Nov., 2015 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6

J. Resour. Ecol. 2015 6 (6) 375-385 Eco. Compensation DOI:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2015.06.005 www.jorae.cn Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in

XIAO Yu1*, ZHANG Changshun1 and XU Jie1,2

1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 100101, China; 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract: Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

Key words: water conservation; ecosystem services; service benefit areas; key ecological function areas

without knowledge about who the beneficiaries were and 1 Introduction where they were located. However, some researchers have Ecosystem services are benefits people derive from started to pay close attention to the supply and demand ecosystems (MA 2005). Through these benefits, the of ecosystem services and its balance, studying the effect ecosystem provides what humans need. Without human on human welfare by learning whether the demand of the beneficiaries and their demands, ecosystem structure and people in a certain area for ecosystems is satisfied (Anton process alone cannot form ecosystem services (de Groot et et al. 2010). Kroll et al. (2012) evaluated the demand and al. 2010; Fisher et al. 2009). Therefore, studies on ecosystem supply of energy, food and water through data on land use, services focus on the needs of people. soil, climate, population, energy consumption and grain In the beginning, the effects of ecosystem services on production on the basis of rural-urban gradients in eastern human welfare was described through the increase or Germany and analyzed changes in their spatial distribution. decrease of some ecosystem services (Costanza et al. 1997; Burkhard et al. (2012) built a relation matrix between the Kontogianni et al. 2010; Zander and Straton 2010). In supply and demand of ecosystem services and the landscape these studies, human need was perceived in a vague way, cell, through which they evaluated the supply and demand

Received: 2015-10-21 Accepted: 2015-11-20 Foundation: the National Science and Technology Support Program (2013BAC03B05) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31400411). * Corresponding author: XIAO Yu. Email: [email protected]. 376 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6, 2015 of energy by virtue of land sensing, land survey and land the providing area to the benefit area, but its application cover and social and economic data and analyzed spatial has been hindered by restrictions on data and disciplinary patterns of supply and demand of ecosystem services and knowledge (Bagstad et al. 2012; Bagstad et al. 2013; their balance. However, these studies may be challenged Sherrouse et al. 2011; Wendland et al. 2010). by the spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of National Key Ecological Function Areas (NKEFA) refer ecosystem services (Brauman et al. 2007; Hein et al. 2006) to the areas whose ecosystems play an important role in in that the ecosystem services provided by an area maybe ensuring the ecological security of the whole country or a insufficient to satisfy the demand of the human society large region and where the development intensity should located there. be restricted because ecosystems are degrading and the In fact, there is an internal logical relationship between capacity to supply ecological products should be maintained the provisioning area and the benefit area: ecosystem and improved. Most of the 25 key ecological function areas services are carried by some substance, energy or in China are located at stepped landforms Level I and II and information from the provisioning area through a certain at higher altitudes, serving as a source and supplementation mode to the benefit area, which is called ecosystem for numerous rivers and playing an important role in water service flow. Studies should be conducted throughout the resource conservation. Among these key ecological function production, transport and use of ecosystem services in order areas are eight water conservation areas. The classification to understand flow from supply to demand and thereby to is aimed at protecting and restoring local vegetation and establish a causal relationship between supply and demand promoting water conservation. Ecosystems in key ecological and reflect the beneficiaries’ immediate response and function areas regulate precipitation through vegetation, feedback to the increase or decrease in ecosystem services. soil and withered litters and thus promote regional and Maass et al. (2005) assessed the services provided by nine nationwide water circulation and water balance and ecosystems, such as supply, climate regulating provide water for residents’ life, industrial and agricultural and flood control, provided by the tropical arid forest system production, aquaculture and inland shipping in downstream in the Chamela region along the Pacific coast of Mexico regions. Therefore, our study serves as a scientific basis for and drew up a sketch map about how ecosystem services the payment for ecosystem and ecological compensation are transferred from the providing area to the benefiting for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function area. Palomo et al. (2013) used participatory observation in areas by analyzing the flow of water conservation services a providing area and benefit area to look at regulating and provided by key ecological function areas from the cultural services of a coastal national park in southwestern providing area to the benefit area. We aimed to identify the Spain and formulated a conceptual model of service flow. benefits produced by water conservation services satisfying In ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services), people’s needs in downstream regions and identifying the SPANs model (Service Path Attribution Networks) was benefit areas using data on land cover, river systems, put forward to simulate the flow of ecosystem services from watershed zoning and channels.

