eschbaugh Cache 5 Despite the fact that this is the time of An Historic Contact Iron Trade Axe from the Huron Valley 7 the year when most people don't like to think about filling out forms, our readers Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart 8 will find a questionnaire inserted in this Additional Lithic Artifacts from Noble County, Ohio 10 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. It is our sincere desire to not be out of touch The McLeod Birdstone 12 with our more than 2,200 members and Pebble Pendants 13 the answers provided by this question­ naire can give the officers of our A Pedigreed Axe 14 Society, and especially the Editor, A Few Things From Around The House 15 guidelines and suggestions which will have an affect on both the Society and To Restore Or Not To Restore 15 the Ohio Archaeologist. An Indented Gorget and An Adena Blade 16 For a comprehensive cross-section of A Fort Ancient Necklace 17 membership likes and dislikes, we need as large a response as possible. Even Hart Beaver Effigy Boatstone 19 if you have no particular criticism or The Hunzicker Site 22 suggestion and are more or less satis­ fied with things as they are, we would The Putnam-Metz Correspondence On Mound Explorations In Ohio 24 appreciate knowing of your satisfaction. Ohio Surface Finds 29 We occasionally hear comments, both favorable and unfavorable, about meet­ Two Carved Stone Objects 30 ings, the Ohio Archaeologist, chapters Never Stop Looking 30 etc. and we sincerely desire to address any problems which a concensus of Fine Celts 31 opinion might make us aware of. Letter To Editor 31 So, please take five minutes of time to go over the questions on the form, Knife Or Preform 32 check your answers or opinions, make An Archaic Bell Pestle 32 criticisms, pass on comment, either good or bad, and tell us of your prefer­ A Chlorite Tubular Bannerstone 33 ences. Return the questionnaire to 199 Surface Finds From The Spring of 1979 33 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064. Twin Adena Gorgets 34 You can do a distinct service to your Society and your thoughts may have a ASO Exhibit Winners—1981 35 far reaching effect in the future direc­ Danish Flint 35 tion of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. Robert N. Converse Editor.

FRONT COVER

Fine flint from the Collection of John Baldwin, West Notice Olive, Mich. Leonard Petrowski, an advanced stu­ dent in anthropology, is seeking car- bon-14 dates for Ohio sites. If you have had any such material dated and have not had it published, he would appreci­ ate hearing from you. The address is — Leonard Petrowski Room 208 Lord Hall Department of Anthropology Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 mwfssm www MfMtltf 'f-rMII ttMtHMff/Mfl! IHMHM /% / (Converse) The 201 blade Eschbaugh cache. Stemmed lanceolate point is in the top row, 9th from left. . •n;9tMi|Mtf

The Eschbaugh Cache By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

On September 20, 1980, one of the more importantly, the inclusion of one periods. The Eschbaugh discovery most remarkable caches ever discov­ specimen which is clearly a stemmed would tend to prove that this ubiquitous ered in Ohio was found in Reno, Wash­ lanceolate point. Had these points been custom had its roots in the Piano period. ington County, by William Eschbaugh. found on a Piano site it would be con­ Nor can there be much speculation that Uncovered while excavating a base­ sidered nothing unusual except for their such practices have religious or life- ment for his home, Mr. Eschbaugh rather large size. They conform in every after-death implications. In addition, it found this 201 piece cache 5/2 feet respect to lanceolate and stemmed may well refute the commonly held below the natural surface of the ground. lanceolate types found at such sites as theory that, at least in this case, caches The flint blades had been placed in a Sawmill and Stringtown. were buried with the idea of later re­ pile about two feet in diameter at one In several respects the Eschbaugh trieval by the burier. end of what apparently was a pit three cache is one of the most revealing ever The 201 blades are all made of Upper feet long. A liberal coating of red ochre to come to light in Ohio and provides Mercer black flint, probably quarried covered the blades and colored the soil new insights into the Piano tradition. It from the deposits up river from Wash­ with which the pit had been filled. A proves with little doubt that the custom ington County in Muskingum, Coshoc­ lump of hematite from which the red of burying a large number of flint arti­ ton and Tuscarawas Counties. For Piano ochre was rubbed was the only other facts in a cache was established at least pieces these are on the large, but object in the pit. What sets this cache by late Paleo times. It also shows that uniform, size. The longest blade meas­ apart from other caches found in Ohio the symbolic use of red ochre, either in ures 6 inches and the stemmed point is is the fact that it is the first known such powder form or actually painted on the 5)4 inches. A heavy incrustation of red deposit assignable to the Piano period. artifacts, was in practice at this time. ochre has patinated the surface of That the Eschbaugh cache is attri­ The use of red ochre as a symbolic nearly all pieces and gives them a dull buted the Piano tradition is based on grave covering is well known from the rusty red color. the basic lanceolate design of all the Archaic and is more in evidence in the blades, the chipping technique, and subsequent Glacial Kame and Adena

5 Fig. 2 (Converse) Close-up of stemmed lanceolate point and tivo of the longest lanceolate blades. Stemmed point is SVi inches long. GROUND LEVEL

3FT ^ > BLADES Fig. 3 (Converse) Conjectural drawing of deposit in which cache was found. QUESTIONNAIRE

Subject: The Society and its meetings.

CIRCLE YOUR PREFERENCE

1. Does the Society have too many meetings? More Fewer Same Number 2. Should the Society have more picnic meetings? More Fewer Same Number Should picnic meetings be more centrally located? Yes No The Society occasionally has Saturday night/Sunday meetings. Would you prefer More Fewer Same Number 4. Meeting display awards. Do you think there are Too Many Not Enough About Right 5. Do you think too many meeting awards detract from their value? Yes No 6. Do you think displays at meetings are well judged? Yes No 7. Is there a particular type display which you would like to see at our general meetings and, if so, what is it? 8. Is there a particular type program you would like to have at general meetings and, if so, what is it? Would you prefer more programs by Society members and amateurs rather than professional archaeologists? Yes No 10. What Society or Chapter meeting presentation, program or speaker most impressed you? 11 Is there any area in which you feel the Society meetings are weak? Yes No What would you do to change them? 12. Were you satisfied with the facilities at meeting held at Howard Johnson Motor Lodge, Rt. 161 and 1-71? Yes No 13. What is your feeling about the new facility at Shrine Temple, Steltzer Rd.?

14. Do you think the business portion of Society meeting should be shortened? Yes No Or dispensed with? Yes No 15. What would you do to make our meetings more interesting?

Use the back of this sheet for further comment.

The officers of the Archaeological Society of Ohio would like to give each of our members a chance to express their criticism, complaints or favorable comments in order to improve our Society in general and meetings in particular. So that we may have a good cross-section of opinion we urgently ask that you complete this questionnaire as soon as possible. Return to: Editorial Office 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064 QUESTIONNAIRE The Ohio Archaeologist

The Archaeological Society of Ohio has grown to a membership of more than 2,200. For many of our members the only contact with the Society is the Ohio Archaeologist. We feel that it is of utmost importance that the Ohio Archaeologist reflects in its contents the wishes and desires of our readers. Therefore, we are asking you to please fill out this questionnaire in order that the Editor and officers of the Society can offer a more com­ prehensive publication. Now is the chance for you to express your opinion, criticize, or present your ideas for a better Ohio Archaeologist. We urgently ask each member to respond. Subject Circle Your Preference 1. Site reports by amateurs More Fewer About Right 2. Site reports by professionals More Fewer About Right 3. Stories and pictures of surface finds More Fewer About Right 4. Pictures of individual fine artifacts More Fewer About Right 5. Pictures of general collections More Fewer About Right 6. Color pictures of fine artifacts More Fewer About Right Color pictures of archaeological material or sites More Fewer About Right 7. Reviews of archaeological reports and books More Fewer About Right 8. Professional articles other than site reports More Fewer About Right 9. Pictures of meeting award recipients More Fewer About Right 10. Pictures of award winning artifacts More Fewer About Right 11. Articles on fake artifacts More Fewer About Right 12. Editor's or President's page More Fewer About Right 13. Would you favor inclusion of a condensed summary of Board meeting minutes? Yes No 14. Do you think the Ohio Archaeologist is too technical? Yes No 15. Does any particular article stand out in your mind having i mpressed you or which you found exceptionally interesting and what is it? 16. If you could change the Ohio Archaeologist what changeiess would you make?

17. Is there an article which you found poorly written or uninteresting and what was it?

18. Is there a particular phase of archaeology or culture you would like to see emphasized and what is it? , 19. Would you favor expansion of our reporting area to include adjacent states? Yes No 20. How would you compare the Ohio Archaeologist with other similar publications you receive or have seen?

Use the back of this sheet for further comment or criticism.

Return to: Editorial Office 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064 An Historic Contact Iron Trade Axe from the Huron Valley By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

An item of unusual interest in the triangulated hole 1 % inches by % inches trade with the Indians in all lands William M. Jacka Collection at Lake­ passes through the head to enable the drained by the rivers flowing into Hud­ side's Heritage Hall Museum is a large securing of a handle (Fig. 2). son Bay. Eventually the Hudson's Bay iron trade axe. It was found not far from Though so heavily oxidized that no Company came to dominate the fur Lakeside at Milan in the valley of the identifying marks on the axe can be trade in all of British North America. Huron River in Erie County. Measuring discerned, museum records indicate its The likely time frame for British fur 8 inches overall in length, it expands origin as British, specifically the Hud­ trade with the Indians of the Huron from a 1% inch wide head to a 3% inch son's Bay Company. Chartered by King Valley and surrounding area of northern wide blade, with a maximum thickness Charles II on May 2,1670, the company Ohio, and thus for the iron trade axe, at the head of 1% inches (Fig. 1). A initially was given a monopoly of the fur was the period between 1740 and 1794.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Historic contact period trade axe, British Hudson's Fig. 2 (Shriver) End view of trade axe. Bay Company Side View. Ohio Pipe Chronology Chart By D. R. Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

The accompanying chronological was not associated with cultural groups vious articles, the use of pipes as chart has been prepared by the author in Ohio after about 700 AD. During the funerial objects during Hopewell marked for those collectors who are interested latter part of the period when tubular the end of their sumbolic/ceremonial in knowing more about the classifica­ pipes were used in Ohio, this style was function. During the late prehistoric tion of Ohio pipes. Included is a list of still in vogue with the Adena people at period, pipes were more abundant and predominant pipe producing cultural the same time the Hopewellians were were used in a utilitarian manner. There groups, associated and diagnostic pipe carving their remarkable platform effigy are numerous examples which display forms and styles, and primary materials pipes. The period of highly artistic extensive wear and salvage to extend from which they were crafted. In an Hopewell stylization was followed by their useful lives. attempt to keep the chart fairly simple, the return to simpler designs and less The fascination in collecting pipes lies infrequently observed forms as well as meticulous workmanship. Later, in the in the endless forms, shapes and orna­ less often used materials are not listed. Fort Ancient-Mississippian era, the mentation. Each is a product of the The evolution of pipe forms and styles skilled craftmanship seen in the earlier individual's imagination, creative skill tells an interesting story. The simple Hopewell-lntrusive Mound pipes had and innovative talent. tubular style still in use in many parts of largely disappeared. North America up to the historic period, As the writer has indicated in pre­

DRG 1982

CULTURAL AFFILIATION DIAGNOSTIC FORM/STYLE DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL

Late Archaic Straight tube Sandstone 4000BCto 1000BC Cigar-shaped tube

Glacial/Gravel Kame Straight tube Limestone 2000BCto 100AD

Adena Tube; Sandstone 1000BCto 700AD constricted stem Pipestone flared stem flattened stem modified

Hopewell Platform; (monitor) Pipestone 500BC to 500AD curved base Sandstone flat base effigy bowl tall stack

Intrusive Mound Platform; (monitor) Steatite 500AD to 1 200AD ridged stem Pipestone a I ate Sandstone flat base offset effigy bowl

Middle Woodland (Cole) Elbow Sandstone 800AD to 1400AD L-shaped Limestone

Ft. Ancient/Mississippian Elbow Sandstone 1000ADto 1600AD Ovoid Limestone Lens Hardstone Keel Pipestone Disk Vasform Handle Micmac Trapezoidal Pebble Effigy (small or heavy)

Proto-Historic, (Miami) Trumpet Pottery (Iroquoian) Elbow with effigy bowl Catlinite (Shawnee) Others same as Ft. Ancient Steatite (Delaware) 1650AD to 1800AD Fig. 1 (Cehlbach) Archaic cigar-shaped tubular Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Glacial Kame type tubular Fig. 3 (Cehlbach) Adena pipes. Modified pipes. pipes. tubular. At top, flattened stem type at bottom.

