Forest Grove, Oregon Historic Context

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For City of Forest Grove By Historic Preservation Northwest August 30, 2018

Forest Grove, Oregon: Historic Context

Written by: David Pinyerd, Bernadette Niederer, and Holly Borth Historic Preservation Northwest 1116 11th Avenue SW Albany OR 97321 541-791-9199 www.hp-nw.com

Written for: City of Forest Grove’s Historic Landmarks Board: Holly Tsur, chair Jennifer Brent, vice chair George Cushing, secretary Larissa Whalen Garfias Kelsey Trostle Bill Youngs

Thomas Johnston, City Council Liaison

James Reitz, Senior Planner

Completed: August 30, 2018 Second Edition

This publication has been funded with the assistance of a matching grant-in-aid from the Ore- gon State Historic Preservation Office and the National Park Service. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age or handicap. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.

Front Cover: Looking south down Main Street from the intersection with 21st Avenue around 1911. (Morelli Collection)

Contents

Project Overview ...... 1 Historic Context Themes ...... 1 Temporal Boundaries ...... 1 Spatial Boundaries ...... 3 Fieldwork Techniques ...... 4 Historical Overview ...... 7 Native Peoples of Oregon (10,000 BP - 1855) ...... 7 Exploration (1792 - 1811) ...... 8 Fur Trade and Missions (1812 - 1847) ...... 8 Settlement and Statehood (1848 - 1859) ...... 10 Civic Growth (1860 - 1884) ...... 11 Local Government ...... 14 Plats ...... 14 Builders ...... 15 Newspapers ...... 15 Indian School ...... 15 Progressive Era (1885 - 1913) ...... 17 City Council ...... 18 New Street Names ...... 18 Municipal Services ...... 19 Logging ...... 21 Dairy ...... 21 Library ...... 21 Streetcar ...... 22 New Construction ...... 22 The Motor Age (1914 - 1945) ...... 23 Transportation ...... 25 Utilities ...... 26 Communications ...... 27 Industry ...... 28 Commerce ...... 29 Education ...... 30 Religion ...... 30 Recreation and Culture ...... 31 Building Activities ...... 31 The Atomic Age (1946 - 1983) ...... 33 Government ...... 34 Disasters ...... 35 Industry ...... 35 Commerce ...... 37

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Education ...... 38 Religion ...... 39 Recreation and Culture ...... 40 Building Activities ...... 42 Transportation ...... 43 Utilities ...... 43 Resource Themes ...... 45 Residential ...... 45 Italianate (1860-1890) ...... 45 Second Empire (1865-1885) ...... 45 Queen Anne (1880-1905) ...... 46 Colonial Revival (1890-2000) ...... 46 Foursquare (1895-1920) ...... 47 Craftsman (1905-1915) ...... 47 Craftsman Bungalow (1910-1925) ...... 48 English Cottage (1920-1940)...... 48 Minimal Traditional (1930-1950) ...... 49 World War II-Era Cottage (1935-1945) ...... 49 Early Ranch (1945-50) ...... 50 Ranch (1950-1965) ...... 51 Contemporary (1960-70) ...... 51 Transportation ...... 52 Education ...... 52 Historicist Buildings ...... 53 Modernist Buildings ...... 54 Religion ...... 55 Commerce ...... 56 Social ...... 58 Manufacturing ...... 59 Agriculture ...... 59 Funerary ...... 59 Health Care ...... 60 Government ...... 60 Findings ...... 61 Listed Resources ...... 63 Evaluation ...... 65 National Register of Historic Places Eligibility ...... 66 Areas of Significance ...... 67 Period of Significance ...... 67 Assessment of Historic Integrity ...... 67 Seven Criteria for Evaluating Historic Integrity ...... 67 Eligibility for Historic Districts ...... 68 Recommendations ...... 70 Commercial Historic District ...... 71 Next Steps for Districting ...... 74 Clark Historic District ...... 75 Pacific University ...... 80

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References ...... 81 Books ...... 81 Directories (listed in date order) ...... 82 Documents ...... 82 Morelli Collection ...... 83 Newspapers ...... 84 Maps ...... 84 Websites ...... 85 Appendix A – Street Renaming ...... 87 North-South Streets ...... 88 East-West Streets ...... 88 Appendix B – Biographical Data ...... 89 Appendix C – Forest Grove Plats and Subdivisions ...... 117 Appendix D – Survey Summary ...... 123

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Project Overview

The following historic context was developed for the City of Forest Grove. As a Certified Local Government, the City is required to inventory and evaluate historic resources within its jurisdiction. The information contained within this historic context will aid the City in decision-making concerning future development in Forest Grove.

The objectives of this survey were three-fold. One was to complete a reconnaissance-level historic resources survey for all properties within the original Plat of the Town of Forest Grove from 1872. This survey updated the original survey performed in 1993 by Peter Edwards of Columbia Historical Research. Reconnaissance level surveys generally involve visual evalua- tions of properties including basic location information, descriptive features, plus an estimate of the age and architectural integrity of resources. They generally do not include assessments of historic events or individuals. The second objective was to create a new edition of the Forest Grove Context (originally written by Peter Edwards in 1993) to include the period from 1943 to 1983. The third objective was to look for additional potential historic districts within the survey area and provide a preliminary boundary for the potential districts.

Historic Context Themes

The study encompasses historic resources within the original Town of Forest Grove plat. The Oregon Statewide Inventory Historic/Cultural Themes list is the basis of the thematic categories and chronological periods utilized in this study. These categories and periods were established by the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and the National Park Service. The broad themes characterizing the development and architectural features of the survey area include: Settlement, Education, Religion, Transportation and Communication, Commerce and Urban Development, and Manufacturing.

Temporal Boundaries

The temporal boundaries established for the survey area correlates with chronological periods established by SHPO, although the time line is somewhat modified to correspond with the specific historical events that took place in the survey area. The study commences at the time of the earliest Anglo-American settlement within the greater Forest Grove area, 1841, and concludes in 1983, an end date determined by SHPO as a 35-year survey evaluation threshold.

Native Peoples of Oregon (10,000 BP - 1855) Native peoples inhabited the Pacific Northwest for thousands of years before the arrival of European explorers and settlers, as evidenced by archaeological sites dating to 10,000 years before the present (1950 is the terminal date for the BP time scale, reflecting the emergence of practical radiocarbon dating in the1950s). The Forest Grove area is believed to have been inhabited by the Tualatin band of the Kalapuya. The arrival of Europeans in the late 1700s destroyed their way of life. Within 50 years, native populations were decimated by disease, genocide, and settlement patterns that prevented their traditional food gathering practices.

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Following a war in 1855 between the natives and the U.S. Army, the remaining members of the Tualatin band were confined to the Grande Ronde reservation.

Exploration (1792 - 1811) In 1792, Captain Robert Gray became the first Anglo-American to explore the coast of the Pacific Northwest. Years later, Lewis and Clark traveled down the Columbia River, spending the winter of 1805 mapping the territory and recording the people, plants, and animals they encountered. Their report created great interest in the Pacific Northwest and prompted commercial exploration. Fur companies began arriving in Oregon, with Wilson Price Hunt founding Fort Astor in 1811 as a post for the Pacific Fur Company.

Fur Trade and Missions (1812 - 1847) The fur trade continued to expand in the early 1800s by both American and British companies. In 1821, the powerful Hudson Bay Company took over the holdings and posts of other traders, and later established their headquarters at Fort Vancouver. About this time, American missionaries began arriving in the Pacific Northwest. In 1834, Jason Lee, a Methodist missionary, traveled through Fort Vancouver prior to establishing a mission for the Kalapuya in the Willamette Valley. Within the next decade, missions were founded at Oregon City, The Dalles, and Clatsop Plains. While the missions had mixed results in assimilating the Native Americans and converting them to Christianity, they were successful in creating enclaves of settled lands and encouraging western migration. The Great Migration in 1843 brought more than 800 people over the Oregon Trail, with another 3,000 following two years later.

Settlement and Statehood (1848 - 1859) The earliest settlers in the Forest Grove area, Alvin T. and Abigail Smith, arrived in 1841, and claimed land south of the survey area. The Smiths were part of a group of independent missionaries led to Oregon by the Reverend Harvey Clark. On August 14, 1848, Congress passed the Oregon Territorial Organic Act, creating a U.S. Territory that included present-day Oregon, among other lands. Two years later, Congress passed an act providing for the donations to settlers of public lands, an action which legalized land claims made under the provisional government. Missionaries continued to be significant forces in Forest Grove’s early growth. Following the Whitman Massacre in 1847, missionaries throughout the Pacific Northwest needed a safe place while they awaited the settling of Indian activity. The West Tualatin Plain was that safe place, and as a result the Forest Grove area had a significant density of well- educated, Christian people that were inclined to support an educational establishment. In 1848, pioneer families in the Forest Grove area donated land for the establishment of the Tualatin Academy. Its location near the Congregational Church, founded by Rev. Clark in 1845, provided a spatial and symbolic center for the emerging community. The focus began its shift from agricultural production on land claims to education, with new settlement occurring around the Church and Academy.

Civic Growth (1860 - 1884) In 1860, Forest Grove was still a rural settlement with dirt roads and animals roaming the streets. However, it soon witnessed the growth of a modest business and professional community and the arrival of many influential residents, despite its lack of direct access to a river or railroad line. Census records from 1870 illustrate the growth the community was experiencing, listing a population of 396. Only one-third of those employed claimed an occupation related to

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agriculture and farming, while the number of merchants in town increased. In 1872, the State Legislature granted a charter to the Town of Forest Grove, designating the size of the community and its form of local government. In the next two decades, the community would witness the establishment of a local newspaper, a school for Native American children, and a police department.

Progressive Era (1885 - 1913) This period was one of prosperity and development for Forest Grove, as evidenced by the construction of stately homes and new businesses. In 1888, the first telephone system was established. The community witnessed the founding of its first bank, library, and public school, and the establishment of fraternal organizations. Logging and dairying were becoming big influences in local economic development. The city undertook street improvements and beautification efforts, and an electric streetcar began serving residents in 1906.

The Motor Age (1914 - 1945) Automobiles supplanted wagons and electric transportation systems and provided new economic opportunities both locally and for those who could travel easily to other communities, such as Portland, for employment. The Great Depression substantially impacted the economy of the community; however, the region fared better than many due its long growing season and with the forest and ocean providing additional sources of food. World War II helped revive Forest Grove with a boost to the agricultural sector and the sudden growth in shipbuilding and industry in Portland, which led to a large influx of commuters.

The Atomic Age (1946 - 1983) With the dropping of the atom bomb during World War II, Forest Grove entered the Atomic Age along with the rest of the world. The end of WWII ushered in a post-war economy similar to that of the 1920s after WWI. All sectors of the US economy boomed and Forest Grove felt the effects. Homes were constructed at a fast pace and new businesses were established. This all resulted in 1946 being declared a “banner business year” for Forest Grove. The period saw expansive growth in the Pacific University campus. But as the decades rolled by, the area’s economic base evolved in unexpected ways that curbed growth and kept Forest Grove a relatively small town.

Spatial Boundaries

The special boundaries for this context correspond to the current city limits of Forest Grove, with a few exceptions. The original Euro-American settlers in this area staked large claims, often up to 640 acres (one square mile) in size, so the population was quite sparse in the Forest Grove area for many years after initial Euro-American settlement. So for the development of this historic context, a “Greater Forest Grove Area” has been established. This area includes most of the countryside within a three- or four-mile radius of present-day downtown Forest Grove and contains approximately 36 square miles. Forest Grove is at the intersection of four townships, thus the study area includes the NW 1/4 of Township 1S, Range 3W; the NE 1/4 of Township 1S, Range 4W; the SW 1/4 of Township 1N, Range 3W; and the SE 1/4 of Township 1 N, R 4W. These spatial boundaries are general, and are an attempt to include in the early history of Forest Grove many of the first settlers who had a great impact on the community.

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Figure 1. Forest Grove is located at the intersection of four townships. This collage of four General Land Office (GLO) maps from the early 1850s shows a nascent Forest Grove at center. Pacific University is labeled “Academy” at right of center. Homesteads of early pioneers, Walker, Clark, and Smith are all visible.

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Figure 2. The original plat of the Town of Forest Grove from 1872. The original plat of 65 blocks plus the College Grounds make up the majority of the map. Walker’s Addition (also platted in 1872) is delineated at upper center by 11 irregular blocks. Naylor’s Addition (platted in 1873) is outlined at the upper left by 10 blocks. Street names have been changed several times over the years; a complete list of the renamings can be found in Appendix A.

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Figure 3. Map of Forest Grove in 2015. The area resurveyed during this project is outlined in red and corresponds roughly to the boundaries of the original plat of the Town of Forest Grove. (ODOT)

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Fieldwork Techniques

For this reconnaissance survey project, the survey area was defined by the boundaries of the original plat of Forest Grove from 1872. David Pinyerd and Bernadette Niederer of Historic Preservation Northwest performed the reconnaissance field work in August and September 2017. The project followed the latest “Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resource Surveys in Oregon” by the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office. The survey was also conducted in compliance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation Planning.

Historical Overview

In this Historical Overview, from Native Peoples to Statehood, these sections are condensed from Peter Edwards’ Forest Grove: A Historic Context, 1993. This document is the second edition of Edwards’ first edition work. Civic Growth through the Progressive Era sections come from David Pinyerd’s Naylor’s, Walker’s and West Park Additions, Forest Grove, Oregon: Historic Context Statement, 1998. From Motor Age through the Atomic Age is all new work.

Native Peoples of Oregon (10,000 BP - 1855) Native peoples inhabited the Pacific Northwest for many thousands of years before the arrival of European explorers and settlers. The oldest archaeological sites found in the Willamette Valley have been dated to 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Native Americans made use of the abundant natural resources available in this area and developed complex cultural systems. The peoples living within the Willamette and Upper Umpqua Valleys belonged primarily to the Kalapuya tribe, part of the Penutian language group. They were related to the tribes of the coast and plateau but spoke distinct dialects. The Kalapuya were divided into several subgroups, or bands, generally based around river drainage areas and composed of groups of related families. The people believed to have inhabited the Forest Grove region was the Tualatin band (Atafaliti) of the Kalapuya. (Beckham, 23, 43)

The Tualatin band would have engaged in seasonal food gathering activities. During the summer they set up temporary camps and gathered seeds, berries, and roots. Hunting for large and small mammals and fishing also provided important foods. The Kalapuya managed the valley lands by lighting fires in the fall. These fires caused seed plants to grow abundantly and made hunting easier by keeping the underbrush down. In the winter, they would return to permanent villages composed of partially subterranean houses with bark or plank roofs. While it has been reported that the Kalapuya sometimes kept or traded captured slaves, their society is believed to have been largely egalitarian. (Edwards, 3)

The arrival of Europeans in the late 1700s dramatically impacted the lives of the native peoples of Oregon. Within 50 years their populations were decimated by introduced European diseases and by outright genocide. With no immunity to diseases like influenza and malaria, the Native Americans rapidly fell victim to these sicknesses. While the fur trading companies that first came to Oregon maintained largely cordial relations with the Native Americans, the settlers who arrived shortly thereafter were primarily concerned with acquiring land for their own use with little regard for its native occupants. The Donation Land Claim Act did include provisions

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requiring that native land rights be respected; however, these provisions were largely ignored. Settlers arriving in the 1840s and ‘50s chose their claims as they saw fit, setting up fences and preventing Native Americans from pursuing their traditional food gathering practices. Conflicts naturally resulted, and in 1855 war broke out between the tribes in eastern Washington and the U.S. Army. The Army called upon settlers to join in the war, and eight companies were formed largely to kill what Native Americans they could. The remaining members of the Tualatin band were confined to the Grande Ronde reservation in 1855. (Edwards, 4)

Exploration (1792 - 1811) In 1792, Captain Robert Gray became the first Anglo-American to explore the coast of the Pacific Northwest. While Spanish explorer Bruno Heceta had sailed along the Oregon coast a few years earlier, Gray is believed to have been the first to discover the Columbia River, which he named after one of his ships. Gray’s voyage produced a map of the river’s mouth which made its way into the hands of Captain George Vancouver. Vancouver led an expedition of two ships to the Oregon coast and instructed his Lieutenant, William Broughton, to sail the smaller ship up the Columbia. Broughton journeyed for 120 miles up the Columbia to what is now Corbett. He named Mount Hood and produced improved maps for future explorers. (Edwards, 4)

The most famed expedition to the Pacific Northwest was the voyage made by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their Corps of Discovery (1804-06). Lewis and Clark traveled down the Columbia and wintered on the Pacific Coast in 1805, mapping the territory and recording the peoples, plants and animals that they encountered. The publication of their reports in 1814 created great interest in the Pacific Northwest. The abundant water, lumber and fur bearing animals they described were considered to be extremely attractive resources, and their descriptions helped to bring about a new era of commercial exploration. (Edwards, 4)

Fur companies were some of the first profit seekers to arrive in the Oregon territory. In 1811, Wilson Price Hunt founded Fort Astor, in what is now Astoria, as a post for the Pacific Fur Company. Hunt’s expedition and the creation of a permanent outpost brought about the first regular visits by Anglo-Americans. (Edwards, 4)

The early explorers and fur traders mainly voyaged along the coast and major waterways. The inland Figure 4. Fort Astor was established in 1811 by the areas remained largely unexplored during this time men of John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company. period. Fort Astor was the first permanent settlement in the Oregon Territory. (Schwantes, 58)

Fur Trade and Missions (1812 - 1847) The fur trade in the Oregon Territory continued to expand during the early 1800s. In addition to the Pacific Fur Company post at Fort Astor, the North West Company of Montreal founded two posts on the Upper Columbia in 1809 and 1810. These two companies competed until the War

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of 1812 disrupted American ownership of the Pacific Fur Company, and Fort Astor was taken over by the British and renamed Fort George. In 1821, the powerful Hudson’s Bay Company took over the holdings of the North West Company, including Fort George. (Edwards, 5)

Fur posts generally relied on imported goods brought in by ship for their basic staples. Howev- er, a visit to Fort George by Hudson’s Bay Company’s Northern Department chief brought about a change in policy. The company’s local headquarters was moved to a new location at Fort Vancouver in 1825. This area was better suited to agriculture, allowing company employees to grow much of the food they needed rather than relying on imports. Local crafts were also encouraged, and Fort Vancouver developed a blacksmith shop and carpenter shop that produced much of the wood and metal goods needed for the Fort’s operation. This transition occurred under the direction of John McLoughlin, chief factor for the Hudson’s Bay Company. The founding of Fort Vancouver brought about the development of the extractive industries, furs and lumber, that would form the basis of Oregon’s early economy. The policies of the Hudson’s Bay Company also introduced a type of civil law to the area. Both of these developments helped to attract increasing numbers of immigrants to Oregon in the following decades. (Ed- wards, 5-6)

At the same time the fur industry was establishing itself, American missionaries began to arrive in the Pacific Northwest. Jason Lee, a Methodist missionary, traveled through Fort Vancouver in 1834 to establish a mission for the Kalapuya Indians in the Willamette Valley. His reports of the fertile valley helped spur interest in immigration to this area. In 1840, he journeyed back to the East and returned with a group of 51 settlers. Other Methodist missions were soon founded at Oregon City, Clatsop Plains, The Dalles and Nisqually. While these missions had mixed results in assimilating the Native Americans and converting them to Christianity, they were successful in creating enclaves of settled lands and encouraging western migration. (Edwards, 6)

Increasing numbers of settlers arrived in Oregon during the 1840s with the opening of the overland Oregon Trail route. Although the first small wagon train set out in 1841, the Great Migration of 800 people did not occur until 1843. Two years later, approximately 3,000 individuals made the journey over the Oregon Trail. The nearby Columbia and Tualatin River Valleys became popular settlement areas for many of these new arrivals. (Edwards, 6-7)

The earliest settlers in the Forest Grove area, Alvin T. and Abigail Smith, came to Oregon as missionaries. They visited the famous Whitman Mission in Walla Walla, Washington, in 1841 on their way to the Forest Grove area. The Smiths settled a Donation Land Claim just south of the present Forest Grove late that year. Alvin T. Smith kept a diary of their daily activities during these early years that provides a revealing look at what life was like at this time. His first goal was to build a small cabin to provide shelter for his family, then to furnish the cabin and to begin breaking land for a farm. Other settlers began arriving in the Forest Grove area shortly after Smith and provided for themselves in a similar way. Thomas G. and Sarah Naylor settled on 562 acres, much of what is now Naylor’s Addition, on July 1, 1844. Harvey Clark settled a claim just east of the Naylors. Clark was the minister of the Congregational Church, which would become an important center for the new community. (Edwards, 7)

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Harvey Clark is also notable for having been sent as the Forest Grove representative to a gathering at Champoeg in 1843 to form a provisional government. Up until the time of this meeting, sovereignty of the Oregon area was still in question. The early American presence established by explorers like Gray, Broughton, and Lewis and Clark, and by fur companies like the Pacific Fur Company, helped to establish an American claim on the lands of the Pacific Northwest; however, there was still a strong British presence. In 1818 and again in 1828, Britain and the United States agreed to joint occupancy of the territory. The government created by the settlers formed a provisional American government based upon the code of laws for the state of Iowa. President Polk accepted the provisional government and signed a bill author- izing territorial organization in 1848. (Edwards, 6-7)

The provisional government set up by the settlers included provisions for granting Donation Land Claims (DLC). Under these provisions, free, white adult males could apply to obtain up to 640 acres at very little or no cost. The geographic patterns created by the implementation of the DLCs strongly influenced the shape of early settlements like Forest Grove and in many ways created the landscape of grids and fences that we still see in Oregon today. (Edwards, 8)

Settlement and Statehood (1848 - 1859) Immigration continued to rise, with over 5,000 people coming over the Oregon Trail in 1847 with two-thirds of these pioneers settling in Oregon. The discovery of gold in California and the massacre at the Whitman Mission changed immigration patterns somewhat during the 1850s, but the population of Oregon continued to grow. On August 14, 1848, Congress passed the Oregon Territorial Organic Act. This act formed a U.S. territory stretching from the 42nd parallel to the 49th parallel and from the Pacific Coast to the continental divide. This area contained all of present day Washington, Oregon and Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming. The Organ- ic Act brought increased federal services to the territory including mail service, libraries, railroad surveys and military roads. In addition, federal military support became available to the settlers in their efforts to subdue the Native Americans who were still in the area. (Edwards, 10)

After making Oregon a territory, Congress passed “An Act to Create the Office of Surveyor General of the Public Lands in Oregon, and to Provide for the Survey and to make Donations to the Settlers of Said Public Lands” in 1850. This act legalized all land claims made under the provisional government and provided for the continuation of this system of land acquisition. Settlers who were over the age of 18 and who had arrived in Oregon prior to December 1, 1850 were given 320 acres of land, and those arriving by December 1, 1853 were able to claim 160 acres. (Edwards, 10-11)

Early Forest Grove had the dispersed population typical of areas settled under the donation land claim (DLC) system. In 1854, the 36 square miles surrounding the Forest Grove area contained only 25 to 30 landowners. Families lived on their individual farms, as the large acreage of these DLC lands made them quite isolated from their neighbors. Agriculture was the primary occupation of early Forest Grove residents. (Edwards, 11)

This focus on farming began to change somewhat with the founding of the Tualatin Academy in 1848. An outgrowth of Tabitha Brown’s school for orphans, the Tualatin Academy grew to become a successful educational institution and to constitute in many ways the center of Forest

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Grove’s educational and civic life. Many of the town’s civic and religious leaders were also involved in founding and running the Academy, which was chartered in 1849. It was the Tuala- tin Academy board of directors that selected the name Forest Grove for the town in 1851. Reverend Harvey Clark, Elkanah Walker and William Stokes donated the land that formed the campus, and also gave the school additional lots in what is now the area of Naylor’s and Walk- er’s Additions. Tualatin Academy then sold these lots to raise money for the construction of College Hall, which was built in 1850 and still stands on the Pacific University campus, and to meet other expenses. Breaking large parcels into smaller lots and selling them to families and businesses helped to form a downtown core to Forest Grove. With the Academy and Clark’s Congregational Church providing a spatial and symbolic focus, and the sale of lots bringing more activity into this area, Forest Grove began to have a defined nucleus. (Edwards, 11-12)

Forest Grove was fairly unique in having a school as its central focus. Most early Oregon towns were settled to take advantage of various means of transportation, siting along rivers, railway lines, or stage coach routes. Forest Grove had no such river or railroad connection in its early days, rather it was the presence of Tualatin Academy, also known by 1853 as Pacific University, that drew settlers to the area. As the school grew and the town built up around it, a residential pattern began to emerge. Many original Donation Land Claim owners built or bought small houses in Forest Grove for better access to educational opportunities. In some cases, “The settlement pattern was for the father of the family to remain on his donation land claim farm, while the mother and children lived in a modest but attractive house in town so that the children could attend Tualatin Academy and, later, Pacific University” (“Washington County Cultural Resource Survey,” 1983). As such, it was not uncommon for many homes to have been temporarily owned or occupied by one or more of the early pioneers. Many families cited the presence of the Academy as the reason for moving to Forest Grove. For example, the Latou- rette family built their home at 2314 A Street so that their sons could live in town while attending the University. (Pinyerd, 10)

Farming continued to be the primary means of support for most families, but between 1850 and 1860 Forest Grove saw a significant jump in the number of individuals engaged in non-farm jobs. The presence of the Academy drew teachers and professionals, and the initial growth of a downtown required craftspeople and service providers. While the changing demographics of the town created a larger community with a more centralized locus, early Forest Grove was hardly metropolitan. In the 1860s it was still very small, with unimproved roads and livestock roaming the town. (Edwards, 15)

Civic Growth (1860 - 1884) In the 1860s, Forest Grove was still an extremely rural community with a population that included less than 100 adults. Most families operated self-sufficiently on their individual land claims or on subdivided lots that generally ranged from 1 to 4 acres in size. Livestock, chickens, orchards and gardens were common sights on the properties. Streets were not yet named and were either dusty or muddy depending on the time of year. The few shops in town included a general merchandise store, a blacksmith, a realtor and a hardware store. They were accessed by boardwalks, which often sat a foot above street level. Most events in the village — speeches, debates, plays and musicals — were held at Tualatin Academy. (Pinyerd, 10)

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The decade of the 1860s witnessed the growth of a modest business and professional community and the arrival of many influential residents, including Alanson Hinman and Samuel Hughes. Hinman was a teacher, who bought a large farm and opened a mercantile business near campus at about Pacific Avenue and College Way. Hughes was a blacksmith prior to establishing a hardware and farm implement store in 1870. Existing residents were also prospering, which was often reflected in the residences they were constructing. Stephen Blank, a carpenter and farmer, owned a sash and door factory. In 1858-59, he constructed a stylish Classical Revival home at 2117 A Street, which later became known as the Old Stage Coach Figure 5. Old Stage Coach Stop in 1895. Construct- ed in 1858-59, it still stands today at 2117 A Street. Stop. (Pinyerd, 11) (Morelli Collection)

“In 1867, the Tualatin Academy portion of Pacific University opened a public grade school for Forest Grove youth. The University built the companion building to College Hall, the Academy Building, located where the present University library now stands” (“Forest Grove History”). A few years later, a special school tax was initiated, to be levied on property each year to provide financial support for the Public School. Funds were used to purchase a two-room building from the Academy, which was moved to the block now occupied by Central School. “A town building, with wing and 2nd floor additions, was also used as extra classroom space until after 1900. When the school population outgrew this facility, the town would rent rooms at the Academy, until they could add rooms onto the schoolhouse” (“Forest Grove History”).

John R. Porter is credited with introducing the Sequoia, or California Big Tree, to the Northwest in 1869 following a trip to California. He returned with a number of cones, intent on creating a nursery stock. Several years later, Porter had more than 100 of the seedling trees. He kept approximately 40, and planted the remaining seedlings around town, including on the Hillsboro hospital and courthouse grounds. (Pinyerd, 11)

While many communities were created by the presence of the railroad, Forest Grove was already a well-established town by the time the railroad attempted to come through. In 1869, the Willamette Valley Railroad requested a cash subsidy of $30,000 for a train terminal to be sited in Forest Grove. After the town trustees refused to pay the fee, the railroad established their stop approximately one mile south of the town center, in what came to be called “Carna- tion”, but which was also known as “South Forest Grove.” The land for the depot was donated by A.T. Smith. While this left Forest Grove without direct access to the rail lines, by 1870, the community had daily stagecoach and mail service from Portland, thus reducing the impact from the lack of a rail stop. In addition, this created a business opportunity of providing transportation for goods and passengers to the terminal in Carnation.

“This failure to get a railroad station of its own eventually proved a benefit for Forest Grove, as the town was spared a railroad right-of-way bisecting the city and the heavy industrial development and warehouses that came with a railroad — the unsightly heritage of many growing towns” (Hunter, 1997).

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In 1870, the population of Forest Grove had reached 396, comprised mostly of Caucasians. Half of these residents originated from within Oregon, and most from within the United States. The largest number of immigrants came from the Ohio and Mississippi River States, the places of origin for many of those crossing the Oregon Trail. “Of the few foreign born residents, nearly all came from Canada or Great Britain. The large scale emigration from Western Europe that started in the 1840s had not yet touched the Forest Grove area, as most of these immigrants settled in the urban areas of the eastern United States” (Edwards, 18). Contributing to the increase of those born in Oregon was the fact that many local families had six to nine children and some of the offspring of the early settlers began having children of their own. (Edwards, 18)

Census records from 1870 indicate that Forest Grove was not only growing, but also diversify- ing. Nearly one-third of those employed stated their occupation as farmer. This figure was down from the 81 percent who claimed this profession in 1860. This shift indicates that, while agricultural work continued to dominate the labor market in 1870, other opportunities were becoming available, largely due to the presence of the Academy and University and the growth of downtown businesses. (Edwards, 18)

The number of merchants increased threefold by 1870, for a total of six, and included C.A. Reynolds, N.E. Goodell and J.N. Campbell. A number of the more recent professional categories, which total 23, did not appear on the 1860 census, which only identified 11. These occupations included two hotel keepers, one operated by Chester Sloan, and two physicians, William Geiger, Jr. and W.H. Saylor. Some of the other occupations noted on the 1870 census were saddler, schoolteacher, housekeeper, wagon maker and boot/shoe maker. The most notable entry was eight carpenters, or 9 percent of the working population. This high number is indicative of the growth, necessitating the increase in building construction, that Forest Grove was experiencing. (Edwards, 18)

Substantial growth had also occurred at Tualatin Academy and Pacific University within this decade, as the number of instruc- tors working under the supervision of President Sidney H. Marsh increased from one to four. Reverend Horace Lyman, Professor of Mathematics, was joined in the late 1860s by A.J. Anderson, Professor of Theory; E.H. Collier, Professor of Natural Science; and Joseph W. Marsh, who taught Foreign Languages. (Ed- wards, 17)

The steady growth of the community due to local agriculture, the presence of the Academy and University, and the rail stop in Carnation led Forest Grove to incorporation. “In 1872, the State Legislature granted a charter to the Town of Forest Grove. The charter set the size of the town area at the land between the present ‘D’ Street and Hawthorne Street, and between 24th and 16th Streets” (Gilbert, “19th Century Forest Grove History”). Local lore suggests that the community was officially named after the estate of J.Q. Thornton, an early resident who was a Figure 6. From the 1873 Oregon Business Directory.

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Trustee at the Academy and who sat on the town planning committee. Others contend that the name developed from the local geography of the community: a forest of firs meeting a grove of oaks.

Local Government The town charter designated that the local government was to be a six-man board of trustees, elected annually. This board could pass ordinances, assess property and levy annual taxes. The charter also provided for the hiring of both an assessor and a street superintendent, whose duty was to lay out and repair all streets. These provisions resulted in the first two city ordinances. The first provided for the collection and disbursement of revenue, and created the positions of Treasurer, Assessor, and Collector. City Ordinance No. 2 created the office of Street Commissioner, who provided for the protection and maintenance of all roads, sidewalks, shade trees and other street property. This ordinance prohibited any growing tree within jurisdiction of the street to be cut down or marred without the written permission of the Commis- sioner. (Edwards, 19)

Forest Grove’s reputation as “Piety Hill,” based in part on the strong religious influences in the town, was firmly established following its passage of City Ordinance No. 4. This ordinance prevented the sale, barter or disposal of alcoholic liquor, other than for medicinal purposes, for the next 100 years. (It was not until the late 1970s that the first liquor permit was issued.) Additional ordinances were passed within the next few years to address other public concerns and behaviors. These included the prohibition of firing a gun or rifle within the town limits, riding a horse or mule within the city limits at a speed of over six miles per hour or on sidewalks, and resisting arrest or interfering with or refusing to assist an officer discharging his duties. In its attempts to become a bona fide city, the council passed Ordinance No. 6, which restrained sheep and swine from running at large. The Marshal was authorized to take possession of unrestrained animals and sell them at a public auction after five days, if they had not been claimed and the appropriate fines paid. (Pinyerd, 13)

The 1872 charter also stated that a Chief of Police would be hired and a police department created. The first department office was located at 1920 Council Street in a building that would be shared with the fire department and the city hall. The first city jail was an old horse box stall at the corner of Pacific and Main, one block from the police department. It was not until the 1920s, when Mickey “Cold Trail” McGuire was police chief, that the community hired its first deputy and the department issued the first uniforms for the policemen. (Pinyerd, 13)

Plats Much of the land delineated in the 1872 charter, or south of the town commons, was platted into blocks containing four 200’ x 200’ lots each. Many of these lots were still owned by Tualatin Academy and Pacific University and the Congregational Church, which were authorized to sell the lots to raise. This Original Town Plat was supplemented by Walker’s Addition, just to the west, also platted in 1872. Many of Walker’s blocks were also quartered, though a number were irregular in size. In 1873, these plats were joined by Naylor’s Addition. These lots, considered affordable, were sold to either families or speculators. The availability of individual lots near town and the business district spurred building activity in Forest Grove, as non-farm residences could be constructed in convenient locations. (Pinyerd, 13)

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Builders Assistance in constructing residential and commercial buildings was readily available. In 1873, H. McDonald advertised his services as an architect and builder for all building types. Accepting cash or produce, he would also provide designs and plans for stairs and furniture. McDonald maintained an office in Johnson’s Planing Mill, owned by another architect and builder, A.L. Johnson. A third builder was Edward A. Jerome (1850-1922), who designed and constructed many buildings in town including the Laughlin Hotel and residences for W.W. Figure 7. From the Forest McEldowney at 2240 A Street, and Mrs. E.H. Marsh at 2204 College Grove Independent, 29 Way. (Pinyerd, 14) November, 1873.

