The Beaverbrook Library, A. J. P. Taylor and the Rise of Lloyd George Studies by Chris Wrigley

.J.P. Taylor (1906–90) differ as to Lloyd George’s activi- 1914–1945, published in November played a major role in the ties in December 1916, the details 1965.7 He had taken on writing the reassessment of David of the ‘complex intrigue’ have so volume in 1957. He later recalled A 4 Lloyd George that took place in the far eluded later historians. Trevor of his wide reading for the book 1960s and after. He did so through Wilson’s far more significant study that it resulted in ‘two spin-offs: his own writings and through his published in 1966, The Downfall the Raleigh lecture to the Brit- encouragement of other people’s of the Liberal Party, painted a taw- ish Academy on Politics in the First research at the Beaverbrook Library dry picture of Lloyd George’s World War and the Leslie Stephen between 1967 and 1976. manoeuvres within the Liberal lecture at Cambridge on Lloyd When Taylor’s 1959 and 1961 Party, drawing often on the hostile George: Rise and Fall’.8 Neither lec- lectures, ‘Politics in the First World comments in the correspondence ture drew on archival research War’ and ‘Lloyd George: Rise and between Asquith’s ardent follow- When Tay- but both were based on printed Fall’ were given, the history of Lib- ers. Wilson balanced this towards diaries and autobiographies, Han- eral politics in the first half of the the end of the book by paying lor’s 1959 and sard (House of Commons Debates) twentieth century was dominated tribute to Lloyd George’s dyna- and secondary sources. Both dealt by accounts highly sympathetic to mism and daring, as a radical and 1961 lectures with Lloyd George. The lecture H. H. Asquith and his independ- as a war leader: ‘Time and again were given, on wartime politics was a dazzling ent Liberals of 1916–23.1 Not only Lloyd George proved himself to study of Lloyd George’s ascent to had Asquith published his memoirs be the necessary man.’ Neverthe- the history the premiership and the politi- and reflections first but also, after less, otherwise Lloyd George does cal circumstances that kept him his death, his papers were available not come out well. He was a man of Liberal there, giving attention to the role in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, of ‘sharp practice’ and was ‘often of backbenchers and also the press. before those of Lloyd George unscrupulous and disloyal’, with politics in He rightly judged it ‘the best lec- became generally available with his plotting in December 1916 still ture I have ever given, in form the opening of the Beaverbrook assumed.5 From 1960, Roy Jen- the first and content’.9 The distinguished Library in May 1967.2 kins used Asquith’s papers and American historian Alfred Gol- Taylor’s essays on Lloyd George also Asquith’s letters to Venetia half of the lin commented that it ‘is a con- and the politics of 1914–22 were Stanley for his 1964 biography of tribution of vital consequence … harbingers of change. In the early Herbert Henry Asquith, in which twentieth it opens up the entire subject in a and mid 1960s it was normal to a chapter is headed with Asquith’s way that has not been done by any- depict Lloyd George detrimentally illustrious sobriquet, ‘The Last of century was one else’.10 when considered with Asquith. the Romans’, presumably indi- Taylor’s most substantial reas- Perhaps the nadir of Lloyd George cating nobility in politics before dominated sessment of Lloyd George was made denigration was marked in 1963 by the advent of the barbarians. Jen- in his 1961 Leslie Stephen lecture, Donald McCormick’s The Mask kins’ biographer John Campbell by accounts which complements the earlier lec- of Merlin, a biography which usu- shrewdly observed that Jenkins’ ture. In his autobiography he wrote ally took the worst view of its portrait of Asquith presented him highly sym- that: ‘I am assured, [it] launched subject. That Lloyd George was ‘as calm, rational, unhurried and pathetic to Lloyd George studies on a new, a villain, at least in 1916, even if superior’ and ‘his magisterial view more rewarding course, which was not of the dimensions of Shake- of politics prevails over all’. This H. H. Asquith not my intention though I am glad speare’s Richard III, was taken was very much a contrast with of it.’ In this he referred, among oth- for granted in David Thomson’s Lloyd George. Jenkins was critical and his inde- ers, to Stephen Koss, who had writ- 1965 Penguin history, in of Asquith, but later biographers ten that the lecture was a ‘tour de force the Twentieth Century, where the of Asquith were more so.6 pendent that captured Lloyd George’s incan- author wrote without qualifica- Alan Taylor came to reassess descent sparkle, his restlessness, tion that Lloyd George ousted Lloyd George as part of his early Liberals of and, not least of all, his predicament Asquith with ‘ruthless skill’ by a work for his Oxford History of as a permanent outsider in British ‘complex intrigue’.3 While views England volume on the period 1916–23. politics’.11

64 Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 the beaverbook library, a.j.p. taylor and the rise of lloyd george studies

In his 1961 Lloyd George essay Alan Taylor’s eventual second wife. Taylor vis- the day after Beaverbrook’s birth) Taylor, when referring to his acces- ited her and was impressed, ‘see- and the amendment of the Public sion to the premiership in 1916, history of ing flashes of the Frances who had Records Act 1958 in 1967 so that commented that ‘even the incom- charmed Lloyd George and other most government records became parable dissection by Lord Beaver- 1914–1945 men also’.15 ’s available after thirty, not fifty, years brook, which will be read as long diaries are a notably useful source (so in January 1968, papers of 1937, as men are interested in political has David for Lloyd George both ‘as a man as not 1917, were the latest for public tactics, leaves much unsaid.’ Bea- well as a statesman’, giving Lloyd inspection) gave a great boost to the verbrook had published Politicians Lloyd George George’s versions of events as told study of Lloyd George’s career. Bea- and the War 1914–16, two volumes, to an admiring much younger verbrook had bought collections of in 1928 and 1932, and Men and and Winston woman. The diaries’ value is viti- early twentieth-century political Power, 1917–18, in 1956. Alan Tay- Churchill as ated to some extent by sizeable gaps papers much as lesser mortals buy lor reviewed Men and Power in The in entries for some crucial periods.16 rare postage stamps. He had secured Observer on 26 October 1956. He its heroes, Much the same applies to the edited Frank Owen, a journalist and for- praised it as ‘equally exciting and correspondence between Lloyd mer Liberal MP, to write a biogra- equally entertaining’ as the earlier though George and Stevenson, which illu- phy of Lloyd George (with inputs two volumes but wisely added, ‘He minates Lloyd George in love as from himself and Lloyd George’s may sometimes exaggerate the part the book is well as throwing some light on widow, the former Frances Steven- that he has played in events’. While politics.17 son). He also gave the historian Rob- Beaverbrook also emphasised, and marked by Alan Taylor’s innovatory lec- ert Blake access to the Bonar Law even exaggerated, the role of his tures on Lloyd George were not Papers for a biography of Andrew political mentor, Andrew Bonar reapprais- the only important fresh work on Bonar Law. Beaverbrook gave both Law, his three books on First World Lloyd George before his papers authors access to his own papers and War politics also shone a bright als of many became available. There was to those of the subjects of their biog- light on Lloyd George, as did his much written from 1960 on Lloyd raphies, while Blake in addition had later book The Decline and Fall of leading George’s Welsh political context access to Lloyd George’s papers.22 Lloyd George (1963). Taylor tackled by Kenneth O. Morgan. In 1963 Thereafter, Beaverbrook and his the wartime politics and the role of politicians. Morgan marked the centenary of assistants quarried his archive up to Lloyd George in these two lectures Lloyd George’s birth with a superb his death on 9 June 1964. A select of 1959 and 1961 primarily because short booklet (eighty pages of text) few authors were allowed to see he was working on the early chap- in which he explored ‘the place the Lloyd George, Bonar Law and ters of English History 1914–1945 but of Lloyd George in the history of Beaverbrook Papers either at Bea- also in selecting these themes he modern Wales’ and ‘the importance verbrook’s home, Cherkley Court, was consciously following in the of his