Fig. 4 (Cehlbach) Hopewell monitor pipes. Fig. 5 (Gehlbach) Platform pipes with ridged stem. Intrusive Mound.

Fig. 6 (Gehlbach) Elbow pipes. Middle-Late Woodland.

Fig. 7 (Gehlbach) Fort Ancient type pipes. Fig. 8 (Gehlbach) Proto-historic type pipes. Additional Lithic Artifacts From Noble County, Ohio By L. W. Patterson 418Wycliffe Houston, Texas 77079

Introduction (Patterson 1982:Fig. 1). As previously Summary The author (Patterson 1982) has pre­ noted, this area does not have signifi­ Aftifact types demonstrate a long viously published information on some cant sources of lithic raw materials. The occupation sequence for this specific prehistoric lithic artifacts from Noble variety of flint types present here indi­ area of Noble County, Ohio, roughly in County, Ohio. These artifacts are in the cate use of several remote sources of the order of 8,000 years (Converse collection of Mr. and Mrs. William Shaw, lithic raw materials. 1973:2). Future research may define and are from a specific farming area The Archaic period is well repre­ this occupation sequence in more de­ near Sarahsville, Ohio. Mrs. Shaw has sented in this collection, with various tail, and perhaps give a better picture now found some additional artifacts side-notched, straight stem, and other of the prehistoric lifeways practiced from this collection that were previously forms. One small point with a bifurcated here. Past archeological research in misplaced in storage. These additional stem is present (Figure 2, top row Ohio has tended to concentrate on the specimens are discussed in this article. center). One point (Figure 1, top row, more spectacular Woodland and Late The additional diagnostic specimens third from left) may be classified as a Prehistoric sites of large sizes, and thus of projectile points shown here tend to Brewerton corner-notched type (Prufer has not yielded uniform results for all confirm the previous conclusion (Pat­ and McKenzie 1975:321). The range of prehistoric time periods or geographic terson 1982) that this specific area of point styles shown here seems to span areas. In recent years, this research Noble County was occupied from the the entire range of the Early to Late trend seems to have been reversed, Archaic period through the Late Pre­ Archaic, as previously classified by and more complete information on pre­ historic. Curiously, none of the resi­ others (Converse 1973, Prufer and Mc­ historic peoples in Ohio is now being dents of this area seem to have found Kenzie 1975, Murphy 1975:78-121). developed. any pottery. This could indicate that One Dovetail point (Figure 2, top row, Indians here in the Woodland and Late extreme right) is present, which Con­ References Prehistoric periods followed a rather verse classifies as Archaic. Murphy Converse, R.N. nomadic hunting and gathering lifeway, (1975:Fig. 51) shows this point type in 1973 Ohio Flint Types Archaeological where the use of pottery was not too the Middle Woodland period of the Society of Ohio, Special Publica­ important. It is fairly common in the Hopewell. tion eastern United States to find both no­ A dart point and two leaf-shaped Dragoo, D.W. madic and sedentary prehistoric life- preforms are Adena types of the Early 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis ways practiced at the same time in a Woodland period (Figure 1, top row, of the Adena Culture. Annals of given region. Large amounts of pottery two points at extreme left; Figure 2, Carnegie Museum, Vol. 37. Pitts­ can indicate a less nomadic lifeway, bottom row, extreme right) These spec­ burgh since pottery is not a very portable item. imens are similar to Adena points illus­ Murphy, J. 1975 An Archeological History of the trated by Converse (1973:53-57) and Hocking Valley. Ohio University Artifact Descriptions Dragoo(1963:Fig. 10). A Middle Wood­ Press This collection of flint artifacts is illus­ land type point has been previously Patterson, L.W. trated in Figures 1 and 2. The assem­ described from this same area (Patter­ 1982 Lithic Artifacts from Noble County, blage consists of dart points, arrow son 1982: Fig. 1). The Late Prehistoric Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 32(2):30- points, point fragments, bifacial point is represented here by two small arrow 31 preforms, and a few flakes. The three points (Figure 1, top row, fifth from left Prufer, O.H. and D'.H. McKenzie specimens at the extreme left in the and bottom row, third from left), and 1975 Studies in Ohio Archaeology, Re­ bottom row of Figure 1 have been perhaps also by a larger triangular point vised Edition. Kent State University previously illustrated and discussed (Figure 1, bottom row, extreme right). Press

K) Fig. I (Patterson) Projectile points, preform and flakes.

Fig. 2 (Patterson) Projectile points, preforms, and hafted scraper.

1 1 The McLeod Birdstone By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio

On June 3, 1982, Mary McLeod of implement marks or damage on the some attempts at salvaging or show Grove City, Ohio, made what must be piece. The exposed broken side shows marks or abrasions which smooth bro­ considered an outstanding surface find evidence that perhaps water seeped ken surfaces, none of which are to be while hunting in southern Franklin into a faulty strata of the banded slate seen on this specimen. All edges are County, This fine banded slate bird- and subsequent freezing and thawing sharp and clean. stone, although broken, is the most split the birdstone along its length. The As is normal with birdstones of the notable discovery made by Mrs. McLeod. split bisects the front perforations but chunky type, into which classification The finding of a birdstone, broken or misses the back ones. Thus, the piece the McLeod example falls, there is a otherwise, is an experience known to when viewed from the side, appears to very slight depression depicting an eye. few surface hunters. Both Mary McLeod be whole even though only slightly Along the sides and top of the tail are a and her husband Robert, on whose more than half of it is there. In the series of minute tally marks not seen in birthday the birdstone was found, are experience of the author who has han­ the photograph and barely visible to avid surface hunters but prior to this dled a number of broken specimens, the naked eye. Incrustations covering time had never recovered an artifact as he has never seen a birdstone broken the unbroken areas indicate that this rare as a birdstone. in such a way. There is no evidence particular birdstone may have come The McLeod birdstone is split length­ whatever that this birdstone was broken from a grave inclusion and was brought wise. The break is probably from natural in aboriginal times. Normally, similar to the surface by plowing. causes since there are no apparent artifacts damaged by the Indians, show

Fig. 1 (Converse) Birdstone found on the surface in southern Franklin County by Mary McLeod of Grove City, Ohio. It is shown almost in full size measuring 33A inches long.

12 Pebble Pendants By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

Pebble pendants have been found in somewhat circular or disc-shaped, 1%6 artifacts from the same area in which nearly all regions of Ohio, though never inches at its widest point, 1^ inches at the third and fourth pendants were in great numbers. Called by Robert its narrowest, and % inch in cross-sec­ found are preponderantly Archaic, Converse "possibly ... the oldest of tion. Naturally polished as if by the these may well be also. any of the pendant forms," most are water-tumbling action of river or lake small, flat, and show little alteration from shore, it has been drilled from two Reference: their original shapes. Yet their most unopposing faces to a single union in Converse, Robert N. distinguishing characteristic is the its center. The absence of any opposing 1978 Ohio Slate Types (Archaeological essential uniqueness of each one of faces in the original form of the pebble Society of Ohio, Columbus) them. Quite simply, no two are alike. prevented a simpler drilling technique. Among prehistoric peoples where simi­ The second (see Fig. 2) is a long, larity in the shaping of most weapons, rounded, curved pebble of brownish tools, and ornaments within each cul­ green slate. Drilled from both sides at tural group was the mode rather than the curved end, it measures 3 inches in 7 the exception, the pebble pendant rep­ length, /Binc h in width across the drilled resented the individuality of the one top, % inch across the undrilled bottom, who wore it. Found in sites ranging in and % inch in cross-section. Striking in period from Archaic through Woodland appearance, it is not difficult to visualize to Mississippian, it appears to have it as the central piece in a shell, bone, been most commonly associated with claw or tooth necklace. Archaic. The third pendant (see Fig. 3) is a Representing the great diversity coarse-grained yellow sandstone peb­ among pebble pendants are the four ble of natural outline resembling a bird's pictured in this article. The first two are head and beak. The hole for suspension from the William M. Jacka Collection of has provided the eye. In length it is 1% the Lakeside Heritage Hall Museum in inches; in width, iy16 inches; in cross- Danbury Township, Ottawa County. The section, %e inch. The fourth (see Fig. 4) last two are from the author's personal is a small, thin, gray slate pebble, drilled collection and were found near the from both sides and ground and Fig. 1 (Shriver) Pebble pendant of jasper from Great Miami River in Ross Township, smoothed around the edges. Circular the William M. Jacka Collection. Butler County. The first (see Fig. 1) is a in outline, it is VA inches in diameter deep reddish brown pebble of jasper, and but Y& inch in thickness. Since other

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Sandstone pebble pendant Fig. 4 (Shriver) Circular pebble pendant of from the Miami Valley. Its outline suggests the slate from the Miami Valley. head of a bird.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Pebble pendant of slate from the Jacka Collection. 13 A Pedigreed Axe By Steve Balazs 1010 Mulberry St. Mt. Vernon, Ohio

As with many collectors, the posses­ sor of a fine artifact wishes to know its history, not only where it was originally found but whose hands it has passed through. Luckily, the axe shown in Fig. 1 has a partial pedigree written on its base. This axe was found in Union County, Ohio, and was first in the J. A. Coons collection, but I am uncertain whether this person is the finder or the original collector. (Editor's note: J. A. Coons was a collector of Indian relics who lived near Raymond north of Marysville.) The axe then passed through the collections of Dr. Leon Dramer of Columbus, Dr. T. Hugh Young of Nashville, Tennessee, Dr. Stanley Copeland of Columbus, and finally, Tom Johnson. Regretably, there is a void in the history of the axe between the Copeland and Johnson collections. Tom Johnson and I have surface hunted together for about ten years and he is acquiring a fine collection from various states. I was very pleased when he told me he wanted me to have this fine axe. The axe is a large one and measures 7V8 inches long. It is made of a light gray-green granitic material and has raised ridges on each side of the groove. As may be seen in the illustra­ tion, it is a three-quarter grooved type and clearly shows the original peck marks through the surface polish.

