DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Silicon on Viral Diseases in Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Silicon on Viral Diseases in Plants A Dissertation Entitled Stress Induced Silicon Accumulation in the Inducible Accumulator Nicotiana tabacum by Wendy L. Zellner Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy degree in Biology ____________________________ Dr. Scott M. Leisner Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Patricia R. Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo August 2012 Copyright © 2012, Wendy Louise Zellner This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Stress Induced Silicon Accumulation in the Inducible Accumulator Nicotiana tabacum by Wendy L. Zellner Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy degree in Biology The University of Toledo August 2012 While Silicon (Si) is not a panacea for stress resistance in plants, the element has a number of beneficial effects against both abiotic and biotic stress. Most research to date has been inundated with salt, cold, and fungal resistance induced by Si in high accumulators, with little work performed on viral infections and low accumulators. The low accumulator, N. tabacum infected with Tobacco ringspot virus and supplemented with Si showed a reduction in viral systemic symptoms and a increase in foliar Si levels compared to controls. Si supplementation did not influence the systemic symptoms induced by the unrelated pathogen, Tobacco mosaic virus, nor did infections influence foliar Si levels. Si accumulation in the TRSV-N. tabacum pathosystem was quite variable, so to study stress induced Si accumulation (SISA), a more consistent system was developed. Copper (Cu) toxicity increases foliar Si accumulation in a low accumulator and in N. tabacum. The consistency of this response indicates that it is a good model to study SISA. In addition to Cu, hormones involved in defense iii and environmental perception were tested to determine if they too influenced Si accumulation in leaves. N. tabacum were exposed to exogenous abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, or salicylic acid and foliar Si content was determined. Plants treated with ABA showed a significant reduction in foliar Si levels, while the other two hormones had no effect. This suggests the ABA has an antagonistic effect on SISA. Along with physiological work, we examined factors involved in the transport of Si into the plant. Aquaporins, belonging to the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, are involved in water and/or solute transport into and throughout the plant. We identified putative MIPs in N. tabacum, including a novel ntNIP3;1. This protein is likely a Si transporter based on sequence homology to documented transporters. In addition, Si caused a reduction in expression of ntNIP3;1as well as a root-specific tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP), ntRT-TIP1, which correlates with the expression of other Si transporters. This leads us to believe that in addition to the classical NIP family members involved in Si transport, TIPs may also play a role. Taken together, these data suggest that characterizing plants as low-, intermediate- or high-accumulators can be somewhat misleading, since the ability to accumulate the element is dependent on not just the tissue assayed, but can also be influenced by the environmental conditions in which the plants are grown. In summary, Cu toxicity is a reliable system to begin studying the molecular aspects of SISA in the inducible- accumulator N. tabacum. This process may be under hormonal regulation, since ABA reduces Si levels. With the heavy use of hormone regulators (such as ABA), especially in the floriculture industry, could lead to lowered resistance iv against a number of abiotic and biotic stressors, because of reduced foliar Si levels. v For my husband who encouraged me to pursue my degree, my children who remind me to question the world around me and enjoy all the little discoveries, my family and friends who have supported me throughout my entire schooling and to my teachers and professors who have added to my excitement and love for plant biology. vi Acknowledgments This work could not have been accomplished without the encouragement and guidance from my advisor, Dr. Scott M. Leisner, who gave me the freedom to pursue my interests, while working toward my degree. I also would like to thank the members of my graduate committee Dr. Jonathan Frantz, Dr. John Gray, Dr. James Locke, and Dr. Lirim Shemshedini, who have helped answer questions and shared with me a wide spectrum of skills and knowledge throughout the years. Not a committee member, but equally helpful in my success here at UT is Dr. Charles Krause. I also would like to thank many of my lab members, past and present who have reminded me that there is no better job than a scientist. I especially would like to thank Genevieve Okenka, Dr. Gaurav Raikhy, Dr. Sushant Khandekar, Dr. Jie Li, and Lindy Lutz who have provided great debates and troubleshooting ideas for all the mishaps along the way. In addition, I would like to thank the USDA-ARS technicians Douglas Sturtz, Russell Friedrich, and Alycia Pittenger who were responsible for compiling the ICP-OES data for these studies. Lastly, but not anywhere near the least, I would like to thank Lynn Biltz for everything she has taught me in regards to horticulture and identification of all my unknown species in addition to all that she did keeping plants pest-free. vii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………...