Welsh background in his near Leatherhead, Surrey, or to see footsteps of Beaverbrook, now a general career in British and world selections at the Express offices in friend and even patron in terms of politics’.18 This re-evaluation of . These included Alfred Gol- newspaper opportunities.12 Lloyd George complemented Mor- lin, John Grigg (politician and biog- Alan Taylor’s history of 1914– gan’s seminal work on Welsh mod- rapher of Lloyd George), Arthur 1945 has and ern political history, Wales In British Marder (the distinguished naval his- as its heroes, Politics 1868–1922. This thoroughly torian) and Alan Taylor (after Bea- though the book is marked by reap- researched book, written before verbrook’s death). praisals of many leading politicians. either the London or Aberystwyth The main Beaverbrook Library His verdict on the Liberal divide sets of Lloyd George’s papers were collections (Lloyd George, Bonar of 1916 was: ‘Asquith in fact, not available, provided a rich, detailed Law, Beaverbrook) were so impor- Lloyd George, pursued a personal study of his Welsh political con- tant that they inevitably led to vendetta. He split the Liberal Party text, something that needed doing major work on British political and riveted on his adherents, how- since the enthusiastic, even eulogis- history of the first four decades ever unwillingly, the appearance tic, biographies written before the of the twentieth century. Taylor’s of opposing a government that was First World War and after.19 Along- involvement did not greatly affect fighting the war.’13 Taylor wrote his side these books, Kenneth Morgan this basic point. Nevertheless, the Oxford history ahead of the release published from 1960 a great many research was fostered by Alan Tay- of the British government archives articles and essays on Lloyd George lor as Honorary Director of the under the then fifty-year rule of clo- and the Welsh politics of his time, Library. His presence added to its sure. As a result he could not check twenty-six of which were later attraction. He was punctilious in many assumptions. He was often collected together in a large vol- his relationship with readers at the brilliantly right in his surmises as ume which is also essential reading archive. He enquired eagerly after to what occurred, but sometimes for Lloyd George’s career.20 Mor- the research of both the established was not.14 Nevertheless, nearly fifty gan also provided much fresh pri- academics and the newest of post- years on, the book remains influen- mary material for those interested graduates. The Library was very tial in its judgements of politics and in Lloyd George’s career and first modern, air-conditioned, with politicians of its period, not least on marriage by editing Lloyd George’s attractive display cases for car- Lloyd George and Churchill. letters to his wife, Margaret, with toons, letters and other documents, Taylor further contributed to some additional family material.21 framed David Low cartoons on the the study of Lloyd George by edit- The combination of the open- walls, Beaverbrook’s own early ing the records of Frances Steven- ing of the Beaverbrook Library on twentieth-century political history son, his long-term mistress and 25 May 1967 eighty-eight years to books on shelves below wooden

Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 65 the beaverbook library, a.j.p. taylor and the rise of lloyd george studies counters around the circumference Liberal Party declined, the lead- As a result of Boyce and Paul Addison. However, of the readers’ part of the room, ing figures did nothing to stop it, the contents were different, though modern wooden tables to work on even helped it. However, they saw the presence George Boyce and Paul Addison and even Walter Sickert’s portrait to it that the whole process was did contribute to the resulting vol- of Beaverbrook within the entrance well documented!’23 He continued of such an ume, Lloyd George: Twelve Essays to this big room located above a to chair early twentieth-century (Hamish Hamilton, 1973). Taylor store for huge reels of newsprint. research papers, including some on array of dis- included most of the best Lloyd The number of researchers at Lloyd George, when, along with George papers given to his seminar any one time was limited usually John Ramsden, Martin Ceadel and tinguished between the first one