Fig. I (Balazs) Large three-quarter grooved axe from Union County, Ohio.

14 A Few Things From Around The House By Dick Lemaster, 200 Helen Rd. SW, Pataskala, Ohio

All five artifacts shown in the accom­ panying photograph are personal field finds from within a two mile radius of my home in southwestern Licking County. The pentagonal, bevel and bottleneck were found in 1980 while the Hopewell and concave based cor­ ner notch were found in 1981.

Fig. I (Lemaster) Five personal field finds from southwestern Licking County.

To Restore Or Not To Restore By Dick Lemaster, 200 Helen Rd. SW, Pataskala, Ohio In the opinion of the writer, if a tip, barb, part of the base or blade edge is damaged on an artifact it should be restored. Durham's water putty and ceramic paints work well for restoration. In Fig. 1 are three restored Archaic bevels. The left bevel has the barb restored, the center expanded notch has part of the base replaced, and the bevel on the right has about a half inch of the tip replaced. What once were broken pieces are now three pleasing additions to my better display cases. l f ! ! l] i j »2| H '3 '4 I

Fig. I (Lemaster) Three restored Archaic bevels. 15 An Indented Gorget and An Adena Blade

By Howard F. Bailey, 3477 Turner Dr., Springfield, Ohio

Fig. I (Bailey) Indented gorget from Champaign Fig. 2 (Bailey) Large Adena blade of purple and County. Ohio. Made of banded state, 55/a inches tan Flint Ridge flint. Found near the Enon mound long. on the Shellabarger farm in the 1890's, Clark County, Ohio.

16 A Fort Ancient Necklace By Dean E. Weber, 540 Second St. NW, Carrollton, Ohio In August of 1979. with few fields to ment probably due to the muddy soil hunt, my wife and I decided to visit a and the disturbance of the cattle. rock overhang I knew about in Jackson Granted, it would have been more satis­ County where we lived at the time. This factory to have excavated in a more overhang was situated along a small professional manner, but the disturbed perennial stream and faced eastward. condition of the overhang entrance It was in one of the better parts of the made this virtually impossible. In such county for surface hunting so it seemed a situation one does not expect to find a perfect location. The landowner, who much and after the first piece came to was a personal friend, had given me light it was difficult to stop. permission to dig or whatever else I I have returned to the overhang sev­ wanted to do in the "hang". He men­ eral times and one additional cannel tioned an old timers tale of an Indian coal pendant was found along with being buried there and points being several points, one of which is Adena, found in the vicinity but I never gave it in a small stream which runs over the much thought Nevertheless, we went top of the overhang. A small triangular to the overhang with great expecta­ point was also found within five feet of tions. Unfortunately, after several hours the burial location. of digging, only one or two small chips While I have surface hunted for sev­ of flint had been found and we decided eral years and been a Society member to call it a day. We left wondering if for two years, cave digging was a new perhaps we had missed something. experience for me. I reported the find­ In June of the next year, work took ing of the artifacts to a professional me back to the same farm, my job being archaeologist who is an acquaintance only several hundred feet from the and gave him the location of the site. I mouth of the same overhang. At lunch also took the material to the Depart­ time it was hot and my fellow workers ment of Archaeology at the Ohio His­ and I decided to take advantage of the torical Society. shady and cool interior of this shallow The necklace is typical of Fort An­ Fig. 1 (Weber) Fort Ancient necklace of cannel cave. After quickly eating a sandwich I cient although necklaces with this many coal, shale and shell pendants. The pendants grabbed a shovel from the dozer and pieces are not common. The triangular vary from 2A inches to 1% inches in length. tried my luck at digging the entrance of point is of course also Fort Ancient but The shell pieces are 3 inches long. the overhang. I had not dug there on one of the points is a classic Hopewell my first trip since the spot was ex­ type. tremely muddy and had been greatly disturbed by the farmer's cattle. In the second shovelful I found a broken point and a fragment of pottery, but unfor­ tunately, lunch hour was over. The next day, I took the afternoon off and returned to the overhang. Shortly after I started digging, I uncovered the first pendant. It was so light and per­ fectly made I wasn't even sure at first if it was an artifact. I then examined each shovelful of dirt carefully and I began finding more and more of these objects. Shortly before dark I uncovered some pieces of skull and it dawned on me that I had found a burial. I continued to dig until I was satisfied I had uncovered everything and by this time it was too dark tb see anymore. I refilled the excavation and headed homeward. After cleaning, I counted forty-seven pendants in all—forty-five of which were cannel coal and two of shale. In addition there were three larger pendants of shell (Fig. 1). A broken bone awl, sev­ eral projectile points, miscellaneous bone and pieces of pottery complete the artifact inventory (Fig. 2). The necklace had been found next to the skull in a roughly one cubic foot area and within one foot of the surface of the overhang floor. There seemed to be no observable order in their arrange­ Fig. 2 (Weber) Necklace and other artifacts found in or near the overhang.

1 / Seven fine axes from the collection of Steve Balazs. Mt. Vernon. Ohio. Top. Knox County. Center row —Knox. Licking. Allen Counties. Bottom row —Fairfield. Champaign. Licking Counties. 1 8 Fig. I (Hart) The Hart beaver effigy boatstone.

Hart Beaver Effigy Boatstone By Gordon Hart, Bluffton, Indiana

H. C. Follett, archaeologist of Leroy, documentation of Mr. Follett's records mented pre-history was from a Castle New York, collected this Middle Wood­ of his collection. These I am told are Creek Focus site located at Willow Point land artifact from Warren K. Moorehead retained by a New York museum. where the Chenango River enters the prior to 1900. In 1927 the beaver effigy boatstone Susquehanna. Among other published Mr. Follett proclaimed himself a stu­ (Fig. 1) was purchased from Mr. Follett material as well as in the 1944 PRE- dent of archaeology and much has been for the sum of three dollars by Kenneth IROQUOIAN OCCUPATIONS OF NEW written of his excavations of sites in O. Palmer, of Syracuse, New York. Mr. YORK STATE, page 59, authored by New York state. His papers through the Palmer was a late contemporary of Mr. William A. Ritchie, this site is desig­ period 1900 to 1915 were published in Follett through the early nineteen hun­ nated as "the Palmer Site". Mr. Palmer's THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN, dreds, their archaeological efforts were most recognized effort was his research edited by the International Society of expended mostly, if not entirely, within and the making available for documen­ Archaeologists. The author has not the state of New York. tation to New York State Archaeologist been privileged to review the personal Mr. Palmer's first entrance into docu­ William Ritchie, his outstanding artifacts 19 of the Jack's Reef Component. The secured was exhibited at the Columbian several pages from the report pub­ Jack' Reef Site on the south bank of Exposition and is now in the Field lished by Mills describing it. It is the Seneca River was excavated over Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 112.0 mm long, 41.0 mm in maxi­ a period of several years by Kenneth Illinois The final or third item afore­ mum width, and 21 mm high. The Palmer. The site and the material re­ mentioned is the fact that three addi­ concavity on the underside is 58.0 covered for study was of the Point tional artifact items found in Mound 25 mm long, 32.0 mm wide, and ap­ Peninsula Focus, Vine Valley Aspect, a of the Hopewell Mound were received proximately 16.0 mm deep with portion of which is featured on page from H. C. Follett by Kenneth Palmer fairly straight sides. The two holes 149 of Mr. Ritchie's 1944 publication. and are now retained in the author's are 4.5 mm in diameter on both the The purpose of this background data collection. exterior and interior. The mouth, serves to establish the creditability of Pictured on pages 278 and 279 of eyes, and nostrils are incised on the two previous owners of the beaver CERTAIN MOUNDS AND VILLAGE the face, the ears are slight round effigy boatstone. The author is grateful SITES IN OHIO EXPLORATION OF bumps. I think the material from to the New York State Museum at THE HOPEWELL GROUP, William C. which it is made is grey pipestone, Albany as well as Dr. Ritchie who was Mills, 1926, are two very similar items. although it does not have the luster Associate Scientist and State Archae­ The following is a quote from page 277 normally associated with that mate­ ologist, for assisting in my early efforts under "Boat-shaped Objects in Effigy", rial, perhaps because of heat. of research relating to Kenneth Palmer's both taken from Mound 25. In comparison, yours is larger, artifacts obtained from the Palmer estate "Two remarkable boat-shaped the legs, ears, and scaly tail are in the mid-1960s. Mr. Ritchie informed effigies, found in Mound 25 by the more prominent, and the eyes (the this author by written personal com­ Moorehead survey, are shown in only facial features) are drilled. The munication that Palmer had collected Figures 134 and 135. The former, holes are drilled from both sides, and had in his possession in 1942 some representing a raptorial bird, is hour-glass fashion, and the groove of the more outstanding artifacts of the made of handsome greenish chlo­ on the underside is longer but shal­ Hopewell or Point Peninsula Focus rite. The object is extremely well lower than ours." found and retained in a private collec­ made, the walls of the effigy being In the eighteen years that I have been tion, when he, Mr. Ritchie, observed exceedingly thin. The remaining custodian of the beaver boatstone, and documented them for his work specimen, representing the otter bringing it together and having it fea­ which was published by the Rochester with a captured shoveller duck is tured pictorially with the Mills Tremper Museum of Arts and Sciences. The carved from bone." Mound Beaver, is a highlight of my author, Gordon Hart, obtained the clas­ prehistoric artifact research. This is an sic art objects which included all the William C. Mills 1916 publication, example of cooperation between a outstanding documented pipes and EXPLORATIONS OF THE TREMPER collector and the professional eschelon. pieces of quality such as the beaver MOUND, notes the following from that All of us regardless of our station in effigy boatstone. Most of the artifacts Hopewell mound in Scioto County, dealing with the artifacts of the past, art-work were returned to the Museum Ohio, some thirty miles from Ross must remember we never own, we only and Mr. Ritchie in 1967-8 for formal County. It is entitled, "Boat Shaped retain for future study. written verification as being those ob­ Objects of Stone". jects aforementioned. I wish to thank the following people "The boat-stone shown in Fig. 90 and institutions for their assistance: To return to the beaver object which is an effigy of the beaver in the act Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society was designated in Palmer's papers as of swimming, showing only that William A. Ritchie, Rochester Muse­ Ross Co., Ohio" with a finder and date, portion of the animal which would um of Arts and Sciences appear above the surface of the time and age makes interpretation other New York State Museum, Albany, water. The head, with its small ears, than positive. On the piece itself at one New York point in time had been marked "South­ the round stout body and flat well ern Ohio". marked tail, are characteristic of the beaver. In examining the beaver of red Ohio Fig. 91 shows the underside of Pipestone, the Portsmouth, Ohio River the specimen, somewhat resem­ location can be established as the bling a canoe or boat, whence the source of material. Workmanship is name of the type." typical of the Hopewell culture of the Middle Woodland period of 200 B.C.- Martha Potter Otto of the Ohio Histor­ A.D. 400. The drilling is typical as well ical Society, Columbus, Ohio, whom I as diagnostic of these craftsmen, being have always found to be extremely perforated from both sides, hourglass helpful to those who are serious in their fashion. This piece, having been sub­ research of material retained by the jected to a cremation ceremony, dis­ Ohio State institution, provided the plays the effects of heat which has following material. While the Hart bea­ deteriorated the surface on the upper ver effigy was retained at the museum side to a hard crumbling appearance. a few years ago a direct pictorial pres­ The origin of the beaver boatstone entation was produced by placing side presents and provokes three thoughts. by side the Mills Tremper Mound effigy The first concerns the Ross County and the Hart beaver effigy for direct location and the second, the 1891 date comparison as seen in Figures 2, 3, 4. of find. In the years 1891-92 Warren K. The following is a quote from Martha Moorehead carried out the explorations Otto's notes: of the Hopewell Mounds in Ross Coun­ The beaver effigy boatstone we ty, Ohio. These excavations were con­ have on exhibit here is from Trem­ ducted for the Department of Anthro­ per mound; it was part of the large pology of the World's Columbian Ex­ cache of pipes and other artifacts position. The vast amount of material on the mound floor. I am enclosing

20 Fig. 2 (Hart) Obverse sides of Tremper specimen, left, and the Hart specimen, right.

Fig. 3 (Hart) Reverse or bottom sides of effigy boatstone.

