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Caves of North-East Wales

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Caves of North-East Wales CPAT Report No. 1380 Caves of North-East Wales ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION 2015-16 YMDDIRIEDOLAETH ARCHAEOLEGOL CLWYD-POWYS CLWYD-POWYS ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST Client name: Cadw CPAT Project No: 1928 Project Name: Caves of North-East Wales Grid Reference: Various County/LPA: Denbighshire CPAT Report No: 1380 Event PRN: 140101 Issue No: Report status: Final Confidential: No Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by: Richard Hankinson Paul Belford Nigel Jones Senior Archaeologist Director Principal Archaeologist 03/03/2016 18/03/2016 22/03/2016 Bibliographic reference: Hankinson, R., 2016. Caves of North-East Wales: Archaeological Evaluation 2015-16. Unpublished report. CPAT Report No. 1380. Cover photo: Recording the excavation in Caerwys Cave No 3 (CPAT 4067-0051) YMDDIRIEDOLAETH ARCHAEOLEGOL CLWYD-POWYS CLWYD-POWYS ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST 41 Broad Street, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 7RR, United Kingdom +44 (0) 1938 553 670 [email protected] www.cpat.org.uk ©CPAT 2016 The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust is a Registered Organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists CPAT Report No 1380 Caves of North-East Wales Archaeological Evaluation 2015-16 Contents SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... II 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 1 3 EXCAVATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 3 ERYRYS HILL CAVE ................................................................................................................................. 4 PERTHI CHWARAE CAVE II ..................................................................................................................... 6 CAERWYS CAVE NO 3 ............................................................................................................................ 9 OGOF COLOMENDY ............................................................................................................................. 12 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 16 5 SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................. 16 6 ARCHIVE DEPOSITION STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 17 APPENDIX 1: GAZETTEER ENTRIES FROM CPAT REPORT NO 1313, AND AN ADDITIONAL CAVE NOT RECORDED IN THE 2014-15 GAZETTEER ........................................................................................................................... 18 APPENDIX 2: SITE ARCHIVE ............................................................................................................................ 23 APPENDIX 3: REPORT BY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES, DURHAM ON BONE AND SAMPLES RECOVERED DURING THE EXCAVATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 25 1. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 25 2. PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 25 3. PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 26 4. BONE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 27 5. SOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX 4: RADIOCARBON DATING RESULTS .............................................................................................. 37 i CPAT Report No 1380 Caves of North-East Wales Archaeological Evaluation 2015-16 Summary The following report details a programme of trial excavations carried out at four caves within north-east Wales, intended to assess the archaeological potential and survival of the deposits at each site. Two of the caves had seen excavation in the past, one (Perthi Chwarae Cave II) by Boyd Dawkins in the second half of the 19th century and the other (Ogof Colomendy) by Mel Davies and local cavers in the 1970s. The other two caves had no known archaeological component although they appeared to be potentially suitable for human use; they were excavated to determine whether that reflected the true picture or was simply a result of the lack of previous archaeological investigation. Each known archaeological site revealed evidence which had not previously been recorded, either in the form of artefacts or features and deposits. In the case of Ogof Colomendy human bone was found which has been radiocarbon dated to the Neolithic period and this confirms the suggested origin of what appears to have been a burial deposit in the cave; this was identified in the 1970s but up until this report has only been dated by association with a small number of artefacts. It is also significant that this is a cave that retains what appears to be the walling which had been used to block the entrance after the burial deposit was placed. The cave at Perthi Chwarae was found to retain evidence which confirmed Ebbs’ assertion that this was one of the caves investigated by Boyd Dawkins, contrary to the existing archaeological record; it also contained calcined bone, which although not confirmed as human represents a type of material not recognised in the 19th-century discussion of the excavations there. This may have implications for our appreciation of the length of time for which the site was used. In the case of the two caves which had no known archaeological component, both provided evidence of human activity, either in the form of artefacts or layers of material which can be interpreted as indicating prehistoric activity. Charcoal from a layer within Caerwys Cave No 3, one of this group, was submitted for radiocarbon dating and provided a Neolithic date; this layer also contained a human tooth and the combined evidence suggests there is a possibility of the layer being some form of funerary deposit. A flint found at the entrance to the Eryrys Hill Cave indicated the possibility of prehistoric activity. Overall, it is clear that all four of the caves retained material or deposits of archaeological importance. While this was expected for those which had seen previous investigation, the implications of the findings for other caves without recorded archaeology in the region are self-evident. ii CPAT Report No 1380 Caves of North-East Wales Archaeological Evaluation 2015-16 1 Introduction 1.1. An assessment of known and possible archaeological caves in north-east and east Wales was conducted by the Field Services Section of the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT) in 2008-9 (Hankinson and Silvester 2009), under Cadw’s scheduling enhancement programme. The report considered caves throughout the CPAT area, and provided recommendations for the designation of a selection of the sites identified. 1.2. Following the 2008-9 report and subsequent field visits to cave sites recommended for scheduling therein, Cadw determined that further information and specialist input were required before a decision could be made on finalising designations. This would enable Cadw to make an informed and robust assessment of the archaeological potential and significance of the sites considered. At the same time, some issues had been raised over potential additional sources of information for north-east Wales and the need to address conflicts between these sources and the data in the gazetteer that formed part of the 2008-9 CPAT report. This led to the formation of a working group comprising Elizabeth Walker (National Museum of Wales), Rob Dinnis (Oxford University), Fiona Gale (Denbighshire County Archaeologist), and representatives of Cadw and Natural Resources Wales (NRW), which established two courses of action: The expansion of the existing gazetteer to a ‘peer-reviewed’ version, incorporating additional sources of data and input from local and regional experts. At the request of Cadw, these revisions were limited to caves within the limestone region of north-east Wales. Following the compilation of the revised gazetteer, a collaborative programme of fieldwork, involving both the working group (with input from NRW) and regional experts with the aim of identifying robust candidates for scheduling based on the gazetteer. The fieldwork was to include visits to assess potential candidates and trial excavation, where appropriate. 1.3. The revised and updated gazetteer for archaeological caves in north-east Wales was compiled in late 2014 and early 2015 (Hankinson 2015); its information further enhanced by a series of visits to sites not previously viewed. The background to the study of caves and their processes of formation, together with a discussion of the potential use of caves during different periods, was considered in the 2009 report and has not been reproduced. 2 Methodology 2.1. A meeting of the steering group
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