Legend

Province Key ecological function area

0 300 600 1200 km Fig. 1 Distribution of NKEFA The South China in China. Sea Islands XIAO Yu, et al.: Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China 377

2 Methodology 2.2 NKEFA and downstream river systems 2.1 Introduction to research areas As the source and supply of numerous rivers, key There are 25 key ecological function areas in China, ecological function areas give birth to, pass through and widely located in most provinces except the eastern coastal afflux nearly 1700 rivers. For example, the Sanjiangyuan ones (Fig.1 and Table 1), covering all climate types in Steppe Meadow Marsh Area is the source of the Yangtze China, including tropical monsoon climate, subtropical River, and Lantsang River. These rivers run monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate into over 700 lakes and reservoirs of various types, such as continental climate and plateau mountain climate. The , and Taihu Lake, and serve as annual average temperature in these areas varies from an important supply of water to residential areas, industrial –2.8 to 27℃ and declines gradually from south to north; and agricultural production and inland shipping in lower annual precipitation is from15mm to 1600mm and drops reaches. gradually from southeast to northwest. Vegetation in these 2.3 Method for the identification of benefit areas areas includes mainly cold and temperate coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf-conifer forest, broadleaved deciduous The water conservation service provided by key ecological forest, evergreen broadleaved forest, evergreen broadleaved function areas flows along a specific direction from the deciduous forest, monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest, provisioning area to the benefit area. After rainfall in the monsoon forest, rainforest, temperate steppe, temperate key ecological function areas, a part of the precipitation desert, high-cold scrub and meadow, high-cold steppe and runs through surface runoff to the river network and the high-cold desert. Types of soil include podzolic coniferous other part is stored by vegetation and soil in forest, steppe, forest soil, dark brown forest soil, brown forest soil, farmland and desert and then continues to run into the yellow brown soil, red soil, chernozem, chestnut soil, gray river network in the form of surface water or groundwater. brunisolic soil, plateau meadow soil, plateau steppe soil and Converging in key ecological function areas, these water plateau desert soil. resources flow through rivers, lakes and reservoirs to the According to land coverage raster data (Zhang et al. lower beaches to be used by people living around rivers, 2009) in 2010, the total area of NKEFA is 3.81×106 km2, lakes and reservoirs and provide benefits for the human accounting for 40% of the land area of China. Forests society in these areas. account for 23%, grasslands 41%, deserts 23%, farmlands According to the types of needs of those living around 8%, wetlands and waters 4% and settlements 1% (Table 2). the water system, water conservation services are converted into various benefits including (i) urban and rural domestic water; (ii) industrial production water; (iii) agricultural

Table 1 Abbreviations of the 25 NKEFA in China. No. Area Abbr. No. Area Abbr. 1 Great Khingan and Mountains DXM 14 Alkin Steppe Desertification Control Area ASD Forest Area 2 Forest Area CMF 15 Hulun Buir Grassland Meadow Area HGM 3 Altai Mountain Forest Steppe Area AMF 16 Horqin Grassland Area KGA 4 Sanjiangyuan Steppe Meadow Marsh Area SSM 17 Hunshandake Desertification Control Area HDC 5 Zoige Steppe Marsh Area RSM 18 Northern Foot of Yinshan Mountain Grassland Area YBG 6 Gannan Yellow River Important Water Supply Area GHI 19 - Forest and Biodiversity Area CFB 7 Qilian Mountain Glacier and Water Conservation QGW 20 Qinba Mountain Biodiversity Area QBA Area 8 Nanling Mountain Forest and Biodiversity Area NMF 21 Southeast Plateau Edge Forest Area ZPE

9 Loess Plateau Hilly Region Water and Soil HHR 22 Northwest Tibet Qiangtang Plateau Desert Area ZQP Conservation Area 10 Dabie Mountain Water and Soil Conservation Area DMW 23 The Three River Plain Wetland Area SWA 11 --Yunnan Karst Stony Desertification GKS 24 Wuling Mountain Biodiversity and Water and Soil WMB Control Area Conservation Area 12 The Three Gorges Reservoir Region Water and Soil SWS 25 Island Central Mountainous Region Tropical HMR Conservation Area Rainforest Area 13 Desertification Control Area TDC 378 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6, 2015