Fig. 4 (Hart) Comparison of heads on the Tremper and Hart boatstones.

21 The Hunzicker Site By Julie and Don Casto, Lancaster, Ohio

The Hunzicker site is owned by Dr. even though I hunted for another hour I different prehistoric and historic arti­ William Hunzicker and is now part of could not find anything to compare with facts recovered from the surface of the what was once the Chester Emerick it. Hunzicker site. farm. It is bordered on the north by Several other nice points from the From the historic period an Indian Duffy Road and on the east by Pleasant site are a large Archaic side notch head penny, a piece of comb dated Run. Part of the site was at one time a which I found on Christmas morning, 1851, and four slate pencils. portion of the botanically famous Pleas­ 1973 (Fig. 2). It is 3% inches long. My Archaic artifacts include four St. ant Run Bog. It was from the bank of son Don found a 3A inch long expanded Albans bifurcates, five large bifurcates, Pleasant Run in the center of the Hun­ notch point and my youngest daughter six Lake Erie bifurcates, four corner zicker site that Ed and John Fey found Julie found her first point at the Hun­ notched points, twelve side notched a mastodon tusk which was later given zicker site, a Kanawha bifurcate. points, twenty-two shaft scrapers, half to the Ohio Historical Society by Charles The following is part of an article a slate bannerstone, three Lamoka Goslin. The site has produced artifacts printed in the Lancaster Eagle Gazette points, six bottleneck points, eight fish- from the Paleo through Fort Ancient and written by the well known naturalist spears and three dovetails. periods, approximately 10,000 BC to Charles Goslin. He tells of the area in From the Woodland periods are seven historic times, and it is one of the most which the Hunzicker site is located and Adenas, four Hopewells, one Intrusive hunted sites in Fairfield County. As long he gives us an insight into what the mound point, three pot sherds, a slate ago as 1926, Ed and John Fey were location must have looked like many pendant with one complete hole and collecting artifacts from here. years ago: two started ones, twenty cores and I received my first training in surface The Hunzicker site is part of the twenty-eight flake knives. hunting at the Hunzicker site. In Sep­ glacial debris-filled valley of the pre- Additional artifacts include thirty-four tember of 1970, with George Thrush as glacial Bremen creek which flowed triangles, twenty-three bird points, four­ my instructor, I went on my first surface west towards the buried Lancaster teen drills, five knives, twenty-four hunt. My only find was a small scraper river. Blocked by a tongue of the glacier blades, twenty-six thumb scrapers and along with a sack full of glacial flint. On during the ice age, water from the twenty-three blanks. my second visit I found my first pro­ melting glacier and Bremen creek Paleo items are three stemmed lance- jectile point, a bifurcated point made of backed up to form a glacial lake. The olates, one unfluted point, one lance­ a grayish stone material. Since that first level of the lake rose until it found an olate and two square blades. visit I have never failed to find an outlet to the south, the valley through There are also eleven early Woodland artifact. Most of the artifacts from the which our present Pleasant Run flows. points, three triangular blades, two site are broken probably because it has Debris from the melting ice was depos­ pentagonals, four Middle Woodland been under cultivation for many years. ited in the bottom of the glacial lake to points, two expanded notched points, One of the most interesting artifacts form the present level plain which the two Archaic bevels, one hafted shaft collected from the Hunzicker site is a Hunzicker site is part of. scraper, one ungrooved hammerstone, left-handed shaft scraper made of white During the laying of drainage tile a nine grooved hammerstones, five celts, Flint Ridge flint (Fig. 1). It was found by number of cedar logs have been un­ five pitted stones, two cupstones, and Frank Taylor, who came from my home earthed. This indicates this was a Cedar one hundred and eight unidentified town of Clarksburg, West Virginia, on bog, similar to the Cedar bog near points and broken pieces. his first surface hunting trip. He later Urbana, Ohio. Not too many years ago, The diversity of artifacts from the gave the scraper to me along with a shrubby, cinquefoil, goldenrod grew Hunzicker site indicates that it served dovetail which he found on his second there. Now this level area covered with perhaps both as a village as well as a surface hunting trip. My daughter Donna lake till, known as Montgomery silt camp site from the Paleo to the historic found a fine 2% inch bevel imbedded in loam, is extensively cultivated." period. a clod of dirt on one trip to the site but The following is a list of forty-five

Fig. I (Casto) Transitional point, first artifact found on the site. Fig. 2 (Casto) Dovetail, Archaic side notch, expanded notch points Right, hafted shaft scraper made of white Flint Ridge flint 2Vn found by Donna Casto. Don Casto and son Don Paul Casto inches long. respectively. Longest point is 3% inches.

2? Fig. 3 (Casto) Paleo artifacts. Blade in middle is 3'/s inches long. Fig. 4 (Casto) Various points from the Hunzicker site. Center Left are two stemmed lanceolates. point is 2 inches long.

Fig. 5 (Casto) Three points and two slate pencils. Largest pencil is Fig. 6 (Casto) Three of the fifteen bifurcates. 3'/8 inches long.

Fig. 7 (Casto). Slate artifact with one hole and two started holes. Fig. 8 (Casto) Three knives. Left is of Flint Ridge flint, right is a uniface blade of Coshocton flint.

23 The Putnam-Metz Correspondence On Mound Explorations In Ohio By Ralph W. Dexter, Kent State University

ABSTRACT of the Cincinnati Historical Society. an ancient burial place in the Miami Dr. Frederic W. Putnam (1839-1915) Excerpts from this correspondence Valley which interested me very much . was Curator of the Peabody Museum of have been selected to illustrate the field . . I take it from the character of the American Archaeology and Ethnology problems which arose in the process of article in the paper, that you wish to do at Harvard University from 1875 to excavations, interesting episodes of all you can in a scientific way and not 1909. Dr. Charles L. Metz (1847-1926), public relations, efforts to preserve simply gathering the articles as so many a practicing physician at Madisonville, archaeological sites, and plans for publi­ curiosities." This referred to the work Ohio, developed an interest in mound cation of scientific results and for mu­ of Dr. Metz in the Ferris Cemetery in exploration in the Little Miami Valley of seum exhibits. Also, conflicts between collaboration with members of the Liter­ southwestern Ohio. The two men col­ the Peabody Museum workers and ary and Scientific Society of Madison­ laborated and corresponded with each those of the Smithsonian Institution are ville, Ohio. Henceforth, the two men other between 1879 and 1909. In 1880 traced. corresponded regularly over the years, Metz was appointed as an Assistant in Morgan and Rodabaugh (1947) stated Dr. Metz sending progress reports and the Field" for the Peabody Museum, succinctly that The period of scientific Prof. Putnam sending directions and and in 1891 he was made a "Special excavating began with Putnam's work advice for the excavations. On 30 Assistant in Department M (Anthro­ in Ohio" (p. 6), and Tozzer (1936) ex­ March 1880 Metz reported that, "The pology) in charge of Ohio Archaeology" plained that "For almost the first time, work in the ancient cemetery has been under Putnam, who was Chief of the methods of exact measurements cou­ progressing almost without interruption Department, for the World's Columbian pled with topographical maps, sections, during the entire winter and many inter­ Exposition in Chicago. Selections from and other scientifically determined data esting discoveries have been made. their correspondence have been cho­ were employed in American archae­ Our Field Notes for the year 1879 are sen to illustrate the problems they faced ology" (p. 129). In 1878 the Literary now in process of'publication and will in excavation, public relations, preser­ and Scientific Society of Madisonville appear in the April number of the Jour­ vation of sites, publication of results, was organized and became the focus nal of the Society of Natural History of museum exhibits, and the conflicts they for archaeological exploration in south­ Cincinnati (Cox etal. 1880).. .Our little had with the Smithsonian Institution. western Ohio (Metz 1878). Dr. Metz was village contains the largest collection The writer believes that these conflicts a founder of the society which held its of bone and horn implements and relics led to the failure of Putnam and Metz to meetings in his office, and he was in the world. Every member of our little complete publication on the Turner superintendent of excavations. His prin­ Society having from one to 200 pieces mounds rather than the rumor of faked cipal co-workers were Hon. Joseph and no two collections are alike. It finds which had been circulated by an Cox, OF. Low, and Dr. Frank W. Lang- would afford us great pleasure if it unscrupulous student. don. They published some of their would be convenient for you to find studies in the Journal of the Literary time to pay us a visit and examine our work and collections." Information and Scientific Society of Madisonville, Much of the early work on Indian Ohio, and the Journal of the Cincinnati On 26 April 1882 Putnam went to mound explorations in Ohio was done Society of Natural History. Some of the Chicago for his marriage to Miss Esther by Dr. Charles L. Metz (1847-1926), a articles in the former were reprints from O. Clarke (Putnam's second marriage). Madisonville physician, working under the latter journal (1878-81). Their field Three days later they proceeded to the direction of Dr. Frederic W. Putnam work was partly supported by the Cin­ Cincinnati on their honeymoon, where (1839-1915). A general review of Put­ cinnati Society of Natural History and Putnam had an opportunity to visit Metz nam's and Metz' contributions to Ohio partly by Putnam through the Peabody and observe the field excavations and Archaeology has already been pub­ Museum and the World's Columbian the artifacts which had been accumu­ lished (Dexter 1965:1977). Dr. Putnam Exposition. Putnam gave many public lated. On 13 May Putnam lectured to was Curator of the Peabody Museum of lectures, reports at scientific meetings, the Literary Club in Cincinnati on the American Archaeology and Ethnology and published brief articles on the exploration of local mounds and called at Harvard University from 1875 to progress of the group at Madisonville for public support to save Ft. Ancient. (Putnam 1883, 1886, Metz and Putnam 1909. During most of that time he In his notebook of that time Putnam 1886). corresponded with Dr Metz on their recorded, "In the afternoon drove over mutual interest of mound exploration in to Newtown with Dr. Metz visiting a the Little Miami Valley of southwestern The Correspondence number of mounds which he has put Ohio. In 1880 Putnam appointed Metz The Putnam-Metz correspondence down on his chart of the Township—The as one of his "Assistants in the Field", began 29 April 1879 when Prof. Putnam big Mound, about 40 feet high, is a fine an official collaborator for the Peabody wrote the following note to Dr. Metz conical mound. Another pretty conical Museum. Also, when Putnam organized upon receipt of a newspaper clipping, mound is in the Newtown Cemetery. A the Department of Archaeology and "Mr. Low of Cincinnati (Charles F. Low stone mound on a hill was very interest­ Ethnology for the World's Columbian was an auditor for the Baltimore and ing and we shall probably open it. It is Exposition held in Chicago, he made Ohio Railroad, and aided in the mound an earth mound about 3 or 4 feet high Metz a Special Assistant in the Depart­ excavations for the Literary and Scien­ over which stones have been regularly ment and placed him in charge of Ohio tific Society of Madisonville. In the placed forming a covering of stones Archaeology. Many of the Metz letters Putnam-Metz correspondence the name about 2 feet in thickness. The stones to Putnam are now preserved in the is sometimes spelled "Low" and some­ were all brought up from the creek files of the Peabody Museum at Har­ times "Lowe") has kindly sent me a bottom. Met a man who said that he vard and some of Putnam's letters to copy of the Enquirer of the 24th which dug into the mound 16 years ago and Metz have been deposited in the library has an account of your explorations of found a skeleton with ashes below it.