Newspapers The first newspaper in the community was the Forest Grove Independent, a Thursday weekly, launched by Wheeler & Myers in March 1873. By the middle of its second year, the paper was renamed The Washington Independent and was relocated to Hillsboro. This move was said to be influenced by the lack of advertising support received by the paper in Forest Grove (“Forest Grove History”). Indeed, a review of issues of the Forest Grove Independent from 1873-74 confirms that most of the advertising was for businesses located in Portland and the surrounding communities. Local ads that did appear included a dry goods and grocery store “in a new building at Oak and Elm, opposite the Congregational Church,” owned by A. Hinman; a jewelry and harness store operated by Wm. McCready; and Dr. Saylor’s drug and book store, which also offered paints and cutlery.

The newspaper changed owners and names a number of times in the following years. By 1887, the Forest Grove Times was published locally by the Forest Grove Publishing Company. After 21 years in Hillsboro, the Washington County Democrat moved to Forest Grove and was absorbed by The Times, under the sole ownership of A. Rogers.

“In 1895, Austin Craig, son of an Oregon pioneer, started the Washington County Hatchet in Forest Grove. After two years, it was merged with The Times under the lengthy title of Washington County Hatchet and Times. When Craig retired in 1899, the new publishers, G.H. Hines and R.H. Pratt, buried the hatchet and called the newspaper The Times.” (News-Times, 28 January 1987).

Subsequent publications were ultimately absorbed by The Times. In 1910, a period of stability arrived with the appearance of A.E. Scott, who brought previous newspaper publishing experi- ence.

Indian School In 1880, Lieutenant Melville C. Wilkinson of the U.S. Army founded the “Normal and Industrial Training School” in Forest Grove. This school was only the second in the country created to educate and house Native American children off the reservation. Both the first Indian school, which began in Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1879, and the Forest Grove Normal and Industrial Training School, were based on the principle of assimilation.

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According to Margaret Szasz, a leading historian of Native American education, the goal of assimilationist policy was to remold the Indian’s conception of life. To achieve this transfor- mation federal officials aimed to eradicate Native cultures, values, ideas and methods and to replace them with those of the dominant American Society. Much of this resocialization was expected to occur in boarding schools where, with minimal interference, federal personnel would carry out the government’s program (Collins, 392).

Indian Schools, like the one at Forest Grove, removed Native American children from their family context and separated them both geo- graphically and culturally from their homes and traditions. In most schools they were expected to learn and speak only in English; children caught speaking in their native tongues could be pun- ished. In addition to teaching English, Indian Schools focused on teaching students skills that were supposed to better adapt them to Anglo- Figure 8. Students at the Indian Industrial Training American society. The curriculum consisted of a School in the early 1880s making shoes. The “half and half” approach that emphasized both military-run boarding school enrolled students who vocational and academic skills. (Beckham, 158) studies homemaking, carpentry, blacksmithing, and shoemaking. (Beckham, 159)

Teachers were naturally Anglo-Americans and many followed the beliefs of Robert Pratt, head of the Carlisle Indian School. Pratt wrote, “I do not believe that amongst his people an Indian can be made to feel all the advantages of a civilized life nor the manhood of supporting himself and of standing out alone and battling for life as an American citizen.” Rather, Pratt believed that the Indian could only become assimilated by being “removed” from his people and educated in the “personal isolation” of the boarding schools (Collins, 400). During the period from 1879 to 1900, two dozen large residential boarding schools were built across the United States, primarily in the West, to carry out the federal government’s assimilation policies.

The school in Forest Grove was initially quite small. While one account suggests that there were originally 75 students, the majority of reports seem to agree that the number was around 18. Most of the students were from the Puyallup tribe and at least one student was Nisqually; both these tribes lived in the Puget Sound area near what is now Tacoma. Federal Indian agents stationed throughout the Northwest would select eligible children from the tribes they administered to be sent to the school. Students may have come from as far away as Alaska (“The History of Forest Grove”). From 1880 to 1883, students enrolled for a three-year term, with the option of staying for an additional two years. Starting in 1884, students were required to enroll for a five-year term.

Staff members included Samuel and Levi Walker, sons of the Reverend Elkanah Walker (Sun- day Oregonian, 14 June 1953). Although the school was founded by the U.S. Army, administration seems to have passed to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Pacific University shortly after the school’s founding. The curriculum was typical of other Indian Schools, including academic instruction and vocational training in carpentry, blacksmithing, shoe making, farming for the boys and sewing and home economics for the girls (Old College Hall Pacific University Messen- ger). A reporter visiting the school around 1883 wrote:

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Of course we went to see the Indian School. Here are sixty-three pupils, forty boys and twenty-three girls from thirteen different tribes. Captain Wilkenson tells us that the boys drove every nail in one of the buildings; thirty by sixty feet, as well as aided in the erection of the other of the same size. They have also recently painted both of them and have made about twenty-five good bedsteads. Six of them are apprentices in a boot and shoe shop where they have repaired ninety-one pairs of shoes, the work being valued at more than one hundred and fifty dollars. Six of them are also learning the blacksmith trade with good success. In the schoolroom they have likewise done well. An air of energy, life and neatness is everywhere apparent about the school (Hillsboro Argus, 11 Novem- ber 1963).

Land for the school was rented from Pacific University and local farmers. The school was located northwest of downtown Forest Grove, almost certainly within the block now bordered by C and D Streets on the east and west and 22nd and 23rd Avenues on the north and south. At the time it was constructed in 1880, the school grounds consisted of three simple wood buildings, reportedly built for a cost of $5,000, and some acreage for farming and teaching agriculture to the students (“The History of Forest Grove”). According to a period newspaper account:

The main building is two stories high, sixty feet long by thirty-two feet wide, with an ell twenty feet square for a kitchen. It is a simple box structure, the walls consisting of planks set on end and battened. It is designed, however, to put on rustic and paint it next summer. The lower story of the main building is twelve feet high and is divided into first, schoolroom 18 x 32 on the east, for both sexes; next two study rooms each 16 x 16, one for the males and the other for the females; next the dining room 12 x 32 and at last the matron’s rooms at the west end; which adjoins the kitchen. The upper story is designed for sleeping apartments and is divided into fourteen bedrooms. A hall runs through the middle and a stairway runs from the study room for the females to their dormitory, as does a stairway from the study room of the males to theirs (Hillsboro Argus, 11 Novem- ber 1963).

The Indian School remained in Forest Grove for only five years. Racial animosity toward the students by Forest Grove neighbors may have been partly responsible for the school’s depar- ture. The destruction of a dormitory building by fire in 1885 and inadequate land for farming may have also contributed to the decision to move the school from Forest Grove (Collins, 392). When the school was moved to Salem in 1885, it became known as the Chemawa Indian School, and is still in operation. The school buildings were acquired by the City of Forest Grove for use as a school (“The History of Forest Grove”). None of the structures associated with the Normal and Industrial Training School are still standing today.

Progressive Era (1885 - 1913) According to the 1888 Sanborn Map, businesses were concentrated along Main Street, south of present day 21st Avenue, and along Pacific Avenue, between present day Ash and A Streets. The platting of the South Park Addition in 1891, by Edward W. Haines and partners, was

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another sign that the community was growing. This addition was likely influenced by the location of the rail stop at Carnation, which was drawing residential development south of the downtown area, and in turn boosted the local construction industry. Oregon State Directories from this period reflect the presence of a number of contractors, architects, real estate offices and carpenters. The directories also reflect the increasing number and variety of businesses in Forest Grove, a handful of which were owned or operated by women. Occupations they held went beyond the traditional role of teaching and included carpet weaver, hotel proprietor (Mrs. S.A. Sloan), dressmaker (Mrs. Robert Nixon), and millinery owners.

Samuel G. Hughes established the first telephone system in Forest Grove about 1888. It was first known as the S.G. Hughes Telephone Company, and later the Forest Grove Independent Telephone Company. The first switchboard connected 12 customers and was located in the rear of the Hughes hardware store (the first to open in Forest Grove in 1873). The first lines were grounded, requiring only one wire. Little or no effort was made to limit the number of parties on these lines and it was common practice to listen in. Hughes ultimately built toll lines to Gales Creek, Glenwood and Hillsboro. In 1920, he sold his company to George A. Bauman and W.S. Moreland, who operated it as Western Oregon Telephone & Telegraph Company.

City Council In 1891, the State granted a new charter that enlarged the area of the community to include the South Park Blocks and changed its name to the “City of Forest Grove.” In addition, the charter designated a change in the form of government from a board of trustees to an elected mayor and six city councilmen. “The primary rationale for the new charter seems to have been to secure a proper legal and political framework with which to pursue needed civic improvements” (“Forest Grove History”). Attention was needed for the development of fire protection, street improvements and utilities. Sam Hughes was the first mayor of Forest Grove, while L.E. Smith, J.S. Clark and W.W. Breedan served as three of the first city councilors.

New Street Names One of the first actions by the new council was to rename the roadways in Forest Grove, originally designated with the names of tree species. The north-south streets took on a letter or simple numerical designation, such as D Street and First Street. The east-west routes became directional and numerical Avenues, such as “N. Third Avenue.” Elm Avenue became known as Pacific Avenue, which was the dividing line between north and south. Only two streets, Oak Avenue and North Avenue, retained their original names in this process. Supposedly this action was intended to bring the old and new plats of the city grid into some semblance of logical order.

Decades later, in 1949, the city changed the street names a second time to their present designations. The renaming eliminated confusion between similar address designations such as Third Street, North Third Avenue and Third Avenue. Directional designations were completely eliminated from the Avenues and they were renumbered from the north, beginning with 23rd Avenue. Pacific Avenue was not renamed and takes the place of 20th Avenue, while North Avenue became University Avenue. The north-south streets kept the lettered designations applied in 1892, while Oak Avenue became known as College Way. The numbered streets were again provided names of tree species, and some overlap occurred in the process. As

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such, Forest Grove has had two Ash and two Elm Streets, running in opposite directions. This has proven a source of confusion in looking at historic documents and publications.

Municipal Services Forest Grove’s commercial district was transformed by an 1892 City Ordinance. A series of fires had damaged the downtown area, and wooden buildings placed adjacent to each other increased the chance for catastrophic fires. Therefore, the City Council appointed a Fire Prevention Committee, which required residents to repair the chimneys on their houses. A fire control district was established in the downtown area, requiring all future buildings to be constructed of brick. “Within a few years, many of the buildings on the west side of Main Street were replaced with brick structures. The investments made in these new buildings were substantial and reflected strength in the growing community. Most of the buildings remain a century later” (Edwards, 21). In addition, the committee identified the need for a volunteer fire department. By 1894, the Alert Hook and Ladder Company No. l was available for service, following the purchase of a fire truck from the fire department in Salem.

In the early 1890s, electric power was provided by the Forest Grove Canning Company from the excess capacity of its boilers and generators. After the company experienced financial prob- lems in 1895, the citizens voted to construct an electric and water system, which the City has since continuously operated. E.W. Haines operated the first pressured water system, which pumped water from Gales Creek to a tower which was located on A Street, between Pacific and 21st Avenues. This water was used primarily for fire protection and irrigation, as most families had wells for domestic use. In 1908, steps were taken to acquire an ample supply of pure water, as existing wells were being contaminated by septic tanks. The City acquired land in Clear Creek Canyon, obtained water rights, and then arranged for the construction of a reservoir. (Pinyerd, 18)

Electricity was provided by a large generator located at the City light plant at the far end of South B Street. Two wood-fired furnaces provided steam to turn the generators. The first electric service was available from sundown to midnight and in the early morning hours until daylight. By 1912, the demand for electricity required the operation of generators during the day to accommodate household appliances. W.H. Crosley was constructing a residence about this time and had S.G. Hughes wire it for electric lights—one of the first houses in the community to do so. (Pinyerd, 18-19)

In 1898, E.W. Haines was urged by his friends to enter the banking Figure 9. Looking east on 21st Avenue towards Pacific University. The business. He sold his interest in Congregational Church is on the right. This picture was taken around 1906 just prior to the introduction of the streetcar system. The 1919 fire Haines and Bailey, a partnership destroyed all of the buildings pictured here. (Morelli Collection)

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that owned and operated a general merchandise store at 2008 Main Street, and opened the E.W Haines Bank. In 1914, with John Templeton, Haines established the First National Bank of Forest Grove, of which he was president for 20 years. (Pinyerd, 19)

At the end of the century, the population of Forest Grove was approximately 1300 and the city boasted some 40 businesses. There were multiple stores, hotels, and mills, along with various individual businesses. The city had 15 miles of boardwalks, four different churches, four fraternal organizations and an expanding public school population. Pacific University was also growing. College Hall and the Academy Building had been joined by Marsh Hall and Herrick Hall, a women’s dormitory. “It was no longer a frontier religious school, but a genuine college campus with a well-respected reputation throughout the Northwest” (“Forest Grove History”).

The 1900s were a time of business and residential expansion in Forest Grove. The 1902 Sanborn Map indicates the addition of a stationery store, a jeweler, a gymnasium and the I.O.O.F. Lodge on the 2000 block of 21st Street. Schramel and Davies Lumber was sited on the southwest corner of Main and 22nd Streets. Within the next ten years appeared the Rogers

Figure 10. Wilkes Brothers Map 1911 showing ownership of property in the downtown core. Many of the family names associated with businesses in the commercial area are still represented in the town today. (Morelli Collection)

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Library, a post office, music store, curios shop, a bookstore, a stone cutter, tailor, photographer, and fish market. Period maps indicate that as the downtown area expanded, homes were displaced by businesses. (Pinyerd, 19)

Residential growth kept pace with commercial development, with ten new plats recorded by 1910, including South Park Addition in 1909. Additional lots were being created in existing plats, and lots were being subdivided and sold off. Some properties had more than one residence constructed on them, the infill fostering development of the core area. According to a brochure produced by the Forest Grove Board of Trade, of which E.W. Haines was president, 100 new homes were built in 1904, while school enrollment increased by 30 percent. The population was approximately 2000, making Forest Grove the largest community in Washington County. (Pinyerd, 19-20)

Logging Economic development, long centered around the University and surrounding farms, began to be influenced by another source: logging. The rich stands of timber in the Oregon Coast Range near Forest Grove had not been tapped during the 19th century. By 1902, there were three sawmills in town. While still a seasonal operation, logging was to become an even larger economic force during the Motor Age with the construction of railroads and roads into the Coast Range (Edwards, 1993).

Dairy At this time, dairying was also receiving much attention. The Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Co. opened one of its largest factories just south of town in 1902, on A.T. Smith’s old DLC near the train depot (“Washington County Cultural Resource Survey,” 1983). Within a few years, it had to double its capacity to handle all the milk being received. “This company ships out an average of almost one carload of its famous Carnation Cream everyday” (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Board of Trade). The company was known for paying fair prices to local farmers and contributing to the welfare of the community. Their structure is the oldest industrial building in Forest Grove and the largest condensery in the state.

In 1903, the City initiated a beautification campaign, which included a flower show, the creation of a city band, and a city resolution against profane language and smoking. Several old barns within the city were demolished, weeds cleaned up, and the streets were graded. About this time, a horse-drawn trolley was created to carry rail passengers to the Southern Pacific stop at Carnation (“Forest Grove History”).

Library The origins of the first library began with Emma Penfield, who opened a book and stationery business in 1905. It was located in a store owned by the Burdans at the northwest corner of College Way and 21st Avenue. Penfield sold and lent her own books and borrowed books from others. The first Library Board was appointed in January 1906, and Penfield was hired as the first city librarian. Original board members included Prof. Joseph Marsh and Mrs. G.O. Rogers. In December 1908, the council levied the first library tax to raise funds for a library building (Gilbert, “History of the Forest Grove Library”).

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On April 15, 1909, Adeline Rogers, widow of Dr. G.O. Rogers, went before a notary and donated the millinery store to the City for use as a library. The City paid Mrs. Rogers a warrant of $4,000 and promised “that it will perpetually maintain a free reading room and rest room and to that end will annually levy a sufficient tax to perpetuate and maintain said Free Reading Room and Rest Room in the said City of Forest Grove” (Gilbert, “History of the Forest Grove Library”). In 1922, Rogers bequeathed an additional $6,000, with provision that $200 be spent Figure 11. Looking east on 21st Avenue from the corner of annually to purchase books. The interior College Way and 21st. The beginnings of the Forest Grove of this structure was destroyed in the Library are visible in Penfield’s Book Store on the right. This picture was taken around 1906 just prior to the introduction of 1919 fire, but the books were saved and the streetcar system, as the overhead cable arms have been the library promptly rebuilt. The library installed but no track has been laid. (WCHM #9961) remained in this location until a federal grant allowed for the construction of a new facility on Pacific Avenue in 1978.

Streetcar “In January 1906, the town of Forest Grove optimistically granted a 25-year franchise to the privately capitalized Forest Grove Transportation Company for streetcar service from the city center to the Southern Pacific depot a mile away” (Buan, 1989). The owner of this company was E.W. Haines who began building the streetcar line in the spring. Delays occurred when necessary equipment was unable to be shipped from San Francisco due to an earthquake. Service began on July 5, 1906 and connected passengers to the railroad station in Carnation for a nickel fare. John Bellinger was the engineer and conduc- tor and Frank Bear was the brakeman. The streetcar line ran from the intersection of College Way and 21st Avenue, west along 21st to “A,” south on “A” to Pacific, east on Pacific to Elm, and south on Elm to the depot at 9th Avenue. Forest Grove was the only city of its size to have its own transportation system (Buan, 1989). Unfortunately, service was short-lived. When the Oregon Electric Railroad began service to the city center in 1908, the street car began to lose business. Further decline was attributed to the automobile, as drivers wanted paved streets with no trolley tracks. In 1911, the tracks were torn up and the streets paved over.

New Construction The Oregon Electric Railroad was built from Portland to Forest Grove in 1908. Its depot was located at 19th Avenue and Ash Street, and provided direct service to Portland. By 1912, Southern Pacific Railroad began to electrify their line from Portland to Forest Grove and down

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the western Willamette Valley. Residents could travel all over the Valley within a few hours. Traffic reached a peak in 1915 when 100 trains a day moved over the Oregon Electric system. Just as the streetcar was affected by the train, so the train was by the automobile. The improvement of country roads and the increasing use of automobiles in the 1920s reduced dependence on the electric trains.

This decade witnessed much construction in the Figure 12. First Lincoln School prior to 1910. downtown, including the Knights of Pythias Hall Demolished mid-1930s. Located NE corner of (1909) at 1926 Pacific, the Nixon Building (1911) at University and Main. (Morelli Collection) 2012 Main Street, and the Forest Grove National Bank (1912) at the southwest corner of Pacific and Main. A new elementary school, Lincoln School (1909-10) was constructed at University and Main, and a Carnegie Library (1912) on the Pacific University campus.

By 1912, there were 27 blocks of paved streets with concrete sidewalks. “While the paving was carried out to accommodate the new automobile, it also abated dust, and resulted in a great deal of street- level display fenestration in commercial structures. Pacific Avenue became a new growth area during this period, as banks and other commercial buildings went up” (“Forest Grove History”).

The Motor Age (1914 - 1945) Population of Forest Grove: The development of Forest Grove in this century’s early decades was affected by several factors. Encouraged by the availability of 1910 1,772 1920 1,915 water, power, and public transport, the population grew steadily 1930 1,859 between 1910 and 1930. After that time, growth occurred quite 1940 2,449 rapidly. Between 1930 and 1940, the population increased by 1950 4,343 31.7 percent, while the next decade experienced an even higher From What You Should growth rate at 77 percent. As such, between 1930 and 1950, the “ Know,” p.6 number of residents in Forest Grove more than doubled (“What You Should Know,” 6).

The commercial and industrial sectors experienced some growth with the latter consisting primarily of agricultural and timber activities. Pacific University, known as “Tualatin Academy and Pacific University” prior to 1914, continued to be a significant presence and elevated Forest Grove’s status as the county seat of education. Townsfolk enjoyed the services of a wide range of businesses, a hospital, and two libraries.

World War I was a major event during this time and the News-Times kept the public informed of happenings in Europe and boosted morale by publishing the letters of local men on the front. The local chapter of Figure 13. Headline on the Red Cross became active and people were encouraged to buy War the 14 February 1918 Saving Stamps to support the federal government in its war efforts. issue of the News-Times.

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In 1918, the citizens of Forest Grove celebrated the war’s end with great jubilance, conducting a parade that went through town, “back and forth for hours, creating such a scene as the old town never before witnessed and never will again” (Washington County News-Times, 14 November 1918). Spirits were dampened, however, by the threat of the 1919 influenza epidemic, which caused the public schools to be closed.

In November of 1929, despite of the recent crash on Wall Street, it was reported that Forest Grove’s industries were expected to grow in the coming year of 1930 (Washington County News-Times, 21 November 1929). During the early months of the Depression, the local paper made little of the crash, but in the coming years there was an increasing number of articles about “slumps,” price drops and other indicators of the national economic situation. By the mid-1930s, the citizens of Forest Grove, particularly farmers, were quite aware of the Depres- Figure 14. The second Lincoln School built on the site of the first Lincoln School at the NE sion and were bearing the full brunt of it. Develop- corner of Main and University. Built in 1938 as a ment of Pacific University and the downtown slowed WPA Project, the school was sold to Pacific dramatically or ceased altogether (Edwards, 26). University in 1968. Burned 18 June 1970. However, people in this area fared better than most as Oregon’s climate permitted a longer growing season while the forest and ocean provided sources of food (News-Times, 13 December 1986). Forest Grove also benefitted from and participated in relief efforts such as the Work Projects Administration which built the new Lincoln School on the northeast corner of Main and University. Some residential construction also occurred but the frugality of the times was reflected in the popularity of smaller houses. Budget- conscious homeowners gravitated toward simpler designs such as the one-story Cape Cod style, leaving off elaborate ornamentation, basements and garages (Edwards, 26).

World War II played a large part in reviving Forest Grove after the Depression. The sudden growth of the shipbuilding and other industries in Portland, combined with a lack of housing there, led to an influx of commuters to the town. The increased population led to construction of temporary housing and an increase of commercial activity. The Forest Grove community Figure 15. Headline on the 14 January 1943 focused on the war effort by growing victory gardens, Washington County News-Times. eating more fruits and vegetables while scrimping on grains and meats, and salvaging metal.

After the war, the commuter population diminished quickly and by 1950 less than five percent worked in Portland. Another 15 percent were employed in nearby towns or outlying lumber mills (“What You Should Know,” 11-12). Housing continued to be a problem, however, as veterans returned and the number of Forest Grove residents increased.

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Transportation An early form of transportation for Forest Grove commuters was unique in that it converted an existing steam railroad branch to electric service. The train was started in 1914 by the “Red Electric” subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Leaving Beaverton, the red Pullman cars traveled to Forest Grove along the Tualatin Valley Highway, where the train headed south through Gaston and Carlton. The Red Electric competed with the Oregon Electric commuter service, which was already operating in Forest Grove. Both railroads made nine roundtrips a day, with each run taking 75 to 90 minutes (Bennett, 1914). In 1929, the Red Electric suc- cumbed to the popularity of the automobile, while the Oregon Electric ran its last train four years later (Buan 1989, 21).

With the advent of the automobile, good roads and highways were constructed throughout the state. This, coupled with increased ownership of motor vehicles following the introduction of the Model-T in 1907, contributed to the decline of the railways as a major transportation system while introducing the population to highway travel. The bus system operated by Oregon Motor Stages also played a part in the popularity of highway travel. The company operated routes through Forest Grove which, until Highway 26 opened, included the route to the coast (News-Times, 3 May 1995). These methods of transportation were promoted by a c.1930 Chamber of Commerce publication, stating that commuters could reach Portland by “half-hour bus service or private automobile over a paved highway within sixty minutes.” Travelers to Forest Grove could also enjoy a “natural auto camp and picnic grounds” (Chamber of Commerce, c.1930, 2-3).

Popularity of the automobile was evidenced by the vast amount of street paving, which totaled 50 blocks by 1915. Another indicator was the appearance of garages on residential lots for storing these vehicles. “19th century homes in Forest Grove often added a garage with Crafts- man detailing, as clapboard siding and exposed rafters were de rigueur just as automobiles became popular” (Edwards, 25). Not surprisingly, commercial garages soon began to appear in town. The Palace Garage Figure 16. Advertisement from the 21 February 1918 at 2017 21st Avenue was operated by the Taylor Brothers. The garage Washington County News- burned down in 1919, but was rebuilt shortly afterward and still stands Times. today.

Within the next ten years, a number of other automotive facilities would appear. The Union Oil Station at Pacific Avenue and First Street was constructed entirely of metal, containing gasoline pumps and a washing and greasing rack. On Pacific Avenue East, L.B. Drake constructed a service station; two sides of the building were concrete and the other two of corrugated iron to facilitate future expansion. The garage included an office, repair department, and tire room (Washington County News-Times, 21 November 1929). The 1928 Forest Grove Directory identifies no less than three motor vehicle sales businesses and nine garages or service stations.

By the late 1940s, 77 percent of Forest Grove families owned a car, and 4 percent of these owned more than one (“What You Should Know,” 12). With ownership becoming so wide-

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spread, additional service facilities were required. The service station at 1929 23rd Avenue was constructed in 1941 and featured three bays. It is located on a small spot zoned for commercial use north of the downtown core and still features today three automobile-related properties. Automobile-related services and businesses became so abundant by the end of the decade that providers became “specialized.” The local business directory includes the following headings: Body Repair; Dealers - New & Used Cars; Parts and Supplies; and Repair. Numerous opportunities were available for those seeking employment in the automobile industry.

Utilities The availability of water and power are major factors in any settlement and Forest Grove is no different. An early Chamber of Commerce publication boasted,

The water system, which is municipally owned, originates in the free flowing mountain springs some ten miles to the west and ample water is obtained at all times. A large concrete storage reservoir is located near the city limits at an alti- tude of 150 feet above the business and residential sections (Chamber of Com- merce, c.1930, 3).

A series of improvements to the 1908 water supply system began in the 1920s, when the 10- inch bored log pipe from the watershed to the reservoir was replaced with a 12-inch wood stave pipe. In 1933, the water line from the reservoir to the city was also replaced with a 12-inch wood stave pipe. More improvements were made shortly after World War II, starting with the 1946 construction of a pump station to increase the flow of water to the reservoir. A five-million- gallon reservoir was constructed in 1947 by the Howard Halvorson Construction Company. The following year, the same company built a water filtration plant. These facilities were overseen by the water commissioner. From 1916-20 a “three quarter breed Indian named Rainwater” filled the position. He was followed by J.N. “Jap” Munkres who served from 1920 to 1946 (“Rototeller Annual,” 1958, 24-26).

In 1917, the City of Forest Grove assumed control of the local, privately owned electric plant as its owners were experiencing financial troubles. Later in the year, a cordwood-fired steam plant was installed near the old Light and Power Buildings on South B Street. This plant was subsequently modified with sawdust fired boilers. The City purchased Fairbanks Morse diesel generators to serve the electrical needs of the community between 1931 and 1939. Resources through the years to 1939 included a hydro-electric plant on Scoggins Creek with a power line, patrolled on horseback, directly over the hills to Forest Grove.

In 1939, Forest Grove entered into its first contract with the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to provide residential customers with electricity at 3/4¢ per kwh. Initially, power was delivered over lines owned by Portland General Electric Com- pany to the Weber substation on the south end of Council Street. However, by 1946, loads had grown to a point that it was necessary for BPA to provide the town with a direct delivery point. The Forest Grove Substation was energized at its present site on north Maple Street in December 1946. A

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second transformer, doubling the capacity of the substation, was installed in December 1951. As demand continued to grow, “BPA energized a second point of delivery at Thatcher Junction in November 1959...” (“Summary of Power Resources of the City of Forest Grove”).

The demand for electricity in the 1930s and 1940s was indeed great. Between 1933 and 1942, usage jumped from 926,800 kwh to 3,724,480 kwh. In 1940, there were 978 electric meters in Forest Grove. This number increased to 1055 by the following year and to 1510 in 1947. Electricity supplied heat to 20 percent of the area’s structures, while oil heating was the chosen method for 40 percent. Of the remainder, 20 percent of the homes used wood, 12 percent gas, and 7 percent burned sawdust. Coal was still used by a few people (“What You Should Know,” 7). By 1943, gas was available in all homes from a private utility, the Portland Gas & Coke Company. This business was established in January 1859 and was supplying 96,500 customers by 1943.

Communications Early communications were possible with the delivery of mail, even to rural areas. Originally using a horse and carriage, the postal carriers eventually switched to automobiles. In 1970 long-time resident John W. Guyer recalled that mail delivery in the 1920s was dictated by the seasons. Mail was delivered by a horse-drawn carriage in the winter and a Model-T in the summer (Guyer, 1970). Forest Grove’s second postmaster was Joseph C. Raffety, W.H. Crosley was postmaster from 1889 to 1896, and William B. Haines was postmaster in the 1910s and 1920s.

Citizens kept up with local happenings through the newspapers. In 1914, the owner of the Washington County News-Times, A.E. Scott, took on James P. Hurley as his partner. The other local paper, The Express, moved to Seattle four years later, leaving its subscription list with the News-Times. Hurley eventually left the partnership, leaving Scott to run the paper until 1924 when Earl E. Brownlee took it over. In 1928, C.J. Gillette and Hugh McGilvra acquired the paper, with McGilvra managing it alone from 1930, until he was joined by Victor Spaulding (News-Times, 16 September 1937). The News-Times operated in offices on South Main Street from 1912 to 1947, when it moved to a new building on A Street (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Senior Writing Research Projects, 1966). McGilvra served as owner and editor of the News- Times and later, after it was sold, became the publisher. He retired in 1983 after 55 years on the newspaper (“Hugh McGilvra”).

A relatively new form of communication, the telephone, continued to gain popularity. In 1920, Samuel Grant Hughes sold his telephone company to the Western Oregon Telephone and Telegraph Company, operated by George A. Bauman and W.S. Moreland. In 1927, the company was bought and merged with eight others to form the Oregon Telephone Company. This new venture was purchased by the Puget Sound Telephone Company, along with other exchanges, and resulted in a new, larger conglomerate. Known as the West Coast Telephone Company, it served Oregon, Washington and Northern California with 60 exchanges and 35,000 stations (Hillsboro Argus, 7 December 1988). Between 1934 and 1940, the number of telephone subscribers increased from 909 to 1909 (Pierson, 1948). Demand increased after World War II and eventually led to the merger of West Coast with the General Telephone Company (GTE) in 1964.

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Industry Forest Grove was the home of numerous small industries in the first half of this century. By 1914, a brick and tile factory, steam laundry and ice plant were located here (Washington County News-Times, 16 April 1914). W.C. Emmerson’s gopher trap factory gained national notoriety with the production of two types of traps, the Raymond gopher trap and the “Cinch.”

While these smaller businesses and industries contributed to Forest Grove’s economic health, agriculture and timber were far more significant. For many years, dairying was the primary agricultural activity, as reflected in the success of the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company factory, which served as a substantial source of income to the community (Bennett, 1914). The Forest Grove Creamery, located at 2017 21st Avenue, also established quite a reputation, producing over 2,000 pounds of butter per day for Yamhill, Washington, Tillamook, and Multnomah counties (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Chamber of Commerce, c.1930, 5).

The climate and soil nurtured bountiful yields of crops, particularly fruits and vegetables. This led to the establishment of related industries and, by 1914, Forest Grove was home to the Forest Grove (fruit) Cannery, a flour mill, and J. N. Hoffman’s fruit evaporator. The fruit growing industry gained representation with the establishment of the Forest Grove Fruit Growers’ Association in 1912. Under the leadership of president J.F. Forbis and manager H.C. Atwell, the Association operated a factory three blocks from downtown (Bennett, 1914). As late as 1930, the Chamber of Commerce promoted the City by discussing the success of local flour and feed mills, a fruit and vegetable cannery, a cooperative packing plant, and an independent fruit packing plant. The Chamber also declared that Forest Grove was known as “Daffodil Town” for the 3,000,000 narcissus bulbs that were grown commercially (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Chamber of Commerce, c.1930).

As noted previously, farmers suffered during the Great Depression as prices dropped. Howev- er, World War II stimulated the agricultural sector and 1946 was declared “a banner business year.” Several factories opened that year, including the Hudson-Duncan Cannery and Freezing plant (“Forest Grove History”). Local manufacturers of agricultural products included the Forest Grove Creamery (butter and eggs), Guyton’s Dairy (retail and wholesale milk), Hudson House, Inc. and Gray and Co. (both of which canned fruits, vegetables, frozen foods, toppings, preserves and olives), Olsen Poultry Farm (processed poultry), Portland Canning Company (frozen berries, canned beans, prunes, apples, processed cherries), E. F. Burlingham and Sons (wholesale seeds), and Carlton Nursery Compa- ny, Inc. (nursery stock) (Bell, “Planned Industrial Development,” 14).