……….……......iii Acknowledgments…………………………………………...…………..……....vii Table of Contents…………………………………………...……………..….....viii List of Tables………………………………………….…...……………….….....xi List of Figures ………………………………………….…………...……..…....xiii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………….......xvii 1 Introduction………………………………………………………….…...1 2 Silicon Delays Tobacco Ringspot Virus Systemic Symptoms In Nicotiana tabacum ………………………..…..…………….....7 2.1 List of Abbreviations……………………………..…………...……....8 2.2 Summary…………………………………………..…..…………..…10 2.3 Materials and Methods………………….………...…………………11 2.4 Results and Discussion………………………………………………14 2.5 Acknowledgments………………………………...…………………19 2.6 References ………………………………………...…………………20 3 Induced Silicon Accumulation in N. tabacum…………...………………24 3.1 Abstract………………………………………………………24 3.2 Introduction……………………………………….…………25 3.3 Materials and Methods………………………………………28 3.4 Results……………………………………………………..…30 3.5 Discussion ………………………………………….…..……43 viii 4 Silicon Regulation of Aquaporin Gene Expression in N. tabacum……...47 4.1 Abstract………………………………………………………47 4.2 Introduction………………………………………….….....…48 4.3 Materials and Methods……………………………….………55 4.4 Results…………………………………………..............……59 4.5 Discussion …………………………………........……………72 5 Additional Si Experiments....…………....………….....…………………75 5.1 Abstract……………………....……………............…………75 5.2 Introduction………………....……………………......………77 5.3 Materials and Methods……………………………….....……80 5.4 Results………………………………………………..............84 5.5 Discussion …………………………………………….......…93 6 Discussion/Future Work……………………………………………....…96 References ………………………………………………...................................106 A Bioinformatic Codes………………………………………………........126 A.1. Introduction..........................................................................126 A.2 AUDPC……………………………………………….........126 A.3 Statistical analysis……………………………………….…128 B Identification and analysis of viruses infecting Pelargonium …………..129 B.1 Abstract……………………………………………….........129 B.2 Introduction………………………………………………...130 B.3Materials and Methods……………………………………...132 B.4 Results………………………………………………...........136 B.5 Discussion……………………………………………….....146 C Contig Sequences………………………………………………............150 ix C.1 Contig Accessions…………………………………….……150 C.2 Contig FASTA Sequences…………………...…….………158 x List of Tables 3.S1: Statistical Parameters of TRSV Symptomatic Area.....................................21 3.S2: Statistical Parameters of TRSV AUDPC......................................................21 3.S3: Statistical Parameters of foliar Si in TRSV infected N. tabacum.................22 3.S4: Statistical Parameters of foliar Si in TMV infected N. tabacum..................22 3.S5: Statistical Parameters of root Si in TRSV infected N. tabacum...................23 3.1: Total elemental analysis of N. tabacum treated with 75 μM Cu……………37 3.2: Total elemental analysis of ABA and SA treated N. tabacum…………..….42 3.3: Total elemental analysis of JA treated N. tabacum…………………..……..43 4.1: MIP ar/R selectivity filter amino acid residues……………………..………52 4.2: Websites used for Computational Analysis……………………………..…..55 4.3: Primers used for Real-Time PCR……………………………..…………….58 4.4: Accession number of Si transporters…………………………..……………60 4.5: Selectivity filter and NPA residues for putative xi N. tabacum MIPs………………………………………………...64 4.6: Accession numbers of A. thaliana and N. tabacum TIPs………..………….67 4.7: Accession number of putative Si transporters……………………..………..70 5.1: Local and systemic TRSV symptoms in A. thaliana ecotypes………..…….84 B.1: Primer sequences for virus detection in OPGC Pelargoniums……............134 B.2 Viruses detected in OPGC Pelargoniums in 2006……………………...….139 B.2: PFBV ecotype study in A. thaliana……………………………..…………146 xii List of Figures 3-1: TRSV systemic symptom spread and detection in N. tabacum……………..16 3-2: Si concentration (mg/kg) within virus-infected plants determined by ICP-OES…………………………………………18 3-1: Symptoms on N. tabacum treated with 50
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vector Capability of Xiphinema Americanum Sensu Lato in California 1
    Journal of Nematology 21(4):517-523. 1989. © The Society of Nematologists 1989. Vector Capability of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato in California 1 JOHN A. GRIESBACH 2 AND ARMAND R. MAGGENTI s Abstract: Seven field populations of Xiphineraa americanum sensu lato from California's major agronomic areas were tested for their ability to transmit two nepoviruses, including the prune brownline, peach yellow bud, and grapevine yellow vein strains of" tomato ringspot virus and the bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus. Two field populations transmitted all isolates, one population transmitted all tomato ringspot virus isolates but failed to transmit bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus, and the remaining four populations failed to transmit any virus. Only one population, which transmitted all isolates, bad been associated with field spread