Table 2 Land cover of NKEFA in China. Areas Proportion Areas Proportion Types of land cover Types of land cover (km2) (%) (km2) (%) Forest Evergreen coniferous forest 173 074 4.55 Settlement Urban construction land 3389 0.09 Evergreen broadleaf forest 100 249 2.63 Rural settlement 10 362 0.27 Deciduous coniferous forest 88 967 2.34 Sum 13 751 0.36 Deciduous broadleaf forest 224 300 5.89 Wet land and Wetland 75 198 1.98 Broadleaf-conifer forest 120 531 3.17 water Coastal wetland 3 0.00 Shrub 180 565 4.74 Inland water 41 795 1.10 Sum 887 686 23.32 Beach land 19 132 0.50 Grassland Meadow 191 088 5.02 Ice 33 546 0.88 Typical grassland 273 970 7.20 Sum 169 674 4.46 Desert grassland 315 599 8.29 Wild Bare rock 500 271 13.14 Alpine meadow 397 135 10.43 Bare land 65 547 1.72 Alpine grassland 328 181 8.62 Desert 300 480 7.90 Shrub grassland 43 243 1.14 Sum 866 298 22.76 Sum 1 549 216 40.71 Cropland Paddy field 53 508 1.41 Irrigated field 58 938 1.55 Non-irrigated field 206 739 5.43 Sum 319 185 8.39 Total 3 805 810 100 irrigation water; (iv) aquaculture water; and (v) riverway in this study. transportation water. Benefit areas are places where the In this study, benefit areas are identified as follows: benefits are realized, including (i) urban construction land (1) Determine the spatial location of key ecological and rural settlements (urban and rural domestic water); function areas; (ii) urban construction land (industrial production water); (2) Identify the first-class watershed where the key (iii) farmland (agricultural irrigation water); (iv) waters ecological function areas are located; (aquaculture water); and (v) riverway (shipping water). (3) Identify the rivers, lakes and reservoirs that derive The benefit areas are under the restriction of connection from or pass through the key ecological function areas and between rivers or reservoirs and them. As for aquaculture their downstream rivers, lakes and reservoirs as well as the and river transportation, the benefits are realized on rivers grade of the downstream riverway (transportation water or in the reservoirs connected by rivers, which therefore provided); are identified as benefit areas. As for urban and rural (4) Generate a 10 km buffer zone using data on domestic water, industrial water and agricultural irrigation downstream rivers, lakes and reservoirs in key ecological water, a specific method must be adopted to connect function areas; rivers or reservoirs and benefit areas. (i) Direct use: for (5) Revise the buffer zone. If there is no river between instance, rural residents get domestic water and irrigation any two buffer zones or between a buffer zone and a water directly from rivers, lakes or reservoirs on foot or function area, the space between should be filled to form by simple transport tools. (ii) Connected by channels: a bigger buffer zone and then any buffer zone outside the for instance, remote farmland is irrigated with the water watershed should be deleted; and drained through canals and ditches. (iii) Connected by (6) Determine construction land (urban construction land pipelines: for instance, urban domestic water and industrial and rural settlements, to which urban and rural domestic water are delivered through pipelines after treatment to water and industrial water are provided), farmland (paddy urban residents and enterprises. The connected distance field and irrigated field, to which agricultural irrigation between rivers or lakes and reservoirs with benefit areas is water is provided) and waters (inland waters, to which generally 10km or nearer to either side of the river or lake aquaculture water is provided) by virtue of data on buffer or reservoir, and is under the influence of convenience of zones and land cover to identify benefit areas. water use, opportunity cost and the cost and benefits ofthe 2.4 Data sources construction of ditches and pipelines. Interbasin water transfer, benefits produced by key ecological function areas (1) Data on key ecological function areas: produced by through groundwater systems to lower reaches, and benefits virtue of 1:1 000 000 national county-level data and the of hydraulic power generation by water are not considered directory of NKEFA in National Main Functional Areas XIAO Yu, et al.: Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China 379

Table 3 Benefit areas of water conservation services by NKEFA. Land cover in benefit areas Land cover in China Proportion Benefit types Items Area (km2) or length (km) Area (km2) or length (km) (%) Irrigation water Paddy field 167 465 462 890 36.18 Irrigated field 101 082 543 867 18.59 Sum 268 547 1 006 757 26.67 Domestic and industrial Urban construction land 26 561 79 011 33.62 water Rural settlement 37 418 133 080 28.12 Sum 63 979 212 091 30.17 Freshwater aquaculture Inland water 66 693 156 421 42.64 Sum 399 219 1 375 269 29.03 Inland shipping Navigable river 13 134 15 870 82.76