The other major economic activity capitalized on the nearby forests. After a slow start, the logging industry grew as transportation improved with the introduction of the railways and better roads. The 1902 Sanborn Insurance Map shows Schramel and Davies Lumber located at the corner of Main and 22nd Avenue. This was the first lumber company to operate in town, and was followed in 1914 by the Forest Figure 17. Ad from the Grove Planing Mill (Washington County News-Times, 16 April 1914). 1926 Forest Grove phone By the end of the 1920s, there were two retail lumber yards as well as directory. several tie mills and six sawmills within a 12-mile radius of Forest Grove

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(“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Chamber of Commerce, c.1930, 12). Shortly after the Wall Street crash, the Carnation Lumber Company resumed construction on its new mill to replace the old one that was destroyed by fire (Washington County News-Times, 21 November 1929).

From 1932 to 1952, the Stimson Lumber Company alone operated 18 miles of logging railroad from Forest Grove into the Coast Range (Edwards). Initially capitalizing on salvage timber from the Tillamook Burns, the first of which occurred in 1933, Stimson’s and other lumber companies were negatively impacted by these Tillamook fires. An increase in lumber prices during the 1940s, along with the development of new equipment, led to a change in lumber practices. Smaller stands were sought out and more attention was paid to conservation methods as an alternative to “complete denudation.” The timber industry surpassed agriculture as the main economic activity and, in the “banner business year” of 1946, several new mills, including Stimson’s hardboard plant, opened (“What You Should Know”).

Commerce Not all economic activity was directly related to agriculture and timber. Forest Grove enjoyed a vibrant downtown with a variety of services and retail businesses. These included two banks, the Star Theater (later known as The Grove Theater), garages, hotels, and stores selling furniture, hardware, phar- maceuticals, paint, ironwork, and groceries. The availability of residential plots and existing housing was ideal for local merchants and professionals.

Former state senator Edward W. Haines (1861-1936), previously of 2218 College Way (Knight Hall), founded the First National Bank of Oregon in partnership with John Templeton. Haines had been involved with a variety of ventures including a merchandise store with John E. Bailey, a grain elevator and warehouse, and the Gales Peak Water Company. Bailey (1845-1936), a former schoolteacher and merchant, was a Figure 18. Map of businesses along founder and Vice President of the Forest Grove National Bank. Main Street in 1920 based on the recollections of John Guyer in a 1970 Perhaps the most significant event affecting Forest Grove’s News-Times article. businesses was a fire on July 20, 1919. The situation was described with great drama in the Washington County News-Times:

On Sunday afternoon at about one o’clock, occurred the most disastrous fire in the History of Forest Grove. At the hour when the streets of the city were more nearly deserted than at any other time, Sunday afternoon, the fire demon chose an opportune time to spread his deadly ravages over a goodly portion of the city’s business district, and in less time than it takes to write the story of the disaster, the devouring element had wiped out thousands of dollars’ worth of valuable property, perhaps totaling $75,000 (24 July 1919).

The fire started in O.M. Sanford’s secondhand store on the west side of Main Street just north of 21st Avenue, and by the time it was over, numerous buildings along 21st Avenue were gutted or

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destroyed. These included the First Congregational Church, Rogers City Library, the Taylor Brothers’ Palace Garage, Valley Realty Company, C. H. Adams Millinery, K. N. Staehr’s Music Store, Archie Bryant’s photo gallery, and M.S. Allen & Co. Hardware (in the I.O.O.F. Lodge) (Washington County News-Times, 24 July 1919).

Education

In 1914, the name “Tualatin Academy and Figure 19. Remains of the 2100 block of 21st Avenue after the Pacific University” was formally changed 20 July 1919 fire, as seen from College Way looking northeast. to Pacific University. In addition to this The chimney stack to the left is the ruins of the Congregational Church. Behind the telephone pole is the shell of the IOOF educational facility, Forest Grove had four Lodge where the American Legion Hall stands today. other schools to accommodate its 800 schoolchildren: the High School, Central School, Lincoln Elementary School, and the Advent school (Washington County News-Times, 16 April 1914). In 1930, Forest Grove schools underwent some major changes. The old Central School (1885) was demolished and a new building constructed. More significantly, 17 districts were consolidated with the formation of the Forest Grove Union High School District. Prior to the consolidation, the educational facility was known as the South Park High School.

By 1937, Forest Grove was participating in the WPA program, with the construction of a new grade school to replace the old Lincoln School. At this time, school enrollment was on the rise, in part to the enlargement of the district. The most drastic enlargement in the school-age population occurred between 1940 and 1950. The 70 percent increase was attributed to the migration of residents into Forest Grove and the high incidence of war babies.

Religion Religion played a dominant role in Forest Grove, as proven by its history of being a dry town long before Prohibition was implemented in the United States. The Seventh Day Adventists made an early appearance, holding camp meetings in Naylor’s Grove as early as 1911. A newspaper article about their 1914 camp meeting described two hundred family tents, arranged in rows on lighted streets that were named and lettered. The encampment included a telephone, post office, sanitarium tent with two doctors, book tent and a cafeteria to feed the vegetarians. Services were held in German and Scandinavian as well as English in a 1500- person pavilion tent (Washington County News-Times, 28 May 1914).

The last of the ‘tented city’ which has housed the Western Oregon Conference of Seventh Day Adventists in the city park for the past four years was hauled to Gladstone Friday. The conference meetings covering two weeks in August has grown to be a huge thing occupying practically the entire park (Washington County News-Times, 20 February 1930).

By 1950, the four most-established churches with the largest congregations were the Roman Catholic, First Methodist, First Congregational and First Christian churches. Other active

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organized churches in Forest Grove included the Apostolic Faith, Assembly of God, Baptist, Christian Science, Gospel Hall, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter Day Saints, and Lutheran churches (“What You Should Know,” 20-21).

Recreation and Culture By the late 1920s, many groups enhanced Forest Grove’s sense of community and civic duty. In addition to an active Chamber of Commerce, there were numerous organizations such as the Rotary Club, an American Legion post, the Women’s Club and fraternal groups including the Knights of Pythias and the Masons (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Chamber of Com- merce, c.1930, 4).

By the late 1940s, Forest Grove enjoyed cultural activities such as plays, lectures, music and sports, many of which stemmed from the schools or Pacific University. The Rogers City Library and the Carnegie library on the Pacific University campus were open to the public. Rogers Park, the City swimming pool, and theaters also provided recreational opportunities. From 1945-49, a city park board was active, building a swimming pool and a baseball field with night lights, while improving parks and encouraging a Little League program (“Forest Grove History”).

Building Activities Figure 20. Grove Theater ad, Washing- Early builders included James Shore Loynes, Albert Redetzke and Lee ton County News- Sparks. Loynes (1851-1940) established himself after coming to Oregon in Times, 25 May 1944. 1909. He constructed the first Lincoln School, the Congrega- tional Church, and Central School. He also reconstructed the Rogers City Library and the American Legion Memorial Hall after the 1919 fire. Al Redetzke (1880-1962) is credited with building the Miller, Walker, Chowning and Holroyd Buildings. Redetzke’s company constructed over 100 homes in the area as well as many farm buildings, including the Parson Prune Dryer, before he retired in 1942.

Lee M. Sparks is credited with building several houses in Forest Grove, including 2032 B Street, 2342 Sunset Drive, and 2352 Sunset Drive. He was also the builder, contractor and foreman of construction crews for the Laughlin Hotel which was operated by Bedford Laughlin. It is not clear if he was the same person known as Levi Sparks who reportedly built McCormick Hall at Pacific University. According to a 1959 Forest Grove city directory, members of the Sparks family were living in the house Lee Sparks built at 2352 Sunset Drive. Figure 21. Advertisement in the One entrepreneur developed an interesting building technique Washington County News-Times that was used in the construction of numerous buildings around from 10 October 1929. McCready Lumber eventually evolved into town. Through the Thormost Building Corporation, John Taylor today’s Copeland Lumber.

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promoted a patented system known as the “Taylor Process Hollow Concrete Wall.” Taylor’s system, which he reportedly used in Ohio and Florida before coming to Forest Grove, relied on two three-inch walls of concrete separated by a one-inch air space. Taylor passed away in 1932 but his company carried on under the auspices of William B. Taylor, A. Herbert and Walter Taylor. This building process was used on the home constructed for Dr. W.R. Taylor (no relation) at 2212 A Street in 1919. (Thormost Building Corp., Morelli Collection)

On the eve of the Great Depression, Forest Grove was experiencing significant building activity. The year 1928 saw the construction of the West Coast Telephone Company’s building on College Way, as well as a new plant for the Carnation Lumber Company. Two department stores, J.C. Penney’s and Miller’s, constructed new buildings, while other businesses, such as Shearer Jewelry, remodeled their existing facilities. New homes in 1928 included O.U. Roberts’ on 23rd Avenue, Lloyd McNutt’s on 22nd Avenue, and Mr. Hall’s on West Pacific Avenue (Washington County News-Times, 27 December 1928). In 1929, the American Legion’s building was opened after years of sponsorship by various groups. The commencement of construction in September 1929 was followed by a dedication on Armistice Day (November 11) and the official opening on December 19, 1929 (News-Times, 19 December 1929).

As with the rest of the country, Forest Grove’s economy was affected by the Great Depression but stimulated by World War II. The population increased, primarily with industrial workers commuting to Portland, and subsequently additional housing was constructed. In response, temporary federal housing units were constructed. Many migrant workers, most of whom were from Mexico, moved to the area to work in the fields as locals went toward the higher paying industry jobs (Edwards, 27).

There was a housing shortage during the war, even with increased housing developments. To fill some of the demand, a government trailer park was created in Rogers Grove (now Rogers Park) in 1943. These twenty-five small house trailers huddled together in the clearing and housed approximately fifty persons. The trailer park occupied the east side of the site where water, electricity and comfort facilities were provided. After housing many persons over a period of seven years, the trailers were auctioned off to the highest bidders at a government close-out (“Forest Grove, Oregon,” Senior Writing Research Projects, 1966, 21-22).

In 1947, the number of building permits issued was three times the earlier record high in 1938, as additions, such as West Park, continued to be platted. In keeping with the times, homes constructed during this time were for the most part small and compact, corresponding to both current financial situations and the decreased size of the modern family. Nearly all (over 96 percent) were frame structures, despite concrete blocks having been a popular construction material in 1945. (Pinyerd, 43)

As of 1950, the majority (85 percent) of residences in Forest Grove were single family homes. Duplexes and tri-plexes comprised an additional ten percent of the housing stock, with the remainder one large apartment building and a handful of four- to six-family units. Over 40 percent of the housing units were constructed after 1930 and 30 percent after 1940. Only 22 percent of the housing stock was 50 years or older. “Although some modernity is lacking which might be due to the older type homes, about one fifth of these Forest Grove houses report some major alteration of remodeling since the war...” (“What You Should Know,” 8).

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The Atomic Age (1946 - 1983) With the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, the World, the United States, Oregon, and even Forest Grove were launched into the Atomic Age. The end of World War II was a victori- ous moment for America Figure 22. Washington County News-Times banner headline, 16 August 1945. and their allies, but it was short-lived as it was followed almost immediately by the Korean War (1949-1953) and then the Vietnam War (1965-1973). Overshadowing these hot wars was the Cold War with the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. The Atomic Age marked a significant change in the lives of Ameri- cans through both war and technology.

On the home front, returning veterans needed housing and the booming economy of the victor sought to meet that need. The construction of Levittown, New Jersey, in 1947 heralded a mass migration of families from the inner cities to outer suburbia via new highways. The improved assembly line for automobiles made cars less expensive and commuting an option for families benefitting from the post-war economy. The introduction of television and the ability to have a TV in every home was a pivotal shift in American culture. The 1950s and 1960s ushered in the Civil Rights Movement, culminating with the Civil Rights Act abolishing segregation in 1964. The Atomic Age gave way to the Information Age with the development of the microprocessor in 1969, and quickly followed by the development of the internet starting in 1970. Figure 23. The Marto family were the first Middle Eastern family to arrive in the US under the Refugee On a local scale, the Portland metropolitan era Act of 1953. They settled into Forest Grove on 17th quickly became a beacon for the tech industry Street (Amato and Morelli, 122). when oscilloscope manufacturer, Tektronix, constructed its Sunset Campus in the Tualatin Valley in 1951 (Paulson). The introduction of Tektronix to the Valley instigated a surge in the technology industry, lured by inexpensive land and electricity, bestowing the moniker “Silicon Forest” to the area (Wollner). In 1966, Interstate 5 was completed linking the Western Coast states together and opening immeasurable opportunities for growth along its path (Oregon Blue Book).

With the introduction of high-tech industries nearby, road improvements, and planning projects throughout the country, Forest Grove was growing faster than its leading officials could have predicted. The population was swelling, its boundaries were expanding, and the economy was shifting from timber-dependent to a diverse array of industries. Forest Grove was the selected location for several commercial firsts and Pacific University was bursting at its seams to ac-

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commodate students. Throughout all of this, city leaders were seeking options to accommodate its increasing population.

Government Prior to 1969, Oregon’s local governments were under no requirements to maintain a zoning ordinance within their jurisdictions. Forest Grove was one municipality that elected to do so anyway. Zoning ordinances would change throughout the coming decades to accommodate the construction of commercial enterprises throughout downtown Forest Grove. The passage of the Housing Act of 1954 provided funds that would be used by the City to retain a planning consultant, J. Haslett Bell, to prepare what would become the City’s 1959 Comprehensive City Plan (Bell, “Planned Industrial Development”; Washington County News-Times, 7 July 1955).

The 1959 Development Plan states that by that time, the metropolitan area of Forest Grove was “beyond the crest of the Tualatin hills…[and] will soon extend as far as Beaverton.” As of the writing of this context, the latter statement has not come to fruition. However, the city’s population growth from 4,443 in 1950 to 5,600 in 1958 (29%) did warrant the need to prepare for such expansion possibilities (Bell, “Planned Industrial Development”).

Forest Grove’s planning commission was leagues ahead of other municipalities in Oregon. It was not until the passage of Oregon Senate Bill 10 in 1969 that all Oregon cities and counties were required to adopt comprehensive land-use plans and zoning ordinances, to be implemented by 1971 (Adler). Oregon Governor Tom McCall had grown fearful of Oregon experiencing the same “environmental disaster” of southern California that “wasted irreplaceable scenery, farmland, timber, and energy” (Abbott). Senate Bill 10 paved the way for Senate Bill 100, which created an institutional structure for state-wide planning, in an effort to avoid the fate of California. Senate Bill 100 was passed in 1973, and Forest Grove adopted its Figure 24. Areas labeled 1 through 4 to be annexed to the Comprehensive Plan in 1980 (Abbott; City of north and west of Forest Grove in 1949. (Washington Forest Grove). County News-Times, 1 December 1949)

Federal grants and local initiatives allotted during the era allowed Forest Grove’s agencies to upgrade existing systems and equipment, as evidenced by the Police Department. The 1950s were a new era for the Forest Grove Police Department; in 1950, a file card system was introduced to track and monitor arrest records, and a fingerprint file was established. The city purchased its first police vehicle, a 1949 Buick in 1953, a photograph and mug shot file was created in 1954, and 1955 was the last year during which police officers worked double duty as Washington County deputy sheriffs. The 1970s would see another boon to the department, with

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the construction of a modern police facility in 1979 (“History of the Forest Grove Police Depart- ment”).

Disasters The beauty of northwest Oregon is indisputable, but the heavy timber during dry summers makes dense forest a lightning rod for disaster. A series of fires known as the Tillamook Burns devastated areas around Forest Grove throughout the twentieth century and necessitated the constant restructuring of the timber industry. These fires initially had a negative impact on Forest Grove, but the later salvage effort proved fruitful. From 1934 to 1971, over 7.5 billion board feet of lumber were salvaged from over 500,000 acres of scorched earth (Amato and Morelli, 104). Figure 25. Tillamook Burn in Tillamook County, October 1941, by Russell Lee for the Farm Security Administration. October 12, 1962 harkens back to a day that continues to resonate with residents of northwest Oregon and southwest Washington. To call the event a storm is an understatement, but it was nevertheless the Columbus Day Storm of 1962. The storm’s span measured 125 miles, and it traveled a path measuring 1,000 miles long throughout the region. Wind gusts reached between 104 and 179 miles per hour (Amato and Morelli, 124; Oregonian, 7 October 2012). The storm killed 46 people, hospital- ized 317, and left one million without power (Orego- nian, 7 October 2012). In Forest Grove, the Wash- ington County News-Times reported: “Winds cut off electricity at 5:05 p.m. Banks high school lost three classrooms and a library. Pacific University had heavy tree losses, and cancelled Monday classes to clear the campus. Water mains were broken by Figure 26. Columbus Day Storm damage in front falling trees, and houses smashed. It was days after of Old College Hall, October 1926. (Amato and Morelli, 124) the storm before all streets had been cleared” (29 December 1962).

Industry The Forest Grove Development Plan of 1959 discussed how Washington County was experiencing significant shifts in major industry and employment. In 1949, the logging and lumber industry employed 47% of the county’s residents; by 1958, that number exponentially fell to just 16%, with a majority (45%) of residents then engaged in the “manufacturing of electrical, professional, and scientific equipment” (Bell, “Planned Industrial Development”).

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The Tillamook Burns began during the time in which forest land in the region and extending to the coast was all owned by private enterprises; but by 1940, the Oregon Board of Forestry began acquiring land devastated by the Burns (Oregon Department of Forestry). During the 1951 wave of the Burns, these private businesses were beginning to divest their interest in the area, in part due to the seemingly ceaseless combustion of their essential product. The counties of Washington, Yamhill, and Tillamook established agreements with these companies, which transferred ownership to the state in exchange for a cut of all future revenue being relayed back to the counties (Decker).

The sale of lands to the state allowed for an overhaul of fire protection and reforestation programs in the area, initiated by the Department of Forestry. Within the Tillamook Burns area between 1949 and 1972, the state’s efforts hand-planted more than 72 million seedlings, 1 billion were dropped from helicopters, and almost 1 million were planted by Oregon youth who arrived by bus to support the effort (Decker). Following completion of this effort, the area was designated as the Tillamook State Forest in 1973 (Oregon Department of Forestry).

Back in Forest Grove, Fred Voger’s Gales Peak Lumber Company was located on B Street, but burned in 1954. Voger then purchased the Carnation Lumber Company that had caught fire in 1952 and remade it into his new lumber company (Amato and Morelli, 104; Washington County News-Times, 1 January 1953). In 1967, the Portland-based Copeland Lumber Company purchased the McCready Lumber Yards, completing a six-decade saga of the two businesses changing hands within the Copeland and McCready families (Washington County News-Times, 28 December 1967).

This new era saw industries outside of timber arrive in Forest Grove. The Hudson-Duncan Company erected a food freezing plant and cannery in the city on seven acres fronting 2nd (19th) Avenue between 4th (Cedar) and 5th (Douglas) Streets in 1946. The plant consisted of a wood frame building with a cement floor measuring 232’x300’. The company’s cannery in Dundee had caught fire the previous year, resulting in two of its high-speed canning lines coming to Forest Grove. In addition to hiring the 400 seasonal workers needed to run the plant and cannery, the company also built relationships with local farmers to increase their produce line. These relationships were a significant factor in the company’s decision to move to Forest Grove (Washington County News-Times, 3 January 1946). In 1961, the plant was sold to the Woodfold Corporation for the manufacturing of wood folding doors, which remains a strong presence in Forest Grove into the present day, along 19th between B and Main Streets (Woodfold Manufacturing; Washington County News-Times, 19 May 1961).

Forest Grove became the home to the first West Coast complete manufacturing operation of Fourdrinier wire screening, a wire cloth used in the manufacturing of paper. The Eastwood- Neally Company, a New Jersey-based company, introduced a wire weaving and finishing operation in Forest Grove in 1965 at the Forest Grove industrial park. The plant was designed by architect Richard Sundeleaf and constructed by the Dan Davis Corporation (Oregonian, 6 June 1965). The Forest Grove industrial park, also known as the Tualatin Valley industrial park, was reportedly located “north of the Tualatin Valley Highway between Forest Grove and Cor- nelius,” which may be referring to present-day 24th Avenue (Oregonian, 27 October 1965).

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Commerce The 1960s were early in the evolution of shopping mall culture that became a part of the Ameri- can lifestyle by the 1980s. In fact, “America’s first shopping mall” opened just 25 miles east of Forest Grove in northeast Portland, the Lloyd Center, in 1960 (City of Portland Archives). Growing in number from 4,500 in 1960 to 30,000 in 1987, the shopping mall was a phenomenon of American commerce, and Portland and Forest Grove were at the precipice (Feinberg and Meoli).

The crowning achievement of commerce during the Atomic Age was the Forest Grove Shopping Center, touted as “an historic advance…in the Forest Grove business community” (Washington County News-Times, 16 August 1962). The shopping center Figure 27. The opening of the Forest Grove Shopping Center anchored by provided 32,000 square feet of Tradewell in the Washington County News-Times, 16 August 1962. shopping, and opened with ceremony on August 16, 1962 with fanfare and ribbon-cutting tailored for each store within the center. The shopping center was constructed by Curt Cruver and Bernard Coyne of the New Center Company.

The population growth brought to Forest Grove made it an attractive location for commercial chains. Downtown merchants Hardy’s Grocery and Kuenzie’s Market were caught in a devas- tating fire in 1948 that shut down both businesses, and made way for new business (Washing- ton County News-Times, 23 December 1948). Safeway constructed a new store on Pacific Avenue in 1956 at a time in company history when they were moving from smaller neighborhood stores to large supermarkets. Safeway filed a permit for a new store in the same location just seven years later, likely in response to the construction of a Tradewell store also on Pacific Avenue in 1962 (Washington County News-Times, 22 March 1965, 19 July 1962, 6 June 1963).

Forest Grove was also selected as one of the first locations in Oregon for the Tastee Freeze restaurant franchise, constructed at the intersection of Pacific Avenue and Douglas Street in 1963, as the business was just beginning to expand out of its California birthplace (Washington County News-Times, 1 August 1963). In another first for the city, the 1899 hardware store opened by Fred Kane and Jim Dempsey that was sold in 1935, was sold in 1964 to become the “first ACE Hardware dealing in the Northwest” (Washington County News-Times, 16 June 1998). Figure 28. Tastee Freeze’s A-Frame being erected, Washington County News-Times, 1 August 1963.

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Education Pacific University, an organization central, both literally and figuratively, to Forest Grove, never stopped expanding throughout the Atomic Age. They struggled to find housing for World War II veterans with families, as landlords disapproved of young children living in their properties (Washington County News-Times, 23 August 1945). To combat this issue, William L. McCor- mick donated $6,000 to Pacific University for the construction of an extension to the east end of McCormick Hall, originally a male dormitory (Washington County News-Times, 18 October 1945). President Giersbach was able to get two wooden buildings from Camp Adair, as it was being decommissioned, and bricked them over to serve as a science building (Warner Hall) and a campus bookstore and student union (Tabitha Brown Hall). He also brought in ten temporary barracks from Vancouver to serve as veterans housing (Miranda and Read). In 1952, Jefferson Hall was erected to house the university’s growing optometry college (Washington County News-Times, 1 January 1953). In 1958, the Judith Scott Walter Hall was constructed as a female dormitory, named in honor of the daughter of Pacific University’s first graduate, Harvey Scott (Washington County News-Times, 24 April 1958).

The 1960s began a significant period of growth for Pacific University; the university announced a proposed ten-year, $10 million expansion of the campus. This expansion would construct additions to the existing library, female dormitory, and optometry building. New buildings would include a male dormitory, athletic field house, student center, and chapel-auditorium (Washing- ton County News-Times, 9 March 1961).

Ushering in the 1970s, Pacific University’s expansion plan was nearly complete. Its final acts began by increasing its campus by 25% after its purchase of the Lincoln Junior High Campus to house its growing science and music programs’ facilities (Orego- nian, 3 January 1969). At that same time, the University broke ground for its new gymnasium to replace the original 1911 building, and the Carnegie Library was converted for use by the Depart- ments of Speech and Educa- tion (Oregonian, 13 January 1969). The new gymnasium and Lincoln High School Figure 29. Aerial of the Pacific University campus looking northwest c.1947. The rear of Marsh Hall can be seen in the group of firs left of center. (WCHM) conversion contracts were awarded to the Lawson Construction Company, and the Carnegie Library conversion contract was awarded to Barnard and Kenny Inc. (Oregonian, 23 March 1969). Marsh Hall was remodeled in 1976 after the building was gutted by fire (Oregonian, 19 August 1976).

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Grade school buildings also experienced significant changes during this era. A new elementary and high school were both proposed in 1948; the elementary school was designed by Portland architect, Donald Edmundson, and constructed by Sterner and Johnson (Washington County News-Times, 1 April 1948, 6 May 1948, 5 September 1948, 25 June 1953). Edmundson also designed Wilson High School in Portland (Ritz, 122). Forest Grove Union High School opened in 1953, and it was praised as a “breathtaking modern structure” (Washington County News- Times, 8 January 1953). With the new school’s completion, the South Park High School campus was vacated (Washington County News-Times, 25 June 1953). A new shop building was added to Union High in 1956, and a new wing was constructed in 1963 (Washington County News-Times, 3 January 1957, 28 March 1963). Union High School later become the area middle school, following the completion of the current high school in 1982 (Amato and Morelli, 32; Oregonian, 23 June 1981).

Harvey Clark Elementary received a six-classroom addition in 1953, shortly after its initial completion (Washington County News-Times, 25 June 1953). Just two years later, the school board was actively seeking bids for a new elementary school to be located on Fern Hill Road. The board initially considered repurposing the then-vacant South Park High School campus, but the board eventually stated that it would not pursue that option due to the higher expenses of remodeling and adding to the existing buildings.

Lincoln Junior High received a four-classroom addition also in 1953 (Washington County News- Times, 19 May 1955). In 1968, the junior high was put up for sale, with interest from Pacific University after receiving a federal grant for the construction of a science facility. The junior high was determined to be unnecessary once the Neil Armstrong Junior High School was constructed in 1970 as a result of the merging of multiple neighboring school districts (Washing- ton County News-Times, 22 February 1968). Pacific University purchased Lincoln High School in 1969 (Oregonian, 12 January 1969), which promptly caught fire the following year and was destroyed in 1970 (Oregonian, 19 June 1970).

Religion As Forest Grove’s population grew, so did the congregations of its churches, necessitating expansions of existing buildings and construction of new ones. The Forest Grove Baptist Church met within a building that was originally home to C.W. Gillett and his wife, who sold the house to Reverend Albert C. Fuller in 1944; Fuller used this as his family’s home and as the church for its 24-member congregation, hosting a Sunday school in the basement. Within the first year, the member count grew to 44, with 75 students enrolled in Sunday school, and the Church was recognized by the Willamette Association. This led the Reverend and his family to move out of the church building the following year, by which time membership reached 97. This exponential growth led the Church to construct an addition to the original house-church in 1946, a 250-seat auditorium (Washington County News-Times, 28 September 1947). In 1959, the church expanded yet again, constructing a new sanctuary building designed by Salem architect, Donald W. Richardson, who was elected the first president of the Salem chapter of the Ameri- can Institute of Architects (AIA) and part of the team to design the Salem Civic Center (Orego- nian, 20 March 1964; Washington County News-Times, 23 April 1959; Docomomo Oregon).

St. Anthony’s Catholic Church acquired the old South Park High School after it was vacated and put up for sale following the construction of Union High School. The buildings caught fire in

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March 1956, leading the Church to hire Salem architect Louis Schmerber to design a new church building. Schmerber also designed a home care facility for the Servite Sisters in Sub- limity and the Stayton Canning Company administration building (Oregonian, 6 August 1955; Oregonian, 15 December 1958). The new building was completed on the Union High School site in 1957, and repurposed the stained glass windows from St. Joseph’s Church in Salem (Amato and Morelli, 69; St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church; Washington County News- Times, 2 August 1956, 3 January 1957). The Church constructed an education building in 1963 for its parish school, which was closed in 1971 (St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church; Wash- ington County News-Times, 21 March 1963). The Parish center was constructed in 1982 (St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church).

The First Congregational Church of Forest Grove (now Forest Grove United Church of Christ) constructed a new education building in 1959 (Washington County News-Times, 26 March 1959). In 1976, a new congregational church was constructed, and in the 1980s, the parsonage was restored to its historic appearance (Amato and Morelli, 64; Dennis). Forest Grove Methodist Church Figure 31. First Congregational Church’s new education building constructed a new school building ground breaking in Washington County News-Times 26 March 1959. in 1961, and a new sanctuary and fellowship hall in 1978 (Amato and Morelli, 67).

The Seventh Day Adventist Church continued to leave its mark on the city with a new church building in 1964 (Washington County News- Times, 16 July 1964). The Mt. Olive Lutheran Church was expanded in 1949, 1954, and 1967. The Good Shepard Lutheran Home of the West Triplex was constructed 1961. The Assembly of God Church was constructed circa 1950, with an addition constructed circa 1970 (Dennis). St. Bede’s Episcopal Church moved to its current location in 1981 (St. Bede Episcopal Church). Figure 30. First Christian Church on fire in 1948 Forest Grove Christian Church announced plans (Amato and Morelli, 121.) for a new church building in 1945 (Washington County News-Times, 18 October 1945). When their 1891 church building was lost to fire in 1948, a new brick building was erected to replace it (Amato and Morelli, 68).

Recreation and Culture With the arrival of 1947, a new era of community was begun in Forest Grove. What began as a simple barbershop singing competition grew and increased in popularity throughout the 1950s, and became a full-fledged city-wide festival known as the Gay Nineties by 1955 (Amato and

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Morelli, 120). The festival turned into a weekend-long event, celebrated by thousands of attendees each year, until ending in the 1990s (Oregonian, 19 March 2013).

The city opened a heated outdoor pool in 1948, constructed by the L.E. Snell Construction Company of Albany. The pool came with a bath house with steel windows (Washington County News-Times, 29 July 1948). A baseball stadium was constructed in Forest Grove in 1958 as a community-wide effort. Local merchants contributed labor and materials for the structure, that created a grandstand able to seat 1,000 attendees, which doubled the original structure’s capacity (Washington County News-Times, 30 September 1948, 29 May 1958). Figure 32. The Gay Nineties parade at the intersection of Main and Rogers Park, located at the Pacific from the 1959 Forest Grove City Directory. original location of the Rogers Mansion, began as an unofficial recreation spot for locals of Forest Grove after the land was used for temporary housing relief during World War II. The City acquired the land around 1950, and it has been used as a park ever since (Dennis). In 1973, Lincoln Park became home to the world’s largest barber pole, which measures 73 feet in height (Oregonian, 19 March 2013).

Forest Grove’s founding fathers were an abste- mious bunch. Early sales of land deeds included provisions that no “ardent spirits” would ever be sold on the properties. In the 1890s, Forest Grove almost became a hub of the nascent addiction rehabilitation industry when the Keely Institute came to town. The Keely Institute offered a patent medicine that could “cure liquor, opium, and tobacco habits.” However, the City could not meet their demands for a dedicated hotel, so the Keely Institute decamped for Salem Figure 33. Aerial looking north at temporary housing (Oregon Wine History). in Rogers Park (Amato and Morelli, 38).

Though Forest Grove did not become a Hazelden precursor, it did remain dry. Even after National Prohibition ended in 1933, the town maintained its non-alcoholic ways. By the 1950s,

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alcoholic libations could be obtained in taverns along unincorporated areas bordering Highway 8. However, formal prohibition did not end in Forest Grove until 1970, when the City Council voted to allow sales of alcohol by the glass (Alcoholic Beverages in Oregon).

In an ironic twist, in the 2010s Forest Grove began promoting itself as the “Birthplace of Oregon Pinot Noir.” The claim was based on Charles Coury’s 1965 purchase of the former Reuters Hill Winery (now the David Hill Winery) north of Forest Grove and his subsequent planting of the “Coury” Pinot Noir Clone. Reuters Hill was named for Frederick Reuter, who established a winery at the site in 1883. Reuter produced Klevner wines, described as being like Pinot Blanc; however, National Prohibition (1920-33) had ended successful business (News-Times, 1 January 2014; Oregonian, 13 December 2010).

Building Activities Following the end of World War II, Forest Grove continued to show steady growth. The City expanded its boundary in 1946 to an area approximately double its original size to include the Karcher Mill, McCormach brickyard, and part of Carnation (Washington County News-Times, 25 July 1946). Five additional suburban tracts were annexed in 1948 (Washington County News- Times, 1 July 1948), and 48 more were annexed to its east in 1957 (Washington County News- Times, 18 July 1957).

Northwest Forest Grove expanded throughout the later twentieth century. Rosearden Drive, promoted in the Washington County News-Times as “Forest Grove’s lane of modern architecture and design,” was added to the city within the Westland Park subdivision that was platted in 1948 (Westland Park Plat; Washington County News-Times, 14 January 1954). The Forest Gale Heights subdivision was platted in 1966, which continued to expand through 1980, located off the north side of OR 8 and extending northwesterly along Forest Gale Drive between Forest Glen Park and Thatcher City Park (Forest Gale Heights Plat). The Ballad Towne subdivision was platted in 1977 on the south side of OR 8 (Ballad Towne Plat).