24 He only made a small hole near a large duplicates ... I write this simply be­ was loyal to Putnam and the Peabody beech tree on one side of the mound. cause Low has suggested that the Cin­ Museum. Low favored the Cincinnati His object being to find a pot of gold cinnati Society would like to share Society of Natural History. An early which was thought to be buried under expenses and go half on the finds in indication of this conflict is seen in the tree." the big mound. But that won't do and Metz' letter to Putnam 6 April 1883, After Putnam returned to Cambridge, Low will fully agree I am sure when he stating, "In today's paper I noticed in Metz reported 30 August 1882, "There thinks it over. There are hundreds of the Madisonville News that Mr. Lowe are seven other mounds that I am anx­ mounds in Ohio and I have purposely has made a donation to the Society of ious to explore for you, as they are all kept out of this state for years so as to Natural History in Cincinnati of relics connected with earthworks. I think they give local societies the first chance, but from the Altar mound, in Little Miami will give us considerable results and at you know that they have not done much Valley. I enclose the slip—did you make the same time I would like to be ahead and that science has not been ad­ a donation through him? If so, I feel of other parties that anticipate doing vanced by their work, except your own offended, for I do not think that they the same. As a preliminary step I am Society at Madisonville, which has done deserve any." securing the exclusive privilege to ex­ more through you and Low than all the Shortly afterwards Metz himself gave plore them for the Peabody Museum rest of the West put together." some specimens to the Cincinnati So­ wherever it can be obtained." Metz was Dr. Metz was frequently asked to give ciety of Natural History. Putnam re­ constantly encouraged by some of his lectures on his archaeological studies sponded, "I see no objection to your Ohio friends to retain some of the to the Cincinnati Society of Natural giving the fragments of the altar to the artifacts he obtained in the Cincinnati History. He was anxious to publicize Cincinnati Society if you would like to. I area, and particularly to donate speci­ the work in the hope of getting financial would like to help them all we can, mens to the Cincinnati Society of Nat­ support and also to get local coopera­ except in dividing specimens from a ural History. Since at first he got no tion from landowners and those who grave or a mound or an ash pit. In those financial support locally, Metz felt obli­ possessed artifacts. Putnam, however, cases all or none should be the rule for gated to turn his collections over to the was not so enthusiastic and cautioned every scientific worker.—The moment Peabody Museum, which financed his Metz (22 November 1882), "By all you divide contents of a mound that field work. means keep accounts out of papers moment you destroy in great part the Putnam wrote to Metz 7 September until you have finished the exploration value of the collection for study and 1882 setting forth his hope that Ft. and then say as little as possible. I shall comparison." Ancient might be purchased and pre­ put off my popular lectures until De­ This conflict of interest stimulated served as an archaeological site—"I cember 28 so as to give you plenty of both Putnam and Metz to obtain when­ write now about a plan which has been time to do all that can be done this ever possible exclusive rights for ex­ in my mind ever since I was at Ft. season and I am very desirous of having cavation. Putnam wrote three days Ancient; namely, the preservaton of the the plan of survey of the whole group later, "Don't fail to get the exclusive fort and its proper care. I am now for use at the lecture." rights for exploration in every case you satisfied that I can obtain the money for Putnam was always afraid that public­ can for the Museum and put it in writing the purchase of the estate and its pres­ ity would attract both competition from when you can so as to nail it sure." In ervation for the people for all future professionals and relic hunters from the the same letter he expanded his idea of time, as a park to which all can go under amateurs. He was also concerned that a joint publication, writing, "There are proper restrictions, but the first step is publicity might raise the price of land many things I must see you about in to get a bond or paper of some proper he might want to purchase later for regard to our joint Memoir in the Ohio [kind] and a binding upon the owners preservation. He proposed to Metz that explorations, and we must bring out a giving me the refusal of the whole they collaborate on an illustrated paper big volume with lots of illustrations. I estate for one year. This will give me for the Annual Report, Peabody Mu­ propose that we have full descriptions time to mature all the plans and to make seum of American Archaeology and of all the work we have both done in another visit to the Ft. and see just what Ethnology after the field work had been Ohio. We will have a volume in that way should be done." completed. Dr. Metz, like many other as important as Squire and Davis [1848] Two days later Metz wrote "I have field workers under Putnam's direction, was in its day (and is now as for that secured the exclusive right to explore was anxious to have his work recog­ matter)." all of the mounds about here. In this nized, whereas Putnam was always Putnam, however, was far too busy to evening's mail I received a check for cautious and slow in publication and in take time out for such a major project, $50.00 which made the men happy. I some cases delayed too long. However, writing to Metz 12 May 1883 that, "I have a good force of five men, and Putnam did give periodic lectures to think with time and a few more facts we horse and wagon, and I put the men professional groups and at scientific shall get at the meaning of things which through. 7 o'clock a.m. finds them at meetings. For example, he wrote to are now dark. The copper awls in the work, one half hour for noon, and quit Metz 17 March 1883 that, "Last night I little handles—we have had nothing of work at 5:30 p.m." Putnam was very gave my second Boston lecture in the the kind before, neither have we found pleased with the work of Dr. Metz and Lowell Institute Course, and it was on the long bone ornaments with the two his field workers and three days later Ft. Ancient and the Madisonville Ceme­ holes. Yes! There were a number of wrote of his plans for future publication tery [Putnam 1883], You would be de­ things of special interest, but I've been on the Turner mounds which were then lighted with the diagram I have got up so driven with lecturing and writing and being excavated. He suggested that, showing the contents and a skeleton, raising money (which comes hard just "We must have a special report on the etc., all natural size. Rather be out now) that I can't get time to look or Turner Group as a whole with details of digging in the mounds than lecturing study the specimens that come in from all the mounds and figures of every­ about them." all parts as I would like to. I have never thing. Keep at work and do your level Friction soon developed between Dr. been driven so before." best and I will do mine at this end. Don't Metz and C.F. Low over the ownership Dr. Metz alerted Putnam to the need take any partnership in the work. You of artifacts obtained when these two, for immediate action to preserve Ft. know that I have always said that the with other members, excavated under Ancient upon the death of the owner. contents of a mound must be kept as the auspices of the Literary and Scien­ Putnam was informed, "The enclosed one lot. There are no such things as tific Society of Madisonville. Dr. Metz newspaper-slip out from today's Com-

25 mercial Gazette [25 June 1883] an­ the Turner mounds. On Tuesday I go open a mound at Foster's Crossing nounces the death of Mr. James Cou- for a three day trip up the East Fork which is about 15 miles above here on den, the proprietor of Ft. Ancient. Now valley and secure all there is up that the Little Miami River about 8 miles would be the proper time to take steps way. We should also work up to Ft. this way from Ft. Ancient. I shall keep to secure the Ancient Earthwork as it Ancient and secure everything for miles him in tow as long as he is about here, will undoubtedly be divided and sold in on both sides. Trespassing at the and today I will look up my fences and lots or parcels and before this is done a mounds where the men work is prohib­ see that all is safe. The old coon told proposition might be secured from the ited altogether —the people of the me that he was going to organize expor- heirs. Write Mr. Lowe or myself what Miami Valley feel very well disposed ing parties and put men in charge of you think best to be done." A week towards the Peabody Museum, but what them to whom he would pay a good later he informed Putnam of action you must do, right off, too, is to write salary, etc. Soft soap." It was Cyrus taken by Low who, "has a proposition little articles for publication in our daily Thomas who championed the belief, from the Administrator of the Couden papers such as you publish in Science held by several investigators, that North Estate, in writing as binding on the and other eastern papers and whenever American Indian mounds were made heirs, for Ft. Ancient. He would not tell you have a chance mention the owners by ancestors of the modern Indians. me what it was, only that it was about of the lands for seeing their names in Putnam thought the "mound builders" $5,000 less than the first proposition print in connection with such an article, had migrated from the south, possibly he received from the heirs." In early they feel as if they were identified with as far away as South America, and then January, 1884, Putnam went to Cin­ the work, etc." vanished, Carr (1883) and Thomas cinnati to give two public lectures, and Dr. Metz, like Dr. C.C. Abbott, who (1884-85:1889) marshalled abundant while there visited Dr. Metz again at did similar work under Putnam's direc­ evidence to prove their belief which Madisonville to go over the field explor­ tion in New Jersey, had many personal has been generally accepted. ations and to plan their joint publication. financial problems and was almost al­ Low finally sold his personal collec­ He wanted Metz to go to Cambridge ways in debt to Prof. Putnam. Metz tion to the Smithsonian Institution. A with him to work over specimens which reached the point where he was forced disagreement then arose because he had accumulated from the field work. to offer his personal archaeological claimed that the original records of the Metz wrote 18 November 1883 in prep­ collection for sale, rather than giving it Literary and Scientific Society, which aration for the visit by Putnam, "The old to the Peabody Museum as he would initiated the excavations, should go with altar I have again uncovered, placed like, or sell it to that Museum if it had his personal collection. Metz, however, boards over it and placed two feet of available funds. On this matter he wrote claimed these field notes as his prop­ earth upon it. I also covered over two to Putnam 7 August, 1884, "I would like erty since he had carried out most of arches or ovens in the same manner to save my collection for the Peabody the field work. This further fanned the intending to save these for you to but I need the money and should flames between the Peabody Museum explore when you come out in January Thomas [Cyrus Thomas of the Smith­ and the Smithsonian Institution. Putnam next. What a wonderful mound this is, sonian Institution] give me my price I and Holmes had long been adversaries, and what may we yet discover? Pick will sell to him. Only I do hate to see and now Metz and Low were involved. and shovel, time and patience will them get things that come from the Metz wrote to Putnam 23 April 1885 reveal all. Could you only be here when places in which we are so much inter­ that, "Mr. Low informed me that he had we make a find and see these things as ested—namely the Ferris Woods, the sold his collection to the Smithsonian we see them in the position they were Sand Ridge, Hahn field, etc. I would Institution and that Prof. Holmes would left by their builders." Following Put­ sell to the Peabody Museum on monthly be the one to arrange the packing of nam's visit, Dr. Metz reported further or quarterly installments preferably to the material of the Ferris Woods. He progress, writing 20 January 1884, "On taking all down to the Smithsonian also demands all of the field notes of last Thursday I visited Remington and Institution." Under such pressure Put­ the exploration conducted by the Liter­ took Britten with me. We succeeded in nam obtained funds to purchase the ary and Scientific Society of this place locating five stone graves by means of Metz private collection and paid him a [Madisonville]. Now, I claim the field iron rods four feet long with which we salary of $25.00 a month for carrying notes are my exclusive property since probed the ground a la Smithsonian' out field excavations for the Museum. the Literary and Scientific Society has until we found the stone coverings A formal contract was signed by the been dissolved and [I] refuse to give when we marked the spot with a wood­ two on 9 September 1884. Cyrus them up. In consequence there is a en peg. These graves I will keep until Thomas wanted to purchase the Metz breeze between Mr. Low and myself. you are able to come out here during collection to send to the New Orleans He argued that the Smithsonian Institu­ the spring." Exposition when funds became avail­ tion people have done so much for the able for a Smithsonian exhibit at that Literary and Scientific Society giving Another conflict of interest, more fair. However, W.H. Holmes, Director, Madisonville an international reputa­ serious than the local one, existed Bureau of American Ethnology, decided tion, and that they had some reference between the Peabody Museum and the against the Metz collection, writing to or another to Madisonville in every one Smithsonian Institute and runs through­ him that, "It is all together better that of their publications, while you had out the Putnam-Metz correspondence. your collection should go to Peabody done nothing as yet. I shall get a written Periodically steps were taken to pre­ with the others." consent from the members to allow me vent competition and invasion of ex­ to retain the notes that I have, and also Friction with archaeologists at the cavation rights. Dr. Metz always had the records of the Society. I have them Smithsonian Institution continued un­ the feeling that he could obtain better all in my possession and intend to keep abated. After a visit from Cyrus Thomas, cooperation from landowners if Putnam them from out of the hands of the Metz wrote to Putnam the following day, had given them more praise and publi­ Smithsonian Institution people." It is the "Prof. [Cyrus] Thomas arrived here last city. His awareness of these problems belief of this writer that this conflict evening ... A very few minutes talk is well illustrated in his letter to Putnam over ownership of the original field settled him in my estimation, he is a 16 July 1884, "As soon as I read the notes and the division of the artifacts sharp old coon and I think means us no Smithsonian Institution appeal, I started between the two institutions was prob­ good. He said he would not interfere out to see that my fences in the Miami ably the reason why Putnam and Metz with us in any way and then with the Valley were all tight and all is just right. never completed their planned publica- No one can get into the Valley below next breath tells me that he is going to