Planning, 2010; Table 4 Navigable rive in benefit areas of water conservation (2) Raster data of 1km land cover of 2010: Institute of services by NKEFA. Remote Sensing Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences River length in (Zhang et al. 2009); Grade of River length Proportion benefiting areas navigable river of China (km) (%) (3) 1:4 000 000 data on rivers, lakes and reservoirs: (km) Institute of Soil Science and Institute of Geographic ≥3000 t 1102 1102 100 Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese 2000–3000 t 2080 2080 100 Academy of Sciences, 1996; (4) 1:10 400 000 first-level watershed zoning data: China 1000–2000 t 1401 1401 100 Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, Aerial Survey 500–1000 t 771 771 100 and Remote Sensing Department of Tianjin Investigation, 300–500 t 7780 10 516 74 Design & Research Institute of Water Resources and Total 13 134 15 870 83 Information Center, Ministry of Water Resources, 2003; and (5) Data on channels: Ministry of Water Resources. climate, water conditions and circumjacent traffic (Table 3 Results and analysis 3). Besides, 83% of China’s navigable rivers are formed in 3.1 Areas benefiting from water conservation in lower reaches for inland shipping. Among these, all those key ecological function areas and their spatial above 500t are situated within benefit areas (Table 4). distribution The benefit areas by key ecological function areas are In 2010, benefits from the water conservation service of located mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the NKEFA to people living in the lower reaches included: (i) Yangtze River, middle reaches of the Yellow River basin, irrigation water supply to 1.67×105 km2 paddy fields and lower reaches of the Huaihe River basin, the 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields; (ii) domestic water supply basin and the Haihe River basin and middle reaches of the to urban residents and industrial water supply to factories, basin. Most paddy fields are situated in the mines and enterprises on 2.66×104 km2 urban construction middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the areas land and domestic water supply to rural residents on surrounding the , Dongting Lake, Honghu 3.74×104 km2 rural settlements; (iii) 6.67×104 km2 Lake and Poyang Lake and the conjoint bank of the Yangtze inland waters formed in the lower reaches for freshwater River and the Yangtze River Delta region and also in the aquaculture; and (iv) 1.31×104 km navigable rivers for lower reaches of the Huaihe River basin and the Pearl River inland shipping (Table 3). Delta. Irrigated field are distributed mainly in the middle The benefits produced by overland runoff to downstream reaches of the Yellow River basin and the lower reaches of rivers, instead of groundwater runoff, are taken into the Haihe River basin. Urban construction land is located account. The results indicate NKEFAs provide irrigation mainly in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and water for 36% of paddy fields and 19% of irrigated fields; Beijing-Tianjin- region. Rural settlements are scattered domestic water and industrial production water for 34% throughout the benefit areas and have a higher density of of urban construction land and domestic water for 28% of distribution in populous regions such as the Yangtze River rural settlements. In the lower reaches of NKEFAs, inland Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, waters, accounting for 42%, have been formed and qualify HanjiangRiver Plain and Sichuan Basin. Inland waters for freshwater aquaculture. However, part of them cannot be are situated mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the used for freshwater aquaculture due to restrictions on local Yangtze River and lower reaches of the Pearl River (Fig. 380 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6, 2015

0 300 600 1200 0 300 600 1200 km km The South China The Islands Sea Islands Legend Legend Grade of navigable river Province Paddy field Urban construction land Inland waters Province Not navigable 2000-3000t 500-1000t Benefit area Irrigated field Rural settlements Key Ecological Function Area ≥3000t 1000-2000t 300-500t

Fig. 2 Distribution of benefit areas forwater conservation Fig. 3 Distribution of navigable rivers in benefits areas of service of NKEFA. NKEFA.