of a nepovirus. As two California populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato were shown to have the ability to vector two different nepoviruses, a nematode taxonomy based on a parsimony of virus-vector re- lationship is not practical for these populations. Because two California populations ofX. americanum were able to vector tobacco ringspot virus, commonly vectored by X. americanum in the eastern United States, these western populations cannot be differentiated from eastern populations by vector capability tests using tobacco ringspot virus. Key words: dagger nematode, tobacco ringspot virus, tomato ringspot virus, nepovirus, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema californicum. Populations of Xiphinema americanum brownline (PBL), prunus stem pitting (PSP) Cobb, 1913 shown through rigorous test- and cherry leaf mottle (CLM) (8). Both PBL ing (23) to be nepovirus vectors include X. and PSP were transmitted with a high de- americanum sensu lato (s.1.) for tobacco gree of efficiency, whereas CLM was trans- ringspot virus (TobRSV) (5), tomato ring- mitted rarely.
    [Show full text]
  • Element Occurrence Data Standard
    ELEMENT OCCURRENCE DATA STANDARD February 6, 2002 NatureServe in cooperation with the Network of Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centers iii Table of Contents PREFACE.....................................................................................................................................currently under revision ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................................................currently under revision ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................currently under revision 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................currently under revision 2 EO DEFINITION .................................................................................................................................................10 2.1 Principal EOs........................................................................................................................................................10 2.2 Sub-EOs.................................................................................................................................................................12 2.3 Feature Labels.......................................................................................................................................................13 2.4 Location Use Class..............................................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Biomedical Importance of Momordica Cochinchinensis (Gac) Fruit and Future Applications
    ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.08.001693 Tien Huynh. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Opinion Open Access Biomedical Importance of Momordica Cochinchinensis (Gac) Fruit and Future Applications Tien Huynh*1, Dao Nguyen2 and Minh Nguyen3,4 1School of Sciences, RMIT University, Australia 2Tay Nguyen University, Vietnam 3School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University Drive, Australia 4School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Australia Received: August 20, 2018; Published: September 05, 2018 *Corresponding author: Tien Huynh, School of Sciences, RMIT University, Australia Abstract highlighted its biomedical potential as a superior source of nutrition and medicine, with potent activity against various ailments including cancers. Momordica cochinchinensis is a cucurbit that has long been neglected resulting in its widespread loss from wild habitats. Scientific research has applications. This mini review focuses on recent advances and showcases the bioactive compounds to scientifically validate its usefulness and inspire future Bioactive Compounds Cronin et al. [6] but current treatments using chemotherapy Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng is geographically and radiotherapy can have adverse side effects. This is a golden restricted to tropical climates predominantly in Southeast Asia opportunity to explore adjunctive therapies to provide the body with wild populations both genetically and morphologically diverse Wimalasiri et al. [1]. Vernacular names throughout Australasia process by targeting apoptotic cancer cell death pathways since it with more ammunition against cancers and fast-track the healing occurrence Lim but its importance was often downgraded by the to Europe suggest its historical significance and widespread cells Nagata. majority of the community as a common and inexpensive food crop.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Blackberry Cultivars to Nematode Transmission of Tobacco Ringspot Virus Alisha Sanny University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 4 Article 18 Fall 2003 Response of Blackberry Cultivars to Nematode Transmission of Tobacco Ringspot Virus Alisha Sanny University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Horticulture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Sanny, Alisha (2003) "Response of Blackberry Cultivars to Nematode Transmission of Tobacco Ringspot Virus," Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 4 , Article 18. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/inquiry/vol4/iss1/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Inquiry: The nivU ersity of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. '' I.'' Sanny: Response of Blackberry Cultivars to Nematode Transmission of Toba 106 INQUIRY Volume 4 2003 RESPONSE OF BLACKBERRY CULTIVARS TO NEMATODE TRANSMISSION OF TOBACCO RINGSPOT VIRUS \ ! By Alisha Sanny i Department of Horticulture :' Faculty Mentors: Professors John R.Clark and Rose Gergerich Departments of Horticulture and Plant Pathology, respectively Abstract: length in a two-year period, but that there was a significant yield reduction (50%) in RBDV infected plants, along with reduced A study was conducted on eight cultivars of blackberry berry weight (40%) and drupelet number per berry (39%) (Strik ('Apache', 'Arapaho', 'Chester', 'Chickasaw', 'Kiowa', and Martin, 2002). Infected plants also showed visual symptoms, 'Navaho', 'Shawnee', and 'Triple Crown'), ofwhichfourplants including chlorosis, vein clearing, silver discoloration, and of each were previously detennined in the fall of200I to have malformed, small fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Virological Methods 153 (2008) 16–21
    Journal of Virological Methods 153 (2008) 16–21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Virological Methods journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jviromet Use of primers with 5 non-complementary sequences in RT-PCR for the detection of nepovirus subgroups A and B Ting Wei, Gerard Clover ∗ Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand abstract Article history: Two generic PCR protocols were developed to detect nepoviruses in subgroups A and B using degenerate Received 21 April 2008 primers designed to amplify part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. It was observed that Received in revised form 17 June 2008 detection sensitivity and specificity could be improved by adding a 12-bp non-complementary sequence Accepted 19 June 2008 to the 5 termini of the forward, but not the reverse, primers. The optimized PCR protocols amplified a specific product (∼340 bp and ∼250 bp with subgroups A and B, respectively) from all 17 isolates of the 5 Keywords: virus species in subgroup A and 3 species in subgroup B tested. The primers detect conserved protein motifs Nepoviruses in the RdRp gene and it is anticipated that they have the potential to detect unreported or uncharacterised Primer flap Universal primers nepoviruses in subgroups A and B. RT-PCR © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction together with nematode transmission make these viruses partic- ularly hard to eradicate or control (Harrison and Murant, 1977; The genus Nepovirus is classified in the family Comoviridae, Fauquet et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants
    The Importance of Competition in the Isolation and Establishment of Helianthus Paradoxus (Asteraceae) 1 OSCAR W. VAN AUKEN AND JANIS. K. BUSH Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 1Author for correspondence and reprints. FAX 210-458-5658; E-mail [email protected] ABSTRACT: Helianthus paradoxus (the Pecos or puzzle sunflower) is a threatened, federally listed annual species that is found in a few locations in west Texas and New Mexico. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of H. paradoxus to compete with its progenitors and a with potential ecosystem competitor, Distichlis spicata (saltgrass) in simulated salt marsh and non-salt marsh environments. The results were usually dependent on soil salinity. Helianthus paradoxus was the better competitor in high saline soil and its progenitor H. annuus (common sunflower) was the better competitor in low saline soil. However, H. paradoxus was the better competitor in both high and low saline soils when compared to it progenitor H. petiolaris (plains sunflower) and to D. spicata, an ecosystem competitor. The ability of H. paradoxus to tolerate higher saline conditions, and perhaps even restrict the more geographically widespread H. annuus in saline soils may have allowed H. paradoxus to establish, become genetically isolated and survive as a species in inland salt marshes. Data presented here indicate that while H. paradoxus can grow in low saline soil, interference from H. annuus in low saline soils could restrict H. paradoxus to saline environments within salt marshes. The ability of H. paradoxus to out-compete D.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Chusquea Section Chusquea, Section Swallenochloa, Section Verticillatae, and Section Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Lynn G
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1986 Systematics of Chusquea section Chusquea, section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, and section Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Lynn G. Clark Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Clark, Lynn G., "Systematics of Chusquea section Chusquea, section Swallenochloa, section Verticillatae, and section Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) " (1986). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7988. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7988 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing jiages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3.