by Michael to between six and eight. When I Kathy Burk, he ran a seminar at the Dockrill on 12 December 1968 worked there regularly in 1968–71 Institute of Historical Research, scholars, and one given by George Boyce on the others present included the London University, from 1977 to for young 1 January 1970. He had hopes of politicians Richard Law and Din- 1985. Many of the regular attend- editing a second volume of Lloyd gle Foot; the North American ers of the Beaverbrook Library research- George essays on foreign policy historians Louis Bisceglia, Peter seminar attended the seminars at after 1914, but this never happened. Cline, Michael Fry, Bentley B. the Institute, along with a fresh ers there As it was, the one volume added Gilbert, Alfred Gollin, Stephen cohort of younger researchers such to the seminar in disseminating Koss, W. Roger Louis, Chuck Bul- as Josie Howie, Helen Jones and was a sense research on Lloyd George. litt Lowry and Jon Sumida; older Duncan Tanner. His contribu- The period in which the Lloyd British historians Maurice Cowl- tions after seminar papers contin- of occasion George Papers were in the Beaver- ing, David Dilks, Michael Dock- ued to be stimulating. For instance, brook Library (1967–75), between rill, Roy Douglas, John Grigg, after a paper by John Ramsden on being there being located in the former cin- Peter Lowe, Kenneth O. Mor- the National Governments of the ema room at Cherkley and, since gan, Charles Loch Mowat, Henry 1930s, he observed waspishly of the and a feel- 1975, in the Record Pelling, Keith Robbins, Peter National Liberal Party that: Office, was a notably fruitful time Rowland and Stephen Roskill; ing of the for Lloyd George research (with Australian scholars such as David It was one episode from 1922 the resulting work often published Cuthbert and Cameron Hazle- to the present day in the long desirability later). Among very notable work by hurst; and younger researchers search for Liberal voters … [T] overseas established scholars, Bent- such as Paul Addison, Michael he differences between the Sam- of upping ley B. Gilbert carried out research Bentley, John Campbell, Martin uelites and Simonites were very one’s game on his detailed biography of Lloyd Ceadel, Chris Cook, Patricia Jal- thin. Samuel, despite his air of George (two volumes). Michael Fry land, Gillian Peele, Martin Pugh, Liberal rectitude, was less radi- in writing worked on Lloyd George and for- John Ramsden, Alan Sked, John cal than the younger Simonites. eign policy (two volumes), Bruce Spiers and John Turner. As a result The Samuelites were a decay- history. Murray researched ‘The People’s of the presence of such an array of ing cause, whereas the Simonites Budget’ and R. Q. Adams wrote distinguished scholars, for young did attract young people. By the on Lloyd George and munitions.26 researchers there was a sense of late 1930s the National pretence Of well-established British schol- occasion being there and a feel- did not help the Tories but it did ars, Kenneth O. Morgan contin- ing of the desirability of upping enable the Liberals to survive. ued to publish outstanding work one’s game in writing history. The The Samuelites could return, on Lloyd George, notably on the Library and the seminar were also nearly as high, to office in the post-war coalition government, important for networking, with Grand Coalition of the Second Maurice Cowling’s major work valuable contacts and friendships World War.24 crossed Lloyd George’s politi- made. For young British historians cal career, and Michael Dock- the contacts with North Ameri- Even before the first pair of semi- rill produced important work on can historians were especially nars in December 1968 he was plan- aspects of foreign policy.27 After valuable. ning a book of essays on Lloyd the publication of two volumes Alan Taylor made the Beaver- George, based on research under- on the Campbell-Bannerman and brook Library more of a research taken in large part at the Beaver- Asquith Liberal governments, Peter centre than just an archive by run- brook Library. He wrote to his Rowland researched the archives ning a research seminar during uni- publisher, Roger Machell of Ham- for his large one-volume biogra- versity vacations from December ish Hamilton, on 14 October 1968: phy of Lloyd George.28 Among 1968 until its closure in April 1975. ‘I have