Still in northwest Forest Grove, the Talisman Hills subdivision was platted in 1970 on the south side of OR 8 near Talisman City Park (Talisman Hills Plat). The Barbara Rae subdivision was platted in 1978 south of Forest Grove High School (Barbara Rae Plat). Figure 34. Builder advertisement, Between Forest Grove and Cornelius to its east, the Forestmeade News-Times, 14 January 1954. subdivision of Forest Grove was platted in 1967. Forestmeade is located on the east side of OR 47 north of Pacific Avenue (Forestmeade Plat). In 1978, the Joyce Park Subdivision was platted, located on the east side of OR 47 south of Pacific Avenue (Joyce Park Plat).

Following the end of WWII, the Forest Grove National Bank sought to expand. Their search took them a few steps to the south down Main Street to the 1878 Masonic Hall, also known as the Paterson Building. The Bank purchased the property and constructed an addition that fronted Pacific Avenue in 1949 (Washington County News-Times, 26 May 1949). In 1953, the

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public housing that was constructed at B Street and 18th Avenue was either moved or demolished. The property consisted of 12 duplexes, creating 24 living units. The units were erected in 1946 to combat the dramatic housing shortages, but within a decade, the City had recovered and these units were found unnecessary, despite 16 of the units still in use. The City claimed the units to be too costly to maintain as safety codes continued to be updated (Washington County News-Times, 9 October 1953).

In 1959, three doctors, F.S. Richards, John F. Woods, and A.F. Jackson, presented to the Forest Grove City Council a proposal to construct a community hospital on Fern Hill Road. This hospital would “provide quicker service in emergencies, serve a growing population area, contribute to community pride and supply a local payroll” (Washington County News-Times, 24 September 1959). The Forest Grove Community Hospital opened in 1963 (Amato and Morelli, 81). The hospital was constructed by California’s Hospital Building and Designing, also responsible for a hospital constructed in East Portland.

Transportation U.S. Highway 26, also known as the Sunset Highway, connects the Portland metropolitan area to the Oregon Coast. First initiated in 1932 as the Wolf Creek Highway, Sunset Highway finally opened in 1948 to allow a shortcut route for day-trippers throughout northwest Oregon (RW Engineering Group; Washington County News-Times, 7 October 1948). The opening of this passage also brought attention and new residents to Forest Grove, which annexed its city boundaries twice within a decade of its opening (Washington County News-Times, 1 July 1948, 18 July 1957). The developed acreage of the city increased exponentially between 1948 and 1985, from 406 acres to almost 2,000 (City of Forest Grove “City History”). Oregon Highway 47 was planned for improvement in the 1959 Development Plan to relieve the congestion building on 99W.

Utilities The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation states that by the 1950s, 6,000 acres of land in the Tualatin Hills was inadequately irrigated (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). The Bureau had made the Tualatin Hills an area of study in the 1940s for which an interim report was prepared. This report “considered a plan for providing irrigation and drainage to 46,000 acres of potentially irrigable lands, flood control for low-lying lands adjacent to the streams, and a municipal water supply for the towns of the project area” (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). It was not until 1963, however, that a plan was approved, which proposed the irrigation of water for “17,000 acres of land, 14,000 acre-feet of municipal and industrial water, and water for fish and wildlife, recreation, quality control, and flood control benefits” (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation).

Congress authorized the construction of the “Tualatin Project” through the Act of September 20, 1966. The approval resulted in the construction of Scoggins Dam in 1975 (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). The Scoggins Dam was constructed by the Peter Kiewit Sons’ Company of Vancouver, Washington. The Bureau of Reclamation describes the dam as follows:

Scoggins Dam is a 151-foot-high zoned earthfill structure that is 2,700 feet long at the crest and contains 4 million cubic yards of material. The upstream side of the dam is faced with rock riprap for protection against wave action; the down-

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stream side is faced with topsoil and planted with grass. Total capacity of Henry Hagg Lake is 59,910 acre-feet.

The Scoggins Dam and its reservoir, Henry Hagg Lake, were originally operated and maintained by the Bureau of Reclamation. In 1983, the responsibilities of Scoggins Dam were transferred to the Tualatin Valley Irrigation District. During the construction of Scoggins Dam, which was initiated in 1972, the Bureau of Reclamation and Oregon State Fish Commission let out a contract for the construction of fish rearing facilities to mitigate the antici- pated loss of anadromous fish caused by the Dam; these facilities are now Figure 35. Scoggins Dam and Henry Hagg Lake. (Bureau of located at the Big Creek Fish Hatchery Reclamation) (Linenberger).

The responsibilities of Henry Hagg Lake were transferred to Washington County in 1973; Hellsgate Construction Company of Oakridge, Oregon installed its recreational facilities in 1975 (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation). The Patton Valley and Spring Hill Pumping Plants on the lake were constructed by Sivers-Kostur, Inc. in 1976. Perini Corporation of San Francisco, California constructed the Spring Hill Distribution Center System in 1977, and the Electric Technology Corporation of Tacoma, Washington constructed the Spring Hill Pumping Plant and Switchyard, also in 1977 (Linenberger).

The City of Forest Grove constructed a five-million-gallon water reservoir in 1947 on Buxton Hill (now Watercrest Road) to meet the growing demands of an ever-increasing population. A water treatment plant was constructed within the following year, and was advertised to be “one of the first rapid sand filter treatment facilities built in Oregon” (City of Forest Grove, “Plant History”). The plant was closed in 1978 and reopened in 1980 (City of Forest Grove, “Plant History”). The 1959 Forest Grove Development Plan states that the first natural gas pipeline was “only recently” piped into the city, but no date is provided for its construction. In 1965, a new light and power building was approved for construction (Washington County News-Times, 14 November 1965).

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Resource Themes

This section describes the historic resources found in the survey area as defined by theme. Each theme is in turn described by the resource types applicable to that theme in the survey area. The survey area is made up of 651 tax lots. We surveyed 593 addressed properties on the 651 tax lots and categorized the resources by theme. They range in construction date from 1850 to 2017. Some of the properties have multiple themes, therefore, the aggregate count of individual themes will be higher. Themes applicable to the survey area are: residential, transportation, education, religion, commerce, social, government, manufacturing, agriculture, funerary, and health care. Only the residential and commercial themes are well represented in the survey area.

Residential Despite the inclusion of a commercial downtown, the residential theme is by far the most prominent in the survey area. A full 76 percent (451 resources) of the inventoried properties are domestic in function. Of those 451 residential properties, 34 date to the 19th century, 405 (90 percent) to the 20th century, and 12 to the 21st century. Homes span 150 years of construction, from 1865 all the way to 2015. Currently, 402 (89 percent) are single-family houses, 25 are duplexes, and 24 are multi-unit structures (mostly apartment buildings, plus one motel).

The following is a breakdown of the residential theme into its stylistic sub-themes. There are many domestic architectural styles recognized by the State Historic Preservation Office covering the period from 1865 to 2015; however, not all styles are represented in the survey area. The following is a discussion of the styles appearing in the survey area in a roughly chronological order. An example from the survey area with address is provided for each style with accompa- nying photo by David Pinyerd unless otherwise noted.

Italianate (1860-1890) The Italianate style was built in Oregon between around 1860 and 1890. Like Gothic Revival, it is also a style popularized by Downing and Davis meant to romanticize the villas found in Northern Italy. It is characterized by a very low pitch hipped roof, projecting eaves with brackets, tall windows, bay windows, and ornamentation that simulates stone. The William Kane House at 1914 Elm Street, built around 1875, is the best example of the style in Forest Grove.

Second Empire (1865-1885) The 1855 and 1867 Exhibitions in Paris showed off a Paris overhauled during Napoleon III’s reign of France’s Second Empire (1852-70). The style experienced a boom on the East Coast after the Civil War. The roof design was first popularized by François Mansart (1598–1666), an accomplished architect of the French Ba-

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roque period, and became especially fashionable during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) of Napoleon III. (Hawkins, 93-95)

The Smith House, built in 1873 at 2011 18th Avenue, features a mansard roof, gable roof wall dormers, pilasters, and horizontal siding. These features, along with others such as a belt course, quoins, and keystones are the common elements in Second Empire style.

Queen Anne (1880-1905) The Queen Anne style is characterized by asymmetrical massing, wrap-around porches, and a variety of decorative surfacing materials. Towers are a common feature, as are a variety of window types and turned decorative elements. The style dates back to the 1876 U.S. centennial exposition in Philadelphia, where the British sought to re-create the era of Queen Anne in their pavilion buildings. The style was most popular in the Willamette Valley from 1880 to 1900 for wealthier families. The Peterson House (1902) at 2338 18th Avenue, designed by Forest Grove architect E.A. Jerome, is an example of a late Queen Anne. There were 20 resources flagged as Queen Anne in the survey area.

Colonial Revival (1890-2000) The Colonial Revival style is actually a series of revivals from the 1890s until the present. The first phase occurred after the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 generated interest in America’s past. The expression first came to Oregon as the application of colonial elements onto Queen Anne bodies. Greek Revival elements used in the late 18th century came back into vogue in the form of columns, dentil courses, modillions, Palladian windows, and pilasters. Queen Annes became simpler and more restrained after the turn of the century as the colonial elements were applied. (Hawkins, 213-15)

Colonial Revival houses started appearing at the turn of the century in Oregon. The full comple- ment of classical decorative elements was applied to symmetrical forms. A good example is the Dutch Colonial Revival substyle at 1624 Elm Street (c.1900) with its gambrel roof and Palladi- an window.

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In the 1920s, Colonial Revivals found their way into catalogs in a bungalow form. Naturally symmetrical with minimal classical detailing, they usually were side gabled with multi-lite sashes. Interest in reviving our true colonial heritage at Williamsburg kept the Colonial Revival going through the 1930s. Designers in the late 1930s and 1940s used the Colonial Revival by either applying its elements to minimal tract dwellings or recreating colonial antecedents. The Cape Cod variant was a 1- to 1-1/2-story, side-gabled house, three bays wide with a central entry. It often had multi-lite windows, shutters, and exterior chimneys. The Williamsburg variation is basically a Cape Cod with gabled dormers. Colonial Revivals are still being built today though with minimal detailing and improper form. (Hawkins, 245-48)

Even with the style’s popularity, only seven resources in the survey area were flagged as “Colonial Revival.”

Foursquare (1895-1920) Less of a style than a form, the four square is a hip-roofed, two-story house with a square plan two rooms deep and two rooms wide. Some- times called a box house or classic box, the foursquare was a common style in Oregon around the turn of the century, from around 1900 until 1915. Four squares usually have full-width front porches and dormers. Decorative elements are usually confined to the rafter tails and the porch. A good example is at 1917 C Street (c.1900).

Craftsman (1905-1915) The term “Craftsman” is derived from the house designs published by Gustav Stickley in his Craftsman Magazine from 1901 to 1916. Not only were house plans produced by the magazine, but a whole way of life was advocated within its pages. Through natural materials, hand craftsmanship, good air circulation, sterile bathrooms and kitchens, and generous living spaces, a family could find health and happiness within a Craftsman’s walls. The Craftsman is often considered the rich cousin to the bungalow, as both developed at the same time. They shared many elements such as a low-pitched roof, wide eaves with exposed rafter tails and brackets, full deep porches with tapering posts and solid rails. The Craftsman goes beyond the bungalow by presenting many different window types, a variety of decorative surfacing, and is generally two stories in height. (Clark, 145)

The Craftsman period was short-lived and ended by 1915 primarily due to high building costs.

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Rarely is a Craftsman seen in Oregon before 1905. The John & Nettie Thornburgh House (c.1909) at 2038 17th Avenue is a good example that employs the traits of a Craftsman. There are 41 resources flagged as “Craftsman” in the survey area.

Craftsman Bungalow (1910-1925) The bungalow enjoyed enormous popularity in Oregon primarily because it arrived at a time of tremendous growth in the State. The bungalow was economically accessible to many people and its construction materials were readily available. Its popularity is shown in the large numbers of bungalows found in the survey area.

A bungalow is most readily categorized by its size of 1 to 1-1/2 stories. Like the Craftsman, the bungalow is characterized by a low-pitched roof, wide eaves with exposed rafter tails, and brackets. A front porch is critical to the style, as it was to the Queen Anne; however, the bungalow integrates the porch into the building, allowing for a smoother transition from the inside to the outdoors. The porches are wide and are frequently delineated by solid rails with truncated, tapered columns. Also like the Craftsman, bungalows sheath themselves in rustic materials, such as shingles, brick, clinkers, river rock, and stone. A variety of window types are present, often making use of leaded glass treatments. The A.E. Scott House (1911) at 2018 17th Avenue is a good example of a Craftsman bungalow.

The bungalow evolved somewhat during its popular period of 1910 to 1930. Basically, the style moved from a highly-ornamented, Arts and Crafts-influenced structure to a simpler, more affordable home. This can be seen at the Mary L. Black House at 2023 17th Avenue, built c.1930. There are 51 resources flagged as “bungalow” in the survey area, most of which are Craftsman Bungalows.

English Cottage (1920-1940) The English Arts and Crafts movement influenced the bungalow movement, but it saw its American realization in the Tudor style. Built almost exclusively in the 1920s before the Depression, typical characteristics of the style are steeply pitched roofs with multiple gables and half-timbering. The combination of materials, such as brick, wood siding and stucco, for sheathing is typical. Several window types with multiple panes, often casement with leaded, diamond panes, are a requirement.

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A subset of the Tudor style is the English Cottage. (There are no examples in the survey area of residential Tudor, only English Cottage.) The English Cottage has all of the elements of the Tudor, but is usually smaller and often has rolled eaves. It will have multiple siding and window types. Often it has a cat slide roof near the entry. Like the Tudor, it has a steeply pitched roof and may even have some half-timbering in the gable. Chimneys are large and prominent. The house at 1810 Pacific Avenue is particularly fine example.

Minimal Traditional (1930-1950) In response to the Great Depression of the 1930s, houses became less elaborate, but still favored traditional forms and influences. Minimal Traditional houses are simplified, less expensive versions of the eclectic period revival houses of the 1920s. For example, Minimal Traditional houses often feature simplified Colonial detailing and an elaborate exterior wall chimney. The type remained popular in the period immediately following World War II, when resources were still limited and rapid construction was necessary. Buildings are almost always 1-1/2 stories, with medium slope roof pitches and minimal eave overhang. When structures are side-gabled they often feature a smaller front-facing gable. Porches are reduced and often limited to a covering over the front door. A good example is the William & Olga Borchardt House at 2026 17th Avenue (1930). There are 29 resources flagged as “Minimal Traditional” in the survey area.

A typical Minimal Traditional house has:  A small footprint and 1-1/2 stories.  Gabled roof forms with shallow or no eaves.  Limited ornament, often Colonial or Tudor style.  Detached, single-car garage (early phase); later small attached garages, recessed relative to the façade.  Wood lap, raked wood shingle, or asbestos shingle siding.  Windows with multi/1 or multi/multi configuration.  Room layout with public rooms up front, bedrooms and bath in back.

World War II-Era Cottage (1935-1945) The World War II-Era Cottage appeared shortly before the beginning of WWII and remained popular until a few years after the war. The economic depression of the 1930s, followed by material shortages in the war years, lead to a simplification of residential architecture.

After WWII, with the peacetime economy beginning to rise, materials were still in short supply with demand for housing exacerbated by the influx of returning GIs and their new families. As a response, new houses were built rapidly and with little ornamentation, often in large subdivisions. These houses were also small, corresponding to the small size of young families, but were designed with future additions in mind. Because of their simplicity and low cost, these

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houses made the dream of new home ownership possible for an unprecedented number of people. Unlike Minimal Traditional houses which, as the name implies, reference traditional architectural forms, World War II-Era Cottages look forward to a modern age. An increased emphasis on the horizontal plane is reinforced by one-story construction and a newly popular window configuration with panes of glass that are wider than they are tall. A good example can be found at 2614 18th Avenue (1940). There are 46 resources flagged as “WWII-Era Cottage” in the survey area.

A typical World War II-Era Cottage has:  A small footprint, around 700 sq ft., with 35’x20’ being common.  Both hip and gable roofs are common, usually eaveless.  A front entry that is barely sheltered, if covered at all.  Moderate ornamentation, mostly Colonial in style, such as fluted pilasters or shutters.  Symmetrical façade.  A detached single-car garage (early stage), though around 1945, small, attached, single- car garages become common.  Wood lap or raked wood shingle cladding. Drop siding and original asbestos shingles are less common. Only one siding type usually exhibited.  Windows with panes that are wider than they are high, usually in a 2/2 configuration.

Early Ranch (1945-50) The Ranch style originated with California architects in the mid-1930s and was the most popular style of architecture from the 1940s through the 1960s. Early Ranches continue the same themes set forth by the Minimal Traditional and WWII-Era Cottage styles. The trend toward increased horizontality continues with one-story buildings and roofs with low-pitches. Multiple siding types begin to appear, particularly novelty drop siding types with added grooves and Roman brick, both of which further emphasize horizontality; however, no more than two siding types. Though houses continue to be small, often less than 1000 square feet, they begin to spread across their lots and usually have attached garages. A good example can be found at 2307 19th Avenue (1945).

A typical Early Ranch has:  A small, one-car, attached garage.  A long side facing the street with a garage on one end, public rooms in the front, and bedrooms in the back.

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 An asymmetrical façade.  Increased emphasis on horizontal plane.  Windows with horizontally oriented panes.  More than one cladding type, though no more than two.

Ranch (1950-1965) As the Ranch style progressed, houses tended to maximize facade width and increasingly appeared to “sprawl,” especially when placed on large lots. Attached garages began to have room for two large cars, emphasizing the increased dependence on the automobile and symbolizing urban sprawl in its very form, and are in line with the front of the house. The Ranch style is dominated by asymmetrical, one-story plans with low-pitched roofs and moderate overhangs. Public rooms such as living rooms have large picture windows that are usually fixed, occasionally flanked by narrow sliders. Private rooms tend to have short windows that are set high in the wall, also with sliding sashes. Though wood window sashes still exist, steel and especially aluminum become more prevalent. While Ranches rarely have outright ornament, facades are often decorated with one or more siding types. When the accent cladding is brick, incorporated planters are often present. Some Ranches also have shallow inset porches with iron or wood porch supports, a feature with precedents in the partially enclosed patios and courtyards of the original Spanish Colonial ranches. An excellent example can be found at 1827 17th Avenue (1960). There are 57 resources flagged as “Ranch” in the survey area.

A typical Ranch has:  A larger footprint than the Early Ranch, usually more than 1000 square feet.  An attached garage, often a two-car garage in line with the front of the house.  A long side facing street with garage on one end, but often public rooms in the middle and bedrooms at the other end.  Asymmetrical façade but usually a rectangular footprint.  Gabled or hipped roof form with eaves.  Decoration limited to multiple siding types, planters, and shutters.  Roman brick, raked wood shingles, wood lap siding, and vertical boards are common cladding materials, often applied in combinations of two or three types.

Contemporary (1960-70) “Contemporary” refers to architect-designed, high-style fusions of the International and Ranch styles that became fashionable after 1960. The Contemporary style designation is only applied to residential architecture. In part due to the influential architecture program at the University of Oregon in Eugene, the style is found throughout Oregon and is occasionally called “Northwest Modern.” Contemporary buildings have flat or low-pitched gable roofs, with exposed structural members, such as beams or posts, supporting wide roof overhangs. Large expanses of glass with narrow mullions are common. Many of these one-story buildings employ a variety of

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exterior surfacing materials such as wood, brick and stone, which are often used in conjunction with each other. However, no more than two siding types is the norm. Contrasting wall textures and materials are often joined by windows of unusual shape and placement. As with most modern styles, no traditional detailing is used to frame windows or otherwise embellish the exterior. A good example of a contemporary style house can be found at 2508 17th Avenue (c.1968). There are nine resources flagged as “Contemporary” in the survey area.

A typical Contemporary house has:  A long, low pitched roof. Often front gabled forming a wing-like shape.  Two-car garage standard but even more prominent than with the Ranch.  Carports are sometimes employed rather than garages.  L-shaped plans to accommodate garage.  Large picture windows, often metal sash.  High, clerestory windows for light with privacy.  Large exposed beams, often glu-lams.  Variety of siding types creating smooth and rough contrast. Often Roman brick water tables and planters juxtaposed with vertical tongue and groove or wood lap siding.  Pendant globe light fixtures.

Transportation There is only one resource that falls under the transportation category, the Southern Pacific Electric Train Station (1913) at 1936 19th Avenue. Today, it operates as the Depot Museum. The building has unfortunately lost a significant amount of its building and site integrity.

Education The buildings on the Pacific University campus are expressions of the time at which they were built. Because of the institution’s relatively gradual and steady growth, many of the major American architecture movements of the 19th and 20th Century are represented by at least one building on campus. The buildings fall into two very broad categories: the historicist and the modernist, with World War II serving as the dividing line between the two. Historicist buildings make explicit reference to the past. The examples at Pacific are the Colonial/Georgian Old College Hall (1850), the Collegiate Gothic Marsh Hall (1895), the Beaux-Arts Carnegie Hall (1912), and the Craftsman style McCormick Hall (1924). Modernist architecture eschews the past, sometimes aggressively so, and emphasizes the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete. Examples on campus include the post-WWII Brown and Warner Halls (1947/50), the International style of the two original wings of Jefferson Hall (1951), the Miesian style Washburn Hall University Center (1963), and the Post-Modern Tim & Cathy Tran Library (2005). The latter style is included under the portmanteau of “Modernism” even though it is a reaction against it -- an irony in keeping with many its practitioners’ ideologies.

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Historicist Buildings The Colonial/Georgian style Old College Hall (1850) is typical of formal architecture during Oregon’s Early Settlement period (from about 1840 to 1860). It is unusual in that it is a public building. Most of Oregon’s other surviving Colonial/Georgian style buildings were built as private residences (e.g. the McLoughlin House in Oregon City). The style features many of the following elements: a low pitched roof (often hipped), bilateral symmetry, multi-pane sash windows, side lights and transoms, lap siding with corner boards, columned porches, and a complete entablature. The roots of the Coloni- al/Georgian style reach back to the Italian Renaissance, which inspired English architects in the 17th century. Their influence in turn inspired early American builders beginning in the 18th century. Like many architectural movements, the Georgian style was slow to reach Oregon, but many buildings constructed in the period incorporate some of the style’s characteristic classically-inspired elements.

Marsh Hall (1895) is an example of Collegiate Gothic. In the United States, the Gothic Revival style initially flourished from the1830s through the 1890s. When employed in churches and institutional buildings, the Gothic Revival with its medieval origins conveyed an instant sense of durability and propriety. Beginning in the 1880s, the style was increasingly applied to collegiate architecture. In this case, the desired visual reference was to Oxford and Cambridge Univer- sities. Because of this, Collegiate Gothic skews English, embracing Tudor and Jacobethan substyles. Typical elements include brick exteriors with stone or cast-stone accents, towers, and openings surmounted by pointed or Tudor arches. Jacobethan emphasizes the flat gable end, often projecting vertically past the roof line, thus Marsh Hall is more Jacobethan than Tudor.

Carnegie Hall (1912) is a small example of Beaux-Arts architecture. Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie began commis- sioning and/or funding public libraries in the 1880s. It has been estimated that Carnegie was responsible for the establishment of 75-80% of libraries in the United States with 1,681 buildings constructed. In style, these structures were almost inevitably historicist, with examples of Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival, Spanish Colonial, and, like the library in Forest Carnegie Library (1912) by M.O. Stevens, 2009. Grove, Beaux-Arts.

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The style’s name refers to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a favored destination for architectural studies in the 19th century. The school’s curriculum emphasized the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements, all expressed in materials that were considered modern in the 19th century, such as iron and glass. Typical features associated with the Beaux-Arts style include flat roofs, raised first stories, arched or pedimented openings, classical detailing, symmetry, and polychrome exteriors.

Two buildings on the original campus represent the Craftsman movement: Bates House (1923), originally home to Pacific University’s presidents, and McCormick Hall (1924), originally built as a dormitory. For a discussion of the features of the Craftsman style, see the Craftsman section under Residential.

Modernist Buildings Brown Hall and Warner Hall represent the post- World War II Era on campus. Originally built at Camp Adair c.1942, the structures were moved to the Pacific campus and re-clad with brick in 1950. Camp Adair, a U.S. Army training facility located north of Corvallis, operated from 1942 to 1946. Intended to prepare troops for an invasion of Europe, it housed up to 40,000 individuals during its peak. Following the war, most of its buildings were sold as surplus, which helped to offset some of the housing and material shortages of the period. The two buildings at Pacific are utilitarian in form, with virtually no ornamentation, their barracks origin quite clear when pictured stripped of their brick cladding.

The two original wings of Jefferson Hall (1951) and Walter Hall (1958) are Pacific’s best examples of the International style. Elements of the style are also present in Clark Hall (1966), Harvey W. Scott Memorial Hall (1967), Price Hall (1988, 2nd floor 2007), Strain Science Center (1993), and Taylor-Meade Performing Arts Center (1993).

The Getty Research Institute defines the International style as “the style of architecture that emerged in Holland, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and color, repetitive modular forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass.”

Washburn Hall University Center (1963) is Miesian in style, a subset of the International style. “Miesian” refers to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1944), an influential German-born architect whose motto “less is more” has echoed down through the ages and across disciplines. Miesian buildings tend to emphasize modularity, transparency, and have plans that appear to

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float. Roofs are flat slabs, typically with enclosed structural members and feature little to no overhang unless incorporating a covered entry or utilization as a sunshade. Unlike Pacific’s other Modernist buildings, whose brick exteriors diverge from the style’s rejection of traditional materials and color, Washburn Hall fully embraces its stylistic directives.

The Tran Library (2005) is Pacific University’s best example of Post-Modernism. Other buildings that show the style’s influence are Murdock Hall & McGill Auditorium (1981), Berglund Hall (2007), and Cascade Hall (2014). Post-Modernism’s response to the Miesian dictum, as expressed by architect and theorist Robert Venturi (1925-), is “less is a bore.” Post-Modernism rejects Modernism’s rigid doctrines, uniformity, lack of ornament, and its lack of context relative to its surroundings. As a result, the façades of Post-Modern buildings often incorporate historical allusions and utilize traditional cladding materials while concealing modern structures and interiors.

Religion There are numerous religious buildings within the survey area. There are 14 buildings flagged as “church-related” and most of them are imposing structures in the neighborhood. Nine of the resources are churches and five are church-related dwellings, such as parsonages. The First Church of the Christ Scientist (1916) at 1904 Pacific Avenue is one of only four individually listed National Register properties (outside of the Clark Historic District) within the survey boundaries.

Chiefly due to fires, there are no remaining 19th century churches in Forest Grove. Examples from the 1910s include the 1910 Seventh Day Adventist Church (later St. Bede Episcopal, and now the Solid Life Center) at 1719 Cedar Street, the 1911 Methodist Episcopal Church (now the Church of Christ) at 1803 Birch Street, and the 1916 Church of Christ Scientist (most recently the Step In Yoga Studio) at 1904 Pacific Avenue. The three structures are substantially different from each other. The Adventist Church was built by a tiny congregation over the course of a month in an unpretentious Craftsman style. The Methodist Church was a more ambitious undertaking. Originally built in the Mission style, with F.M. Starrett of Forest Grove credited as the designer, it was originally clad in stucco. Once stucco proved less than ideal for the Pacific Northwest’s climate, the structure was reclad in shingles. The roofline was also altered, losing its character-defining parapets. As a result, the building now has a modest inclination toward the Craftsman style. The Church of Christ Scientist was built in the Colonial Revival style with Georgian influences. It contrasts strongly with the other churches in the urbanity of its form and placement in the commercial downtown, rather than nestled in a neighborhood.

The other churches in Forest Grove’s Original Town plat were built after World War II. First Christian Church (2231 19th Avenue), built in 1947, retains a traditional form with a long nave and steeple nested into the crook of its L-shaped plan. Mount Olive Lutheran (2327 17th Avenue) was first built in 1949 but is more characteristic of its 1954 and 1967 expansion campaigns, particu-

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larly with its abstract, truncated corner steeple. St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church (1642 Elm Street), built in 1957, lacks a bell tower or steeple. Composed of three main volumes with the church flanked by education and administrative wings, the grouping is reminiscent of traditional monastery or mission complexes. These three larger churches all feature brick cladding, lending an air of substance and permanence. Though these churches are modern, their form remains recognizable, with an obvious nave and windows that reference traditional lancet arch openings.

Forest Grove’s more modern churches increasingly eschew traditional references and could be mislabeled as schools, government buildings, or even office complexes at a casual glance. A smaller neighborhood church, the circa 1960 Church of Jesus Christ in America (Iglesia de Jesucristo, original affiliation unknown, 1904 17th Avenue) has T-shaped plan with a nested, truncated steeple. While its form is traditional, its windows are simple and modern. The even smaller, circa 1950 True Hope Christian Fellowship (original affiliation unknown, 2506 18th Avenue), is particularly simple, consisting mainly of a nave with a side entrance.

Forest Grove’s United Methodist Church (1726 Cedar Street), built in 1978 is a low-slung, rambling structure surrounded by a parking lot. There are no traditional church windows and no grand entrance. The building’s church-ness is conveyed by an abstract pyramidal construct over the sanctuary and a free-standing bell tower. The United Church of Christ (UCC) has a similarly rambling plan devoid of towers and traditional church windows. Its prominent position between Pacific University and Forest Grove’s downtown reflects its origins as the town- founding Congregational Church. Composed of a long, nave-like education wing completed in 1961 and connected to a diamond-shaped sanctuary dating to 1978, the structure is informal, with an entry forecourt that reads more like a city park than church grounds.

Commerce Since the original town plat encompassed downtown Forest Grove, there are numerous commercial structures in the survey area lining primarily Pacific Avenue and Main Street. There are 83 buildings (14%) flagged as commercial within the survey area. The number is actually higher today because some domestic structures have been rehabbed for commercial use; however, the statistic only takes into account original use of the building. Commercial structures are some of the oldest buildings in survey area dating to as early as 1890 along Main Street. The National Register eligibility of the commercial buildings is quite strong with 37 deemed eligible, especially when considering 19 of the buildings are considered non-contributing because they were built after 1968. In fact, the eligibility is so strong that we are recommending a commercial historic district be formed, which is covered in detail in the Recommendations section.

Forest Grove’s historic commercial core, the part that most corresponds to the classic image of “Main Street USA,” lies on Main Street between Pacific and 21st Avenues. Like many of its brethren across the nation, Main Street was directly and indirectly shaped by fire. The Sanborn

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Fire Insurance Map for 1888 shows the west side of Main (then known as Pine) with a scattering of one- and two-story commercial buildings facing a block with the town common and its central- ly placed Congregational Church. A series of fires resulted in an 1892 City Ordinance that required downtown buildings to be constructed of fire resistant brick. The 1902 issue of the Sanborn Map shows the result of the ordinance, combined with town growth. Tightly spaced commercial buildings with party walls, still one- or two-stories in height, now lined the west side of Main. The buildings faced an empty town common, with the Congregational Church destroyed by fire in 1901.

Though individual buildings may have come and gone, the basic form of Main Street’s west side has remained the same into the early 21st century. The east side of Main did not assume its current form until after 1912. The Town Common initially remained in place, with a new Con- gregational Church constructed in 1905. Rather than being placed in the center of the Com- mon, the new structure was shifted to the north, allowing a bandstand to take the Common’s approximate center on the 1912 edition of the Sanborn Map. Another fire in 1919 destroyed the 1905 church. The church was rebuilt yet again in 1920, funded by the sale of lots that once composed the south half of the church-owned Town Common. By the time the 1939 update of the Sanborn Map was issued, the east side of Main included the two-story commercial buildings and a two-story Masonic Hall that remain present in 2018. However, the 1920 Congregational Church was replaced in 1976.

Forest Grove’s typical “Main Street” commercial structure built before 1930 is one- to two- stories in height and has a flat roof. The top of the façade is often ornamented with a cornice, though these were often removed in later years due to maintenance and safety concerns. The primary cladding is brick, sometimes covered with stucco. The ground floors are defined by storefronts with large glazed openings. Second story windows are primarily double-hung. The buildings from the 1890s may show Italianate influences with arched second story windows, such as the Ingles and Porter Building (1892) at 2036 Main Street. The second story bay windows of the Caples & Thomas Building (1893) at 2020 Main Street shows the influence of the Queen Anne style. Slightly later buildings show the influence of the Chicago style with its wider, three-part window openings, as well as the neoclassical influence of the Beaux-Arts. Both can be seen in the three-story First National Bank of Oregon building (1914) at 2004 Main Street, with its pedimented second-story windows.

From the 1930s onward, the machine age and the increasing importance of the automobile had a decided impact on commercial architecture. While the Art Deco Forest Theater (1940) at 1911-1923 Pacific Avenue is still located in the downtown core, it is meant to be noticed from a cruising vehicle. The theater itself is the equiva-

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lent of three-stories in height with a two-story portion containing four individual storefronts attached to the east. This configuration foreshadows later strip mall developments. The ornamentation is bold and simple, consisting of incised linear ornament and forms cast directly into the structural concrete, except for the applied marquee and name fin.

The conversion to car culture was essentially complete by the end of World War II. Later commercial structures no longer needed to be in a downtown cluster in order to provide easy access for customers. What they needed instead was parking and an eye-catching gimmick to entice passing motorists. Scottie’s Classic Burgers (1965) at 1702 Pacific, ticks all the boxes: located well outside the downtown core, parking so ample there’s barely interior restaurant space, and a lighted sign front and center.