    [Show full text]
  • American Bamboo Society
    $5.00 AMERICAN BAMBOO SOCIETY Bamboo Species Source List No. 34 Spring 2014 This is the thirty-fourth year that the American Bamboo Several existing cultivar names are not fully in accord with Society (ABS) has compiled a Source List of bamboo plants requirements for naming cultivars. In the interests of and products. The List includes more than 510 kinds nomenclature stability, conflicts such as these are overlooked (species, subspecies, varieties, and cultivars) of bamboo to allow continued use of familiar names rather than the available in the US and Canada, and many bamboo-related creation of new ones. The Source List editors reserve the products. right to continue recognizing widely used names that may not be fully in accord with the International Code of The ABS produces the Source List as a public service. It is Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) and to published on the ABS website: www.Bamboo.org . Copies are recognize identical cultivar names in different species of the sent to all ABS members and can also be ordered from ABS same genus as long as the species is stated. for $5.00 postpaid. Some ABS chapters and listed vendors also sell the Source List. Please see page 3 for ordering Many new bamboo cultivars still require naming, description, information and pages 50 and following for more information and formal publication. Growers with new cultivars should about the American Bamboo Society, its chapters, and consider publishing articles in the ABS magazine, membership application. “Bamboo.” Among other requirements, keep in mind that new cultivars must satisfy three criteria: distinctiveness, The vendor sources for plants, products, and services are uniformity, and stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Approach
    Toward the ultimate phylogeny of Magnoliaceae: phylogenomic approach Sangtae Kim*1, Suhyeon Park1, and Jongsun Park2 1 Sungshin University, Korea 2 InfoBoss Co., Korea Mr. Carl Ferris Miller Founder of Chollipo Arboretum in Korea Chollipo Arboretum Famous for its magnolia collection 2020. Annual Meeting of Magnolia Society International Cholliop Arboretum in Korea. April 13th~22th, 2020 http://WWW.Chollipo.org Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Liu Yu-Hu Twenty-one years ago... in 1998 The 1st International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, Gwangzhow Dr. Hiroshi Azuma Mr. Richard Figlar Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Qing-wen Zeng Dr. Weibang Sun Handsome young boy Dr. Yong-kang Sima Dr. Yu-wu Law Presented ITS study on Magnoliaceae - never published Ten years ago... in 2009 Presented nine cp genome region study (9.2 kbp) on Magnoliaceae – published in 2013 2015 1st International Sympodium on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Gadalajara, 2019 3rd International Sympodium and Workshop on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Asterales Dipsacales Apiales Why magnolia study is Aquifoliales Campanulids (Euasterids II) Garryales Gentianales Laminales Solanales Lamiids important in botany? Ericales Asterids (Euasterids I) Cornales Sapindales Malvales Brassicales Malvids Fagales (Eurosids II) • As a member of early-diverging Cucurbitales Rosales Fabales Zygophyllales Celestrales Fabids (Eurosid I) angiosperms, reconstruction of the Oxalidales Malpighiales Vitales Geraniales Myrtales Rosids phylogeny of Magnoliaceae will Saxifragales Caryphyllales
    [Show full text]
  • Pest Categorisation of Non‐EU Viruses of Rubus L
    SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 21 November 2019 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5928 Pest categorisation of non-EU viruses of Rubus L. EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Franco Finelli, Stephan Winter, Domenico Bosco, Michela Chiumenti, Francesco Di Serio, Franco Ferilli, Tomasz Kaluski, Angelantonio Minafra and Luisa Rubino Abstract The Panel on Plant Health of EFSA conducted a pest categorisation of 17 viruses of Rubus L. that were previously classified as either non-EU or of undetermined standing in a previous opinion. These infectious agents belong to different genera and are heterogeneous in their biology. Blackberry virus X, blackberry virus Z and wineberry latent virus were not categorised because of lack of information while grapevine red blotch virus was excluded because it does not infect Rubus. All 17 viruses are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting representing the major pathway for entry and spread. For some viruses, additional pathway(s) are Rubus seeds, pollen and/or vector(s). Most of the viruses categorised here infect only one or few plant genera, but some of them have a wide host range, thus extending the possible entry pathways. Cherry rasp leaf virus, raspberry latent virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, strawberry necrotic shock virus, tobacco ringspot virus and tomato ringspot virus meet all the criteria to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests (QPs).