had something like 150 the postgraduates who researched The quality level of the papers at researchers here during the last aspects of Lloyd George’s career the seminar was high. Alan Taylor eighteen months and should like to in the Beaverbrook Library were sat through the papers like a bird see something of their researches. John Campbell, whose subsequent resting with its head lowered on Between a dozen and twenty of book provided the best account of one side. Any notion that he had them are willing to contribute an Lloyd George between 1922 and fallen asleep went swiftly at the article (I suppose 10,000 words) to 1929, Chris Cook, who analysed end when he made usually very a Lloyd George volume.’ At that Liberal decline from 1922 to 1929, acute comments on the papers. stage he was predicting essays on John Turner, who examined Lloyd He also made impish comments Lloyd George and the 1909 budget, George’s ‘Garden Suburb’, and the which contained shrewdness. After housing, Ireland and Hitler.25 He current author, who investigated a paper by Roy Douglas, Alan may have had in mind Bruce Mur- Lloyd George’s relationship with Taylor commented, ‘Whilst the ray, Frank Honigsbaum, George labour.29

66 Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 the beaverbook library, a.j.p. taylor and the rise of lloyd george studies

Alan Taylor played a substantial Chris Wrigley was Professor of Modern Press, 1980, p. 50. role in the re-evaluation of Lloyd British History at Nottingham Univer- 11 Ibid., p. 233. Stephen Koss, ‘Asquith George’s career. His publications sity, 1991–2012, and is now Emeritus versus Lloyd George: The Last were very significant in moving Professor. He earlier taught at Queen’s Phase and Beyond’ in Alan Sked away from the denigration of Lloyd University, and Loughborough and Chris Cook, eds., Crisis and George that was common well in to University. As well as books on Lloyd Controversy: Essays in Honour of A. J. the 1960s. He played a further role George, his other books include biogra- P. Taylor, Macmillan, 1976, pp. 66–89 at the Beaverbrook Library. The phies of Arthur Henderson, Winston (quotation at p. 69). collections of papers themselves Churchill and A.J.P. Taylor and others 12 On Beaverbrook’s role in Taylor’s were the major impetus to fresh on labour and economic history. He was Express contracts see Chris Wrigley, views, but Taylor added to this by President of the Historical Association, A. J. P. Taylor: Radical Historian of his presence, by his editing of the 1996–99, and was awarded an honor- Europe, IB Tauris, 2006, pp. 278–81. Frances Stevenson material and the ary doctorate by the University of East On Taylor being unduly kind to Lloyd George research essays, and Anglia in 1998. Beaverbrook’s history books, see by running a greatly appreciated Peter Fraser, ‘Lord Beaverbrook’s research seminar. 1 A. J. P. Taylor, ‘Politics in the First fabrications in Politicians and the War, However, the new evaluations World War’, Raleigh Lecture on 1914–1916’, Historical Journal, 25, 1982, of Lloyd George’s career were History, 4 February 1959, British pp. 147–66. driven primarily by the availability Academy/Oxford University Press, 13 Taylor, English History, p. 70. of private papers, not only those of 1959, and Lloyd George: Rise and Fall, 14 After the public records were opened Lloyd George and Bonar Law but Leslie Stephen Lecture, 21 April 1961, under a new thirty-year rule in 1967, also of other Welsh, English, Scot- Cambridge University Press, 1961 Taylor spoke of correcting his book, tish and Irish politicians, as well as (both reprinted in A. J. P. Taylor, but he never did (though there were the very abundant public records From the Boer War to the Cold War, minor corrections and an updated available at the Public Record Hamish Hamilton, pp197–249). bibliography in 1975). The current Office (now the National Archive). For an example of an earlier hostile author (CJW) corrected many errors, Frances Stevenson played a major biography see Sir Charles Mallet, Mr added a further updated bibliography role from 1912 – the year she started Lloyd George: A Study (Benn, 1930), and an introduction to the Folio work as Lloyd George’s secretary pp. 309–13. For Kenneth O. Morgan’s Society edition in 2000. – in ensuring that the main col- 1972 survey of writing on Lloyd 15 Wrigley, Taylor: Radical