At the beginning of the Modern Period, most businesses were housed in two- and three-story buildings located in the downtown core. The structures were owned by local business people and rarely conformed to a single style or design. By the 1960s, the sprawl mentality had a firm grasp on commercial architecture. This is evinced by single-story buildings spread out along main arteries and encircled by parking lots.

Social There are four buildings that fall under the social theme. They are all meeting halls, such as Forest Grove Grange #82 at 1917 B Street and the Masonic Holbrook Lodge #30 at 2019 Main Street.

The oldest social hall belongs to the 1909 Knights of Pythias (1924-1926 Pacific), a typical brick commercial building with fraternal spaces on the upper floor and commercial spaces at ground level. Its form is typical of such estab- lishments in the late 19th- and early 20th centuries. The 1923 Masonic Lodge (2019 Main) is grander, with a temple front and a single use. Its prominence of scale and placement on Main Street reflects the importance of the Masonic community in Forest Grove, which is also the location of the Masonic Grand Lodge outside of the survey area.

The remaining two social halls are utilitarian. The structure at 2037 Cedar Street, dating to circa 1930, is currently vacant. The site, owned by Pacific University, is primarily used for parking. With an unknown original occupant, the building was most recently in use as the Forest Grove Gospel Hall. The other utilitarian social hall is the Forest Grove Grange #282. Like many Grange Halls, the structure is two-stories in height with a front-facing gable and devoid of

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ornamentation. Though the building dates to circa 1940, its simplicity is such that an estimated date range from 1920-1960 would not be unreasonable. Because of the nature of the Grange movement, the structure straddles the social/agriculture/education themes.

Manufacturing The manufacturing theme is represented by only one of the inventoried properties in the survey area: Woodfold, makers of doors and shutters. However, it is a prominent resource taking up nearly 1-1/2 blocks between 18th and 19th Avenues and B and Main Streets. They started in Forest Grove in 1957, but their buildings do not represent that period. Most of the Woodfold structures appear to date to sometime in the 1960s and are utilitarian and industrial in appearance. All are concrete and generally the equivalent of two stories in height. The scale of the Woodfold complex, occupying the majority of two blocks near the city center, suggests the importance of the lumber industry to the growth of Forest Grove. Its position also reflects the former presence of a railroad line along 19th Ave- nue.

Agriculture The Farm and Garden Store at 1922 19th Avenue is the only representative of the agriculture theme in the survey area. The Woodfold buildings wrap around it, but the grain elevator from c.1930 still stands prominently on 19th Avenue.

The utilitarian concrete block warehouse located adjacent to the no longer extant, 19th Avenue railroad tracks, appears to have been in place by the 1930s. The warehouse has been in continuous use since then. A shift from a farm clientele with large-scale purchases to a primarily residential clientele is reflected in the loss of two truck-sized openings on the east elevation of the main warehouse.

Funerary There is a group of resources on Pacific Avenue that fall under the funerary theme. The Forest Grove Memorial Chapel at 1914 Pacific Avenue retains a great deal of its integrity. It was a purpose-built funeral home in 1935 by Harley Prickett and operated as one until recently when it

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was adapted into a school. Harley Prickett built homes on either side of the funeral home which still stand and are part of the school. The structure’s large, irregular lot reflects the exigencies of the funeral business, particularly the need for vehicle access.

Health Care The health care theme is represented by only two resources within the survey area. Both resources are modest dental offices, one dating to the 1950s, the other to the 1990s. Neither have any features that could identify them specifically as a dental office or other health care facility.

Government There are five resources that fall into the government theme within the survey area: city hall, the library, the fire station, and both the current and former post offices. Three of the five buildings are less than 50 years old, while the two over 50 years old (City Hall and former post office) are modest buildings that would not be National Register eligible on their own.

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Findings

The eclectic character of the survey area comprising the original town plat grew out of early commercial, domestic, and educational interests. Therefore, a wide variety of themes are represented within the survey area from domestic to religious, from commercial to funerary. The original town plat has been home to Forest Grove’s working-, middle-, and upper-class for over 160 years, and the neighborhood’s diverse collection of building types, styles, ages, and sizes reflect different building trends throughout this time span. The neighborhood’s historic houses range from high-style Victorian-era mansions to middle-class Craftsman bungalows and modest cottages of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many historically significant commercial and religious buildings remain in the plat.

There are 651 tax lots within the survey area, 229 of which are located within the Clark Historic District. Of the 651 tax lots, 593 contained structures. We recorded every building regardless of age, so the remaining 58 tax lots were either vacant or had single buildings occupying multiple tax lots, such as condominiums. Of the 593 principal structures surveyed, approximately 473 were built before 1968. An additional 74 secondary structures, such as stand-alone garages and permanent storage buildings, were found associated with those principal buildings and recorded.

Of the 593 principal structures, there are currently 451 residential buildings, 83 commercial buildings, 9 churches, 24 educational buildings, and 26 miscellaneous buildings or structures. Nearly half (49%) were built before 1940. Architectural styles range from Classical Revival to Modern. Given the boom in development after World War II, the dominant architectural style is the Modern period (34%). A map at the end of this section color codes construction date so that concentrations of older and newer resources in the survey area are revealed.

Of the 593 principal structures, 291 are either already contributing to the Clark Historic District, listed individually on the National Register, could contribute to a new historic district, or are eligible for the National Register individually. Deciding whether a building is eligible during a reconnaissance survey involves the evaluation of its historic integrity. A building’s key character-defining features are plan, cladding, and windows. If two of the three key features are intact, then the building is recorded as contributing. If two of the three key features are not intact, then the building is recorded as non-contributing. At the end of this section is a color-coded map of the survey area that shows contribution so that reveals concentrations of contributing resources.

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A reconnaissance-level survey provides a quick look at an area to find potential historic districts, find resources that could be individually listed, and assesses if growth pres- sures are impacting historic resources negatively. Only architectural features were taken into account; there was no effort to glean any history on individual buildings during this survey. That effort takes place during intensive-level survey when the reconnaissance-level survey identifies an area for further study or during the National Register writing process.

Siding materials is a statistic that SHPO collects. We were surprised to notice during this survey how many buildings had only one siding type. Usually, especially in residences built between 1910 and 1960, there are at least two and often three types of siding on a house. For example, Craftsman bungalows often have horizontal siding up to its belt course and shingles above the belt course. But during this reconnaissance, we found almost exclusively mono-clad houses. We usually see houses with a single siding type when a house has been reclad in Hardi-plank or vinyl. It is rarer to see whole streets of houses that appear to have their original siding and that siding is wood lap only or stucco only.

That said, we found wood (54%) to be the principal siding type in the survey area. It “out clad” all other siding types combined. This was not unexpected in such a wood-rich region of Oregon as Forest Grove.

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Listed Resources Four resources within the survey area are individually listed on the National Register outside the Clark Historic District boundaries:

Individual National Register Properties within Survey Area Address Historic Name Built Listed 2021 COLLEGE WAY Old College Hall 1850 1974 2606 17TH AVE Robb, James D, House 1874 1988 2020 MAIN ST Caples and Thomas Building c.1893 1985 1904 PACIFIC AVE First Church of Christ Scientist 1916 1994

These National Register properties are scattered throughout the survey area and are not concentrated in one area. If the listed properties were concentrated, that would be indicative of a potential historic district. The properties are shown in bright green on the map below.

Figure 36. The limits of the original plat of the Town of Forest Grove from 1872. Pacific University is at the top center. The black boundary is the overlapping portion of the Clark Historic District. Colors represent potential contribution to the National Register based on the 2017 survey. (HPNW)

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Figure 37. The limits of the original plat of the Town of Forest Grove from 1872. Pacific University is at the top center. The black boundary is the overlapping portion of Clark Historic District. Green represents those buildings built between 1850 and 1968; yellow represents those built after 1968. (HPNW)

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Figure 38. The limits of the original plat of the Town of Forest Grove from 1872. Pacific University is at the top center. The black boundary is the overlapping portion of Clark Historic District. Colors represent period of construction based on the 2017 survey. (HPNW)

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Evaluation

This section presents an overview of surveyed properties, and analyzes information collected during field work. For the purposes of this report, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) criteria have been used for the evaluation process.

Forest Grove also has a local register of significant properties outside of Forest Grove’s Nation- al Register historic districts. Like the National Register, the local register is an honorary designation. The City’s Register of Historic and Cultural Landmarks requires adherence to certain regulations, but also offers financial and other benefits for listed properties. Criteria for listing on the local register is identical to the National Register; however, the application process is easier. More information about Forest Grove’s local register can be found on the City website at http://www.forestgrove-or.gov/bc-hlb.

National Register of Historic Places Eligibility The NRHP is the official recognition by the U.S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. Designation through the National Register offers protection to a district or property only in cases where the threatening action involves a “federal undertaking.” If the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the property or district no protections. Listing on the National Register does not restrict a private property owner from altering or demolishing an individually listed resource, or in the case of a district, a contributing or non-contributing resource. However, there are specific reviews of alterations and demolitions that are required by the City at the local level since city code recognizes National Register listing.

The NRHP establishes four basic criteria by which the level of a resource’s contribution to the nation’s cultural heritage can be gauged. These are then qualified by the level at which they contribute: local, statewide, and national. These criteria dictate that resources:

A: Be associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or

B: Be associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

C: Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinc- tion; or

D: Are likely to yield information important to our understanding of prehistory or history.

The determinations of eligibility were made by HPNW as a “point in time,” cursory estimation. Changes made to buildings over time may result in a building becoming eligible, or ineligible, for listing. The National Park Service makes the formal determination on eligibility for National Register listing through the Oregon SHPO. The City of Forest Grove’s Historic Landmarks

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Board makes the formal determination for eligibility on the City’s Register of Historic and Cultur- al Landmarks.

The structure for analysis references the National Register Bulletin “How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation.” Further recommended readings include National Register bulletins on specific property types. These bulletins are available through the National Register of Historic Places Program on the National Park Service webpage: http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/

Areas of Significance Areas of significance are defined by the NRHP as the “aspect of history in which a… property, through use, occupation, physical character, or association, influenced the development or identity of its community or region.”

Period of Significance The NRHP defines the period of significance as “the span of time when a property was associated with important events, activities, persons, cultural groups, and land uses or attained important physical qualities or characteristics.” These periods can include one or more isolated events, a series, or continuity of activities. In addition to periods of significance, the general minimum of 50 years of age for listing to the NRHP was used to guide eligibility recommendations.

Assessment of Historic Integrity Historic integrity can be thought of as the level of authenticity of a resource. It refers to the intactness of historic form and original construction materials. As such, integrity is integral to a resource’s ability to convey its historic significance. Alterations, whether historic or contemporary, were examined for compatibility. “Condition” of a historic resource should not be confused with historic integrity. Condition is generally defined as “state of repair.” In other words, a building can be in poor condition, but retain a high degree of historic integrity.

Seven Criteria for Evaluating Historic Integrity The NRHP defines integrity as the ability of a property to convey its significance, and measures integrity by applying seven criteria: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association.

There must be identifiable evidence in all or some of the following aspects of integrity for a historic resource to be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Some aspects are more important than others in conveying significance, and these are determined on an individual basis. The seven aspects of integrity are

1. Location refers to the physical components occupying the same locations upon which they were built. Exceptions to this can be buildings moved during the period of significance for institution-related functions.

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2. Design involves the planning of the site, including the placement and layout of circulation networks, land uses and activities, water systems, buildings, structures, and objects.

3. Setting encompasses the physical environment that exists with regard to a historic building, site, structure, object, or landscape. Changes in vistas, topography, and vegetation are some of the variables to consider when evaluating setting.

4. Integrity of materials extends not only to the typical items such as building materials, but also to the physical material of a site’s vegetation related to land uses and activities.

5. Workmanship speaks to the manner in which people build the functional and decorative elements of their environment. The quality of construction and materials, or rather the changes in those factors in a given property, may indicate when alterations/renovations occurred.

6. The feeling generated by a property’s physical components represents those intangible experiences characterizing its identity. Components include view corridors, vistas, scale, and design of the buildings, landscaping, and the ability to move along historic circulation networks.

7. Associations represent those connections between a property’s physical components and the functions associated with the period of significance. These associations remain the strongest through the presence of extant historic building and continuation of original use and/or ownership, such as residences which remain under domestic use.

Generally speaking, the historic properties surveyed for this project exhibited varying degrees of integrity as related to the seven criteria listed above. Most buildings retain integrity of location, but there was great variety among buildings according to the other six criteria. Alterations observed in the field were recorded and factored into NRHP eligibility consideration.

Eligibility for Historic Districts A historic district is a group of buildings, properties, or sites that have been designated as historically and/or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects, and sites within a historic district are divided into two categories: contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some having hundreds of structures while others have just a few.

To make a preliminary decision about contributing and non-contributing resources in a historic district, we used an objective algorithm that evaluates three key features of buildings according to their degree of intactness. The features are: plan, windows and cladding and the levels of intactness are: intact, slightly altered, moderately altered, and extensively altered. For more detail, see the Alterations table in the Findings section.

1. If constructed after 1967, a building was considered “non-contributing” to a district. This seemingly arbitrary date corresponds to the rule-of-thumb, 50-year-old cutoff date used by the National Register.

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2. If a building had “extensive” alterations to any of the three key features, it would be considered non-contributing to a district.

3. If the building had “moderate” alterations to two or more key features, say moderate alterations to windows and cladding, then the building would be considered non- contributing to a district.

4. However, a non-contributing building could be “elevated” to contributing if additional research concluded that the building was associated with a significant individual or event.

Cursory analysis at this point in time reveals a potential National Historic District in the commercial area at Main and Pacific. Additional research and change over time could alter the extent, boundaries, and contributing resources of this potential district. A large portion of the original Town of Forest Grove plat already has been designated a residential historic district, the Clark Historic District. HPNW could not find any additional areas within or partially within the survey area that would meet the criteria for a new historic district.

Coupled with contribution are four district boundary descriptors: historical, physical, temporal, and integrity. We try to find historical boundaries for a district, a place traditionally defined by history. In the survey area, the commercial “downtown” is a historical area with traditional “boundaries.” No “new” downtown has risen over time within Forest Grove to usurp the designation “downtown.” We try to find physical boundaries for a district, such as a river or highway. In the original town plat, we only have the Pacific University campus to the north and east, and roadways – there are no rivers or mountains to form a physical boundary. Temporal boundaries outline areas that show development occurring around the same time, such as a subdivision. In commercial downtown, the construction spike centered on 1890-1900 is a good indica- tion of a temporal boundary. And integrity can be used to separate an area of low physical integrity from one of higher integrity. Most of the buildings within the downtown area have good integrity.

Looking at the four boundary determiners, a potential commercial historic district is apparent at the intersection of Pacific and Main. As the map below shows, all four boundary descriptors can be used to define a commercial historic district in Forest Grove. The historical boundary is what is considered “downtown” Forest Grove, the intersection of Pacific and Main. The temporal and integrity boundaries would be formed by the intact, 1890-1910 core period of construction along Pacific Avenue and Main Street, and the physical boundaries are provided by 21st Street, A Street, and the Pacific University campus.

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Figure 39. Potential Forest Grove Commercial Historic District. The boundary of the historic district is outlined in red. The entire tax lot for each resource is included within the district boundary. This makes for an unusual boundary line across the southern edge of the district as the line follows the tax lots.

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Recommendations

Out of this reconnaissance survey comes two principal recommendations. The first and fore- most is to create a commercial historic district along Pacific Avenue and Main Street. This recommendation is detailed below. The second recommendation is to possibly add and sub- tract several resources from the existing Clark Historic District. This recommendation is detailed after the commercial historic district recommendation below.

Commercial Historic District In 1993, the City of Forest Grove Community Development Department commissioned Peter J. Edwards to write the first historic context statement for the City. The principal recommendation to come out of that context statement was to create a downtown historic district. The HLB’s mission is to “preserve, promote, and advocate for Forest Grove’s irreplaceable historic sites and assets for the cultural, economic, and educational benefits of everyone.” Given that 25 years have passed since that recommendation was made, and three historic districts have been created since then in Forest Grove, the time is right to create a downtown historic district.

Figure 40. Potential Forest Grove Commercial Historic District. Buildings to be included within the boundaries are outlined in red.

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After surveying the entire original plat of the Town of Forest Grove, HPNW has come to the conclusion that a commercial historic district along Pacific and Main is warranted. The district’s boundaries would be T-shaped taking in the 1900 and 2000 block of Pacific Avenue and the 2000 block of Main Street. The period of significance would be defined as 1890 to 1940. The range is from the oldest commercial buildings in Forest Grove to World War II.

The Forest Grove’s downtown area is potentially eligible for the National Register under Criteri- on A as a cohesive commercial district that represents the business history of Forest Grove. As such, the district represents a cross culture of individuals, both famous and ordinary, whose skills and talents contributed to the development and growth of the city. Standing with the potential commercial historic district are three existing residential historic districts (Walker- Naylor, Painter’s Woods, and Clark), which housed the business leaders of the community.

The district would also be eligible under Criterion C as an area that embodies the distinctive characteristics of commercial development in Forest Grove. Most of the commercial buildings represent the work of an architect and/or master craftsmen, and a majority of the resources possess high artistic values representing significant characteristics of architectural styles popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Forest Grove Commercial Historic District would be an intact commercial district concentrated around 1910. There are 651 tax lots in the Town of Forest Grove original town plat area. The proposed district boundaries would take in 29 tax lots supporting 30 resources. The period of significance is represented by 29 of the 30 resources (97%). Of the 30 resources, 27 (90%) would be contributing, 2 (7%) would be historic non-contributing, and 1 (3%) would be non- historic non-contributing. In addition to commercial structures, the proposed district has two houses and one building originally used as a church. Two resources within the boundaries are already individually listed on the National Register (Caples and Thomas Building at 2020 Main Street and First Church of Christ Scientist at 1904 Pacific Avenue).

Buildings in Forest Grove Commercial Historic District Con Address Name Built Tax Lot trib 2018 College Way Western Oregon Telephone & Telegraph 1928 C 1S306BB00200 2001-2003 Main St Anderson Building 1917 C 1S306BB00600 2004 Main St First National Bank of Oregon Building 1914 C 1S306BB02600 2007-2011 Main St Anderson/Chowning Building 1926 C 1S306BB00500 2008 Main St Anderson Building c.1890 C 1S306BB02500 2012-2016 Main St Nixon Building 1912 C 1S306BB02400 2013-2017 Main St Paterson Building 1923 C 1S306BB00400 2019 Main St Masonic Holbrook Lodge #30 1923 C 1S306BB00300 2020 Main St Caples and Thomas Building c.1893 C 1S306BB02300 2022 Main St Valley Art c.1920 N 1S306BB02200 2026 Main St Adelante Mujeres c.1990 N 1S306BB02100 2030 Main St Buxton and Roe Building 1892 C 1S306BB02100 2036 Main St Ingles and Porter Building 1892 C 1S306BB01100 2038-2040 Main St Wagner Building c.1890 C 1S306BB01000 2042 Main St Keep Building c.1890 C 1S306BB00900 1904 Pacific Ave First Church of Christ Scientist 1916 C 1S306BB07000 1910 Pacific Ave Prickett House c.1920 C 1S306BB06900

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1911-1923 Pacific Ave Forest Theater 1940 C 1S306BB02900 1914 Pacific Ave Forest Grove Memorial Chapel c.1925 C 1S306BB07100 1920 Pacific Ave Prickett House 1921 C 1S306BB06800 1924-1926 Pacific Ave Knights of Pythias Building 1909 C 1S306BB06600 1927 Pacific Ave Heaton and Company CPA c.1940 N 1S306BB02800 1930-1936 Pacific Ave Timmerick and McNichol Building 1909 C 1S306BB06400 1933-1937 Pacific Ave Holroyd Building c.1905 C 1S306BB02700 1940 Pacific Ave Forest Grove National Bank 1907 C 1S306BB06300 2000-2002 Pacific Ave Johnson & Son Livery Building 1898 C 1S306BB09500 2011-2019 Pacific Ave Good Building c.1919 C 1S306BB00700 2016 Pacific Ave Hoffman Building c.1912 C 1S306BB09100 2026 Pacific Ave J.N. Hoffman Building c.1912 C 1S306BB09000 2028 Pacific Ave Star Theater 1914 C 1S306BB08901 2032 Pacific Ave FoGo c.1920 N 1S306BB08800 2036 Pacific Ave Katz Billiards c.1920 N 1S306BB08700 2038 Pacific Ave News-Times Building c.1920 C 1S306BB08600

Those resources marked with a “C” in the Contributing column would “contribute” to the historic district. These resources would be subject to review for any exterior alterations (outside of routine maintenance) by the City and the Historic Landmarks Board. However, there are some incentives available for being subject to review. Right now, there are five programs available to contributing properties within a historic district to help with costs in restoring and maintaining historic properties. These are Oregon Special Assessment, the Diamonds in the Rough program, the Preserving Oregon grant, Federal Tax Credit program, and Historic Preservation Grants. These programs are detailed in the paragraphs below.

With the State Historic Preservation Office’s (SHPO) Special Assessment of Historic Property Program, the real market value (RMV) of a property is specially assessed at the time it is admitted into the program, and will not increase over the ten-year term of the assessment for a maximum of two, ten-year terms. The program is designed to prevent a punitive impact from an increased tax value due to work designed to preserve a structure. It is most helpful to apply for the program at the beginning of restoration when a property’s value is presumably at its lowest. Requirements for the program include National Register listing (either individually or as part of a district), the preparation of a preservation plan that details the work to be done over the ten-year period, and an application fee equal to 0.001% of the subject building’s assessed value. More information on Special Assessment is available at https://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/SHPO/Pages/tax_assessment.aspx.

The Diamonds in the Rough Grant Program offered by the Oregon SHPO is designed to restore or reconstruct facades that have been heavily altered. Applications for buildings that would not be eligible for the National Register due to alterations are particularly encouraged if the proposed work makes them eligible for designation. Grants up to $20,000 per project may be awarded. Buildings located in Certified Local Government communities, designated Main Street areas, and National Register historic districts are given priority. More information at https://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/FINASST/Pages/grants.aspx.

SHPO’s Preserving Oregon Grant is a matching grant for rehabilitation work that supports the preservation of resources that are listed on the National Register. Grant funds may be awarded

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for amounts up to $20,000 per project. Higher priority is given to publicly owned and non-profit entities. More info at https://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/FINASST/Pages/grants.aspx.

The Federal Tax Credit Program is for income-producing buildings (commercial as well as residential rental). It saves the property owner 20% of the cost of rehabilitation through a federal income tax credit. The program is administered through the Oregon SHPO in conjunction with the National Park Service (NPS) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). More information at https://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/SHPO/Pages/FED_TAXCREDIT_NEW.aspx.

Locally, contributing resources would also be eligible for the Historic Preservation Renovation Grants offered by the HLB. The grant program has awarded over $180,000 to property owners between 1997 and 2017. Because the matching grant is funded through the City of Forest Grove, rather than through the SHPO, the HLB has unique flexibility in determining what types of projects are eligible. Forest Grove’s grant support for painting, roofing, and gutters is unusual as these types of projects are typically seen as “routine maintenance” (and are therefore rarely funded by SHPO backed grants) rather than as key factors in a building’s survival. More information at http://www.forestgrove-or.gov/bc-hlb/page/historic-preservation-grants

Those marked with an “N” in the Contributing column would be “non-contributing” resources within the historic district. Those buildings are either too altered or not built within the period of significance (1890-1940) of the historic district. Non-contributing properties would be not subject to review by the HLB, but neither would they be eligible for any benefits. If a historic building is flagged as “non-contributing” because of alterations, there is the possibility the building could be restored to “contributing” and the HLB would be open to helping that restoration through the Historic Preservation Renovation Grant program and SHPO could help with the Federal Tax Credit Program.

Next Steps for Districting HPNW recommends proceeding with the creation of a commercial historic district with the boundaries suggested above as soon as possible. Timing is not dire, as development in Forest Grove moves at a modest pace; however, the National Register process for a district will take at least a year to completion and the multi-family housing project currently being built in the 1800 block of Pacific Avenue shows that large-scale new development is coming to Forest Grove. Therefore, funding for the commercial historic district should be pursued in the next CLG grant cycle.

After acceptance of the district proposal by the Historic Landmarks Board and City Council, the board should pursue the National Register listing of the historic district. The first step to listing is to get “buy-in” by the property owners within the district boundaries. This is a crucial step because without at least a 50% approval by the owners, a historic district is doomed to failure. The city wide survey performed in December 2015 showed there was support by the community for a downtown commercial historic district (60% positive with 26% unsure); however, the property owners within the boundary are key to the success of the district. The steps to districting are detailed in the Forest Grove Preservation Plan, 2017-2026 (Niederer, 6-7).

Once there is informal support expressed by the property owners within the proposed boundaries, SHPO would be very inclined to provide CLG funding for the writing of a National Register

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nomination for the district. This almost always involves hiring a consultant to write the nomination and the effort takes about six months to write the history of the downtown and thoroughly describe the buildings. All stakeholders would then be offered a chance to review the nomination.

At this point, a more formal opportunity would be given to the property owners to object to the nomination. The SHPO “voting” process is a rejection process: If more than 50% of the property owners object to the nomination, then the nomination cannot move forward. It is a vote against the nomination rather than a vote for the nomination.

While the voting process is taking place, the nomination would be polished by the consultant and stakeholders. If the nomination is “accepted” by the property owners, then the nomination would be ready to be submitted to SHPO and the State Advisory Commission. The commission meets three times a year to hear nominations, and for historic districts, the commission needs to hear it twice, so the review process can easily take eight months. Once all the edits and concerns from SHPO are addressed by the consultant, then the nomination is forwarded to the Keeper of the National Register and the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation in Washing- ton DC. By this point, they usually approve the nomination but sometimes they have edits and concerns that the consultant will need to address. Once all final edits have been made to the nomination, the SHPO will send it back to the Keeper for listing on the National Register.

Clark Historic District The survey area was defined as the original town plat. However, the original plat took in a large portion of the Clark Historic District listed in 2002. By resurveying the historic district, the “pulse” of the district was taken and the resources evaluated 15 years later. We found one resource that has been demolished within the district, several resources that have lost integrity and probably should be flagged as non-contributing, and several resources that have under- gone restoration efforts which should now probably be flagged as contributing to the district. The following table lists 33 resources where our 2017 survey found the resource to not be congruous with its 2002 evaluation.

Resources Needing Re-evaluation within Clark Historic District Address Evaluation Based on 2017 Survey Photo 1833 17TH AVE No longer contributing. The house at this address that was considered contributing to the National Register District was demolished and replaced by the current structure in 2003.

1916 17TH AVE Possibly now contributing. House has been resided and window replacement since districting but form intact.

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2106 17TH AVE Possibly now contributing. House has some pre- bungalow aspects with little non-historic alteration that could make it eligible.

2220 17TH AVE No longer contributing. House has been heavily altered since nomination.

2228 17TH AVE No longer contributing. House has been clad in vinyl and lost its front door.

2304 17TH AVE Possibly now contributing. Form, siding and window openings intact.

2312 17TH AVE Possibly now contributing. Form, siding and window openings intact.

2327 17TH AVE If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

2328 17TH AVE Possibly contributing. Only major incompatible alteration is the attic slider.

2117 18TH AVE Possibly contributing. Only major alterations are early porch infill and addition to west side.

2135 18TH AVE Possibly contributing. Asbestos siding likely original. Only alteration would be with roof terrace and garage attachment.

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2227 18TH AVE Possibly contributing. Large slider window on front only major alteration; shingle likely original.

2314 18TH AVE Possibly contributing. Some window replacement in original openings, vinyl siding, but form intact.

1728 A ST Possibly contributing. Some window replacement in original openings but siding and form intact.

1803 A ST Possibly contributing. Some window replacement in original openings, vinyl siding, but form intact.

1643 ASH ST Possibly now contributing. Vinyl siding has been removed since listing.

1713 ASH ST Possibly contributing. Only major incompatible alteration is the attic slider.

1823 ASH ST Possibly contributing. Only alteration is some vinyl windows in original openings.

1634 BIRCH ST Delist resource. House has been demolished since listing.

1734 BIRCH ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

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1620 CEDAR ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this complex would be contributing.

1626 CEDAR ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

1632 CEDAR ST No longer contributing. House has had vinyl window replacement plus non-historic stucco.

1633 CEDAR ST Possibly now contributing. Aluminum siding has been removed since listing, though windows are now vinyl in original openings.

1804 CEDAR ST Possibly contributing. Small, incongruous additions on a very early, prominent house in neighborhood.

1817 CEDAR ST No longer contributing. House has very prominent garage addition since listing, along with vinyl windows in original openings.

1823 CEDAR ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

1629 DOUGLAS ST Possibly contributing. Minor alterations with entry deck and front door.

1650 DOUGLAS ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

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1726 DOUGLAS ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

1611 MAIN ST Possibly now contributing. Vinyl siding has been removed since listing, though replaced with Hardiplank, and vinyl windows in original openings.

1706 MAIN ST Possibly contributing. Not sure why deemed non-contributing.

1811-1815 MAIN ST If a 1968 cut-off date was considered for the historic district, this building would be contributing.

We found 6 of the 33 resources to no longer be contributing resources to the Clark Historic District. Either they have been modified, lowering their integrity to a degree that they should be non-contributing, or the resource has been demolished. There should be a second look at five of the six resources to see if they might now be considered non-contributing. However, the house that was at 1634 Birch Street should be removed from the district listing as it has been demolished. This effort is not time-sensitive and can be done cautiously over time.

We found 19 of the 33 resources to be possibly contributing to the district. Either the resource has been restored since the 2002 historic district listing (e.g., vinyl siding removed) or the resource had higher integrity than the 2002 nomination credited the resource. If there was a desire by a resource owner of one of these 19 resources to be a considered contributing to the district, then these 19 would be perfect candidates for re-evaluation. Local listing is another consideration for these 19 resources; however, we did not find any of the 19 to be eligible for the National Register on their own.

We found 8 of the 33 resources to be contributing if the period of significance was extended to 1968 for the historic district. Changing the contribution from “not in period” to “contributing” would take a large change to the nomination and is merely an academic question: Is the current period of significance appropriate for the district? Given there are only 8 resources out of the 219 resources within the district survey area that we found eligible between 1950 (the nomination cut-off date) and 1968 (our survey cut-off date), the existing period of significance should not be changed. Local listing is a consideration for these 8 recent resources; however, we did not find any of the 8 resources to be eligible for the National Register on their own.

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Finding 25 out of 219 resources (11%) in the Clark Historic District overlap area to have ques- tionable contribution labels after a 15-year period does not seem unreasonable. Only 3 of the 25 integrity changes were egregious alterations; most changes were border line, barely falling on either side of contributing or non-contributing. Finding only 6 resources to be no longer contributing and 19 resources now possibly contributing is a good sign that the district is not losing integrity and is actually stronger than in 2002 (e.g., people are pulling off their deteriorat- ed vinyl siding).

Pacific University The main campus block of Pacific University between University and Pacific Avenues and College and Cedar Streets is included within the survey area. The main campus takes up roughly 7-1/2 city blocks. Of the 22 buildings evaluated on campus, we found 12 to be contributing to a potential historic district. We found the other 10 buildings to be outside the period of significance being built after 1968. That total shows just how much the campus has “filled in” since 1968.

As described in the Evaluation section earlier, there are four criteria for making the boundary of a historic district: historical, physical, temporal, and integrity. The campus readily meets the historical criteria as the main campus has been the main campus since 1849. The edge of main campus corresponds physically to the boundary streets; however, the campus has been “spilling out” onto the west side of College Way and to the north of University Avenue. The 12 buildings built before 1968 could all be contributing to a campus historic district; however, they are scattered across the campus and “infilled” with more modern buildings. The intact contributing buildings range in date from 1850 to 1967, with quite the range of architectural styles. There- fore, our preliminary analysis does not provide evidence that Pacific University meets the four criteria for a historic district today. In the future when the ten recent buildings become historic in their own right, the campus should be re-evaluated as a potential district.

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References

Books Aikens, C. Melvin. Archaeology of Oregon. Portland, Oregon: Bureau of Land Management, 1993. Amato, Lisa, and Mary Jo Morelli. Images of America: Forest Grove. Arcadia Publishing: San Francisco, 2010. Beckham, Stephen Dow. The Indians of Western Oregon: This Land Was Theirs. Coos Bay: Arago Books, 1977. Bourke, Paul and Donald DeBats. Washington County: Politics and Community in Antebellum America. Baltimore: John Hopkins, 1995. Brandt, Patricia and Nancy Guilford. Oregon Biography Index. Corvallis: Oregon State Univer- sity, 1976 Buan, Carolyn. Darkness to Dawn: Electricity Takes Charge! Washington County Historical Society, 1989. Buan, Carolyn and Richard Lewis, eds. The First Oregonians: An Illustrated Collection of Essays on Traditional Lifeways, Federal-Indian Relations, and the State’s Native People Today. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Council for the Humanities, 1991. Carey, Charles H. A General History of Oregon Prior to 1861. Portland: Metropolitan Press, 1935. Clark, Rosalind L. Architecture, Oregon Style. Portland: Professional Book Center, 1983. Corning, Howard M. Dictionary of Oregon History. Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1956. Dicken, Samuel N. and Emily F. The Making of Oregon: A Study in Historical Geography. Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1979. Fuller, George Washington. A History of the Pacific Northwest. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1938. Gaston, Joseph. The Centennial History of Oregon 1811-1912. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publish- ing, 1912. Gaston, Joseph. Oregon, Pictorial and Biographical. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing, 1912. Hawkins, William J., III, and William F. Willingham. Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon, 1850- 1950. Portland: Timber Press, 1999. Hines, H.K. An Illustrated History of the State of Oregon. Chicago: Lewis Publishing, 1893. Lockley, Fred. “John E. Bailey.” History of the Columbia River Valley from The Dalles to the Sea. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing, 1928. Lang, H.O., editor. “McDonald, H.” History of the Willamette Valley. Portland: G.H. Himes, 1885. Larsell, Olof. The Doctor in Oregon: A Medical History. Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1947. “Latourette.” History of the Bench and Bar of Oregon. Portland: Historical Publishing, 1910. McAlester, Virginia and Lee. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. Miranda, Gary and Rick Read. Splendid Audacity: The Story of Pacific University. Forest Grove: Pacific University, 2000. Ritz, Richard Ellison. Architects of Oregon. Portland: Lair Hill Publishing, 2003. Schafer, Joseph. A History of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Macmillan Co., 1905.

