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Zwischen Glaube Und Laster. Funde Und Befunde Aus Dem Umfeld Einer

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Zwischen Glaube Und Laster. Funde Und Befunde Aus Dem Umfeld Einer Thema: Zwischen Glaube und Laster – Funde und Befunde aus dem Umfeld einer spätmittelalterlichen Knochenschnitzerei Bamberg Am Kranen 14 Between Faith and Vice – Finds and Findings in the Surroundings of a Late-Medieval Bone-Carving Workshop Bamberg Am Kranen 14 Masterarbeit im Masterstudiengang Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit in der Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg Verfasser: Elias Flatscher Erstkorrektor: Prof. Dr. Ingolf Ericsson Zweitkorrektor: Dr. Patrick Cassitti 1 In Dankbarkeit gewidmet Dr. Reimo Lunz, meinem langjährigen Freund und Mentor sowie Margret Sloan M.A., der Grabungsleiterin Am Kranen 14. Ohne Eure Hilfe ware es vermutlich nie zu dieser Publikation gekommen. Danksagung Die Liste der Personen, die direkt und indirekt an diesem Projekt beteiligt waren, würde auf dieser Seite keinen Platz finden, daher hier die verkürzte Fassung. Danken möchte ich zunächst dem Institut für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit der Universität Bamberg, das dieses Projekt erst möglich gemacht hat, allen voran meinen beiden Betreuern Prof. Dr. Ingolf Ericsson und Dr. Patrick Cassitti. Weiters danken möchte ich der Institutssekretärin Frau Ingrid Hösch für die Unterstützung bei bürokratischen Hürden wie Auseinandersetzungen mit der Bologna- Reform und Frau Ursula Joos vom bayerischen Landesdenkmalamt für das Entgegenkommen bei der Restaurierung der Metallfunde. Ein besonderer Dank gilt Mag. Michael Schick von der Universität Innsbruck für fachkundige Auskünfte über alles, was mit Musik zu tun hat und Dr. Volker Grimm für seine fachkundige kunsthistorische Analyse. Ein großes Danke auch an Johannes Eber und Tobit Flatscher für die Unterstützung bei der Nachbearbeitung des Bildmaterials. Schließlich möchte ich noch meiner Freundin und meiner Familie danken, die dafür Verständnis zeigten, dass sie mich während der Entstehung dieser Arbeit noch seltener zu Gesicht bekommen haben als sonst. 2 Table of Contents 1.1 Einleitung.............................................................................................................................................4 2.1 Projektgeschichte und Fragestellung....................................................................................................8 2.2 Das Grundstück in den historischen Quellen.....................................................................................15 3.1 Befunde..............................................................................................................................................20 4.1 Funde..................................................................................................................................................30 4.2.1 Keramik: einheimische Waren........................................................................................................31 4.2.2 Keramik: Sonderformen und Importe.............................................................................................41 4.2.3 Murmeln, Spielsteine, Puppen und Keramikpferdchen..................................................................48 4.3 Bearbeitete Knochenfunde.................................................................................................................60 4.4 Würfel und Würfelherstellung...........................................................................................................75 4.4.1 Zur Arbeitsweise der Knochenschnitzer.........................................................................................75 4.4.2 Vergleichsstücke..............................................................................................................................86 4.4.3 Exkurs: Das Würfelspiel im Mittelalter – ein geschichtlicher Abriss.............................................89 4.4.4 Die Erfindung des Würfels..............................................................................................................89 4.4.5 Das Würfelspiel in der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft....................................................................95 4.4.6 Würfelspiel und Kirche...................................................................................................................98 4.4.7 Orte des Würfelspiels....................................................................................................................101 4.4.8 Das organisierte Spielwesen.........................................................................................................103 4.4.9 Falschspiel und Strafen.................................................................................................................106 4.4.10 