26 tions on the Turner group. We shall see at Loveland in company with Dr. Metz, ing hard to preserve the famous Ser­ later that some people believed that but Holmes concluded the artifacts pent Mound. The Evening Post (Cincin­ the series was never completed be­ were from "workshops" of neolithic nati, Ohio) for 4 June 1887, carried a cause a rumor had been circulated by man. notice concerning Putnam's proposal one of Putnam's students, accusing Concerning the preservation of Fort to preserve the Serpent Mound as a another student of faking his finds at Ancient, Metz wrote to Putnam 6 No­ public park. With the aid of Alice C. the Turner mound in order to discredit vember 1886, that. .. "I made a hurried Fletcher, Protege of Putnam, and a him and thereby get the scholarship visit to the Fort [Fort Ancient] and it group of women from Boston, Massa­ which had just been awarded to the seems much grander viewed in clear chusetts, funds were raised to purchase other student. weather than in a mist and rain such as 60 acres of the Lovett Farm in Adams A few weeks later Metz reported to prevailed at our first visit. In the south County. This was named Serpent Mound Putnam on 6 June 1885, "We are now half and near the wall on the side next Park by Putnam, and the Serpent effigy working on the Turpin farm one-half to the river a large hole has been torn was restored by Putnam according to mile east of the Union Bridge in Ander­ out by a charge of dynamite exploded the 1848 survey of Squire and Davis son Township. The field is proving very in an archaeological research a la (Putnam 1887). rich and we will probably make another Smithsonian —a few pieces of mica was Putnam then turned his attention to hit soon ... I will keep my eye on the secured as the result. Damn the fellows, other Ohio sites, especially Fort An­ Smithsonian Institution men ... I call even old Fort Ancient will be blown to cient. He made a plea for the preserva­ on every man that has anything of pieces for a few pieces of mica and tion of Ohio archaeological sites when interest to you and arrange for the reports of existing ores, etc." Metz was he lectured before the Ohio Archaeo­ Peabody Museum to explore exclu­ very anxious that Fort Ancient be pre­ logical and Historical Society at the sively. My next move is to the sand served. A week later he wrote again, Senate chamber of the State House 12 ridge and we may consider ourselves "What do you think about Fort Ancient? April 1888, on the subject of The fixed for the balance of the year."' Can you not get it now? Is it not more Archaeology of the Ohio Valley." Action Nearly a week later Metz gleefully important than the Serpent [Mound]? was slow, however, and a little more reported how his colleague, OF. Low, Will not some moneyed individual im­ than two years later A. A. Graham, had changed his attitude toward the mortalize himself or herself by advanc­ secretary for the Ohio Archaeological Peabody Museum. Following a three ing $10,000 to save one of the greatest and Historical Society, informed Put­ hour conversation with Low concerning monuments on the American conti­ nam that, "You may have noticed that his recent trip to the East, Metz wrote, nent? Had I but the means Peabody our General Assembly has taken steps "I think you have converted a Smith­ Museum should have Fort Ancient for a to buy and preserve Fort Ancient. A sonian Institution man for here is what Thanksgiving present." A friend of Dr. committee, headed by Senator Jesse he says about the Peabody Museum. Metz, L. Simonton from Blanchester, N. Oren, of Wilmington, has been au­ Of all the museums that I have seen Ohio, wrote 8 December 1886, to cau­ thorized to buy it, at a price not exceed­ the Peabody is the crown jewel of them tion him that, "If we get the fort we will ing $40.00 per acre for 180 acres. The all. The Smithsonian Institution com­ have to hustle—Couden says that he intention is to eventually place it under pares with it about as the Society of will take $30.00 per acre for the tract. the control of this Society, unless politi­ Natural History Collection of Cincinnati When he got the deed it called for 284 cians get too active and demand it, as a would to the Smithsonian Institution. acres instead of 290 as he wrote me. reward for party services. I think, how­ The arrangement of the Peabody col­ He says that the first one that comes ever, this will not be done." The Oren lection is all that a student could desire forward with the money will be the one. sponsored bill was passed by the Ohio and the Smithsonian Institution is a junk He will not hold it at this price for only a Legislature in 1891, and the site was shop in comparison. It made me sick short time . . . There is one Represent­ placed in the control of the Ohio His­ when I visited the Smithsonian Institu­ ative in the Legislature [who] told them torical Society and became the first tion after having seen the Peabody and that he was going to present a bill State Memorial. E. O. Randall (1908) I could not help having a bout with before the Legislature this winter for published an account of the purchase [Cyrus] Thomas for an hour and I told the state to buy Fort Ancient and other and J. B. Griffin (1943) traced the early him that he knew nothing of our work in forts to prevent Eastern parties from work of both The Madisonville Focus" Ohio at all.' He says that Thomas con­ getting them." and "The Fort Ancient Aspect." The fessed to him that they did not get Serpent Mound became the second Prof. G.F. Wright of Oberlin College anything from their work in Ohio and State Memorial in 1900 when it was joined the local forces in promoting the were disgusted. He [Low] also found deeded to the State of Ohio by Harvard preservation of Fort Ancient through fault with an oil painting of the serpent University (personal correspondence his contacts with the Archaeological mound by Mr. McLean (Rev. J.P. Mc­ from Dr. Raymond S. Baby, Curator of and Historical Society of Ohio. Putnam Lean]—representing a frog making fran­ Archaeology, The Ohio Historical So­ wrote to Wright 10 February 1885, "It is tic efforts to escape from the open jaws ciety, Columbus). of a serpent. He told Thomas that it did with much pleasure that I learn from no more [resemble] the original that it your letter that at last there is hope of Putnam was always slow to publish was intended to represent than the some action being taken by the Archae­ results of the field surveys and he Washington Monument resembled a ological Society of Ohio to induce the always hesitated to create publicity of cow."' State to provide for the protection of any kind until the field work was com­ the most important of the ancient monu­ pleted. The local people, however, At a meeting of the Boston Society ments within her borders, works which especially the property owners and of Natural History held 4 November all students of American archaeology those who worked with them, such as 1885, Putnam placed on exhibition know to be as important to the history Dr. Metz and Mr. Low, were desirous of some chipped black flint Dr, Metz had of America as the pyramids of the Nile publicity partly for recognition of their found in gravel eight feet below the Valley are to that of Egypt" (Wright labors and to smoothe the way for surface at Madisonville. They believed 1888b:55-56). W.K. Moorehead (1890), cooperation on the part of others. Each these to be of a palaeolithic type and working under Putnam's direction, made time a question was raised as to the indicated presence of man in the glacial a detailed study of Fort Ancient which nature of the excavations and their age (Wright, 1888a). Later, W. H. Holmes he continued for many years. purpose, Dr. Metz encouraged Putnam (1893) visited this site and a similar one In the meanwhile Putnam was work­ to make a public statement. Even Prof.