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Schwantes, Carlos A. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History. Lincoln: University of Nevada Press, 1989. Schweitzer, Robert and Michael Davis. America’s Favorite Homes: Mail Order Catalogues as a Guide to Popular Early 20th Century Houses. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990. Vaughan, Thomas and Virginia Guest Ferriday, eds. Space, Style and Structure: Building in Northwest America. Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1974. Washington County Historical Society. Land of Tuality Volumes 1-3, Hillsboro: Washington County Historical Society, 1975. Whiffen, Marcus. American Architecture Since 1780: A Guide to the Styles. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969.

Directories (listed in date order) Oregon Business Directory and State Gazetteer. Portland: S.J. McCormick, 1873. Oregon State Directory. Portland: J.K. Gill, 1881. Oregon, Washington and Idaho Gazetteer and Business Directory. Portland: R.L. Polk, 1886- 87. Oregon, Washington and Idaho Gazetteer and Business Directory. Portland: R.L. Polk, 1888. Oregon, Washington and Idaho Gazetteer and Business Directory. Portland: R.L. Polk, 1889- 90. Forest Grove and Vicinity Telephone Directory. Western Oregon Telephone and Telegraph Company, May 1926. Forest Grove Telephone Directory. Oregon Telephone Company, March 1928. Forest Grove, Oregon. City Directory. Loveland, Colorado: Johnson Publishing, 1959.

Documents Bell, J. Haslett. Building from the Comprehensive Plan. Bureau of Municipal Research and Service, University of Oregon, August 1959. Bell, J. Haslett. Planned Industrial Development. Bureau of Municipal Research and Service, University of Oregon, July 1959. “Blank, Stephen and Parthena M., House.” National Register Nomination by Gladys Haynes, 3 June 1988. Collins, Cary C. “Through the Lens of Assimilation: Edwin L. Chalcraft and Chemawa Indian School.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Winter 1997-98. “Crosley, Harry A., House.” National Register Nomination by Maren Bjork, 30 June 1993. Dennis, Michelle L. “Clark Historic District.” National Register District form, Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, Salem. Edwards, Peter J. Forest Grove: A Historic Context. City of Forest Grove, Community Devel- opment Department, 1993. Filer, Charlotte. “The Walker Connection.” “Forest Grove in 1870 to 1880.” “Forest Grove Inventory of Historic and Cultural Resources,” 30 September 1985.

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“Forest Grove, Oregon.” Board of Trade, 1905. “Forest Grove, Oregon.” Chamber of Commerce, c.1930. “Forest Grove, Oregon.” Chamber of Commerce, 1936. “Forest Grove, Oregon.” Senior Writing Research Projects, 1966. “Forest Grove History,” Chamber of Commerce, Forest Grove library vertical files. Friends of Historic Forest Grove. Tour Historic Forest Grove, 1992. Gilbert, Margaret. “19th Century Forest Grove History,” Forest Grove library vertical files. Gilbert, Margaret. “First Settlers of the Forest Grove Region,” Forest Grove library vertical files. Gilbert, Margaret. “History of the Forest Grove Library,” Forest Grove library vertical files, 24 February 1984. Gilbert, Margaret. “Schools and Churches,” Forest Grove library vertical files. “The History of Forest Grove,” Forest Grove library vertical files. “History of the Forest Grove Police Department,” Forest Grove library vertical files. Hunter, Cheryl. “125 Years of Forest Grove.” Preserving Historic Grove. Newsletter of the Historic Landmarks Board, Autumn 1997. Niederer, Bernadette, and David Pinyerd. Forest Grove Preservation Plan, 2017- 2026. City of Forest Grove’s Historic Landmarks Board, 24 August 2016. “On Your Own Two Feet: Self-Guided Walking Tour of the Pacific University Campus,” Pacific University Museum Publication Series, December 1993. Pinyerd, David, et al. “Naylor’s, Walker’s and West Park Additions, Forest Grove, Oregon: Historic Context Statement.” City of Forest Grove, Community Development Depart- ment, 1998. Read, Rick. “Forest Grove Indian Industrial Training School (1880-1885).” Pacific University Archives, 5 February 1996. “Rototeller Annual,” biographies of Rotarians in Forest Grove, 1958. “Summary of Power Resources of the City of Forest Grove,” memo from Superintendent, Light and Power Department, to the City Manager, 20 June 1975. “Washington County Cultural Resource Survey,” 1983-85. “What You Should Know About Forest Grove, Oregon.” Department of Sociology, Pacific University, 1951.

Morelli Collection “American Queens,” Morelli Collection. Broderson Journal, Morelli Collection. Elkanah, Mary Richardson, biography, Morelli Collection. Gilbert, Margaret, binder containing typed “Forest Grove History” time line and excerpts from “Recorder Records,” Morelli Collection. Haynes, Gladys, handwritten house cards, Morelli Collection. “Henry Buxton Sr.,” manuscript, Morelli Collection. “Hugh McGilvra,” Morelli Collection. The Ingles and Pope Building, history, Morelli Collection. The Ingles and Porter Building, history, Morelli Collection.

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Name list, Friends of Historic Forest Grove, Morelli Collection. Notes from Margaret Hinman papers, Morelli Collection. Samuel Hughes, biography, Morelli Collection. “Thormost Building Corp., Forest Grove, Oregon,” typed manuscript, Morelli Collection. West Tualatin, arrival dates of families, Morelli Collection. Who’s Who in Forest Grove, handwritten manuscript, Morelli Collection, 1998.

Newspapers Forest Grove Independent. 1873-1874. Weekly. Forest Grove News-Times. 1981-1985. Weekly, merged with Cornelius Times to form News- Times. Forest Grove Times. 1887?-1896. Weekly, merged with Washington County Hatchet to form Washington County Hatchet and Forest Grove Times. Hillsboro Argus. 1895-current. Daily. News-Times. 1985-current. Weekly. The Oregonian. 1850-current. Daily. Washington County Hatchet. 1895-1896. Weekly, merged with the Forest Grove Times to form Washington County Hatchet and Forest Grove Times. Washington County Hatchet and Forest Grove Times. 1896-1897. Washington County News. 1903-1911. Renamed Washington County News-Times in 1911. Washington County News-Times. 1911-1981. Renamed Forest Grove News-Times in 1981.

Maps Ballad Towne, plat map, 9 February 1977. Barbara Rae, plat map, 11 December 1978. Cadastral Maps, c.1850 and c.1860. Cadastral Map. Township No. 1 South, Range No. 3 West of the Willamette Meridian. Survey- or General’s Office, 6 March 1860. Cadastral Map. Township No. 1 South, Range No. 4 West of the Willamette Meridian. Survey- or General’s Office, 25 June 1862. Forest Gale Heights, plat map, 14 June 1966. Forestmeade, plat map, 4 March 1968. Joyce Park, plat map, 23 January 1978. Pierson, Robert W. “Existing Land Use.” Forest Grove Oregon, City Planning Commission, 5 April 1948. “Plat of the Town of Forest Grove with Additions Thereto,” 1873. Sanborn Map Company, 1888, 1892, 1902, and 1912 Fire Insurance Maps for the City of Forest Grove. “Street Surface Map, Forest Grove, Washington County.” Oregon State Highway Department, 1937, updated 1939.

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Talisman Hills, plat map, 17 April 1970. U.S. Department of Agriculture aerial maps, 1936 (4738) and 1948 (DFR-3D-183). Walker’s Addition, plat map, 26 August 1872. West Park Addition, plat map, 30 June 1909. Westland Park (Rosearden), plat map, 2 August 1948. Wilkes and Sons Map, 1911.

Websites Abbot, Carl. “Senate Bill 100.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/senate_bill_100. Adler, Sy. “Senate Bill 10.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/senate_bill_10. City of Forest Grove. “City History.” http://forestgrove-or.gov/community/page/city-history. City of Forest Grove. “Forest Grove Comprehensive Plan.” http://forestgrove- or.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_development/page/1141/comp_plan _publication_draft.pdf. City of Forest Grove. “Plant History.” http://www.forestgrove-or.gov/wt/page/plant-history. City of Portland Archives and Record Management. “1952 to 2001.” https://www.portlandoregon.gov/archives/article/284515. Decker, Doug. “Tillamook Burn.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/tillamook_burn. Docomomo Oregon. “Salem Civic Center.” http://www.docomomo- oregon.org/category/architect/donald-richardson/. Feinberg, Richard A., and Jennifer Meoli. “A Brief History of the Mall.” Advances in Consumer Research 18 (1991): 426-427. http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference- proceedings.aspx?Id=7196 Linenberger, Toni Rae. “Tualatin Project.” https://www.usbr.gov/projects/pdf.php?id=201. Oregon Blue Book. “Oregon History: Chronology – 1951 to Present.” http://bluebook.state.or.us/cultural/history/chron04.htm. Oregon Department of Forestry. “Northwest Oregon State Forests Management Plan, Revised Plan, April 2010.” http://www.oregon.gov/ODF/Documents/AboutODF/2010FMPNorthwestOregon.pdf. Oregon Wine History. “A Brief History of Early Oregon Wine.” http://www.oregonwinehistory.com/ABriefHistory.html. Paulson, Sara. “Tektronix’s Sunset Plant.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/tektronix39s-sunset-plant. RW Engineering Group. “History of Highways in Oregon.” http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/ETA/Documents_Geometronics/ROW-Eng_State- Highway-History.pdf. St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church. “History.” http://www.safg.org/History. St. Bede Episcopal Church. “Our History.” http://www.bedesinthegrove.com/about-us.html.

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U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. “Tualatin Project.” https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=411. Washington Department of Archaeology & Historic Preservation. “Miesian.” https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style- guide/miesian Wikipedia. “Alcoholic Beverages in Oregon.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon. Wikipedia. “Beaux-Arts Architecture.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture Wikipedia. “Camp Adair.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Adair Wikipedia. “Carnegie Library.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_library Wikipedia. “Collegiate Gothic.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic Wikipedia. “International Style.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture) Wikipedia. “Post-Modern Architecture.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture Wollner, Craig. “Silicon Forest.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/silicon_forest. Woodfold Manufacturing. “Welcome to Woodfold.” https://www.woodfold.com/about.php.

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Appendix A – Street Renaming

Streets in Forest Grove were named and renamed no less than three times, creating a great deal of confusion for researchers. The little stub of D Street in the West Park Addition has gone through a variety of names with several maps in disagreement. The current system is more practical than that of 1892-1949 when North Second Avenue (north of Pacific), Second Avenue (south of Pacific), and Second Street (a north-south street east of Main Street) all served to confuse people new to the area.

The first street names were assigned when Rev. Harvey Clark created the original town plat. As Forest Grove grew with Walker and Naylor Additions, the names used by Clark continued and several new streets were added.

Through 1892, tree names were primarily used for as street names in Forest Grove, with the streets bordering campus as avenues. This caused confusion within the community. North, south, east, or west, a street could have a tree name and there was no pattern to the tree names used. This was all further complicated when the South Park Addition was given names that diverged from tree names and another single avenue was named, Pennsylvania Avenue.

In 1893, Forest Grove Ordinance 31 was passed removing all of the tree names and introducing a scientific grid of numbered streets to solve the street naming difficulties. All east-west streets became “avenues” and all north-south streets became “streets.” However, those avenues north of Pacific had “North” as a prefix and the avenues south of Pacific had “South” as a prefix. Therefore, you could be standing on the corner of Third and Third and not know if you were on the south side or north side of town. The 1893 attempt to make the street naming simple and standardized solved the directional issues but introduced a spatial problem.

With the arrival of the 1900s, streets and avenues were being paved and curbs and sidewalks were installed throughout Forest Grove. Forest Grove was a modern city and each corner had the street/avenue name stamped into the concrete as it was poured. The curves on each intersection corner had inset metal rails to prevent the wagon wheels from damaging the curbs.

By 1949, the City had heard enough complaints about street names that they decided to rename the streets yet again. The numbered avenues (east-west) would be reassigned new numbers, but the streets (north-south) would go back to tree names and be alphabetized, with exceptions. A November 1949 issue of the Washington County News-Times had a map with the heading, “Readers Urged to Save this Map As Aid In Learning New Street Names.” Signs were being installed throughout the City with the new names which would officially change on January 1, 1950. As a new house numbering system was also part of the change, homeowners could purchase at cost a uniform type of house number plate to mount near their door. This completely new system has seemed to pacify residents and Forest Grove has been using the latest naming system for nearly 70 years.

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North-South Streets 1865-1892 1893-1949 1950-present

Buckeye Street “D” Street or Arthur “D” Street Street or Park Street Fir Street “C” Street “C” Street Mulberry Street “B” Street “B” Street Spruce Street “A” Street “A” Street Pine Street Main Street Main Street Oak Avenue College Way College Way Maple Street First Street Ash Street Laurel Street Second Street Birch Street Ash Street/Avenue Third Street Cedar Street Locust Street Fourth Street Douglas Street Chestnut Street Fifth Street Elm Street Beech Street Sixth Street Filbert Street Alder Street Seventh Street Hawthorne Street

East-West Streets 1865-1892 1893-1949 1950-present

North Avenue North Avenue University Avenue Willow Street N. Third Avenue 23rd Avenue Birch Street N. Second Avenue 22nd Avenue Walnut Street N. First Avenue 21st Avenue Elm Avenue Pacific Avenue Pacific Avenue Larch Street S. First Avenue 19th Avenue Cypress Street S. Second Avenue 18th Avenue Cedar Street S. Third Avenue 17th Avenue S. Fourth Avenue 16th Avenue S. Fifth Avenue 15th Avenue S. Sixth Avenue 14th Avenue S. Seventh Avenue 13th Avenue S. Eighth Avenue 12th Avenue

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Appendix B – Biographical Data

The following is a list of people whose lives have had a significant impact on the development of the survey area and on the history of Forest Grove. These biographical notes are far from complete, and are included to provide seeds for future research.

Allen, M.S. M.S. Allen is associated with the property at 2003 21st Avenue. As shown on the 1912 Sanborn Map, the old Odd Fellows building was originally located on this lot. The ground floor was occupied by the M.S. Allen and Co. hardware store. In July 1919, the structure was severely damaged by a fire that burned down all of the buildings on the 2000 block of 21st Avenue. According to a Washington County News-Times article dated 24 July 1919, “the Odd Fellows proposed to rebuild for Mr. Allen and will construct a one story building for the present.”

Anderson, Emily and John In 1896, W.H. Crosley sold the property at 2117 A Street to Emily Anderson. After 24 years, she sold it to W.P. Dyke who had a business in the National Bank Building in the 1920s. Emily Anderson is believed to be the wife of John Anderson.

John Anderson is reported to have been the original owner of the house at 2130 A Street, and to have financed the construction of the house at 1824 22nd Avenue for John Ray Giltner. In the 1889-90 business directory, a John Anderson was listed as a blacksmith and wagon maker but it is not clear if this was the same person. John Anderson was a prominent local merchant who owned a men’s clothing store in the Miller/Anderson Building at the corner of Main and Pacific Streets. He is reported to have financed construction of that building in 1917 and the building next door at 2011 Main in 1926. He sold his clothing business and the building to Frank Miller in about 1940.

Atwell, Homer C. and Cora A. Homer C. Atwell was manager of the Forest Grove Fruit Growers Association, which was established in 1912. Homer and Cora Atwell Figure 41. Advertisement in the Washington County owned the house at 1724 23rd Avenue. News-Times from 14 February 1918. AuCoin, Les Les AuCoin was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 1970s. AuCoin rented the home at 2124 College Way while employed at Pacific University. In the 1970s, he purchased a residence at 1622 Ash Street, following his election to the House.

Bailey, Hal Franklin and Carrie M. Hall Hal Franklin Bailey was born March 27, 1896, in Rome, Wisconsin. He moved to White Salm- on, Washington in 1904 and eventually came to Salem. In 1917, he and Carrie Hall were married. They moved to Forest Grove in 1940, buying the house at 2218 B Street six years later. Bailey worked in the plastic woods division of Stimson Lumber until retirement. (1959 Forest Grove City Directory; Jim Casto research)

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Bailey, John E. and Minnie Shipley and Ella M. Luck John E. Bailey lived in the Forest Grove vicinity for 65 years and served as a pioneer school teacher, farmer, merchant and banker. He was born in Greencastle, Indiana on November 4, 1845, to John and Eleanor (Jenkins) Bailey. The family left Indiana in 1850 and resided in Iowa until 1873. John E. Bailey was educated in the Midwest and was a graduate of Knoxville Academy in Iowa. He came with his family to Washington County in 1873 and settled in Hillsboro. Figure 42. Hillsboro Bailey began teaching in Forest Grove in 1875, and two years later he Argus, June 1936. went on to teach in the country schools of Marion County. He taught in the Shute District, east of Hillsboro, and later at Cornelius. From approximately 1877 to 1887, Bailey worked for Manley H. Shipley, the first in Oregon to bail hay for shipment by rail. They farmed land on the A.T. Smith farm near Carnation. Bailey married one of Shipley’s daughters, Minnie, in 1877, and had two children. Mary, born in 1878 became the wife of W.D. Clarke, who was a divisional engineer of the State Highway Department in Salem. Their son Fred died at age three. Minnie Bailey passed away in 1890. Three years after her death, John Bailey married Ella Mary Luck, who was born in 1854 in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, and was a cousin of Mr. Bailey’s first wife. Ella was the daughter of James S. and Mary (Nye) Luck, who came to Forest Grove from Bedford, Massachusetts in 1893, and lived here until their deaths.

In 1888, Bailey became the Southern Pacific railroad station agent at Forest Grove. Two years later, he went into the mercantile business with E.W. Haines, under the name Haines and Bailey. Bailey and Edward Haines had 2008 Main Street built in c.1890 to house their business. After a five-year partnership, Bailey bought his partner’s interest. He carried on the business alone until 1917 when he sold out and retired, after occupying the same building for 27 years. In 1907 Bailey helped organize the Forest Grove National Bank and served as its Vice Presi- dent for many years. Other Forest Grove National Bank founders included John Thornburgh, T.G. Todd, J.W. Fuqua, and W.B. Haines

In addition to his work at the bank, Bailey served on the City Council, as a school director, and for many years, as a trustee of Pacific University. Bailey was a member of the Congregational Church, while Ella Bailey was a member of Christian Science Church. John E. Bailey was 90 years old when he was laid to rest next to his second wife, who had died five months earlier. (News-Times, 18 June 1936; Friends of Historic Forest Grove; American Queens: Early Forest Grove; Lockley)

Bishop, Dr. John S. John S. Bishop was born in 1859 in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1886, he graduated from the Boston University School of Medicine and went on to study medicine in London, Berlin, and Vienna. He arrived in Portland in 1891, moving to Astoria after three years. He returned to Hawaii for some time, then returned to Oregon around 1916, practicing in Forest Grove until his retirement in 1935. Dr. Bishop is reported to have performed the first recorded cesarean section in the Pacific Northwest. He was a homeopathic physician. Dr. Bishop lived at 230 West Second Avenue and had his office at 18 West First Avenue. (1928 Forest Grove Phone Directory)

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Bishop, Dr. William Lee Dr. William Lee Bishop was editor of the Pacific Medical Record in June of 1927. Dr. Bishop may have lived at 1706 22nd Avenue for the first two decades of the twentieth century. (Medi- cal Sentinel)

Blank, Stephen and Parthenia McMillen Stephen Blank was born in Lockport, New York, December 16, 1829 to Jones Blank, a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1799, and Saloma Moore, also of Pennsylvania. Stephen was the fourth of eleven children and attended local schools. He learned the carpenter trade from his brother, with whom he worked for some time, but most of his life was devoted to farming. He lived in Illinois from 1844 to 1852, and married Parthenia McMillen on October 9, 1850 in Ohio. In 1852, he crossed the plains with a team of oxen in a group of 16 wagons. The Blanks arrived in Portland in the middle of October, then remained a Figure 43. News-Times, short time at The Dalles. They arrived in Forest Grove on October 18, 20 August 1914. 1852, where they purchased three acres of land, which Blank afterward platted, laying out Walnut Street across it. He added to the original plat and sold the lots, and erected a number of substantial buildings, aiding in the growth of the City. Blank worked at first in logging camps and then kept a grocery and meat market. He frequently did carpentry work and opened a sash and door factory around 1858, which continued for ten years. With his brother-in-law, George H. Spencer, Blank ran the machinery by treadmill, using oxen for the power. The factory created chairs, bedsteads, tables, and coffins.

Parthenia E. Blank was the daughter of Joseph McMillen, who came to Oregon as a pioneer and was one of the first to settle at Forest Grove. Parthenia’s brother, Captain James McMillen, is reported to have been one of the first settlers to build a home in Forest Grove. In 1852, she crossed the plains as the bride of Stephen Blank, himself a pioneer. Parthenia Blank died December 25, 1915 at the age of 86. The Blanks never had any children of their own, but adopted three girls whose parents were friends who had died. The Blanks helped raise seven other children, keeping them until homes were found. For years, they also boarded a number of college students in their home. Figure 44. News-Times, 30 December 1915. The house at 2117 A Street was owned by the Blanks. Known as the Old Stagecoach Stop or the Stephen and Parthenia McMillen Blank House, this residence was constructed in 1858 or 1859. (The Blanks were never known to operate an inn at this site.) As his father-in-law, Joseph McMillen, owned a local sawmill and Blank was a carpenter and owned a sash and door factory, it is likely that Blank constructed this home himself. In 1894, the Blanks sold this property and moved to a new house that they built across the street. (This home is no longer standing.) Blank was quite active in Forest Grove’s business sector in its formative decades, holding stock in the Canning Company and the Electric Light Company. (National Register Nomination; Forest Grove News-Times 20 August 1914; American Queens: Early Forest Grove; Forest Grove News-Times 30 December 1915)

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Boos, John G. and Catherine Weitzel and A.T. Heitzhausen John G. Boos was the first Mayor of Forest Grove and was a prominent local businessman. He was born in 1852 and was of German ancestry. His first wife was Catherine Weitzel, with whom he had twelve children. Boos opened a business in Forest Grove in 1877 as a tinnier and a dealer in stoves. By 1885, he was in general merchandising, including carriages, wagons, and farm equipment, with his partner, Mr. Heitzhausen. In 1872, John G. Boos married his second wife, his business partner’s sister, Miss A.T. Heitzhausen, with whom he had six children. Boos owned a large quantity of stock in the Forest Grove Stone company, which was engaged in mining blue sandstone five miles from Forest Grove. (Oregon State Directory, 1881, Jim Casto research)

Brock, Eunice and George George and Eunice Brock may have owned the house at 1706 22nd Avenue. Eunice Brock was the daughter of pioneer Joseph Davis. The Brocks are reported to have had a Donation Land Claim south of Forest Grove near Gaston.

Brodersen, Arthur Emil Arthur Emil Brodersen was born May 19, 1896 in Chicago. He moved to the Dilley area in 1907. After serving in WWI, Brodersen married Ethel Nelson in 1919. For many years, he worked as a paint contractor. In WWII he was the local head of the Air Raid Warning Service. In 1943, he founded Brodersen’s Furniture at 2030 Main Street with his brother Frank and possibly his father, Carl “C.A.” Brodersen. He also served on the Forest Grove City Council.

It is believed that Arthur Brodersen may have been the original owner of the residence at 1827 23rd Avenue. Later, his family moved to 2204 A Street. This modest home was built in 1924 for Mrs. A.E. Brodersen. The Brodersens had purchased a mail order design for this “builder bungalow,” which was then constructed by Mr. Loynes, a local carpenter. The Brodersens celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in November, 1969. Arthur Brodersen died at age 84 on January 28, 1981. His wife Ethel was still living in 1981. (1928 and 1959 Forest Grove City Directory; Jim Casto research)

Brodersen, Carl August and Dorothy C.A. Brodersen was born in 1869 in Germany. He was con- firmed in the Lutheran Church in 1884. He arrived in New York in 1888, then went to Chicago where he married Dorothy Moeller, a native of Denmark, and had six sons. C.A. worked with the railroad, and moved the family to Forest Grove in 1907 for a better environment and climate. They chose Forest Grove because of the description on the label of a Carnation Milk can. Soon after arriving, the family established a 25-acre farm, 1-1/2 miles south of Forest Grove.

Sometime around World War I, C.A. opened a paint store in Forest Grove, marking the emergence of the Brodersen name in Figure 45. From the 1926 phone Forest Grove’s business sector. The paint store was located at directory.

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2026 Pacific Avenue. Brodersen was later associated with the furniture store run by his son, Arthur Brodersen, at 2030 Main Street. One of C.A.’s other sons, Frank Sr., was also involved with the business.

C.A. Brodersen served as Mayor of Forest Grove in 1913. He was also a member of the Knights of Pythias and was Grand Chancellor in 1935. C.A. and Dorothy Brodersen purchased the house at 2204 College Way in 1920. They rented the upstairs rooms to students and WWI veterans. They sold the property to Pacific University in 1944. (1928 Forest Grove Phone Directory; Brodersen Journal)

Brodersen, Frank, Sr. and Gertrude Lanning Frank Brodersen Sr. was the son of Carl and Dorothy Brodersen and brother of Arthur E. Brodersen. His father worked with the railroad, and moved his family to Forest Grove in 1907 for a better environment and climate. They chose Forest Grove because of the description on the label of a Carnation Milk Can. Soon after arriving here the family established a 25-acre farm, 1-1/2 miles south of Forest Grove. Frank attended the Dilley School. In 1920, after failing to make farmers out of any of the boys, the farm was sold and the remainder of the family moved to Forest Grove. Frank attended Forest Grove High School and Pacific University, where he was awarded his A.B. degree in 1945. He married Gertrude Lanning of Portland in 1926 and had two children.

Frank Sr.’s first job was at 14, working at the Carnation Milk Product Company in the summer for 10 cents an hour. He had part time jobs at his father’s paint and wallpaper store, General Tire Co. and Poulsen Lumber Company. In 1943 he purchased his father’s paint and wallpaper store with his brother (located at 2026 Pacific Avenue), and invested with his brother and father to purchase the furniture store of Claude Smith (2030 Main Street). Frank was recognized as a good interior decorator. Frank Brodersen Sr. owned the house at 2142 College Way and also lived in the house at 2204 College Way.

Brown, Alvin C. Alvin C. Brown was the grandson of the famous Tabitha Brown, the pioneer founder of Tualatin Academy. He was born in Missouri in 1829 and came to Forest Grove in 1846 with his family. His father, Orus Brown, located on a Donation Land Claim, which he afterward sold to Harvey Clark, one of the founders of Pacific University. This claim is now the site of Forest Grove. Alvin Brown located on a land claim north of Forest Grove when he was 21 years old, and at the time of his death, still owned part of it. In 1875, he moved into town. Following the Whitman massacre, Brown joined Captain Hall’s volunteer army company and served until the Indians were suppressed.

Brown, Oscar and Harriet Oscar Brown may have been born in Dublin, Ireland. He made his way to Brockville, Ontario where he married Harriet Dixon (1850-1937), also of Irish descent. While in Canada, Brown apprenticed as a cheese maker before moving to several locations in Oregon and Washington. His employment included a stint at the Tillamook Cheese Factory. The Browns moved to Forest Grove in 1893 because of the educational opportunities the area offered. The following year, they purchased approximately two acres of land on what is now A Street. Considered a master craftsman, Oscar Brown reportedly constructed the house at 2335 A Street in 1903. Brown is

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also attributed with the construction of the Queen Anne style home at 2325 A Street a few years earlier. He and his wife Harriet owned this property from 1894 until 1920 when they sold it to Jennie D. Chamberlain and her husband.

Bump, Daniel and Katharine Daniel Bump was born in July of 1881 in Kings Valley, Oregon. He was the son of pioneer parents, Wilson and Emily, who moved to Forest Grove with their family in 1889. Daniel Bump graduated from the Tualatin Academy and the University of Oregon Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1912. He opened a law office in Forest Grove in 1914 and worked until his retirement in 1965. He was the organizer of Washington Federal Savings and Loan and served on its Board of Directors. He and his wife Katharine had two sons. Daniel Bump died in February of 1966.

Buxton, Henry T., Sr. and Frances Thomas and Sarah Munger Henry Buxton, Sr. was a native of Derbyshire England, where he was born in 1793. He went to Canada when he was 29 to take a position with the Hudson’s Bay Company. There, he married Frances Thomas, daughter of the Hudson’s Bay factor, for whom he was a clerk. He arrived at Fort Vancouver with the Red River Migration in October of 1841. During the trip, his wife died following a fall with her horse, becoming one of the first white women buried near present day Tacoma. Buxton and his son, Henry Jr., were part of a group seeking to establish an agricultural colony on Puget Sound. Their efforts failed and the Buxtons headed south where they took up a Donation Land Claim near Forest Grove. Henry Sr. moved to Tualatin Plains in 1842 when Henry Jr. was 13. They took up a claim of 640 acres located six miles out of town. In 1843, Buxton remarried, to Sarah E. Munger, a widow who had come to Oregon in 1839. In 1851, when Henry Jr. was 21, they moved into Forest Grove and lived a quarter mile from town. Henry Jr. took the adjoining claim and called it Spring Brook. Henry Buxton Sr. died in 1870. (Edwards; Jim Casto research; Cheryl Hunter research)

Buxton, Henry T., Jr. In October of 1829, Henry T. Buxton, Jr. was born six miles north of the U.S. border in Red River, British North America. At twelve years of age, he arrived at Fort Vancouver with the Red River Migration in October of 1841. He and his father, Henry Sr., were members of a group seeking to establish an agricultural colony on Puget Sound. Their efforts failed and the Buxtons headed south where they took up a Donation Land Claim near Forest Grove. Figure 46. Hillsboro Argus, 20 At age 17, Buxton married Rosanna (Rose Ann) Wooley on Sep- January 1899. tember 28, 1846. Rosanna’s family had arrived the year before. They moved to and occupied Oregon Donation Land Claim #3340 in Washington County (about 309 acres, Township 1N, Range 4W, Sections 26 and 35). The Buxtons had 13 children.

Buxton was an enterprising and progressive farmer, taking special delight in raising Shorthorn cattle. Buxton reportedly served as Mayor and was a prominent businessman. According to the 1881 business directory, he operated “Buxton & Smith,” a furniture manufacturing business. He and his partner constructed a building at 2030 Main Street, which later became Brodersen’s Home Furnishings. He dealt in real estate and was a stockholder in the Forest Grove Fruit &

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Vegetable Cannery. Buxton was twice elected County Commissioner and was a prominent Mason. In 1858, he helped to organize the first school district in his neighborhood, and was elected its first clerk, serving 16 years. Buxton helped build the first wagon road to Portland and hauled the first wagon load of produce and pork across it in 1846. He was elected as a member of the Oregon Legislature in 1892.

The Buxtons moved into Forest Grove proper in 1873 so that their children could enjoy the higher education offered at Pacific University, living in the house that still stands at 2234 B Street. They moved back to farm in 1887. Mrs. Buxton died October 19, 1897, and Henry on January 19, 1899. (Hillsboro Argus, 26 January 1899; “History of Oregon”)

Buxton, Jacob and Lillie Jacob Buxton was born in Forest Grove in 1862. His grandfather, Henry Buxton, Sr., had come to Oregon Territory from Canada in the Red River Migration with his family, including Jacob’s father Henry Jr. (b.1830). The Buxtons settled in Forest Grove in 1842. Jacob was the sixth of eight children of Rosanna and Henry Buxton, Jr. Jacob married Lillie, born in January 1866 in North Dakota in 1883. They had one child, a daughter Jessie, born in June 1884. Buxton worked as an undertaker in Forest Grove in 1900 and had a business located at 2030 Main Street. The Buxtons lived at 2004 17th Avenue.

Buxton, James T. and Pharabe Bailey James T. Buxton was born on March 16, 1854 on a Donation Land Claim northwest of Forest Grove. He was the grandson of Henry Buxton, Sr. who came to Oregon in 1841 as part of the Red River Migration. His father was Henry Buxton, Jr., a Forest Grove farmer. In 1878, James married Pharabe Bailey, and they had 12 children. Buxton served the City as councilman and was listed as a blacksmith in business directories from 1881 to 1889-90.

Buxton, Rena Rena Buxton was the granddaughter of Henry Buxton, Sr. who came to Oregon in 1841 as part of the Red River Migration. Her father was Henry Buxton, Jr., a Forest Grove farmer. Rena Buxton lived in the house at 1938 16th Avenue, said to have been built by Irwin Smith, her father’s business partner, around 1876. Rena Buxton married a Mr. Caples and continued to live in the house.