Historian, p. lection of Lloyd George’s papers is George, see his collected Welsh 314. voluminous. Lloyd George himself history essays, Modern Wales: Politics, 16 A. J. P. Taylor, ed., Lloyd George: played a big role in the expansion of Places and People, Cardiff, University A Diary by Frances Stevenson, Cabinet and related records when of Wales Press, 1995, pp. 380–99. Hutchinson, 1971, p. ix. he altered the administration of the 2 Asquith’s papers were given to Balliol 17 A J P. Taylor, ed., My Darling Pussy: Cabinet in December 1916, with Sir College in 1941 and made over to the The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Maurice Hankey and Thomas Jones Bodleian Library in 1964. Further Stevenson 1913–41, Weidenfeld and executing these changes. papers were deposited in 1980, and Nicolson, 1975. By the 1980s Lloyd George’s given to the Bodleian in 1982. 18 Kenneth O. Morgan, David Lloyd career was more fully understood 3 David Thomson, England in the George: Welsh Radical as World than it had been twenty years ear- By the Twentieth Century, Penguin, 1965, p.47 Statesman, Cardiff, University of lier. He was not liable to be seen 4 Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘The Wales Press, 1963, p. 3. He later wrote as some mysterious being, a view 1980s Lloyd Conspiracy Myth’ in , an outstanding short biography, immortalised by the economist J. ed., Lloyd George, New Jersey, Lloyd George, Weidenfeld and M. Keynes who wrote after the George’s Prentice-Hall, 1968, pp.148–57. Nicolson, 1974, in a series edited by 1919 Paris Peace Conference, ‘Lloyd 5 Trevor Wilson, The Downfall of the A. J. P. Taylor. George is rooted in nothing; he is career was Liberal Party 1914–1935 (Collins, 1966, 19 Kenneth O. Morgan, Wales in British void and without content; he lives pp. 91, 95 and 387–88). Politics 1868–1922, Cardiff, University and feeds on his immediate sur- more fully 6 , Asquith, Collins, 1964, of Wales Press, 1970 (with later roundings …’.30 Sixty years later, second edition, 1978. Jenkins deemed editions in 1970 and 1992). This the considerable research that had understood it his best book. Roy Jenkins, A was supplemented by his Rebirth of been undertaken for two decades in Life at the Centre, Macmillan, 1991, a Nation: Wales 1880–1980, Oxford, the Welsh context from which he than it had pp. 134–35. John Campbell, Roy Clarendon Press, 1981, volume 6 of the stemmed made it very clear that he Jenkins: A Biography, Weidenfeld and Oxford History of Wales. Examples was rooted in something – Welsh been twenty Nicolson, 1983, pp.45–46. For a more of enthusiastic early biographies radical politics – and that there were years earlier. critical reassessment, see Stephen include two four-volume works by key issues, such as land reform, Koss, Asquith, Allen Lane, 1976. H. Du Parq (1912–13) and J. Hugh which mattered to him through- He was not 7 A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914– Edwards (1913) and one-volume out his career. The research under- 1945, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965. books by J. T. Davies in Welsh (1910) taken in the era of the Beaverbrook liable to be 8 A. J. P. Taylor, A Personal History, and Beriah Evans (1916). Perhaps the Library, both there and elsewhere, Hamish Hamilton, 1983, p. 233. best of the pre-Second World War moved assessments of Lloyd George seen as some 9 Ibid. biographies on Lloyd George’s career on from such attitudes towards 10 A.F. Gollin to author (CJW), 4 before the First World War was by W. him as ‘the bounder from Wales’ to mysterious February 1977; quoted in Chris Watkin Davies (1939). more sympathetic and more com- Wrigley, A. J. P. Taylor: A Complete 20 Kenneth O. Morgan, Modern Wales: plex views.31 being … Bibliography, Hassocks, Harvester Politics, Places and People, Cardiff,

Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13 67 the beaverbook library, a.j.p. taylor and the rise of lloyd george studies