27 O.C. Marsh of Yale University, who was tried to call the work of exploration into bring the subject before the public at instrumental in establishing the Pea­ question for he said things that Saville the earliest possible time. I wish I could body Museum through the beneficence claimed were found at a certain time find words to express strongly enough of his uncle, George Peabody, did not were seen on his table for weeks be­ my feeling on this point. It is in your always fully understand the importance fore, etc ... I am positively convinced power to advance our knowledge of of Putnam's progress for lack of infor­ and have many proofs that Dr. Dresson American Anthropology immensely, mation. is untruthful and that he is not a man to and I think you ought to find a way to In the season of 1889 Putnam sent be trusted." Putnam replied to Metz 20 spare time enough to do so." Marshall H. Saville to work in the field April 1891, "What in the name of the Very shortly after Putnam retired in with Dr. Metz, and the next year, in devil ever got into Cresson to write such 1909 at the age of 70, he planned to addition to Saville, Ernest Volk, who letters to the men last February and complete his monograph on the Turner had worked for Putnam in the gravel March. I have written him a very plain Mounds. He promised Dr. Metz, "What deposits on the Abbott farm near Tren­ letter today about the whole matter and time I have now will be devoted to ton, New Jersey, was also sent to work will let you know his answer. He must writing out some of our Ohio explora­ in the Little Miami Valley. Dr. Metz was either prove or withdraw charges he tions, and the first will be the Turner very pleased with these two men and has made about Saville in whom I have Group." Unfortunately, he published wrote glowing accounts of their ability perfect confidence." nothing more on the subject. The Cin­ and efforts in the field. Many people including Alice Putnam, cinnati Museum of Natural History pub­ lished a nine-page brochure on the Another team of field workers con­ daughter of Prof. Putnam, believed that Turner mounds in 1911 when Dr. Metz sisted of Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson and Dr. these charges, although later proved (1911) presented a model of the group George A. Dorsey. While the latter was false, were the reason that Putnam to the museum. In later years others at satisfactory, the former spread rumors never completed his publication on the the Peabody Museum (Hooton and to discredit Saville, who had just re­ Turner mounds. However, as explained Willoughby, 1920; Willoughby and ceived an appointment for a trip to earlier in this paper, it is my own belief Hooton, 1922) published a full account Yucatan, apparently in the hopes of that the dispute between the Peabody of the Turner Mounds. getting the appointment for himself. Museum and the Smithsonian Institu­ Getting word of the controversy, Dr. tion over ownership of field notes and Metz made his own investigation and artifacts was more likely the real reason. Acknowledgments reported to Putnam, "When I heard it More than six years later, Dr. Franz Acknowledgment is made to the Pea­ indirectly that the boys were receiving Boas, who had recently gone to the body Museum of Archaeology and Eth­ letters from Cresson reflecting on Sa­ American Museum of Natural History nology at Harvard University and to the ville I set about to get at their contents with Putnam added his pressure on Put­ Cincinnati Historical Society for permis­ and when I did so I came to the con­ nam to complete his Ohio work, writing sion to study the Putnam-Metz corre­ clusion that Cresson was planning an 5 December 1897, "I asked Willoughby spondence and to quote excerpts from attack on you and I began to prepare to show me the Turner Group material it. The Metz letters are at Cambridge ammunition for you. Cresson stated to which I had never seen and I was and the Putnam letters are at Cincinnati. me when he came out here that you entirely carried away by it. You really I am especially indebted to Dr. Stephen had appointed him to go to Yucatan must not withold these treasures from Williams of the Peabody Museum, and and that he came out to prepare himself science any longer. With this material Dr. Mary Knight Ashbury, grand-daugh­ . . . When you sent Saville instead of and the Hopewell material you have it ter of Dr. Metz, for their interest and him he began to get the good will of the in your hand to open our eyes to an encouragement of my studies on those boys by writing such letters as he sup­ entirely new appreciation of the relation documents. Also, I thank Dr. Raymond posed would best please their fancy of the Ohio culture to southern cultures; S. Baby, Curator of Archaeology, the and gradually win them over to him, but to a peculiar developed culture that to Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, for he made a mistake, the boss asked me most anthropologists will be entirely his interest and assistance in this study. what the letter meant, and I told them new. —I really think that your important Department of Biological Sciences, evidently no good to the Prof, as they discovery makes it a duty to you to Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242

References:

Carr, Lucien Metz. C.L. 1887 The Serpent Mound saved Pub. 1883 The mounds of the Mississippi 1878 The prehistoric monuments of the Ohio Arch and Hist. Soc 1 184- Valley, historically considered. Cin­ Little Miami Valley Jour Cincinnati 190 cinnati. Robert Clarke and Co . 107 Soc of Nat. Hist. 1 119-128 Randall. EO PP 1911 A brief description of the Turner 1908 Purchase of Fort Ancient Pub. Cox, J C F Low. C L Metz. and F W Group of prehistoric earthworks in Ohio Arch and Hist Soc 17 489- Langdon Anderson Township, Hamilton 492 County, Ohio Published by the 1880 Archaeological explorations near Squire. EG to EH Davis Cincinnati Mus. of Nat. Hist, 9 pp Madisonville. Ohio Jour. Cincin­ 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ nati Soc. Nat Hist. 3 40-68, 128- Metz. C.L and F.W. Putnam sippi Valley Smithsonian Insti. 139. 203-220 1886 Explorations in Ohio conducted for Contrib. to Knowledge 1 1 -306 Dexter. R W the Peabody Museum of American Thomas. Cyrus 1965 Contributions of Frederic Ward Archaeology and Ethnology in con­ 1884-85 Who were the mound builders? Putnam to Ohio Archaeology Ohio nection with Harvard University I American Antiquarian 6:90-99; Journal Science 65:110-11 7 The Marriott mound, no 1 18th 7:65-74 1977 Contributions of Cincinnati-area Ftept. Peabody Museum lor 1884, 1889 The problem of the Ohio mounds physicians to Ohio archaeology in pp 449-466 Bull. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. (Smith­ the 19th Century Ohio State Medi­ Moorehead. W K sonian Insti I No 8, 54 pp cal Journal. 73I6): 409-411 1890 Fort Ancient. The great prehistoric Tozzer, A.M. Griffen. J.B earthwork of Warren County. Ohio 1936 Biographical memoir of Frederic 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect, its cultural Cincinnati. Robert Clarke and Co Ward Putnam (1839-1915) Biog. and chronological position in Mis­ 129pp Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 16:125-153. sissippi valley archaeology. Ann Morgan, R G and J.H Rodabaugh Willoughby, CC and E.A. Hooton Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1947 Bibliography ot Ohio Archaeology 1922 The Turner Group of earthworks Ohio State Arch and Hist Soc . 392 pp Hamilton County, Ohio Papers, 189 pp Holmes W H Peabody Mus. Amer Arch, and Putnam, F W Ethnol. 8(3). 1-132 1893 Traces of glacial man in Ohio The 1883 Archaeological explorations at Archaeologist 1 161-170 Madisonville. Ohio, 1881 Proceed. Wright, GF Hooton. E A and C C Willoughby Boston Soc Nat. Hist. 21 216-222 1888a Preglacial man in Ohio Pub. Ohio 1920 Indian village site and cemetery 1886 The Peabody Museums explora­ Arch, and Hist Soc 1:257-259 near Madisonville, Ohio Papers, tions in Ohio Amer. Nat. (extra 1888b Importance of the study of ar­ Peabody Museum American Arch, issue. Dec 18861 1017-1027 chaeology in Ohio Pub. Ohio Arch, and Hist. Soc. 1 55-60 and Ethnol. 8(1) 1-137 28 Ohio Surface Finds Ron Dayton 29 Morgans, Brilliant, Ohio 43913

The dovetail (Fig. 1) in the upper left point in the lower right is 3 inches long except for the cream colored drill that is 3 inches long and was found in and was found in Coshocton Co. in was found in Jefferson Co., are all Tuscarawas Co. in 1972. Adena point in 1979. The dovetail in the center is 6% surface finds from Tuscarawas Co. the upper right is 3% inches long and inches long and was found in Adams I have been collecting artifacts for was found in Coshocton Co. in 1979. Co. in 1978. about twelve years and all of my collec­ The notched based dovetail in the lower The axe (Fig. 2) is 4% inches long and tion has come from personal surface left is 3VB inches long and was found in 3 inches wide. It was found in Tuscara­ finds. Jefferson Co. in 1972. Expanded notch was Co. in 1982. The artifacts in Fig. 3,

Fig. 2 (Dayton) Full grooved axe from Tuscarawas Co.

Fig. 1 (Dayton)

Fig. 3 (Dayton) Surface finds from Tuscarawas Co.

29 Two Carved Stone Objects By William Piatt Rt. #1 West Farmington, Ohio 44491

Pictured here are two rather unusual stone objects. These were in a small collection that I purchased a number of years ago. The top piece is semi-round in shape, 2 inches in diameter and V2 inch thick. It is engraved on one side with two concentric circles and a double cross imposed over the circles. The second piece is a natural creek pebble with a face carefully carved on it. It has prominent eye-brows and lips and a rather broad nose. It is 1 % inches high and 1 inch wide. The area that this collection came from is not far from Swine Creek. Swine Creek has many gravel deposits, and these two artifacts are fashioned from concretions which probably came from these deposits. Fig. I (Piatt) Two carved stone objects from Mesopotamia Twp., Trumbull County, Ohi

Never Stop Looking

By William Piatt Rt #1 West Farmington, Ohio 44491

When I was 14 and first starting my collection, I was fortunate to have for a neighbor an old gentleman who had farmed most of his life. He had picked up on the farms he had worked quite a large farm collection. I spent many hours looking at and handling his ar­ rows and spears. He gave me several nice pieces to add to my small collec­ tion. The farm is now owned by the grandson who also has most of the old farm collection. During the summer of 1980 while surface hunting one of the cornfields on the farm, Tom Collier, the grandson, found half of a beautiful colored flint ridge spear. Later while looking through the old farm collection, he had the pleasant surprise of finding the other matching half of his spear—60 years between finds! This has to be some sort of record. Randolf Collier 1920- Thomas Collier 1980.

Fig. 1 (Piatt) Dark pink, almost red point, shading to a light pink at the base. Made of glossy Flint Ridge material, it was found in Southington Twp., Trumbull County. Ohio. 3Vi inches long.

30 Fine Celts By Gary R. Aeh, 2302 Elmwood Dr., Portsmouth, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Aeh) Top left. Tapered celt of the Hopewell period. Made from a light greenish gray granite. Highly polished bit. Found in Ohio. Top right. Flared bit celt from Jersey County. Illinois. Still has a very sharp bit and is highly polished over its entire surface. Bottom left. Fine grained dark green granite celt from Adams County. Ohio. Adena type. Bottom right. Adena celt from Scioto County. Ohio. Pole is not as highly polished as balance of the piece. Center. Large tapered celt measuring 9 inches long. Made from a dark coarse grained granite. Bit highly polished, pole moderately polished. Scioto County, Ohio. All celts are from the author's collection.

Letter To Editor The Arrow Is Not The "Point" It was in the spring of 1972 that my room and said she had given it to him. son Don and I attended our first Archae­ Don explained that he was telling her ological Society of Ohio meeting in about us going arrow hunting the day Columbus, Ohio. We had been surface before and didn't find a thing. That's hunting for about two years and we when she gave him this arrow. were awed by all the Indian artifacts My only regret is that I didn't take the that we saw. We were also impressed time to thank her; I'm sure the smile with the friendliness of the people. she brought to my son was thanks They took their time to answer the many enough. This fine lady that befriended questions we asked. This is where we my son was the late Rowena Hooks, gained our first knowledge of what the wife of Jack Hooks, a past President archaeology is all about. Looking back I of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. believe it was at this point that Don and The arrow is not defined as to what I became amateur archaeologists and type or size because that is not the not just arrow collectors. point. The point is we still have many We were at the meeting for about an fine people like Rowena in our society hour when my son Don, who was eight that go out of their way to help people. at the time, came up to me with this big Why don't you attend one of our A.S.O. grin all over his face. He held out his meetings and find out for yourself. hand and there was the arrow in fig. 1. Don Casto, Lancaster, Ohio Don pointed to a woman across the

31 Knife or Preform By Bob White, 643 Franshire East, Columbus, Ohio I found the artifact pictured in Fig. 1 while surface hunting on May 29, 1981. It measures four inches from tip to base and two inches across the base. The material is a gray-white stone which may be Flint Ridge flint. There is no grinding or smoothing on any edges and the piece is finely chipped over its entire surface. There are a number of interesting and puzzling characteristics about this arti­ fact. The flared base would seem to make it difficult to hold in the hand for use as a knife. In addition, it is so thin that it would seem to preclude its use as a tool. Apparently it was not designed to be hafted since it has no edge grind­ ing or smoothing. It is my opinion that this piece may be a basal notch preform. I have read all the literature available to me and I came to the conclusion that it has all the appearance of a basal notched point except the notches. Many basal notched points have flared barbs or ears, just as this piece has. It also conforms in di­ mensions with some of the basal notched points in the literature. What­ ever this fine piece is, it is an out­ standing example of the aboriginal flint knapper's skill. Fig. I (White) Four inch knife or preform.