Buxton, Rosanna (Rose Ann) Wooley Rosanna Wooley was born in 1832 in Ohio to Jacob and Ellen Rose Wooley. She and her sister, Ellen Wooley Raffety Porter, came with their parents to Oregon as part of the Great Migration in 1845. She married Henry Buxton, Jr. on September 28, 1846. They occupied Oregon Donation Land Claim #3340 in Washington County.

Campbell, J. N. J.N. Campbell was the owner of a general merchandise business in the 1870s. His store may have been located where the First National Bank now stands. Campbell was also a builder and is reported to have constructed the house at 1933 22nd Avenue, which he owned until 1882.

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Chapman, Frank T. Frank T. Chapman was Dean of Pacific University’s Conservatory of Music for over 25 years. Chapman Hall at 2214 College Way is named after Dean Chapman.

Crang, Dr. Frederick and Catherine Originally from England, Dr. Frederick Crang came to Oregon in 1875 and moved to Forest Grove in 1880 to enable his nine children to attend Pacific University. He was reputed to be one of best-educated doctors in Oregon. In addition, he served as the minister of the Congregation- al Church for several years. Crang was listed as a doctor in the 1881, 1886, and 1888 directories and as coroner in the 1889 directory. He owned the Marsh House at 2142 College Way from c.1880 until his death in 1906.

Crosley, Harry Born in 1866, Harry Crosley was the son of W.H. and Flora Belle Crosley. Harry was a well- known photographer in Forest Grove from 1883 to 1898. He built the house at 2125 A St in 1895. A few years later he moved to the Tacoma, Washington area. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Crosley, W.H. and Flora Belle W.H. Crosley arrived in Oregon from Illinois around 1880. He was a Civil War veteran and wagon maker by trade. He served as Forest Grove Postmaster from 1889 to 1896. The Crosleys lived for a short time in the house at 2117 A Street. The home’s identification as the Old Stagecoach Stop may have come from its identification with Crosley and his carriage and wagon making business. According to local tradition, the house was an overnight stagecoach stop between Portland and Tillamook in the last century. Crosley’s wife, Flora Belle, purchased this property in 1894 and transferred title to her husband soon after. The Crosleys relocated the house from the southwest corner of the lot to its present site forty yards north for the purposes of constructing another residence in its place. In 1896, Crosley sold the property to Emily Anderson.

In 1895, the Washington County Hatchet reported that influential Forest Grove businessman, E.W. Haines, traded W.H. Crosley $300 worth of lumber for land south of Gales Creek. Crosley soon began to build a new home on 21st Avenue, then called North First Avenue. In the early years of the development of the West, barter was a common way of doing business. S.G. Hughes wired the house for electric lights, which were just being introduced into town at the time. Crosley lived in the new home only three years before his death in 1898. Following Crosley’s death, the house served as headquarters for the Forest Grove Women’s Club for many years. The house was torn down in 1992 to make a parking lot. (National Register Nomination; News-Times 9 December 1992)

Davis, Joseph and Lucy Carpenter Joseph Davis was born 1812 in Burlington County, New Jersey. He married Lucy Carpenter January 31, 1836 in Wood County, Ohio. Lucy and Joseph Davis had six children. They settled claim #2299 in Washington County, Oregon on October 10, 1850 in what is now Dilley. Joseph was a farmer for many years, later owning the house at 1706 22nd Avenue. He died in 1877. (History of Willamette Valley, 655).

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Dilley, Milton Elias and Martha Poole Born in Indiana, Milton Elias Dilley immigrated to Oregon when he was 17, driving an oxen team along the way. In 1855, he went to California to work in the gold mines and managed to accu- mulate a small fortune in two years. Dilley married Martha Poole in 1862 and moved shortly after to a farm near Gales Creek. He later purchased a farm near the present-day community of Dilley, which he founded. Dilley bought the house at 1933 22nd Avenue in 1883 so that his children could attend Tualatin Academy. The family lived in the house for many years. Dilley, a successful farmer, businessman and Mason, is buried at the Mountain View Cemetery (Obitu- ary, July 24, 1913)

Elkin, John John Elkin was born in 1845. He worked a variety of jobs including teaching school, working for Manley Shipley, who rented and farmed the A. T. Smith Donation Land Claim, and serving as the Southern Pacific agent for Forest Grove. In 1890, Elkin went into general mercantile business with E.W. Haines as partner, whom he bought out 10 years later. Elkin retired in 1917 after operating the store in the same building at 2008 Main for 27 years. He died in 1936. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Fendall, Richard and Barbara Belt Richard Fendall’s parents, Phillip and Laura, farmed near Yamhill County on his grandfather’s Donation Land Claim (Phillip had wagon-trained to Oregon in the early 1840s). Richard was born there in January 1890, and had three older sisters and a younger brother. He married Barbara Belt in 1912, his Rotary Ann (since the Rotary Club was originally all male, participating spouses were referred to as Rotary Anns) and sister of Oregon’s Chief Justice, Harry Belt. They settled in Forest Grove in 1919 and had two daughters. Richard opened Fendall Hard- ware with a cousin, Omar Fendall. Omar left in 1926, and Richard continued on his own until 1944. Then, with Ted Van Dyke, Richard established Fendall & Van Dyke, an appliance business where Fendall was an active partner until 1954. For at least ten years he was Vice- President of Forest Grove National Bank. Fendall served several terms on the City Council, was an Elk, and Rotary member. (Rototeller Annual)

Fish, C.P. and Olive C. P. and Olive Fish owned the house at 1630 Pacific Avenue from 1921 to 1947. Fish was a respected lumberman who was in business in the Forest Grove area beginning in 1910. In 1930, Fish and his partner, Allen Day, began construction of the Fish and Day planing mill. “It sits on land near the City Light plant purchased from the Caple farm, and will have a 50,000-foot capacity” (Washington County News-Times, 20 February 1930)

French, Orval and Mary McGivern Orval French was born April 28, 1894 in Salem, son of Prior and Palmette French. He married Mary M. McGivern on January 1, 1923 in Portland. His obituary in 1970 stated that “Mr. French was an auto mechanic in the Portland area before coming to Forest Grove 46 years ago. He ran a truck line prior to coming to work for Carnation Lumber Company. A member of the American Legion, Washington Post 2, he enlisted in the US Army at Hillsboro Aug. 6, 1918 and served until Sept. 1919.”

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Mary McGivern French was born February 18, 1896 in Rock Springs, Wyoming. She came to Oregon in 1921 and lived in Portland until her marriage to Orval French. She worked as a nurse’s aide at Wilcox Memorial Hospital and the Masonic Home until illness forced her retirement. She was a member of St. Anthony’s Catholic Church and American Legion Auxiliary, Washington Unit 2. She died on July 13, 1969. Mr. and Mrs French owned the house at 2127 B Street, and most likely purchased it around 1920-22. (1928 Forest Grove Phone Directory; Hillsboro Argus, 17 July 1969 and 23 February 1970)

Giersbach, Walter C. Walter C. Giersbach was a former president of Pacific University. During the mid-1940s he lived in the house at 2142 College Way which was originally built for Pacific University’s first president, Sidney Marsh. Giersbach deeded the house to the University and it is now known as Walker Hall.

Giltner, John Ray and Daisy John R. Giltner was born October 20, 1889 in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. He moved with his family to Oregon in 1894, and graduated from Forest Grove Pacific School in 1905. Giltner married Daisy Munkres on July 31, 1911 in Portland. For many years, Giltner was the proprietor of Giltner’s Grocery on Main Street. His obituary reported, “Throughout his lifetime, Mr. Giltner has been interested in the grocery business beginning with the pioneer grocery firm of Watrous and Co. Later he was associated with his brother Harry in the operation of the Giltner Grocery Store for over half a century.” He retired from the grocery business in December 1960. “He was a past chancellor of Delphos lodge 39, commander and a present trustee [of the lodge] and during WWI was a member of the National Guard. He was a charter member of the Forest Grove Chamber of Commerce.” Giltner owned the house at 1824 22nd Avenue, which is reported to have been built for him by John Anderson, a prominent local merchant and owner of a men’s clothing store. John Ray Giltner died in 1963. (Obituary, Hillsboro Argus, 17 July 1969)

Gleason, John E. John E. Gleason was born in Maine in 1845. Around 1855, he migrated to California and then traveled to Oregon about six years later. He became a farmer in Forest Grove and in 1869, married Nancy H. Naylor of Washington County, with whom he had three children. (History of Willamette Valley, 845)

Good, William J. and Cynthia William J. and Cynthia Good platted the West Park Addition to Forest Grove. See also: Morris, Drury N. and Sarah J.

Haines, Edward Wright Edward Haines was born November 24, 1861 near Iowa Falls, Iowa and came to Oregon when he was 10 years old with his parents, Joseph W and Ruth E. Haines. He later attended Pacific University and married Manley Shipley’s daughter, Nettie, in 1887, with whom he had two daughters.

Haines (1861-1936) had a varied business career, which included operating a saw mill, a grain warehouse, and organizing and serving as president of the Forest Grove Transportation Co.

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For a time, he engaged in the sawmill business near Forest Grove, and taught school during two winters, the season of least lumber activity. He was engaged to supply lumber for the Southern Pacific Railroad in Clackamas County near Canby. Haines was a major stockholder in the Electric Light Company, which served Dilley, Gaston, Forest Grove and Cornelius. In 1885, he bought a grain elevator, which he rebuilt, and for 10 years was a large shipper of grain to Portland and San Francisco. During this time, he entered the mercantile business. In 1890 he became one of the organizers of the firm of Haines and Bailey, general merchandise store in Forest Grove. John Bailey and Haines had 2008 Main Street built in c.1890 to house their business. They dissolved their partnership in 1898.

In 1892 Haines purchased a half-interest in the South Park blocks tract, the other half was owned by the Keep brothers. This area became the most exclusive residential area of the City, and still contains large, handsome homes built at the turn of the century. In 1898, owing to a bank failure, Haines was urged by his friends to enter the banking business; so he sold his store interests and opened the E.W. Haines Bank. In 1914, with John Templeton, he established the First National Figure 47. Oregon Daily Bank of Forest Grove, of which he was president for 20 years. Also in Journal, 4 June 1936. 1898, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Oregon Legislature under five governors. In 1907, he was elected President of the Senate, and was President of the Oregon State Bankers Association. Haines moved in 1920 to Portland, where he passed away. He was a member of the Congregational Church for 30 years. He was a member of the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Masons, and the Knights Templars. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove; Obituary, Washington County News, 5 May 1904; News-Times, 16 May 1984)

Haines, William B. and Laura N. William Haines was born in Oregon in 1872 and married Laura in 1895. In 1900. William was working as a bank clerk, and the family rented a house in Block 23 of the Original Town Plat. From 1910 through the 1920s, they lived at 1835 Elm in 1910 with their daughter Laura, Wil- liam’s mother Sarah, and his sister Emma. During this time, Haines worked as postmaster in Forest Grove.

Hall, Benjamin S. Benjamin Hall was the son of Josiah Hall and the brother of Alford C. Hall. The family was originally from Missouri. They settled on a Donation Land Claim in Cedar Mill. Josiah moved his family to Forest Grove for his children’s education. (Cheryl Hunter research)

Harrison, Raymond Raymond Harrison was a Mayor of Forest Grove and also owned a shoe store downtown. He may have owned the house at 2335 A for some time.

Hines, Dr. Charles Dr. Charles Hines was a Forest Grove druggist with a shop on Main Street, south of 21st Avenue. Willis Hines was his son. Thomas Hines may have been a brother or son or Dr. Charles Hines. Thomas was married to a woman named Mary and lived at 1604 Birch.

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Hinman, Alanson and Martha Gerrish and Sophia Bowen Alanson Hinman came to the Northwest in 1844, as a 22-year old bachelor. He drove wagons and stock over the Oregon Trail for Colonel Nathaniel Ford. He left the wagon train at the Whitman Mission, near present day Walla Walla, and stayed there during the winter of 1844-45 to teach. In 1845-50, he taught at the Willamette Institute in Salem. He came with his wife, Martha Gerrish, to Forest Grove and lived here for six years, farming and raising cattle, which he then drove north to British Columbia to sell. Mrs. Hinman died in 1862, leaving her husband with five children. He was remarried in 1866 to Sophia Bowen of Oberlin, Ohio.

In 1866, Hinman was elected to the State Legislature in Salem, and in 1867 was appointed collector of customs at Astoria, where he stayed until 1873. He then returned to Forest Grove and built a new store building on land at the northeast corner of Pacific Avenue and College Way. (This is now a parking lot.) The store sold “fashionable clothing from San Francisco,” hardware, and choice groceries. In 1876, he hired Irwin L. Smith, a local carpenter and cabi- netmaker, to build the large house that still stands on its original site at 1651 Hawthorne Street, which was occupied by family members until 1927. The residence was described in an 1880 magazine as “having the stateliness of a city mansion.”

In 1885, Hinman was elected to the Town Trustees, the six-member body that governed Forest Grove. Four years after his retirement from directing his store in 1891, Hinman was appointed by the City Council to investigate the cost and method for constructing a waterworks plant in Forest Grove. He was elected as Mayor of Forest Grove in 1899. Hinman was active in civic affairs, and had been a county commissioner and a charter trustee of Pacific University from 1854 until his death at the age of 86 in 1908. (Forest Grove News-Times, 2 May 1984; “Notes from M. Hinman papers,” Morelli Collection)

Hoffman, Albert G. Albert Gilbert Hoffman (1859-1938) came to Forest Grove in 1904. He purchased an interest in the Watrous & Allen store located at 2020 Main. In 1913, he built a new store, AG Hoffman & Co., at 2016 Pacific, which later became a J.C. Penney store and is now known as Frye’s. Hoffman was president of the Rotary Club from 1924-1925. He retired in 1928 after 23 years in the merchandise business. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Hogue, Annie L. Annie L. Hogue owned the residence built by Lee Sparks at 2032 B Street from 1913 to 1920.

Hollis, Judge William H. William H. Hollis was born July 9, 1853 in Edgar City, Illinois, the son of George W. and Mary J. (Clark) Hollis. He studied law in Kansas and Washington and was admitted to the bar in Taco- ma in 1889. In 1903, he came to Forest Grove and set up a law practice. Hollis was president of the Forest Grove Abstract Company and the Forest Grove Board of Trade. He was also vice- president of the First National Bank of Forest Grove and was a member of the City Develop- ment League and the Forest Grove Civil Improvement Society.

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Hoxter, W.D. According to the 1886-87 Forest Grove Directory, W.D. Hoxter was a horse dealer and breeder. Prior to that he was listed under General Merchandise in the 1873 and 1881 directories. Hoxter may have owned the house at 2314 A Street for a short time in the early 1880s.

Hughes, Eugene C. Eugene C. Hughes was the son of Samuel R. Hughes. The 1886-7 and 1888 directories listed him as a poultry breeder and dealer, as well as a partner in S. Hughes and Son, providers of hardware and agricultural implements. In 1889-90 he was a partner of Hughes and Patterson, with George W. Patterson, druggist.

Hughes, Grant Grant Hughes, son of Samuel Grant Hughes, built the house at 1905 Elm Street. He and his father were instrumental in starting the local telephone company.

Hughes, John Wilbur and Clara John Wilbur Hughes was a member of a prominent Forest Grove family. He was born in 1886, son of Samuel R. Hughes. A farmer and auctioneer by profession, J.W. Hughes lived in Forest Grove with his wife, Clara, and their four children. Hughes later served as a Washington County representative to the State Legislature until 1939. The family lived at 2214 College Way (now known as Chapman Hall), which was built for them in 1922. (1928 Forest Grove Phone Directo- ry)

Hughes, Lester S. Lester S. Hughes was born in Forest Grove at Hughes Farm, located south of town, on Sep- tember 5, 1898. His father, John W., was an auctioneer, and his grandfather, Samuel, was the second Mayor of Forest Grove and an early Forest Grove pioneer. Hughes attended Dilley Grade School and Forest Grove High. In 1918, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Infantry and served until the end of WWI. Hughes married Pearl M. Hall of Forest Grove in 1919, prior to beginning his career as a painter in 1921. Five years later, he went into the restaurant business, operating the Badger Inn Confectionery on Main Street until 1940. After 1940, Hughes went into the insurance and real estate industry, operating Hughes Real Estate until his death in 1960. He was active in the community, serving three terms as Mayor and later as a City Councilman. Hughes was in Civil Defense work for which he received a citation, and belonged to the Cham- ber of Commerce, American Legion, Rotary Club, and Masonic Lodge. (Rototeller Annual; 1928 Forest Grove Phone Directory)

Hughes, Pearl Hall Pearl M. (Hall) Hughes was born October 15, 1896, in West Bolton, Vermont, to Alan A. and Jennie M. (Colton) Hall. She moved to Forest Grove in 1913 and graduated from Forest Grove High School in 1915. She married Lester Hughes in 1919. They operated Badger Inn Confec- tionery from 1926-1940, and later owned Hughes Real Estate. She died December 30, 1992 (Cheryl Hunter research; News-Times 6 January 1993)

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Hughes, Samuel Grant and Georgia Reed Samuel Grant Hughes was born in Missouri in 1835. Before coming to Oregon, Hughes moved to Texas where he was a blacksmith in a foundry in Galveston and helped erect sugar mills between 1852-56. He arrived in Forest Grove in 1858 at 23 years of age. He was descended from an Irish grandfather who had emigrated to this country and fought in the American Revolu- tion.

Hughes was a gold miner in several California counties, but tired of mining and went to work in a foundry in San Francisco. By November 1857 he was in Portland working again as a blacksmith. After a single winter, he moved to Forest Grove and opened his own blacksmith shop, which he operated until 1864. Gold fever struck again, and he went to the mines in Idaho for two years. In 1866, at 31, he returned to Forest Grove and bought 116 acres on the northeast side of town. He built his home, which is still located at 2111 Hawthorne Street and lived there the rest of his life.

Hughes married Georgia Reed, who had come to Oregon overland as a child with her parents in 1851, and together they had eight children. Hughes became the first merchant in Forest Grove when he opened his hardware and farm implement store in 1872. Four years later, he built a larger store on Pacific Avenue. By 1893, he was the merchant with the longest continuous business in Forest Grove. As he prospered, he added to his farm site, until he had 286 acres. The boundaries of the farm are present day Pacific on the south, the railroad on the north, Hawthorne to the west, and Laurel to the east. His land came from parts of the Harvey Clark Donation Land Claim and later additions came from the William Stokes Donation Land Claim, among others.

Hughes was part of the business and civic life of Forest Grove over the years until his death about 1898. He worked to bring many improvements to the City. He was an auctioneer as well as merchant, and a Mason taking an active role in Lodge affairs. He was Mayor and Justice of the Peace for more than 23 years. His signature can be seen on all the principal legal documents during that period. Hughes was one of the organizers of the Electric Light and Cannery Company. He engaged in other business transactions, especially land sale. He was one of the founders of the Masonic Order in 1865. One of his sons developed and owned the first telephone company and located it at the rear of the family hardware and farm implement store, behind the Schultz building facing onto Ash Street. The telephone company was located there until about 1913, when the present building was erected. In 1897, Hughes also served in the State Legislature. (Biography, Morelli Collection)

Hughes, Samuel R. Samuel R. Hughes was born in 1835 in Missouri and emigrated to California in 1852. In 1857 he moved to Portland, and then to Forest Grove the following year where he later purchased 286 acres. Hughes owned a blacksmith shop and was an organizer of the Electric Light Com- pany and the Cannery Company. In 1881, Hughes was provider of agricultural implements, stoves, tinware, etc. In the 1886-87 and 1888 directories, he was listed as owner of S. Hughes and Son (Samuel & Eugene C.), sellers of hardware, agricultural implements, etc. The next directory (1889-90) listed S. Hughes & Son (Samuel and Samuel G.) as providers of hardware and agricultural implements. He was also listed as an agent for Wells Fargo and Company. In

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1895, Hughes was appointed Regent of the State College in Corvallis. The following year, he was elected to the State Senate, and later served 3 terms as the Mayor of Forest Grove.

Hutchens, Orval and Mary Ella Garrigus Orval Hutchens was born in 1889 in Glenwood, Iowa. His family left Iowa in 1900 and settled near McMinnville. In 1906, they relocated to the Forest Grove area, where his father, John J. Hutchens, was a mail carrier. Orval graduated from Forest Grove High School and attended Tualatin Academy and Pacific University for one year, followed by two years at the Behnke- Walker Business College. After college, he worked with C.V.B. Russell from 1913-1921 in a shoe store. Orval bought the business c.1921 and operated it until 1927, when he relinquished ownership. After two years, Hughes purchased it back, and stayed 26 years until his retirement in 1955. He married Mary Ella Garrigus in 1914. He was a City Councilman, in the Rotary Club for 17 years, and served 40 years as Sunday School Superintendent. Mary Hutchens was active on Rogers Library Board. Orval Hutchens died in December, 1978.

Ingles, William Styles and Mary Elizabeth Marsh William Styles Ingles was born in the Midwest in December of 1841. He arrived in Oregon during the Great Migration of 1845 at the age of 5 years. He was the son of DeWitt Clinton Ingles, who operated the first blacksmith shop in Portland before his death in 1859. Ingles married Mary Elizabeth Marsh at the home of John Marsh in September 1870. They had four children by 1900. At the time of his marriage, Ingles also was a clerk in the Centerville Store which was owned by W.D. Hoxter, with whom he boarded prior to his marriage. The 1889-90 business directory and census records list Ingles as the proprietor of a billiard hall. He reportedly bought land for 2030 Main Street in 1889 and opened the billiard parlor shortly thereafter.

A few years later, probably around 1900, Ingles erected four brick buildings on Main Street with J.V. Pope and William Porter. Ingles was the nephew of William Porter’s wife. A fire district created in 1892 required that all downtown buildings be made of brick. One of these buildings was the Ingles and Porter building at 2036 Main. The name Ingles was discovered under the cornice during remodeling. William Styles Ingles died on December 5, 1900 and was buried in the Buxton cemetery. (Forest Grove News-Times, 13 December 1900; Hillsboro Argus, 6 December 1900)

Jerome, Edward Augusta and Ella O. Edward Augusta Jerome was born in March of 1850. His wife was Ella O. Jerome, born in April, 1855. Jerome was an architect and builder and had an office in 1903 that was located one door west of the Varly Feed Stable. He is credited with building the Laughlin Hotel, the residence of Mrs. Rogers in Rogers Park, and the residences of Wilbur McEldowney and Figure 48. From Washington Mrs. E.H. Marsh. He may have also built the J. Porter House on County News, 7 August 1903. B Street and the Harry Crosley House on A Street. Jerome died December 31, 1922 in Lake Oswego. (Washington County News, 14 July 1904)

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Johnson, Carl Carl Johnson and his father, who owned Johnson’s Livery Stable at Main and Pacific, occupied the house at 2006 C Street during the 1910s.

Knight, Frank L. Knight Hall at 2204 College Way was named after Frank L. Knight. His financial contribution to Pacific University enabled the school to purchase the building in 1944.

Langley, William M. and Amanda Scott William M. Langley was born in May, 1845 in Morgan County, Ohio. He was married in Decem- ber, 1873 to Amanda Scott. They moved to Forest Grove in 1891. Langley was a lawyer and a senior member of Langley & Sons law office. (History of the Bench and Bar of Oregon, 1910)

Large, Dr. Charles Lester Charles Lester Large was born January 27, 1856 in Oregon. He was the son of Francis and Zevniah (Beyley) Large. Large worked in Dr. H.B. Littlefield’s drug store, and also in the drug store of William Pfunder. He attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Keskuk, Iowa and graduated in 1880. Large moved to Forest Grove in 1880 and opened a medical practice. He served as Washington County coroner from 1896 until c.1908 and also had a practice in obstetrics. In addition to practicing medicine, Large wrote articles for the Daily Oregonian and was a member of the Knights of Pythias. He also owned the building at 2017 21st Avenue that housed the Palace Garage and later the Forest Grove Creamery. He died January 15, 1943. (News-Times, 21 January 1943)

Latourette, Dewitt C. and Ella Scott Dewitt C. Latourette was born November 14, 1856 in Oregon City. He was educated at Pacific University and graduated in 1878. In 1882 he married Ella Scott, a sister of Harvey Scott, longtime editor of The Oregonian. They had two children, Kenneth S. and Ruth L. Latourette. Dewitt Latourette was admitted to the bar in 1882 and opened a practice in Oregon City with Charles D. Latourette. He was also a prominent banker and financier who helped organize the Commercial Bank of Oregon City in 1889, and became president of the Commercial and First National Bank of Portland in 1910.

A house at 2314 A Street was known as the McGilvra/Latourette House. It was built for Dewitt C. Latourette and his brother William H. Latourette in c.1875, while they were both students at Pacific University. This house was destroyed by fire, and a new house was built on the site in 2011. (Cheryl Hunter research; History of the Bench and Bar of Oregon, 1910)

Latourette, William H. A house at 2314 A Street was known as the McGilvra/Latourette House. It was built for Dewitt C. Latourette and his brother William H. Latourette in c.1875, while they were both students at Pacific University. This house was destroyed by fire, and a new house was built on the site in 2011. William H. became a minister and moved to Alameda, California.

Laughlin, Bedford H. and Nora Bedford H. Laughlin was born February 4, 1858 in Yamhill County, Oregon. He was the oldest of William and Phoebe (Roberts) Laughlin’s sixteen children. He was educated at public

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schools and Tualatin Academy. For a period of time, he was a miner and also worked on the Northern Pacific Railroad. He returned to Forest Grove in 1901 and ran a livery and transfer business until 1903. He married Nora E. Johnson, daughter of Thomas and Rebecca Galler, on June 18, 1902 in Forest Grove. Bedford Laughlin had the Laughlin Hotel built in 1903. He ran the hotel and may have also had a meat market. He was Mayor of Forest Grove.

Lee, Roscoe and Myrtle Roscoe and Myrtle Lee purchased the house at 2130 A Street in the late 1950s. Myrtle Lee was a former Pacific University professor and Oregon’s Mother of the Year in 1947. She had taught in Baker City for 17 years and was the school superintendent for 13 years prior to coming to Pacific University. Through the 1940s and 50s she taught elementary education and coun- seled foreign students at Pacific University.

By age 74, Myrtle was a retired widow and was accepted into the Peace Corps but was never sent overseas. She then volunteered for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and served at McDermitt, Nevada working in the child care center with the Paiute tribe. Later Myrtle taught children in Costa Rica. Her final career was that of teaching English to Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. Myrtle remained an active teacher until a short time before her death. Her late husband was remembered for the daily playing of the chimes at the Forest Grove Methodist Church. (Jim Casto research; obituary, Forest Grove News-Times, 1981)

Loynes, James S. and Emiline Saxon James S. Loynes was born in Ontario Canada, and came to the U.S. in April 1888, with his wife Emiline Saxon. They moved to Oregon in 1909, where Loynes established himself as contractor and builder. He is credited with rebuilding the Congregational Church and Rogers City Library after the 1919 fire, and with building the old Lincoln School, the American Legion Hall and many Forest Grove homes. Loynes also reportedly ran a planing mill with his son-in-law, Enoch Moore, on the east side of Council Street be- Figure 49. News-Times, 11 tween Pacific and 19th Avenues. Loynes died in January 1942. January 1942. (News-Times, 1 November 1946)

Marsh, Joseph W. and Mary Joseph W. Marsh was born in Vermont and came to Forest Grove in the 1860s with his wife, Mary, to teach Foreign Languages at Pacific University. He was one of the first four professors at the school. He taught Latin and Greek, according to 1873, 1881, 1886 and 1889-90 directories. He was also on the first library board.

The Marshes reportedly had a home on Pacific Avenue at the corner where the Christian Science Church is now. They are also associated with the house at 2204 College Way, which they owned until 1920. (“Notes from M. Hinman papers,” Morelli Collection)

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Marsh, Eliza Haskell Eliza Haskell of Ohio married Sidney Harper Marsh during his 1958-61 trip east. She is associated with the S.H. Marsh House at 2142 College Way and the Marsh Family House at 2204 College Way.

Marsh, Sidney Harper Sidney Harper Marsh was born in Virginia on August 29, 1825. He graduated from the Universi- ty of Vermont, where his father was president, in 1846. In 1853, he came to Forest Grove to become the first president of Tualatin Academy, a job for which he was paid $1200 per year. During his tenure as president, he made several trips to the East to raise funds and hire teachers. On one of these trips, in 1858-61, he married Eliza Haskell of Ohio.

The Marsh family lived for many years at 2142 College Way (now known as Walker Hall) in a house S.H. Marsh had built. They sold the house in 1874. Later, the family moved to the house at 2204 College Way (Knight Hall). Dr. Marsh never lived here as he died in 1879 at age 54 of a nervous disorder. It is known that Marsh’s widow, Eliza F. Marsh and children moved to the house and lived there until 1910.

Martin, Norman Norman Martin and his family were the first occupants of the house built c.1862 at 1706 22nd Avenue. His children attended Tualatin Academy at that time. The Martins sold the house c.1865. Martin may also have been the owner of a Donation Land Claim south of Forest Grove.

McCready, William J. William J. McCready was reportedly a member of an early Forest Grove banking family. He was the founder of the McCready Timber Company, which later became Copeland Lumber. McCready was also a trustee of Pacific University and the president of the Rotary Club from 1927 to 1928. He was the original owner of a large bungalow at 1620 Main Street. McCready also owned the house at 2006 16th Avenue and is credited with building the house at 2240 A Street. (1928 Forest Grove Phone Directory)

McDonald, Harley and Elizabeth Sampson Harley McDonald was born in Rhode Island in 1825. In 1847, he married Elizabeth M. Sampson in Providence, Rhode Island; they had seven children. He moved to California in 1849 and found employment as a contractor and builder. McDonald reportedly built a theater in San Francisco and a First Baptist church. In 1850, he came to Oregon and settled in Portland. Figure 50. From 1889-90 Oregon, Washington and Idaho Gazetteer. McDonald’s company erected many buildings, including the first school house in Portland. The Willamette River was first navigated by a steamboat built by him. Around 1872, he came to Forest Grove and built a house at 1803 B Street. This house was demolished for a parking lot in 1992. McDonald is listed as an architect in Forest Grove directories from 1881, 1888, 1889-90. A newspaper advertisement for McDonald’s services offers, “Architect and builder - will furnish plans and spec’s for buildings of all descriptions, also, bridge and stairs, hand railings, balusters...Produce taken in exchange.” McDonald likely built many homes in Forest Grove before he died on July 28, 1902. (News-Times, 9 December 1992; Forest Grove Independent, 29 November 1873)

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McEldowney, W.H. and Anna Luelling W.H. McEldowney was a prominent farmer who married Anna Luelling. Anna’s father was Alfred Luelling who brought the first fruit trees to Oregon. Their children were Wilbur Waite McEldowney and Mary Helen McEldowney.

McEldowney, Wilbur Waite and Eleanor Russell and Maude Buxton Kinney Wilbur Waite McEldowney was the son of W.H. and Anna McEldowney. He had one sibling, Mary Helen McEldowney, who married Dr. M.C. Strickland. After Wilbur’s first wife, Eleanor Russell McEldowney, passed away in 1926, McEldowney married Maude (Buxton) Kinney. In 1928, he was working as a cashier at the Forest Grove National Bank. McEldowney went on to become a prominent local businessman and an executive banker at Forest Grove National Bank. McEldowney was also a Mason. The McEldowneys lived in the house at 1811 21st Avenue, deeded by Wilbur’s father, from 1914 to the early 1930s.

McGilvra, Hugh and Louise Nunn Hugh McGilvra was born in South Dakota in 1906. His father was a butter maker by trade, and managed a chain of skimming stations where farmers brought in their whole milk to have the cream skimmed off to be churned into butter. The family moved to Portland while Hugh was still young. He entered Willamette University in 1925, paying for his first two years with money earned as a newspaper carrier. He became editor of The Collegian, the college paper, where he met Louise Nunn, who would become his wife in 1932.

Two days after graduation, he and fellow student C.J. Gilette signed the deal that made them co-owners of the Washington County News-Times, starting McGilvra’s career in Forest Grove. Under his direction, the scope and distribution of the newspaper expanded as he took over smaller newspapers in the region. He won the Amos E. Voorhies Award from the Oregon Newspaper Association for distinguished service to the news profession. After selling the paper in 1981, McGilvra worked as a business and farm reporter. At this time, he was living in the house at 2314 A Street, which he purchased in 1946.

McGilvra retired in 1983, but remained active in community affairs. He served on the Oregon State Legislature, the Forest Grove School Board, and the Portland Community College Board. In addition, he was a trustee for Pacific and Willamette Universities and was a member of the Forest Grove Library Board. McGilvra was a member of the Planning Commission, Chamber of Commerce, Rotary Club, and the Masonic Lodge. He was also an active member of the Meth- odist Church, holding every office possible, including teaching an adult Sunday school class. His involvement led to his designation as Forest Grove’s Distinguished Citizen in 1974. At the time of his retirement, he was the only living member of the Oregon Newspaper Hall of Fame. (Rototeller Annual)

McLeod, William M. William M. McLeod was born October 27, 1826 in New Brunswick, Canada. He was of Scottish ancestry and was the fourth son of eleven McLeod children, seven sons, and four daughters. In 1846, he went to Maine and started working in the lumber business. McLeod married Miss Peers in 1849; she was a twenty-year-old native of Nova Scotia. In 1851, with his wife and family, he set sail for San Francisco. Their ship was wrecked in February 1852. After five days and nights the family was rescued, and taken to the Azores where they stayed for two months.