Spielverbote.................................................................................................................................113 4.4.11 Nichtspielerische Verwendung von Würfeln...............................................................................117 4.4.12 Würfelspiel in Dichtung und Kunst ...........................................................................................123 4.4.13 Wert der Würfel...........................................................................................................................130 4.5 Metallfunde......................................................................................................................................132 4.5.1 Eisen..............................................................................................................................................132 4.5.2 Buntmetall.....................................................................................................................................136 4.5.2.1 Münzen und Rechenpfennige.....................................................................................................157 4.6 Kunststoff.........................................................................................................................................166 5.1 Versuch der Zuordnung der Handwerksstätten................................................................................168 6.1 Schluss.............................................................................................................................................172 Katalog...................................................................................................................................................174 Literatur..................................................................................................................................................186 Tafeln......................................................................................................................................................215 3 1.1 Einleitung Die Stadt Bamberg liegt geographisch zusammen mit dem gleichnamigen Landkreis im westlichsten Teil des Regierungsbezirkes Oberfranken im nördlichen Bayern, etwa 70 km Luftlinie östlich von Würzburg, und je 50 km westlich von Bayreuth sowie 55 km nördlich von Nürnberg, auf 49.87° nördlicher Breite und 10.87° östlicher Länge. Naturräumlich ist das “fränkische Rom” auf seinen sieben Hügeln eingebettet zwischen den schroffen Karstfelsen der fränkischen Schweiz im Osten, dem fruchtbaren Oberen Maintal im Norden und dem Steigerwald im Westen1. Besiedelt wurde das Gebiet von Bamberg schon sehr früh, wie neolithische Streufunde belegen, danach setzen die Quellen für längere Zeit aus. Der Bamberger Domberg dürfte zumindest seit der Merowingerzeit durchgehend besiedelt sein; dort ist wohl auch das Castrum Babenberch zu verorten, das schriftliche Quellen für das Jahr 902 belegen2. Inzwischen konnten im Stadtgebiet auch schon archäologische Funde getätigt werden, die in diese Zeit zurückgehen, unter anderem ein slawisches Gräberfeld und die vermutlich aus dem aus dem 7.-9. Jahrhundert stammenden “Bamberger Götzen”, die im 19. Jahrhundert im Bereich der heutigen ERBA-Insel gefunden wurden3. Im Jahr 973 ging das Gebiet dann an Heinrich den Zänker über, dessen Sohn, der spätere Kaiser Heinrich II das Areal 997 seiner Frau Kunigunde schenkte, sowie in Folge hier um 1007 ein Bistum zur Slawenmissionierung gründete und den 1012 geweihten Dom mit reichen Schenkungen förderte4 (während der heutige Dom auf einen Neubau von 1237 zurückgeht5). Es scheint, als ob Heinrich Bamberg sogar zu einem Zentrum seines Reiches 1 Nach Freise-Wonka 2010, 4. 2 Freise-Wonka 2010, 38. 3 Lohwasser 2009, 179 – 190. 4 Freise-Wonka 2010, 38. 5 Freise-Wonka 2010, 45. 4 ausbauen wollte; wie groß die Bedeutung der Stadt im Hochmittelalter war, lässt sich auch daran ermessen, dass hier neben Heinrich auch Kaiser Konrad III († 1152) und König Phillipp von Schwaben († 1208) ihre letzte Ruhe fanden6. Politisch muss man im ausgehenden Mittelalter vor allem auf das oft spannungsgeladene Verhältnis der bürgerlichen Stadt auf der Insel und dem kirchlich verwalteten (und damit von Steuern und anderen Leistungen befreiten) Domberg sowie den Klöstern verweisen. Eine so einflussreicher Kirchensitz direkt vor den Toren der Stadt musste zu Machtdemonstrationen von beiden Seiten führen, und so ist es wohl kein Zufall, dass beispielsweise das Bamberger Rathaus direkt vor den Einflussbereich der Kirche in die Regnitz hineingebaut wurde7. Die Geschichte Bambergs in der Neuzeit war eine wechselhafte und keineswegs immer ruhige. So wurde nicht nur während der Hexenprozesse (1623 - 1633) unter insgesamt mindestens 600 Opfern auch der amtierende Bürgermeister hingerichtet – ebenfalls ein deutlicher Hinweis auf die Spannungen
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