2). Most navigable rivers are distributed in the middle and Yellow River and Lantsang River. Differently, CFB is also lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River and the source of the Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Fujiang Ganjiang River, Songhua River, River and River and , and runs through the Sichuan Basin Wusuli River in the Songhua River basin, Xijiang River, to the Yangtze River. Along its journey stands plenty of Beijiang and Dongjiang rivers in the Pearl River basin, and paddy fields, rural settlements and some urban construction the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (Fig. 3). land, with developed agricultural production and a large human population. Hence, the area benefiting from SSM is 3.2 Areas benefiting from water conservation of different slightly smaller than that of CFB. QBA and RSM stretch key ecological function areas across watersheds of the Yangtze River and Yellow River, Among the 25 key ecological function areas, the Sichuan- NMF and GKS across watersheds of the Yangtze River and Yunnan Forest and Biodiversity Area (CFB) benefits Pearl River, and DMW across watersheds of the Huaihe the largest area (1.40×105 km2)considering its water River and Yangtze River; WMB and SWS are situated in the conservation service, of which paddy field accounts middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. The for 50%, irrigated field 17%, inland waters 18% and water conservation service of the foregoing key ecological the remaining are urban construction land and rural function areas benefits a relatively large area (Fig. 4). settlements. The major reason is that CFB stretches across A smaller area benefits from the Hulun Buir Steppe three watersheds, including the Yangtze River, Yellow River and rivers in southwestern China, and passes by the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lantsang River, which 180 Inland water Rural settlement Urban construction land serve as important water sources for their lower reaches. 150 Irrigated field Paddy field ) Furthermore, large areas are entitled to the benefits of the 2 km Sanjiangyuan Steppe Meadow March Area (SSM), Qinba 3 120 Mountain Biodiversity Area (QBA), Zoige Steppe Marsh 90 Area (RSM), Nanling Mountain Forest and Biodiversity Area (NMF), Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Karst Stony 60 Benefit areas (10 Desertification Control Area (GKS), Dabie Mountain Water 30 and Soil Conservation Area (DMW), Wuling Mountain Biodiversity and Water and Soil Conservation Area 0 GHI ZPE ZQP CFB GKS TDC ASD SSM SWA QBA SWS HDC KGA HHR YBG RSM CMF AMF NMF HMR HGM DXM QGW WMB (WMB) and the Three Gorges Reservoir Water and Soil DMW Conservation Area (SWS). Like CFB, SSM stretches across watersheds of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and rivers Fig. 4 Benefit areas of water conservation services by 25 in southwestern China is a source of the Yangtze River, NKEFA. XIAO Yu, et al.: Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China 381

5 the Xibaxiaqu River. The lower reaches of the Nu River, km) 3 Dulong River and Xibaxiaqu River are shorter and influence 4 a smaller area. Besides, in this region there are fewer paddy 3 fields, irrigated fields, urban construction land and rural settlements. 2 In the lower reaches, a longer riverway benefit from CFB, SSM, RSM, GKS, NMF, QBA and Great Khingan 1 and Lesser Khingan Mountains Forest Area (DXM) (Fig.5). Riverways benefited from CFB, SSM, RSM and QBA Benefit inland navigation lines (10 0 are mainly located in the Yangtze River, GKS-benefited GHI ZPE CFB GKS TDC SSM ASD SWA QBA SWS RSM YBG HDC KGA HHR CMF NMF AMF DXM HGM QGW WMB DMW riverways are located in the Yangtze River and Pearl River and DXM benefits are located in the Heilong River and Fig. 5 River length in benefit areas of water conservation Songhua River. A larger area is benefiting from the water service by 25 NKEFA. conservation of CFB, SSM, QBA, RSM, NMF and GKS benefits, to which greater importance should be attached. 3.3 Frequency of benefits from water conservation of Meadow Area (HGM), Hainan Island Central Mountains key ecological function areas Tropical Rainforest Area (HMR), the Three River Plain Wetland Area (SWA), Altai Mountain Forest Steppe Area Since most rivers derived from or passing by the key (AMF), Southeastern Tibet Plateau Edge Forest Area (ZPE) ecological function areas will finally reach several and Alkin Steppe Desertification Control Area (ASD) important rivers, such as the Yangtze River, Yellow River (Fig.4). HGM and SWA are located in the Songhua River and Heilong River, the benefits of two or more ecological basin, whose downstream rivers, including the Ergun function areas are granted to same areas. That is to say, River, Heilongjinag River and Wusuli River are situated some areas are entitled to the benefits of water conservation on its borders. As benefit areas beyond the boarders are not service provided by two or more key ecological function taken into account in this study, the area benefited is rather areas. Analysis indicates the areas that are entitled to the smaller. HMR is located in the basin of Hainan Island, benefits of only one key ecological function area account covers a smaller length of rivers and a smaller basin and for 61% of the gross area benefiting and areas entitled to the imposes limited influence. AMF is located in watersheds of benefits of nine key ecological function areas account for rivers in northwestern China and gives birth to the 17%. Meanwhile, the length of navigable rivers entitled to River, an exorheic river running northward to the Arctic benefits from only one key ecological function area account Ocean, and the Ulungur River, derived from AMF and that for 54% of the total length of navigable rivers and the runs to the within AMF. The area benefiting length of those entitled to the benefits of nine key ecological from AMF is merely the agricultural production zone on the function areas accounts for 7% (Table 5). southern bank of the Irtysh River surrounded by AMF. ZPE Areas benefited from over three key ecological function is located in watersheds of the rivers in southwestern China, areas are mainly situated in the Yangtze River, Yellow serves as the source of many plateau lakes and the Dulong River, Songhua River and Heilong River. Areas benefited River and is passed by the Yarlung Zangbo River, which from nine key ecological function areas, including SSM, passes by ZPE to stretch out of China, the Nu River and RSM, NMF, DMW, GKS, SXQ, CFB, QBA and WMB,