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The McLeods wound up returning to Maine broke. After seven years, William McLeod recouped enough to try again and reached California after crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1859. He moved to the Puget Sound area in 1862 and began a lumbering operation there. In 1864, he moved to Polk County, Oregon and opened another lumber business. His family joined him there. In 1867, the family moved to Forest Grove and opened a lumber mill near Dilley. McLeod built a mill on Gales Creek in 1868 and a larger mill in 1889. He was also engaged in farming and was the postmaster and railroad agent at Dilley. The McLeods had seven children, including William E. McLeod who managed the mill for his father and A.L. McLeod who was the railroad agent at Gaston and ran a warehouse in Forest Grove. (Jim Casto research)

McNutt, Carroll and Julia Carroll McNutt was reportedly the owner of McNutt’s Grocery on Main Street in the early part of this century. He and his wife Julia resided at 2335 B Street from 1921 to 1947.

McNutt, Guy Julia and Carroll McNutt transferred ownership of their home at 2335 B Street to Guy McNutt in 1947. It can be assumed that he was their son or another relative. According to a city directory, Guy McNutt was still living in the house in 1959.

Meyer, Isaac Isaac Meyer was born in Reinish, Bavaria in June, 1833. He emigrated to the U.S. when he was 18 years old, landing in New Orleans in 1851. In September of 1855, Meyer arrived in Forest Grove where he opened a general mercantile store on the corner of Pacific Avenue and Main Street. He operated this business for four years, and was also in business with Mr. Raffety and Mr. Alanson Hinman. Later, he worked in real estate for five to seven years. From 1875 to 1882 he had a drug business with Drs. Sayler and Bishop. At some point, Meyer moved to Gaston and had a business with George Boos and later with Frank Henderson. In 1889, he moved to Portland, where he again worked in real estate and then owned a bookstore. He died at age 83, in 1916.

Moore, Enoch and Hazel Loynes Enoch Moore was born near Owen Sound in Ontario, Canada. He came to the U.S. in 1886 and lived in the Midwest for some time. Moore worked for the Great Northern Railroad. In 1909, he settled in Forest Grove and stayed seven years, moved away, and then returned in 1921. On May 18, 1922, he married Hazel Loynes, the daughter of James Loynes, Moore’s business partner. Moore and Loynes reportedly ran a planing mill and had a contracting business on the east side of Council Street between Pacific and 19th Avenues. They built many of the early buildings in Forest Grove, including the Old Lincoln School, the Pacific University Gymnasium, the Grange Hall, and the old Banks School. Moore was a member of the Forest Grove City Band and the Walker Orchestra. He died October 12, 1952 at age 86.

Morris, Drury N. and Sarah J. Drury N. and Sarah J. Morris platted the West Park Addition to the City of Forest Grove. See also: Good, William J. and Cynthia.

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Munkres, Charles and Lola Charles and Lola Munkres owned the house at 1805 21st Avenue from 1944 to 1962. Mr. Munkres was the operator of a cleaning and pressing business on Pacific Avenue.

Naylor, Thomas G. and Sarah and Catherine Thomas Naylor and his wife, Sarah, settled on 562 acres near Forest Grove in 1844. Part of this claim was donated for the establishment of the Tualatin Academy. Sarah died on February 3, 1852 and was the first adult buried in the Forest View Cemetery. Naylor remarried to Cathe- rine in 1853. He became a successful farmer and landowner and was very active in the affairs of the Congregational Church. Naylor’s Addition was platted in 1873 and sits west of the Original Town Plat. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Parsons, Dan and Alice McNamer Dan Parsons was born on his father’s Donation Land Claim near Dilley, Oregon on October 12, 1862. Dan was a harness maker and later added shoes, suitcases, trunks, blankets, etc. to his line of goods. His harness shop at 2040 Main Street is seen in many old photographs of Main Street, with his wooden horse brought out on the sidewalk each day to display new harness items. His shop had the largest leather goods stock in the state. Dan’s wife was Alice McNam- er Parsons. Dan Parsons died March 26, 1921. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Parsons, Joe Joe Parsons was born in England in 1886. He married Clara Crawford in 1921. He came to the United States in 1906 and was naturalized in 1914. He served in WWI. He owned and operated the Home Bakery in Forest Grove for many years, from about 1921 to about 1946 and again from about 1950 to about 1954. He died at age 84 in 1972.

Penfield, Emma Miss Penfield is credited with starting the first library in Forest Grove. She operated it from her stationery shop, which was located at 2019 21st Avenue. Growing support for a public library resulted in the creation of the Rogers City Library at this same site in 1909. It is likely that the City purchased Miss Penfield’s collection and began adding new books. Miss Penfield stayed on and was appointed the first librarian. (“History of the Forest Grove Library”)

Porter, Cary Cary Porter was the son of Jerome and Ellen W.R. Porter. In 1872-73, Cary and his family moved to a house at 2119 B Street in town and he was enrolled at the Tualatin Academy. Porter later owned the house at 2114 A Street.

Porter, Ellen Wooley Raffety Ellen Wooley was born about 1836 in Ohio. She came to the area in 1845 at the age of eight. She had traveled with her parents, Jacob and Ellen Wooley, from Ohio as part of the Great Migration. The Wooleys settled in Washington County and Ellen grew up to marry Joseph C. Raffety, Forest Grove’s second postmaster, with whom she had one son. Raffety died in 1859 and three years later, Ellen married Jerome Porter. The residence at 2119 B Street was built in 1872-73 by the Porters. Mrs. Porter may have operated some type of business for she is listed in business gazettes of the 1880s. She passed away in 1901 or 1902 and was buried in the Mountain View Cemetery in Forest Grove.

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Porter, Jerome Jerome Porter was born in Orlean City, New York on March 6, 1833 and was of Scottish ancestry. He was the second child of Charles and Caroline Wood Porter. In 1852, Porter came west to the California gold fields and began a stage line between the gold fields and San Francisco. He operated the stage for six years until coming to Oregon in 1862. He purchased a farm of 330 acres in Forest Grove which he increased to about 440 acres in ensuing years. Shortly before marrying, Porter purchased Henry Buxton, Sr.’s Donation Land Claim just west of Forest Grove. He operated a farm there, in addition to selling real estate and raising livestock. In 1862, Porter married Ellen Wooley Raffety, widow of Joseph C. Raffety. In 1872-73, the Porters moved into town and enrolled their three children, Nellie, Avery and Cary, in the Tualatin Academy. Mr. Porter proved to be a restless soul, making several ventures to Alaska in search of gold in 1876 and heading east in the 1880s. By 1892, Mr. Porter had returned to Forest Grove and Figure 51. Hatchet, 21 May with his wife’s nephew, William Styles Ingles, built the Ingles and 1896. Porter building at 2036 Main Street. Mr. Porter passed away in 1896 and was buried in the Mountain View Cemetery in Forest Grove.

The Porters built the house at 2119 B Street in 1872-73; it was originally located on what is now 21st Avenue and was moved to B Street by a later owner. Their son, Cary, inherited the home but died in 1903. His heirs sold the half block and house to banker, W.H. McEldowney.

Porter, John R. John Porter was born about 1828. He came to Oregon with his parents in 1847. After his arrival, he joined the “California Gold Rush.” He later returned to Oregon and started a nursery on what is probably Oregon Donation Land Claim #2515 which was settled December 25, 1852. J.R. and William Porter were listed as nurserymen in the 1886-7, 1888 and 1889-90 city directories. Porter returned to California in 1862 and came back to Oregon in 1869 with two sacks of Sequoia cones. There are several trees in Washington County which are allegedly traced to this bag of cones which have variously been called “Sierra Redwood,” “Big Tree” and Sequoia. He planted the seeds and grew 100 trees, which he sold or gave to various people throughout the Tualatin plains. These trees are also known as the “Porter Redwoods.” A double row of sequoia can be seen at the location of his nursery on Porter Road. Porter Redwoods can also be seen in many parts of the Tualatin Valley such as on the grounds of the County Courthouse in Hillsboro.

Proctor, Edward and Fern Bard Edward Proctor was the chief of police in Forest Grove from 1942 to 1949. He was born in Kansas and came to Forest Grove in December of 1919. He served in World War I. Proctor also worked at the Forest Grove Ford garage and owned one of the many service stations in Forest Grove.

Fern (Bard) Proctor was also born in Kansas and died in 1988 at the age of 92. She worked as a cook at the Tip Top Restaurant and also worked at the Forest Grove Cannery and Forest Grove Prune Exchange.

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Raines, Waldo Waldo Raines owned several mills in the Forest Grove area during the 1920s, including the Carnation Lumber mill. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Redetzke, Albert E. and Anna Both Albert E. Redetzke (1880-1962) and his wife Anna (1881-?) were born in Wisconsin. Anna came to Oregon in 1906, but it is not known if she was married to Albert at that time. In 1911, the Redetzkes moved to Thatcher-David Hill, later residing in Forest Grove where they were involved with numerous real estate transactions. Albert worked in the construction business, and, during World War I, served as a shipyard supervisor. His company built the Miller, Walker, Chowning, and Holroyd buildings in the Forest Grove area, as well as McCormick Hall on the Pacific University campus and the Parson Prune Dryer. Albert, who retired in 1942, is also credited with the construction of approximately 100 homes in Forest Grove and many farm buildings in the area. He reportedly built the houses at 1724 21st Avenue, 1824 22nd Avenue, and 2324 A Street.

Reeher, Fern (Stewart) Fern Stewart and her sister reportedly rode the train from Kansas in 1905 to join their parents in Oregon. She later attended Tualatin Academy and married a Methodist minister. Fern Stewart Reeher purchased the property at 2234 B Street in 1919. She retained ownership until 1937 when she sold the house to Stanley Robertson. (Oregonian, 14 January 1992)

Rogers, Adeline Fisk Adeline Fisk Rogers was a long-term benefactor of Forest Grove. In 1907, she bought the building where the informal library was housed, donating it to the city two years later. The City Library was subsequently named in her honor. She also helped finance the construction of the First Church of Christ, Scientist at 1904 Pacific Avenue. Adeline was married to Dr. George Oscar Rogers. Their extensive travels included a time in Hong Kong where Dr. Rogers set up a practice in 1873. The Rogers collected many valuable pieces of porcelain, which are now exhibited at the Boston Art Museum.

Rogers, Dr. George Oscar Dr. George Oscar Rogers was the husband of Adeline Fisk Rogers. He was a noted dentist who came to Oregon in 1888, first residing in Hillsboro and three years later moving to Forest Grove. They traveled extensively and lived overseas, including a stint in Hong Kong in 1873 where Dr. Rogers practiced. They collected many valuable pieces of porcelain, which are now exhibited at the Boston Art Museum. Dr. Rogers was also an amateur meteorologist and published several widely recognized articles. He died January 1900 at age of 68.

Russell, C.V.B. and Matilda C.V.B. Russell was born in 1844 and came to Forest Grove with his wife, Matilda, in 1894. They reportedly had one daughter who attended Pacific University. An article in the September 15, 1901 issue of the Forest Grove Press stated that Russell was a shoe dealer on Main Street for 16 years. He had also formerly been a printer and an expert at handset type. He first worked on the Weekly Union newspaper in 1857. Upon leaving that job, he worked on different papers

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in several Midwestern states. In 1869, prior to moving to Forest Grove, he published his own paper, the Independent Monthly in Glenwood, Iowa. The Russells lived at 2125 A Street.

Sawtell, Kenneth and Margaret Burch Kenneth Sawtell was born March 28, 1903 in The Dalles, to Dora and W.E. Sawtell, both descendants of Oregon pioneers. He met his wife, Margaret Burch, in Portland; they had two children. Sawtell held a variety of jobs up Figure 52. Residence of C.V.B. Russell, c.1905. This until World War II, when he joined the 85th house still stands at 2250 A Street, as does its neighbor at Battalion of Seabees and spent 18 months in 2240 A Street. (WCHM #10156) the South Pacific. He studied accounting at Northwest School of Commerce following his discharge. In 1949, the Sawtells moved to Forest Grove where Ken opened an accounting office. He was a member of the Business & Industrial Development Committee, the Chamber of Commerce, and served on the City Council and the Recreation Council. Sawtell was also one of the organizers of the Western Washington County United Fund. Kenneth Sawtell served as President of Rotary Club in 1955-56. (Rototeller Annual)

Shipley, Manley H. Manley H. Shipley was born in 1825 in Broom County, New York. He came to Forest Grove in 1873 and became a farmer. Shipley specialized in raising quality hay. On arriving in Forest Grove, he rented and operated the A.T. Smith farm for many years. He became the largest hay dealer in the state and was the first in Oregon to bale hay for shipment by rail. In 1893, he sold over 10,000 tons of baled hay to the U.S. Army to use in the war in the Philippines. Shipley employed 43 men at times, including John Bailey and E.W. Haines (each of whom married a Shipley daughter) and John Thornburgh.

Sloan, George George Sloan was probably a relative of Sarah and Chester Sloan who ran the Forest Grove Hotel, although this has not been verified. George Sloan was a poultry breeder and owner of the Square Poultry Yards.

Sloan, Sarah A. and Chester Sarah A. Sloan is significant for her role as proprietress of the Forest Grove Hotel. Her maiden name was Chesbro and her Figure 53. From the 1889-90 ancestors were among the first to colonize New London. Sarah Oregon, Washington and Idaho was born in New York in 1828 and came to Oregon when she Gazetteer. was 32 years of age. She married Chester Sloan in 1848, and the couple came to Forest Grove in 1861. They moved to eastern Oregon for three years before returning to Forest Grove. In 1865, they opened the Forest Grove Hotel. As one visitor remembers, “The hotel was a rambling building with a shady veranda on the side, French doors in the front room, a triangle to call guests to meals and such good meals and such a genial hostess that traveling men always tried

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to make it to ‘Auntie Sloan’s,’ as she was affectionately called.” The Sloans owned a great number of properties in Forest Grove including a prune orchard. The family also raised prized chickens. Mr. Sloan was still living in 1893. The couple had three sons, two of whom were still living in Forest Grove in 1893.

Smith, Alvin T. and Abigail Raymond and Jane Averill Born in Branford, Connecticut, Smith moved to Illinois in 1827 where he farmed and married his first wife, Abigail Raymond. In 1840, the Smiths crossed the plains and became missionaries to the Nez Perce Indians at the Spalding Mission at Lapwai, which was located in the Clearwater country of present-day Idaho. Shortly thereafter, the Smiths moved to the Willamette Valley and attempted to found a mission in Forest Grove, leading to A.T. Smith being known as the founder of Forest Grove.

This effort was not successful, but Smith did go on to become a very prominent citizen. He served as treasurer for the founding board of Tualatin Academy, a member of the City Council, and Justice of the Peace. Smith also helped to build the First Congregational Church and donated land to the railroad for a depot and terminal. He served as a magistrate in Oregon’s provisional government and was deeply involved in political affairs. The Smiths never had children, but did adopt several orphans. After Abigail died in 1858, Alvin remarried in 1869. His second wife, Jane M. Averill of Branford, was thirty-six years his junior. Alvin and Jane lived in a house on South Elm Street until 1875 when they moved to 2104 B Street. Mrs. Smith continued to live at 2104 B Street for many years after her husband’s death in 1888.

Smith, Elias C. Elias C. Smith was a Civil War veteran who is remembered for operating several hotels in Forest Grove. Over a period of 30 years, Smith managed hotels which included the Old Stage- coach Stop, the Western House Hotel, and the Michigan House Hotel. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Sparks, Lee M. and Emma Lee M. Sparks is credited with building several houses in Forest Grove, including 2032 B Street, 2352 and 2342 Sunset Drive. He was also the builder, contractor and foreman of construction crews for the Oregon Hotel (formerly known as the Laughlin Hotel, operated by Bedford Laugh- lin), and reportedly built McCormick Hall at Pacific University. Lee Sparks was married to Emma Rebecca Sparks. According to a 1959 Forest Grove City Directory, members of the Sparks family were living in the house Lee Sparks built at 2352 Sunset Drive.

Stowbridge, John Stowbridge (also Strowbridge and Strawbridge) was most likely the original owner of the residence at 1806 22nd Avenue. He lived in this house from November 1859 until his death. In 1899 the property was deeded by L.C. Walker, the executor of Stowbridge estate, to Abraham and Amanda Baldwin, who retained ownership until 1920.

Stribich, John John Stribich (1855-1940) was a blacksmith by trade. Later in his life, his business also included carriage and wagon building and repair. He reportedly took over the I.L. Smith furniture

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factory at the northeast corner of 19th Avenue and Main Street, until he retired in the 1920s. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Strickland, Mary Helen McEldowney Mary Helen McEldowney was born in 1879 in Hillsboro, to W.H. and Anna McEldowney. Wilbur Waite McEldowney was her brother. She married Dr. Melville Cox Strickland in 1901, and they moved to Forest Grove in 1913. That same year, the lot at 1815 21st Avenue was deeded to Mary Helen Strickland. Mrs. Strickland lived in this house until 1956 when she sold it to Arthur R. and Mary M. Turley. Dr. Strickland had died in 1925, while Mary survived him until 1961.

Strickland, Dr. Melville Cox Dr. Melville Cox Strickland was born in 1866 in Virginia. He was educated in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania and did post graduate work in Vienna, Paris, and London. He later moved to Oregon and was a leading physician in Oregon City. He married May Helen McEldowney in 1901 and moved with her to Forest Grove in 1913, later living at 1815 21st Avenue. Dr. Strickland died in 1925. (Jim Casto research)

Taylor, Dr. W.R. The home at 2212 A Street was built in 1919 for Dr. W.R. Taylor, a physician and surgeon with a practice on the second floor of the Nixon Building on Main Street. He also acted as a druggist, as noted in the 1873 city directory. A year later, Dr. Taylor relocated to Hood River, but continued to rent out the house.

Taylor, John John Taylor was a builder who worked on a number of concrete buildings before turning to residential frame houses. He designed and built the Dutch Colonial Revival house at 2212 A Street using a unique construction technique. Taylor developed and patented the system known as the “Taylor Process Hollow Concrete Wall.” It consists of two 3” thick walls of concrete separated by a 1-1/2” air space and connected with metal ties. Taylor’s company, Thor- most Building Corporation, co-owned by C.W. Wertz, marketed this unique process throughout the United States. Additional residences in Forest Grove constructed with this technique include the F.D. Gardner House at 1825 Mt. View Lane, the J.S. Buxton House at 1924 Pacific Avenue, and the C.L. Wagner House at 1318 Birch Street. (Thormost Building Corp., Morelli Collection)

Tipton, Ora Francis “Tip” and Latusha Ora Francis, born in Illinois in 1877, came to Forest Grove in 1902. He was the railroad agent at the Carnation Mill, serving at Dunsmuir, California, and Vernonia, Oregon. Tipton retired from the railroad business in 1925, and instead operated a lumberyard and a variety store in Forest Grove. He also was a bookkeeper at Drakes and Lukes Auto Parts. Tipton’s wife, Latusha, died in 1943, and Ora passed away in 1957.

Tongue, Thomas H. and Emily Eagleton Thomas H. Tongue was born in 1844 in Lincolnshire, England. His parents were Anthony and Rebecca Lawson Tongue, who brought their family to Oregon via Panama in 1859 when Thomas was 15. His uncle, Thomas Otchin, had come to Oregon in 1842, settling on Oregon

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Donation Land Claim #42. Following his graduation from Pacific University in 1868, Tongue married Emily Margarite Eagleton and they had seven children.

Tongue was admitted to the bar in 1870 and became a very active politician. He was also a farmer, both agricultural and livestock, and owned over 2500 acres in Oregon. His passion was breeding and raising fine trotting horses. Tongue was one of the organizers of First National Bank of Hillsboro and a Past Master Mason, as well as the organizer of the first Washington County fair in 1867. In 1888, he served in the Oregon Senate and was chairman of the Judici- ary Committee. He was elected to the 55th, 56th, 57th, and 58th U.S. Congresses and was one of sixteen foreign-born people elected to 57th House of Representatives. He died suddenly while in office when he was in Washington D.C. (Jim Casto research)

Via, Dr. Guy Forest Dr. Guy Via (1880-1941) practiced in Forest Grove, as did his father, Dr. William Via, from his home. By 1926 he had converted his residence into a hospital. The Via hospital, which he operated beginning in March 1924, was the only hospital in the county registered in the Ameri- can Medical Association at the time. (Washington County News-Times, 21 November 1929; Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Via, Dr. William P. Dr. William Via (1841-1903) arrived in Forest Grove fresh from medical school in 1888 to open a medical practice. That same year, he bought the elaborate mansion of pioneer Dr. Wilson Bowlby on the corner of Pacific Avenue and B Street, from which he ran his office. He was the father of Dr. Guy Via. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove)

Walker, Charles L. Charles Walker, son of Elkanah and Mary Walker, graduated from Pacific University in 1906, and later lived in Hillsboro. At the time of his death he left his entire $60,000 estate to the University. They honored this gift by naming the building at 2142 College Way “Walker Hall.”

Walker, Elkanah and Mary Richardson Elkanah Walker, who was born in Yarmouth, Maine in 1805, married Mary Richardson in 1838. These early settlers established their Donation Land Claim in 1849. They had eight children, seven sons, and one daughter, who were all born in Oregon. Reverend Walker was a pastor at the Congregational Church, and donated land for the establishment of the Tualatin Academy. An 1851 addition to his log cabin was the first framed structure in Forest Grove.

On August 26, 1872, Walker platted the land contained in his Donation Land Claim just west of the Pacific University campus. He died on November 21, 1877.

Walker, Levi C. and Bell Putnam Levi Walker (1850-1909) was the son of Elkanah and Mary Walker. Levi Walker was a surveyor by trade. In 1871, he married Bell Putnam in Amity, Oregon, with whom he had two daughters.

Walker graduated from Pacific University in 1878, then taught math Figure 54. Hillsboro Argus, 11 and chemistry there for two years. The Walkers taught together at February 1909.

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the Indian school. He served as the Forest Grove City Engineer and as a Washington County surveyor. In addition, Walker held the position of City Recorder three times. (Friends of Historic Forest Grove; Hillsboro Argus 11 February 1909)

Walsh, Maurice and Mary Walsh, born in 1904 in Kansas, arrived in Forest Grove in 1940 with his wife, Mary. In 1946, they purchased the property at 2130 B Street. Walsh was employed by the McCready Lumber Company until 1949, and then worked for Carnation Pet Food until 1968. Walsh died in 1975 at the age of 71. At that time his wife Mary, who was born in Kansas in 1907, transferred the property on B Street to their son Jacob and moved to Hillsboro.

Waltz, Roswell S. Roswell Waltz owned the property at 2006 C Street for 40 years, beginning in the 1910s. He was a local doctor who maintained an office in his residence.

Weber, Walter Herman and Velma Tucker Weber was born in Illinois and lived in Missouri before coming to Forest Grove in 1914. He married Velma Tucker of Forest Grove in 1915, and in 1925, they purchased a home at 1703 22nd Avenue. Weber was the first engineer with the Carnation Milk Company, before being appointed City Manager in 1937. He died in 1956 at the age of 70. (1983 Washington County Cultural Resource Survey; 1928 Forest Grove Telephone Directory)

Wooley, Jacob and Ellen Rose Hoover Jacob Wooley was the patriarch of the Wooley family, originally from Ohio. The family came to Oregon by way of the “Terrible Trail,” also known as “The Meek Cutoff” in 1845. Wooley settled on Oregon Donation Land Claim #149, consisting of approximately 640 acres. The Wooleys’ children included Rosanna, who later married Henry Buxton, Jr. and Ellen, who later married Jerome Porter.

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Appendix C – Forest Grove Plats and Subdivisions

There have been many additions and subdivisions to the original Town of Forest Grove plat. Below is a chronological list of the additions and subdivisions in the Forest Grove area:

Plat Name Date Recorded Cornelius, Plat of 09/22/1871 Forest Grove, Town of 08/26/1872 Naylor’s Addition (See Forest Grove, Town of) 08/26/1872 Walker’s Addition (see also Forest Grove, Town of) 08/26/1872 Fir Street (in Walker’s Addition) 10/25/1872 Walker’s Addition, Fir Street 10/25/1872 South Park Addition 08/06/1891 Fruitvale Addition 10/20/1891 Curtis Addition 04/19/1894 Tualatin Plain Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Block 33 01/27/1897 Branford Addition 07/11/1905 Curtis Subdivision 01/09/1906 Bailey’s Addition 02/16/1906 Smith Addition 02/20/1906 Bumps Addition 07/25/1907 Geigers Addition 06/04/1908 Branford Addition, change in avenue 07/28/1908 Forestview Cemetery, 1st Addition 08/31/1908 Talbot’s Addition (Cornelius) 09/03/1908 Westpark Addition 06/30/1909 Gales Crest Addition 07/15/1909 Knob Hill Addition 10/28/1909 Prospect Park 03/18/1910 Valley View 03/25/1910 Stokes Addition 04/06/1910 North Forest Grove Acres 05/15/1910 Gaston (plat of) 11/09/1911 Baber Addition 12/09/1911 Hall’s Addition 03/17/1913 Forestview Cemetery, vacated portions 05/07/1926 Schick Addition 06/17/1946 Tay’s Subdivision 06/28/1946 Vandervelden Tracts 07/10/1946 Vandervelden Tracts 2 08/02/1946 Patrick Subdivision 08/14/1946 Bowman Addition 09/18/1946 Oak View Subdivision (vacated) 11/09/1946 Willis Subdivision 02/24/1947 Westland Park 08/12/1948

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Plat Name Date Recorded Sill’s Addition 05/02/1949 Erbvale 01/30/1950 McCoy Addition 12/16/1950 Eastview Park 01/03/1951 Forestview Cemetery, annexation to 02/27/1951 Fern Hill Addition 06/06/1951 Becker’s Subdivision 08/08/1951 Sill’s Addition 2 05/27/1952 Lynnwood Park Addition 08/04/1952 Westland Park Tract 2 10/18/1952 Hawthorne Street 03/24/1953 Sheelar Manor 1 04/08/1953 Eastview Park 2 06/29/1953 Far View Terrace 12/14/1953 Far View Terrace, dedication 12/14/1953 Lynnwood Park Addition 2 05/14/1954 Sheelar Manor 2 11/12/1954 Sill’s Addition 3 05/13/1955 Ruby’s Addition (vacated) 02/01/1957 Hendricks Addition 06/11/1957 Sill’s Addition 4 (vacated) 01/06/1958 Schick Addition 2 07/28/1958 Forestview Cemetery, replat 11/26/1958 Maywood Park (vacated) 08/10/1959 Mountain View Memorial Gardens 03/23/1960 Ferndale Place 08/09/1961 Maywood Park 2 05/15/1962 Velden Acres 07/13/1962 TaraLee 01/04/1963 Cedar Circle 01/11/1963 University Park 12/16/1963 Sheelar Manor 3 03/11/1964 Sill’s Addition 5 05/20/1964 Poplar Park 09/29/1964 Hood View 01/13/1965 Poplar Park 2 10/27/1965 Forest Gale Heights 09/07/1966 Forest Gale Heights, dedication 09/07/1966 Sill’s Addition 6 09/27/1966 Sill’s Addition 6, dedication 09/27/1966 University Park 2 08/09/1967 Sill’s Addition 7 02/01/1968 Forestmeade 1 05/08/1968 Forestmeade 1, dedication 05/08/1968 McCue Subdivision 09/18/1968

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Plat Name Date Recorded Sill’s Addition 8 11/27/1968 Sill’s Addition 8, dedication 11/27/1968 Katherine Place 06/25/1969 Bluefield’s Addition 09/10/1969 Fern Flat 10/08/1969 Fir Lane 12/15/1969 Talisman Hills 09/09/1970 Talisman Hills Record of Survey 09/09/1970 Talisman Hills, dedication 09/09/1970 Northwest Heights 04/20/1971 Sill’s Addition 9 10/27/1971 Forest Gale Heights 2 12/09/1971 Forest Gale Heights 3 12/09/1971 Fairmount 03/21/1972 Sill’s Addition 10 12/27/1972 Sill’s Addition 10 12/27/1972 Forest Gale Heights 4 03/15/1973 University Park Estates 04/11/1973 Sill’s Addition 11 12/04/1974 Sill’s Addition 11, dedication 12/04/1974 Sill’s Addition, engineers certificate 12/04/1974 Forest Gale Heights 5 06/15/1976 Forest Gale Heights 6 06/16/1976 Sill’s Addition 12 09/02/1976 Forest Gale Heights 7 09/03/1976 Tamarack 10/13/1976 Tamarack, dedication 10/13/1976 Mt. Hood View Homes 12/07/1976 Arch Knoll 1 12/30/1976 Ballad Towne 04/12/1977 Forest Gale Heights 8 06/08/1977 Sill’s Addition 13 09/08/1977 Talisman Hills 2 09/08/1977 Talisman Hills 2, dedication 09/08/1977 Joyce Park 04/12/1978 Joyce Park, dedication 04/12/1978 Tamarack II 04/12/1978 Melissa Anne 07/06/1978 Melissa Anne, dedication 07/06/1978 Barbara Rae 12/11/1978 Barbara Rae, dedication 12/11/1978 North Vale 12/12/1978 Weldun Park 06/05/1979 Weldun Park, dedication 06/05/1979 Joyce Park II 03/12/1980

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Plat Name Date Recorded Joyce Park II, dedication 03/12/1980 Forest Gale Heights 9 05/12/1980 Forest Gale Heights 9, dedication 05/12/1980 Rodlun 06/05/1980 Rodlun, dedication 06/05/1980 Ballad Towne 2 02/02/1981 Ballad Towne 2, dedication 02/02/1981 TaraLee Townhomes 06/30/1981 Barbara Rae 2 11/09/1981 Barbara Rae 2, dedication 11/09/1981 North Vale 2 03/01/1988 North Vale 2, dedication 03/01/1988 Lancaster Square 10/07/1988 Lancaster Square, dedication 10/07/1988 Hannah’s Corner 12/21/1990 Hannah’s Corner, dedication 12/21/1990 Arch Knoll 2 01/15/1992 Arch Knoll 3 03/18/1992 Arch Knoll Plat 3, dedication 03/18/1992 Mueller Estates 04/22/1992 Taylor Industrial Park 04/30/1992 Taylor Industrial Park 04/30/1992 Taylor Industrial Park 04/30/1992 Taylor Industrial Park 04/30/1992 Taylor Industrial Park, dedication of 04/30/1992 Arch Knoll 4 08/10/1992 Arch Knoll 5 06/30/1993 Rueter Farms 12/07/1993 Fairmount 2 09/8/1994 Windwood Estates 12/12/1994 Windwood Estates, dedication 12/12/1994 Kelsi Lynn 03/31/1995 Fairmount 3 06/27/1995 Arch Knoll 6 11/16/1995 Knox Ridge 1 03/22/1996 Fairmount 4 06/26/1996 Willamina Park 10/14/1996 Pacific Grove 1 12/12/1996 Knox Ridge 2 01/31/1997 Lancaster Square Estates 06/24/1997 David Hill View 10/21/1997 Pacific Grove 2 01/28/1998 The Hamptons 05/08/1998 Lancaster Square 2 06/24/1998 Catching Meadow 06/25/1998

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Plat Name Date Recorded Canterbury Estates 12/23/1998 Norse Woods 01/12/1999 Fleming Place 02/12/1999 Knox Ridge 3 10/26/1999 Knox Ridge 4 10/26/1999 Pacific Grove 3 11/12/1999 Larrabee Village 02/25/2000 Covey Run 02/27/2001 Roxe Estates 05/16/2001 Aspenwood 09/20/2001 Pacific Grove 4 12/31/2001 David Hill Estates 05/28/2002 Verde Meadows 01/27/2003 Lauren Lane 3/11/2003 Ridgepointe (a.k.a David Hill Estates 2) 03/21/2003 Oak Hill Settlement 1 06/27/2003 Oak Hill Settlement 2 03/05/2004 Chantal Hamlet 05/25/2004 Lincoln Park Village 06/30/2004 Heritage Park 09/20/2004 Summit Pointe (a.k.a. David Hill Estates 3) 12/16/2004 Heritage Park 2 02/02/2005 Bolma Estates 02/16/2005 Oak Hill Settlement 3 03/15/2005 Elm Meadows 02/16/2006 Holscher Farm 03/01/2006 Laurkis Townhomes 05/30/2006 Holscher Farm 2 08/30/2006 Falcon Ridge 01/08/2007 Pacific Crossing 1 01/26/2007 Haney Townhomes 03/02/2007 (The) Parks @ Forest Grove 04/10/2007 Oak Hill Settlement 4 05/02/2007 Cook Village 06/28/2007 Council Meadows 09/11/2007 Hawthorne Village 09/28/2007 Glen Meadow 02/04/2008 Williams Meadow 06/25/2008 Hawthorne Meadows 03/06/2009 Casey Meadows 01/10/2013 Oak Hill Settlement 5 11/18/2013 Casey Meadows 2 04/01/2014 Casey Meadows 3 04/02/2014 Casey West 1 08/11/2014 Casey West 2 12/11/2014

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Plat Name Date Recorded Poplar Commons 03/02/2015 Pacific Crossing 2 03/26/2015 Pacific Crossing 3 02/17/2016 Pacific Crossing 4 06/30/2016 Silverstone 1 09/07/2016 Silverstone 2 02/02/2018 The Meadows at Silverstone 02/12/2018 Hawthorne Gardens 04/11/2018

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Appendix D – Survey Summary

This appendix contains a summary of the reconnaissance survey of the area bounded by the original Town of Forest Grove plat from 1872. This basic “windshield” survey in August 2017 included all properties within the boundaries of the original town plat regardless of age. The survey area included a portion of the Clark Historic District, which was also resurveyed to see how its integrity had fared since it was established in 2002. The properties are listed in address order starting with the numbered streets.

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