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Vietnamese Traditional Medicine
    국내․외 기술정보 Overview of Vietnamese traditional medicine Trinh Hien Trung 식품자원이용연구본부 본문은 베트남의 전통식물자원중 의학소재나 건강기능성 식품소재로 활용되고 있는 유용 식물에 대 해 소개한 것입니다. 내용 및 기타 문의사항은 식물지원연구팀 한대석 박사님께 문의하시기 바랍니다. Nowaday, in Vietnam there are two types of medical services which have coexisted. These are Western medicine or Tay Y and Eastern medicine or Dong Y (this is also known as Oriental medicine). Dong Y is includes Chinese traditional medicine (TCM) or Thuoc Bac and Vietnamese traditional medicine (TVM) or Thuoc nam. In its’history, Vietnam was dominated by feudal China in more than 1000 years, so that Vietnamese people was impacted much by Chinese thought, culture and medicine of course. Traditional Chinese and Traditional Vietnamese Medicine differ in practice, though they share the same theoretical foundation. Their relationship can be observed by the influence of TCM theories on the TVM which are Yin and Yang, Five Elements. In practice, TCM practitioners usually spend more time giving their patients a sort of theoretical explanation of what's going on, whereas TVM practitioners would use a more practical approach and concentrate less on theory. TVM was popular in common life of working people, generally using ingredients readily available nearby and involving a minimum of processing. Most knowledge was passed unselfconsciously from one generation to the next. It can be said that Vietnamese people are based on theories of TCM and available tropical plants and animals native to Vietnam to built and develop TVM with it’s own character. The following are some plants are using in normal life of Vietnamese people as food or drink with well-being effect(1,2).
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape
    Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape Ornamental grasses with their variety of form, may seem similar, grasses vary greatly, ranging from cool color, texture, and size add diversity and dimension to season to warm season grasses, from woody to herbaceous, a landscape. Not many other groups of plants can boast and from annuals to long-lived perennials. attractiveness during practically all seasons. The only time This variation has resulted in five recognized they could be considered not to contribute to the beauty of subfamilies within Poaceae. They are Arundinoideae, the landscape is the few weeks in the early spring between a unique mix of woody and herbaceous grass species; cutting back the old growth of the warm-season grasses Bambusoideae, the bamboos; Chloridoideae, warm- until the sprouting of new growth. From their emergence season herbaceous grasses; Panicoideae, also warm-season in the spring through winter, warm-season ornamental herbaceous grasses; and Pooideae, a cool-season subfamily. grasses add drama, grace, and motion to the landscape Their habitats also vary. Grasses are found across the unlike any other plants. globe, including in Antarctica. They have a strong presence One of the unique and desirable contributions in prairies, like those in the Great Plains, and savannas, like ornamental grasses make to the landscape is their sound. those in southern Africa. It is important to recognize these Anyone who has ever been in a pine forest on a windy day natural characteristics when using grasses for ornament, is aware of the ethereal music of wind against pine foliage. since they determine adaptability and management within The effect varies with the strength of the wind and the a landscape or region, as well as invasive potential.
    [Show full text]