Table 5 Proportion of benefit area from water conservation of key ecological function areas with different frequencies. Numbers of key ecological function areas supplying water Benefit types Items conservation service 1 2 3–5 6–8 9 Irrigation water Paddy field 57 6 5 10 21 Irrigated field 70 6 4 13 7 Sum 62 6 5 11 16 Domestic and industrial water Urban construction land 54 11 5 7 23 Rural settlement 63 8 3 9 18 Sum 59 9 4 8 20 Freshwater aquaculture Inland water 56 8 4 15 17 Sum 61 7 5 11 17 Inland shipping Navigable river 54 12 15 12 7 382 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6, 2015

ecological function areas will finally reach several important rivers, such as the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Heilong River, some benefit areas are entitled to the benefits of water conservation service from as many as nine key ecological function areas, accounting for 17% of the gross area benefited. The length of navigable rivers entitled to benefits from nine key ecological function areas accounts for 7% of the total length of navigable rivers benefited. In relation to ecological compensation from benefit areas in downstream regions tokey ecological function areas in upstream regions, all key areas that provide water conservation services to benefit areas should be taken into account equally and the standard of compensation should vary to the capacity of the 0 300 600 1200 km water conservation service. The South China Sea Islands In this study, buffer zones are formulated according Legend Benefit frequency to rivers and lakes and their flow direction with the Province 1 3-5 9 aim of identifying the scope of benefits from the water 2 6-8 conservation service from key ecological function areas and in accordance with paddy fields, irrigated fields, urban Fig. 6 Distribution of benefit areas from water conservation construction land, rural settlements and inland waters, of key ecological function areas with different frequencies. identifying final benefit areas. In the determination of the radius, comprehensive consideration is given to the general distances of water utilization by means of pipelines, are mainly located in lower reaches of the Yangtze River ditches and direct use. The scope of the buffer zones is (Fig. 6). As important zones of agricultural production and enlarged properly, covering space where there is no river economic development, these overlaping benefiting areas between any two buffer zones or between a buffer zone obtain the water supplied by the key ecological function and a function area. Hence, most water consumption areas areas in the upstream regions, which serve as important surrounding water systems are included. However, the supplies for its farmland irrigation, domestic and industrial shortage of data on water pipe network and analysis on water, freshwater aquaculture and inland shipping. In water sources of benefit areas results in differences between relation to ecological compensation from benefit areas for the findings of this study and local water consumption. In key ecological function areas, allkey areas that provide addition, neither interbasin water transfer nor groundwater water conservation services to the benefit area should be supply were taken into account here. Thus, efforts should be taken into account equally and the standard of compensation made to investigate downstream regions of key ecological should vary to the capacity of the water conservation function areas in order to acquire data on detailed water service. utilization patterns, water pipe networks and consumption of water resources and identify areas benefiting from the 4 Conclusion water conservation service of key ecological areas more In 2010, the water conservation service of NKEFA provided accurately. irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 paddy fields and 1.01×105 2 km of irrigated fields;domestic water to urban residents References and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises 4 2 Anton C, J Young, P Harrison, et al. 2010. 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Appendix: Main rivers, lakes and reservoirs derived from or passing by the NKEFA. Main rivers derived from or passing by the Main lakes and reservoirs derived from or Area Basin NKEFA passing by the NKEFA DXM Songhua River Hailaer River, Eerguna River, Heilongjiang River, Lianhuan Lake Taoerhe River, Nenjiang River, Songhua Rvier CMF Songhua River Erdao, Diersonghua River, Lalinhe River, , Songhua Lake , Mulenghe River, , Mudan River, Songhua River, Wusuli River, Heilongjiang River AMF The rivers in Irtysh River Wulungu Lake, Jili Lake northwestern China SSM Yangtze River, Chaiqu River, Angqu River, Zhaqu River, Lancang River, Duoersuodongcuo Lake, Selin Lake, Yellow River, , , Ake River, Make River, Dongdabuxun Lake, , the rivers in , , Yangtze River, Yellow River, Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, northwestern Taohe River, Chaidamu River, Germu River, Duohake Futou Lake, , Baoan Lake, China, and River, Pitileke River, Zhajiazangbu River Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan the rivers in Lake, Taihu Lake, southwestern China RSM Yangtze River and River, Taohe River, Yellow River, , Liujiaxia Reservoir, Dongting Lake, Honghu Yellow River Moleng River, Dadu River, Min River, Danjinlicao Lake, Xiliang Lake, Futou Lake, Liangzi River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, River, Lake, Baoan Lake, Daguan Lake, Wuchang , Yangtz River Lake, Longguan Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake GHI Yellow River Heihe River, Taohe River,Yellow River Liujiaxia Reservoir QGW Yellow River Danghe River, Tashi River, Shule Rvier, Shiyou River, Lake, Juyanhai Lake, Hala Lake and the rivers Beidahe River, Fengle River, Heihe River, Ruoshui in northwestern River, Xiying River, , , China , Buha River, Yellow River NMF Pearl River and , Liujiang River, Qianjiang River, Xunjiang Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, Yangtze River River, Xijiang River, Tuoshui River, Lianjiang River, Futou Lake, Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, Wushui River, Beijiang River, Dongjiang River, Pearl Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan River, Fuyishui River, Zishui River, Xiaoshui River, Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake,Poyang , , Dongjiang River, Xietashui Lake River, Mishui River, Shushui River, Zhangshui River, Taojiang River, Ganjiang River, Danjinlicao River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze River, Meijiang River, Hanjiang River 384 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol.6 No.6, 2015

