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MENDELOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Biologicky Aktivní MENDELOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Zahradnická fakulta Ústav zelinářství a květinářství Biologicky aktivní látky vybraných taxonů rodu Mentha L. a možnosti jejich využití v ochraně rostlin Dizertačná práca Školiteľ: Vypracovala: Ing. Jarmila Neugebauerová, Ph.D. Ing. Katarína Kaffková Lednice 2015 zadanie Prohlašuji, že jsem práci: Biologicky aktivní látky vybraných taxonů rodu Mentha L. a možnosti jejich využití v ochraně rostlin vypracoval/a samostatně a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. Jsem si vědom/a, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brně má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licenční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity, že předmětná licenční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávněnými zájmy univerzity, a zavazuji se uhradit případný příspěvek na úhradu nákladů spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skutečné výše. V Lednici dne: …………………………………………………….. podpis Poďakovanie Poďakovanie patrí všetkým, ktorí mi pomohli pri písaní dizertačnej práce, predovšetkým Ing. Jarmile Neugebauerovej, Ph.D. za cenné pripomienky a postrehy, Ing. Romanu Pavelovi, Ph.D. za poskytnuté materiály, trpezlivosť a pozitívny prístup, pani Sonji Mandíkovej za inštruktáž a pomoc pri práci s hmyzom, pani Anne Paulínovej za pomoc pri práci v laboratóriu, Ing. Michalovi Kumštovi za kvalitatívnu analýzu silíc a Ing. Miroslavovi Vachůnovi, Ph.D. za poskytnutie meteorogických údajov. OBSAH 1 ÚVOD .......................................................................................................................9 2 CIELE DIZERTAČNEJ PRÁCE .......................................................................... 11 3 LITERÁRNY PREHĽAD ...................................................................................... 12 3.1 Charakteristika rodu Mentha L. .......................................................................... 12 3.2 Prehľad druhov rodu Mentha L. ......................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Mentha arvensis L. – mäta roľná / máta rolní ............................................... 13 3.2.2 Mentha aquatica L. – mäta vodná / máta vodní ............................................ 14 3.2.3 Mentha cervina L. ....................................................................................... 15 3.2.4 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. – mäta dlholistá / máta dlouholistá ....................... 15 3.2.5 Mentha spicata L. – mäta klasnatá / máta klasnatá ....................................... 16 3.2.6 Mentha suaveolens EHRH. – mäta voňavá / máta vonná .............................. 17 3.2.7 Mentha pulegium L. – mätovec obyčajný / polej obecná .............................. 18 3.3 Kríženci ............................................................................................................. 19 3.3.1 Mentha x piperita L. – mäta pieporná / máta peprná .................................... 19 3.3.2 Mentha x piperita var. citrata (EHRH.) BOIVIN ......................................... 19 3.3.3 Mentha x rotundifolia .................................................................................. 20 3.3.4 Mentha x villosa HUDS. – mäta huňatá / máta huňatá.................................. 20 3.4 Rod Mentha L. v okrasnom záhradníctve a krajinotvorbe ................................... 21 3.5 Produkcia mäty .................................................................................................. 22 3.5.1 Kultivácia Mentha x piperita L. v ČR .......................................................... 22 3.5.2 Choroby a škodcovia rodu Mentha L. .......................................................... 24 5 3.6 Obsahové látky rodu Mentha L. ......................................................................... 25 3.6.1 Silice ........................................................................................................... 26 3.6.2 Fenoly ......................................................................................................... 31 3.6.3 Flavonoidy .................................................................................................. 32 3.7 Využitie rodu Mentha L. .................................................................................... 33 3.7.1 Využitie v hummánej a veterinárnej medicíne .............................................. 33 3.7.2 Využite v potravinárstve .............................................................................. 34 3.7.3 Využitie v kozmetike ................................................................................... 36 3.8 Botanické pesticídy ............................................................................................ 37 3.8.1 Insekticídne účinky ...................................................................................... 40 3.8.3 Akaricídne účinky ....................................................................................... 43 3.8.4 Antibakteriálne účinky ................................................................................. 44 3.8.5 Fungicídne účinky ....................................................................................... 45 3.8.6 Herbicídne účinky ....................................................................................... 47 3.9 Komerčné využitie pesticídov na báze silíc ........................................................ 48 4 MATERIÁL A METODIKA ................................................................................. 52 4.1 Klimatické podmienky ....................................................................................... 52 4.2 Aktualizácia sortimentu Mentha L. v Lednici ..................................................... 53 4.3 Hodnotenie morfológie, fenológie a estetických znakov ..................................... 57 4.4 Zber a sušenie rastlinného materiálu ................................................................... 58 4.5 Laboratórne hodnotenie...................................................................................... 58 4.5.1 Kvantitatívne stanovenie silíc ...................................................................... 58 4.5.2 Kvalitatívne stanovenie silíc ........................................................................ 59 6 4.6 Príprava extraktu a stanovenie obsahu fenolov ................................................... 60 4.7 Stanovenie obsahu flavonoidov .......................................................................... 60 4.8 Stanovenie antioxidačnej kapacity metódou DPPH ............................................ 61 4.9 Metodika hodnotenia insekticídnych účinkov silíc ............................................. 62 4.9.1 Kultivácia modelového organizmu Culex quinquefasciatus Say ................... 62 4.9.2 Kultivácia modelového organizmu Musca domestica L................................ 62 4.10 Stanovenie letálnych a subletálnych dávok silíc Mentha L................................ 62 4.10.1 Metodika stanovenia letálnych dávok pre Musca domestica L. ................... 63 4.10.2 Metodika stanovenia vplyvu subletánych dávok pre Musca domestica L. ... 63 4.10.3 Metodika stanovenia letánych koncentrácií pre Culex quinqefasciatus Say. 64 4.10.4 Metodika stanovenia vplyvu subletálnych koncentrácíí na Culex quinquefasciatus Say ............................................................................................ 65 4.10.5 Štatistické spracovanie dát ......................................................................... 66 5 VÝSLEDKY A DISKUSIA .................................................................................... 67 5.1 Hodnotenie morfológie, fenológie a estetických vlastností ................................. 67 5.2 Kvantitatívne hodnotenie silíc ............................................................................ 68 5. 3 Kvalitatívne hodnotenie silíc ............................................................................. 74 5. 4 Hodnotenie celkového obsahu fenolických látok ............................................... 78 5.5 Hodnotenie celkového obsahu flavonoidov ........................................................ 82 5.6 Hodnotenie antioxidačnej kapacity ..................................................................... 85 5.7 Hodnotenie insekticídnych účinkov silíc na Musca domestica L. ........................ 90 5.7.1 Vplyv subletálnych dávok na Musca domestica L. ....................................... 94 5.8 Hodnotenie insekticídnych účinkov na Culex quinquefasciatus Say. .................. 97 7 5.8.1 Vplyv subletálnych dávok na Culex quinquefasciatus Say ......................... 101 6 ZÁVER ................................................................................................................. 103 7 ABSTRAKT .......................................................................................................... 106 8 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 107 9 ZOZNAM POUŽITEJ LITERATÚRY ............................................................... 108 10 PRÍLOHY ..........................................................................................................
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