An Archaic Bell Pestle By Bob White, 643 Franshire East, Columbus, Ohio

I found this fine archaic pestle while surface hunting on May 12, 1980, It is typical of the archaic pestles found over Ohio. It measures 5 inches in height and 3yt inches across the base. The flared top is 2V2 inches wide. Other than some slight plow damage the piece is undamaged. I am justifiably proud of this piece since it is the first artifact I ever found.

Fig. I (White) Surface found archaic pestle. A Chlorite Tubular Bannerstone By Donna Gooch, 4627 Johnstown Utica Rd., Johnstown, Ohio

This fine chlorite bannerstone has been in our family for over fifty years. It was purchased by my father over a half century ago in the mountains of Virginia where our family used it as a "mad- stone" to treat snake and dog bites. It is made of a translucent light green chlo­ rite and is drilled with a large longitudi­ nal hole about % inch in diameter.

)

Fig. I (Gooch) Chlorite bannerstone from Virginia. Its length is 2% inches and it is approximately I 'A inches wide.

Surface Finds From The Spring of 1979 By Steve Schenck, Columbus. Ohio These pieces represent the best finds from my first trip into a field in northern Franklin County. The fluted point is 5.5 cm long and is made from tan chert. It is fluted on both faces and has lateral grinding for about one third its length. The flint knife is 14 cm long and is of black Upper Mercer flint. Pressure flaking is evident on one side only and one corner extends further than the other giving the piece an unusual shape The smaller knife is 8.8 cm long Fig. 2 (Schenck) Closeup of fluted point. and is made from gray flint. In my four years of surface hunting I have not repeated such a remarkable day. Fig. 1 (Schenck) Surface finds from northern Franklin County.

33 Twin Adena Gorgets By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

One of the most interesting aspects reference, along with materials used, of prehistoric Indian artifacts is the which can tell the observant collector a similarity of pieces with widely sepa­ good piece from a fraudulent one. rated proveniences. When comparing To illustrate a startling, but rather artifacts which were found several hun­ common similarity, two Adena gorgets dred miles apart, one has to be im­ from the collection of Howard F. Bailey, pressed with the fact that doubtlessly 3477 Turner Drive, Springfield, Ohio, these pieces were made by different are shown in Figure 1. These two clas­ artisans and probably at different times, sic expanded center Adena gorgets are but which are, nevertheless, so similar almost exactly alike in every respect. as to appear that the makers had a Their lengths are almost identical as design guide or style catalogue to use are their thicknesses. Both are of as a pattern. These likenesses can be banded slate and although the bands seen time and again not only in slate do not correspond, even this would not and flint but even in common stone have been unusual. One of the most tools and in fact similarity is the norm interesting similarities is the drilling rather than the exception. Indeed, to which is almost exactly 1% inches cen­ carry it a step further, even the mate­ ter to center on each gorget, a likeness rials will be alike in certain style artifacts which would appear to require the use regardless of the place in which they of a template to duplicate. But, strangely were found. Even the slightest eccen­ enough, these likenesses are normal, tricities in design or puzzling quirks in and although not usually so identical, manufacturing technique are often attri­ are characteristics which conform to an butes found in nearly every specific overall pattern of resemblance found in type and in many cases are points of most artifact types.

Fig. I (Converse) Two Adena expanded center gorgets. Piece left, found in Champaign County Gorget on right was found near the Enon mound in the 1890's by a Mr. Shellabarger. Collection of Howard F. Bailey. Springfield. Ohio. 34 ASO Exhibit Winners-1981

January 18, Howard Johnsons Motor Lodge, Columbus June 28, Picnic Meeting, Indian Ridge Museum, Elyria Best of Show: Don Eberle, general collection Best of Show:fCo\. Raymond Vietzen Best Site: Steve Puttera. State Line site. Missouri Sesf Type: Joseph Wirzman. bone awls from South Park site Best Type: Frederick Fisher, effigy stones Best Site: Marty Stemple. Killbuck rockshelter Best Archaeological Display: Paul Nusbaum Sesf Education: Richard Gregory President's Award: Rick Simpson President's Award: Ron Saur Special Awards, Best Personal Field Finds of 1980 Flint Artifact: Mr and Mrs. Gary Ellis, Stringtown point July 12, Picnic Meeting, Dover, Ohio Ceremonial Artifact: Lester Tolliver, double crescent bannerstone Best of Show: William Riese, flint collection Utilitarian Artifact: Harold Martian, ax Best Site: Ed Richard, Kline mound Ornamental Artifact: Rick Simpson, tubular bannerstone Best Type. John Kohr. slate and stone artifacts Best Surface-Collected Material: Greg Ellis Presidents Award: David Brannon and Lloyd Mace March 22, Howard Johnson s Motor Lodge, Columbus August 23, Picnic Meeting, Painesville, Ohio Sesfof Snow/Gordon Hart, slate artifacts (trophy) BestotShow: John Baldwin, pipes (trophy) Jan Sorgenfrei. general collection (rosette ribbon) Lawrence A. Cornell (ribbon) Gary Davis, slate (ribbon) Edith Campbell, general collection (ribbon) Best S/fe;Tom Stumpf, bone material (trophy) James Bores, general collection (ribbon) S.A. Glass. Fox Fields site (rosette ribbon) Best Site: Leo Junn. Reeves site (trophy) Paul Fritch, site material (ribbon) Bill King, Reeves site (ribbon) Best Type. Steve Fuller, Glacial Kame material (trophy) Best Type: Billy Hillen, slate collection [trophy) James Bond, Palaeo-lndian material (rosette ribbon) Daniel R. Bartok. Archaic bevels (ribbon) Don Gehlbach, pipes (ribbon) Floyd Murphy, flint collection (ribbon t President's Award: John Baldwin Special Awards, Biturcated-Base Points September 20, Picnic Meeting. Ironton, Ohio Largest: Scott Haskins (rosette ribbon) Sesf of Show: Larry Lowe and Tim Selb, Fort Ancient site Best Color: Bob Converse (rosette ribbon) Best Site: Dave Samples. Mike Thompson, and Dave Carter. Charles Mizen (ribbon) Rockshelter material Terry Macum (ribbon) Sesf Type: Gene Cline, pipes Most Symmetrical: Dave Nusbaum (rosette ribbon) Kendall Saunders (ribbon) November 15, Howard Johnson s Motor Lodge, Columbus David Lacey (nbbon) BestotShow: Marvin and Debra Seeley, general collection (trophy) May 17, Howard Johnsons Motor Lodge, Columbus Richard Shively (ribbon) Tom Stumpe (ribbon) Best of Show: Don Gehlbach. pipes (trophy) Best Site: Mr and Mrs. W A Riese, Muskie River site (trophy) Kenneth McCammon, general collection (ribbon) Joe Witzman, South Park site (ribbon) Scott Haskins, flint collection (ribbon) Dean Bilak. South Park site (ribbon) Best Type: John Baldwin, Hopewell material (trophy! Sesf Type: Gordon Hart, pipes (trophy) Billy Hillen, slate (ribbon) Gene Cline, pick bannerstone (ribbon i Robert Converse. Archaic side-notched points (ribbon) Mark Saunders. Palaeo-lndian points (ribbon) SesfS/fe Tim Selb and Larry Lowe, Fort Ancient site (trophy) Steve Hart, black flint (ribbon) Matthew Davis, Davis site (ribbon) President's Award: Steve Olenick Ed Richard. Mexican material (ribbon) Sesf Educational: John Baldwin President's Award: George and Marie Armann. slate and Special Awards, Best Personal Field Finds Flint Ridge material Flint: Larry Kinney, dovetail (plaque) Special Awards: Best Personal Field Finds Mary Reed, fracturea-base point (ribbon) Flint: lee Hall, dovetail (trophy) Lloyd Mace, Clovis point (ribbon) John Shaffer, Adena point (ribbon) Slate Type: Joe Witzman, real bannerstone (plaque) Terry Randall, dovetail (ribbon) Robert Combs, anchor pendant (ribbon) Dave Shuster, dovetail (ribbon) Thomas Huff, anchor pendant (ribbon) Slate Type: Greg Shipley, humpback gorget (trophy) Stone Type. Thomas VanBuskirk. ax f plaque) Robert Burns, pick banner (ribbon) Bob Champion, celt (ribbon i James Wyant, pendant (ribbon) Debbie Davis, Pestle (ribbon) David Untied, Adena gorget (ribbon) Ceremon/a/:Virginia Cline. bar amulet (plaque) Stone Type. Greg Shipley, ax (ribbon) Kyle George, pipe (ribbon) Dean Johnson, ax (ribbon) Steve M Ray. gorget (ribbon) Mike Carter, ax (ribbon) Best Surface-Collected Material: John Rose (plaque) John Shaffer, ax (ribbon) Greg Ellis (ribbon) Ceremon'al Artifact: Billy Hillen, birdstone (trophy) David Untied (ribbon) John Haney. pendant (ribbon) Matthew Davis, slate cone (ribbon) Danish Flint By Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio From the collection of Ernie and satisfy the demand for these status large celts, the flint worker was not Dorothy Good of Grove City, Ohio, are pieces, the Danish flint knapperwasput satisfied to merely produce a square shown five pieces of outstanding Dan­ to use. He attempted to duplicate the sided tool with a flake scarred surface. ish Flint work —three celts and two bronze imports in flint—a feat in which He took the flaked specimen and chisels. While the Ohio Archaeologist he admirably succeeded when one con­ ground every vestige of flaking from does not like to go too far afield in our siders the material he worked with. Dag­ its entire surface and produced a celt subject matter, we nevertheless believe gers, chisels, celts, knives and other which not only had a razor sharp bit but that many of our readers will occasion­ artifacts were made which were copies one which was absolutely smooth over ally appreciate seeing fine examples of of their bronze counterparts. Since its complete exterior. One has only to flint technology even though it may most of the bronze weapon's handles closely examine some of these flint originate in Europe or elsewhere. Dan­ and grasping areas were covered with masterpieces to realize that not only ish flint craftsmen are known to have sewn leather, the flint artisan went so would the original chipping have re­ been among some of the best the world far as to chip patterns of flaking into quired complete technical control, but ever produced and some of their work his pieces in an effort to replicate the the subsequent grinding must have is the most technically advanced we stitching in leather. Some of the dagger taken an enormous amount of time and know of. masterpieces, many over a foot long, labor. Almost all the best Danish work was show minute alternate flake scars on As may be seen in the color photo­ produced, oddly enough, during the their handles which look amazingly like graph, Nordic flint is a honey-colored Bronze Age. Tools and weapons of stitches which held the leather handle semi-translucent material. Varities of it bronze filtered their way by trade or covering in place. How such chipping are a gray with cream splotches and a conquest into northern Europe butwere was accomplished is a mystery, and ex­ more opaque splotchy brown. apparently very rare and difficult to ob­ amination under a magnifying glass will The provenience for the illustrated tain. Bronze items also became status give the viewer even more appreciation pieces is northern Germany and symbols for Danish chieftans, warriors, of the skill of these artisans. Denmark. and other people of importance, and to In many cases, especially with the Back Cover Photo 35