HHR Yellow River Zulihe River, , Kushui River, Quanshui None River, Dongchuan River, , Sandu River, Hulu River, Houchuan River, Tongguan River, Weihe River, Jinghe River, Malian River, Luohe River, Yanhe River, Shuipingchuan River, Yellow River DMW Huaihe River and Huanhe River, Zhugan River, Huanghe River, Bailu Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, Daguan Lake, Yangtze River River, Guanhe River,Shihe River, Bihe River, Huaihe Wuchang Lake, Longguan Lake, Taihu Lake, River, Huaishu River, Xinyi River, Feihuanghe River, Yangcheng Lake, Chaohu Lake, Hongze Beichengzi River, Luting River, Nieshui River, Daoshui Lake, Baima Lake, Lake River, Jushui River, Bahe River, Changhe River, Qingcaobei River, Hangfu River, Yuxi River, Qingge River, Shuiyang River, Danjinlicao River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze River GKS The rivers in Niulan River, Jinsha River, Luoze River, Hengjiang Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, southwestern River, Liuchong River, Sancha River, Yachi River, Futou Lake, Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, China, Yangtze Wujiang River, Danjinlicao River, Chengxi Canal, Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan River and Pearl Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake River River, Panlong River, Pumei River, Qingshui River, , , Tuoniang River, Xiyang River, Boai River, Yourong River, Youjiang River, Wuming River, Yijiang River, Yujiang River, Hongshui River, Qingshui River, Qianjiang River, Xunjiang River, Hejiang River, Xijiang River, Pearl River SWS Yangtze River Huangbai River, Huatian River, Yuyang River, Weihe Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, River, Songzi River, Hudu River, Danjinlicao River, Futou Lake, Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan Huangpu River, Yangtze River Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake TDC The rivers in Yulongkashi River, Keliya River, Yuepuhu River, None northwestern Qiakemake River, Tuoshigan River, Kashi River, China Talimu River ASD The rivers in Bositantuogelake River Gasikule Lake northwestern China HGM Songhua River Erguna River, Heilongjiang River Beier Lake KGA Songhua River, Laoha River, Mengniu River, Daling River, Jiaolai River, Yueliang Lake, Liaohe River Xiliaohe River, Donglianghe River, Xinkai River, Liuhe and the rivers River, Xiushui River, Liaohe River, Shuangtaizi River, in northwestern Guiliu River, Taoerhe River, Nenjiang River, Songhua China River, Heilongjiang River HDC The rivers in Xilinguole River, Yihejirenguole River, Gasudai River, Miyun Reservoir, Panjiakou Reservoir, northwestern Xilamulun River,Xinkai River, Yinhe River, Laoha Daheiting Reservoir, China, Liaohe River, Xiliaohe River, Liaohe River, Shuangtaizi River, River and Haihe Qingshui River, Yanghe River,Yongdinghe River, Haihe River River, Baihe River, Heihe River, Tanghe River, Chaohe River, Chaobaihe River, Luanhe River, Yixunhe River, Ji Canal, Huanxiang River, Douhe River YBG Yellow River Wuzhuerguole River, Heihe River, Yellow River None and the rivers in northwestern China CFB The rivers in Nujiang River,Bijiang River, Yangbi River, Lancangjiang Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, southwestern River, Nane River, Nanban River, Yuanjiang River, Futou Lake, Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, China, Yangtze Yalong River, Jinsha River, Dadu River, , Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan River and Yellow Min River, Mianyuan River, Tuojiang River, Fujiang Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake, Liujiaxia River River, , Bailong River, Jialing River, Reservoir Danjinlicao River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze River, Make River, Requ River, Yellow River XIAO Yu, et al.: Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China 385

