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Herein Lies Entirely with the Authors German Council on Foreign Relations No. 6 Januar 2020 REPORT Edited Volume Socio-Economic Challenges and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan Employment, Social Cohesion, and International Cooperation - Policy Briefs from the Region and Europe Edited by Dina Fakoussa and Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid 2 No. 6 | Januar 2020 Socio-Economic Challenges and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan REPORT The following papers were written by participants of the workshop “Promotion of Think Tank Work on Socio-Economic Reforms and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan” organized by the German Council on Foreign Relations’ Middle East and North Africa Program in the fall and winter of 2019 in cooperation with the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) Institute and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung in Amman. The workshop is part of the program’s project on the promotion of think tank work in the Mid- dle East and North Africa, which aims to strengthen the scientific and technical capacities of civil society actors in the region and the EU who are engaged in research and policy analysis and advice. It is realized with the support of the German Federal Foreign Office and the Institute for Foreign Cultural Relations (ifa e.V.). The content of the papers does not reflect the opinion of the DGAP. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the authors. The editorial closing date was November 22, 2019. Authors: Amani Al-Serhan, Eman Alqaisi, Hadeel Alqatamin, Reine El Wer, Sarah Jakob, Suha Ma’ayeh, Antonino Occhiuto, and Chonlawit Sirikupt Edited by Dina Fakoussa and Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid No. 6 | Januar 2020 3 REPORT Socio-Economic Challenges and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan THE AUTHORS Amani Al-Serhan is an assistant professor at the Center for Women’s Studies at the University of Jordan. Her research interests center around gender and cul- ture in Arab and Muslim societies, Arab and Islamic feminisms, literary and cul- tural studies, feminist literary analysis, postcolonial feminist theory, and feminist and gender theory. She also works as a gender consultant for international NGOs on projects related to women’s empowerment and is a founding member of the ANNA HUNNA International Women and Work Association that seeks to promote more female economic participation in the labor market. She holds a PhD from the University of York in Women’s Studies. Eman Alqaisi is a senior researcher and head of the Research and Data Center at Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ). In addition, she is a sec- ond-year PhD student in philosophy and human rights at the University of Jor- dan. She is a specialist on human rights and interested in religious and philo- sophical research. Her book Women’s Rights, Islam and Cultural Relativism: The Case of Contemporary Jordan was published in Germany in 2016. She holds an MA degree in Human Rights and Human Development and a BA in Translation. Hadeel Alqatamin is a researcher and communications officer with the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) Institute. She joined WANA through the Lazord Fel- lowship Programme, which provides young graduates with professional and civ- ic skills through year-long job placements, mentoring, and training. Over the course of her Lazord fellowship, she has worked with the economic growth pil- lar in WANA on the research project “Syrian Refugee Return: Implications for the Jordanian Host State.” She holds an MA in Architecture from the University of Jordan, where she also worked as a teaching assistant. Reine El Wer is a business development advisor at the National Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition (NAJMAH). Her responsibilities include writing propos- als, pre-project preparations, and preparing reports during and after projects. Her previous work focused on employment. Sarah Jakob is a researcher at the Legal Research Programme at Utrecht Univer- sity. She previously worked as a program assistant at the Heinrich Böll Founda- tion and at NAMA Strategic Intelligence Solutions, an opinion polling and pub- lic policy consultation firm based in Amman. Her academic interests lie in the field of tension between legal regimes. She studied humanities and law at Lud- wig-Maximilians University Munich and Jean Moulin University Lyon III. Suha Ma’ayeh is a freelance journalist based in Amman. She has written exten- sively on domestic politics, Arab spring protests, foreign affairs, terrorism, elec- tions, and corruption, including the crisis in southern Syria and the influx of refugees. Her work has been published in The Nation, The Wall Street Journal, Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs, and the CTC Sentinel/Combating Terrorism Cen- ter at West Point. 