University of Wales Press, 1995. Most edition of A. J. P. Taylor, Lloyd 29 John Campbell, Lloyd George: the Goat of the essays were first published in George: Twelve Essays, Aldershot, in the Wilderness, Jonathan Cape, 1977. Welsh learned journals. The Welsh Gregg Revivals, 1993. Chris Cook, The Age of Alignment: dimension was further examined by 26 Bentley B. Gilbert, David Lloyd Electoral Politics in Britain 1922–1929, Lloyd George’s nephew, drawing on George: The Architect of Change 1863– Macmillan, 1975. John Turner, his father’s papers – W. R. P. George, 1912, Batsford, 1987, and David Lloyd Lloyd George’s Secretariat, Cambridge The Making of Lloyd George, Faber George: Organiser of Victory 1912–1916, University Press, 1980 and British and Faber, 1976, and Lloyd George: Batsford, 1972. Michael G. Fry, Lloyd Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Backbencher, Llandysul, Gomer, 1983 George and Foreign Policy: the Education Conflict 1915–1918, Yale University – and by J. Graham Jones with a of a Statesman 1890–1916, Montreal, Press, 1992. Chris Wrigley, David series of articles in learned journals McGill-Queens University Press, Lloyd George and the British Labour between 1982 and 2001, collected 1977, and And Fortune Fled: David Lloyd Movement: Peace and War, Hassocks, in his David Lloyd George and Welsh George, the First Democratic Statesman, Harvester Press, 1976, Lloyd George Liberalism, Aberystwyth, National 1916–1922, New York, Peter Lang, and the Challenge of Labour: Post- Library of Wales, 2011. 2011. R. Q. Adams, Arms and the war Coalition 1918–22, Brighton, 21 Kenneth O. Morgan, Lloyd George Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1990, and Family Letters 1885–1936, Cardiff, Munitions, London, Cassell, 1978. ‘Lloyd George and the Labour Party University of Wales Press and 27 Kenneth O. Morgan, Consensus and after 1922’ in Judith Loades, ed., Oxford University Press, 1973. Disunity: the Lloyd George Coalition Life and Times of David Lloyd George, 22 Robert Blake, The Unknown Prime Government 1918–1922, Oxford Bangor, Headstart Publications, Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew University Press, 1979. Maurice 1991, pp. 49–69. Bonar Law, 1858–1923, Eyre and Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 30 John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Spottiswoode, 1955. Frank Owen, Cambridge University Press, 1971, Biography, Macmillan, 1933, p.36. Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His and The Impact of Hitler: British Politics 31 This sneer was used (without Life and Times, Hutchinson, 1954. and British Policy 1933–1940, Cambridge approval) by Don Cregier for the 23 Beaverbrook Library seminar, 1 July University Press, 1975. Michael title of his study, Bounder from Wales: 1971; author’s notes. Dockrill and J. D. Goold, Peace without Lloyd George’s career before the First 24 15 March 1978; author’s notes. Promise: Britain and the peace conferences World War, Columbia, University of 25 Hamish Hamilton Papers, Bristol 1919–1923, Batsford, 1981. Missouri Press, 1976. University Library; quoted in Chris 28 Peter Rowland, Lloyd George, Barrie Wrigley, ‘Introduction’ to second and Jenkins, 1975.

Lloyd George archives by J. Graham Jones

Parliamentary Archive, House of Lords At his death in March 1945, Lloyd The archive runs to no fewer Class E Secretary of State for George bequeathed to his second than 1041 boxes. They have been War, June – December 1916 (10 wife Frances, Countess Lloyd- listed, divided into nine series, boxes) George of Dwyfor, a substantial each distinguished by a letter of the Class F Prime Minister, 1916–22 archive of both political and per- alphabet; the first seven series cor- (254 boxes) sonal papers, primarily the former. respond to the main divisions in Class G 1922–45 (264 boxes) She then sold the entire archive in Lloyd George’s political career: Class H Press cuttings (390 boxes) 1949 to Lord Beaverbrook. The papers are still owned by the Bea- Political Papers Personal Papers verbrook Foundation, but since Class A Member of Parliament, Class I Personal correspondence 1975 they have been deposited at 1890–1905 (13 boxes) and papers (42 boxes) the House of Lords Record Office Class B President of the Board of (now called the Parliamentary Trade, 1905–08 (5 boxes) Also deposited at the Parliamentary Archive). Substantial numbers of Class C Chancellor of the Archive at the House of Lords is a official papers survive among the Exchequer, 1908–15 (36 boxes) substantial group of the papers of Lloyd George Papers at the House Class D Minister of Munitions, Frances Stevenson, Lloyd George’s of Lords. 1915–16 (27 boxes) secretary, mistress and eventually

68 Journal of Liberal History 77 Winter 2012–13