QBA Yangtze River and Shahe River, Jialing River, Donghe River, Nanjiang Danjiangkou Reservoir, Dongting Lake, Yellow River River, Tongjiang River, Zhongjiang River, Qianjiang Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, Futou Lake, River, Bahe River, Zhouhe River, Qujiang River, Meixi Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, Daguan Lake, River, Longquan River, Xiangxi River, Qingshui River, Wuchang Lake, Longguan Lake, Taihu Lake, Xihanshui River, Hanshui River, Xushui River, Henghe Yangcheng Lake River, Daohe River, Danhe River, Zhanghe River, Hudu River, Dongjing River, Danjinlicao River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze River, Dangchuan River, Shitou River, Weihe River, Yellow River ZPE The rivers in Longzixiongqu River, Xibaxiaqu River, Teluqu River, None southwestern Nujiang River, Weiqu River, Dulong River China ZQP The rivers in Duogerencuo River, Boqu River, Zhajiazangbu River, Namucuo Lake, Chibuzhangcuo Lake, southwestern Sengezangbu River, Amaozangbu River Duoersuodongcuo Lake, Pengcuo Lake, China and Selincuo Lake, Wurucuo Lake, Gerencuo the rivers in Lake, Angzicuo Lake, Xurucuo Lake, northwestern Zharinanmucuo Lake, Anglarencuo Lake China SWA Songhua River Qierqin River, , Songhua River, Heilongjiang Xingkai Lake River, Songacha River, Wusuli River WMB Yangtze River Wujiang River, Longhe River, Zhuohe River, Yujiang Dongting Lake, Honghu Lake, Xiliang Lake, River, Penjiang River, Qingjiang River, Weihe River, Futou Lake, Liangzi Lake, Baoan Lake, Songzi River, Hudu River, Huayuan River, Wushui Daguan Lake, Wuchang Lake, Longguan River, Youshui River, Yuanjiang River, Danjinlicao Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake River, Chengxi Canal, Wangyu River, Wusong River, Huangpu River, Yangtze River HMR Hainan Island , Changhua River,

重点生态功能区水源涵养受益区研究

肖 玉1，张昌顺1，徐 洁1,2

1 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京 100101； 2 中国科学院大学，北京 100049

摘 要：生态系统服务以某种物质、能量或信息作为载体，通过特定的方式从供给区到达受益区，满足受益区人类需求。 现有的研究更多关注生态系统服务的供给，有关生态系统服务需求及其空间位置的研究还需深入。本研究在分析重点生态功能 区水源涵养服务从供给区到受益区空间流动过程基础上，研究水源涵养服务产生的各种惠益，确定了重点生态功能区水源涵养 服务的受益区域。研究结果显示：2010年重点生态功能区水源涵养服务为1.67×105 km2 水田和1.01×105 km2 水浇地提供灌溉水 源；为2.64×104 km2 城镇建设用地的城市居民和工矿企业分别提供生活用水和工业用水以及为3.73×104 km2 农村聚落的农村居 民提供生活用水；在下游形成6.64×104 km2 内陆水面可用于淡水养殖；形成通航河道1.31×104 km 用于内河航运。位于长江中 上游的重点生态功能区水源涵养受益区更大，影响范围更广，在功能区保护中应该更关注水源涵养功能的维持和改善。部分受 益区最多可以受到来自9个重点生态功能区的水源涵养提供的惠益，其受益面积占总受益区面积的17%，受益航道长度占总受 益航道长度的7%，在制定生态补偿政策时应同时考虑多个重点生态功能区。本研究结果可以为重点生态功能区的生态系统服 务有偿使用和生态补偿提供科学依据。

关键词：水源涵养；生态系统服务；受益区；重点生态功能区