4 No. 6 | Januar 2020 Socio-Economic Challenges and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan REPORT Antonino Occhiuto is an analyst and research team leader for the Euro-Gulf In- formation Centre. His main areas of research and specialization are the relations between EU and GCC member states, Yemen, and security in the Gulf. He con- tributes periodically to magazines and newspapers in both English and Italian. He holds a BA in International Relations and Security Studies from the University of Bradford, and an MSc in International Politics, a course specifically focused on security in the Middle East and North-East Asia, from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. Chonlawit Sirikupt is an MA candidate in Comparative Middle East Politics and Society at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen in Germany. He obtained his BA in International Studies at the University of Washington in Seattle, with a fo- cus on foreign policy, security, and diplomacy. THE EDITORS Dina Fakoussa has been head of the German Council on Foreign Relations’ (DGAP) Middle East and North Africa Program, formerly the EU-Middle East Fo- rum, since March 2011. She previously worked as a program and project manager on issues regarding democratization, human rights, civil conflict resolution, and strengthening civil society, and culture in the Arab region. Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid has been a program officer in the Middle East and North Africa program since 2015. In addition to her work on Turkish domes- tic and foreign policies, she is involved in projects focusing on developments in North Africa and Jordan. Table of content INTRODUCTION 6 by Dina Fakoussa Chapter I: Socio-Economic Challenges and Reforms in Jordan UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP 9 IN CREATING JOBS FOR YOUTH IN JORDAN by Hadeel Alqatamin UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG JORDANIAN WOMEN 15 by Amani Al-Serhan THE IMPACT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES’ RETURN TO SYRIA 19 ON EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS IN JORDAN by Reine El Wer Chapter II: Legislative Reform TRIBAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN JORDAN – 22 A PATHWAY TOWARDS LEGAL POLICY IN A HYBRID SETTING by Sarah Jakob FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION UNDER THE 27 INTERPRETATION OF JORDANIAN LAW by Eman Alqaisi Chapter III: Regional Dynamics and Their Impact on Jordan PRO-IRANIAN MILITIAS AT THE KINGDOM’S 34 DOORSTEP – IMPLICATIONS FOR JORDAN’S FOREIGN POLICY AND RESPONSE OPTIONS by Chonlawit Sirikupt AMMAN AND THE GCC-CRISIS – A CASE FOR ENHANCED 40 EU COOPERATION WITH KUWAIT AND OMAN by Antonino Occhiuto TRUMP’S PEACE PLAN AND JORDAN’S WOES 44 by Suha Ma’ayeh 6 No. 6 | Januar 2020 Socio-Economic Challenges and the Impact of Regional Dynamics on Jordan REPORT INTRODUCTION These multiple challenges are addressed in this col- lection of papers. The authors were participants in Dina Fakoussa the workshop series “Promotion of Think Tank Work on Socio-Economic Reforms and the Impact of Re- Jordan’s stability is severely challenged by socio-eco- gional Dynamics on Jordan,” held in Berlin in Sep- nomic hardship. The country is plagued by high un- tember and in Jordan in November 2019. The work- employment rates, an alarming debt-to-GDP ratio of shops were conducted as part of DGAP’s project on around 94 percent, corruption, and dismal social ser- strengthening think tanks and similar institutions in vices. The fight against terrorism has also resulted the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and in further infringement of rights such as freedom of Europe. expression. These grievances have led to a series of protests and strikes in the past two years; the lat- Among the recommendations are the following: to est strike by teachers has had a far-reaching impact address the issue of unemployment, the successful on the public. The fact that people continue to take and fast-growing Jordanian Information and Com- to the streets despite reform attempts by the gov- munications Technology (ICT) sector should ex- ernment casts doubts about the Kingdom’s ability to plore ways to generate more work opportunities. weather the storm of anger and frustration accumu- This should take place in an enhanced environment lated over years. for entrepreneurship regarding networking, support for innovation and sustainable ideas, and research The country’s strained economic and social situation as well as data collection and availability. When it is further aggravated by conflicts in its neighborhood comes to enhancing female unemployment, more and regional dynamics. The influx of around 1.2 mil- childcare facilities, equal pay, and fighting social lion Syrian refugees has come with a significant eco- norms hostile to women’s employment are deemed nomic, social, and political burden. The civil war in core. Additionally, continued funding for employ- Syria and insecurity in Iraq, as a result of the rise ment programs targeting Syrian refugees and the of the so-called Islamic State, have also necessitat- Jordanian host community should be ensured, while ed the closure of borders and hence existential trade the outcome of such programs should be optimized routes for the kingdom. Additional pressure comes by offering more sustainable qualification and em- from the assertive policies of regional powers such ployment opportunities.
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