DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Associations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Associations Silver Fir Series 5 Distribution & Environment ............ 2 Key to Plant Associations ............ 11 ABAM/LYAM................................ 14 ABAM/ASCA3 .............................. 24 ABAM/CLUN................................ 35 ABAM/ACTR................................ 47 ABAM/LIBO2 ............................... 55 ABAM/VAME/XETE ..................... 63 ABAM/VAME ............................... 72 ABAM/VASC................................ 80 Plant codes defined ..................... 87 Click on a chapter name to go to it. Distribution & Environment: Pacific silver fir is one of the most shade-tolerant and environmentally restricted conifers on the east slope of the Oregon Cascades. East of the Cascade Crest, it is found only in areas of strong maritime climatic influence, usually within a few miles of the Crest. The series is found on sites that rarely, if ever, experience soil drought. Snowpacks are high and temperatures are cool to cold, but sites rarely experience intense, long-lasting cold temperatures below 0oF. Mean annual precipitation averages 72” and mean annual temperature averages 43oF. Pacific silver fir is more abundant and widespread on suitable sites west of the Cascade Crest than it is on the eastern slopes. Mountain hemlock is an accidental species in the series. The Pacific Silver Fir Series includes all forest stands potentially dominated at climax by silver fir, unless mountain hemlock has the potential to have over 10% cover. In the Oregon Cascades, mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir broadly overlap in their ecological distribution as far south as the Rogue-Umpqua divide on the west slope and Little Deschutes Canyon on the east slope, so distinguishing between the two Series can be difficult. If mountain hemlock can maintain at least 10% cover in later successional stands, those sites are considered part of the Mountain Hemlock Series. Pacific silver fir climax sites are more moderate than those in the Mountain Hemlock Series. Most sites are over 4000 feet, but stands of Pacific silver fir may follow cold air down valley bottoms to as low as 2200 feet. The Series is normally bounded, on cooler sites with deeper snowpacks, by the Mountain Hemlock Series. Warmer, less snowy sites support the Western Hemlock Series or the White Fir-Grand Fir Series. Common tree species in the Pacific Silver Fir Series include western hemlock, western red cedar, subalpine fir, Douglas-fir, western larch, western white pine, noble fir, Shasta red fir, lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce. The seral role of each species varies from association to association. For example western hemlock is more important on warmer sites (ABAM/ASCA3 and ABAM/ACTR) and noble fir and western larch are only components of some associations north of Santiam Pass. On warm sites that have been deforested, Pacific silver fir may require establishment of a tree canopy by another species, such as western hemlock, western white pine, white fir-grand fir or Douglas-fir, before it can successfully establish. As forest canopies develop after disturbance, the interior of the stands becomes cooler, and Pacific silver fir gains a competitive advantage over the equally shade tolerant western hemlock. Mature stands characteristically have two or more tree canopy layers, with species such as Douglas-fir, noble fir, and western larch forming a tall, emergent canopy above a layer made up of more shade-tolerant and slower-growing species such as Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and white fir- grand fir. The shrub and herb layers are floristically rich and varied, but heavily shaded stands are characterized by very low understory plant cover. Very dense canopies, deep litter layers and low light levels at the forest floor all appear to reduce the number and amounts of shrubs and herbs. In very dense stands with very low cover of understory species, inspection of adjacent, more open stands or use of relative cover may be needed to identify the type. Key to Plant Associations of the Silver Fir Series: Click on the plant association name to go to a description of it. 1a Lystichium americanum (>1%) not restricted to microsites ...... ABAM/LYAM 1b Not as above .................. 2a 2a Asarum caudatum or Athryrium felix-femina (>1%) .......... ABAM/ASCA3 2b Not as above .................. 3a 3a Clintonia uniflora (>1%) and not restricted to microsites ...... ABAM/CLUN 3b Not as above .................. 4a 4a Achlys triphylla (>1%) and not restricted to microsites ...................... ABAM/ACTR 4b Not as above .................. 5a 5a Linnea borealis (>1%) and not restricted to microsites ...................... ABAM/LIBO2 5b Not as above .................. 6a 6a Vaccinium membranaceum or Xerophyllum tenax (>5%) . ABAM/VAME/XETE 6b Not as above .................. 7a 7a Vaccinium membranaceum (<5%) ............ ABAM/VAME 7b Not as above .................. 8a 8a Vaccinium scoparium (>5%) ........... ABAM/VASC 8b Not as above: return to the start of the key and relax cover % values. ABAM/LYAM ABAM Wetlands CFM112 (ABAM/LYAM3) Abies amabilis/Lysichitum americanum Pacific silver fir/American skunkcabbage Plots 11 Distribution & Environment— ABAM/LYAM is a rare type in the northern Oregon Cascades. Plot data east of the Cascade Crest for the association are sparse. Plot locations east of the Crest are known from the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation and the Mt. Hood National Forest. This association has been observed as far south as Bear Valley Creek and near Willamette Pass on the Deschutes National Forest. These southern locations have not been sampled to date. ABAM/LYAM occurs on sub- irrigated sites at low to middle elevations. These are poorly drained sites usually with standing water at the soil surface most of the growing season. Adjacent sites with better drainage are often ABAM/ASCA3 or ABAM/CLUN, warmer sites grade into the TSHE Series. Slope position is typically lower- slope to broad stream bottoms. Mean annual precipitation for the series is 77” (range 33-115”) and mean annual temperature is approximately 43oF (range 41- 47oF). Average elevation is 3259’ (range 2700-4055’). Average slope is 14% (5-25%). Plot aspects varied. Vegetation— ABAM/LYAM is the most diverse plant association of the Silver Fir Series. The tree layer is dominated by western hemlock and western red cedar with lesser amounts of Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir. Understories are varied with some components of drier silver fir sites. Code % Constancy % Cover Trees Over Regen Over Regen ABAM 100 73 16.4 8.0 PIEN 45 36 9.4 3.3 PIMO 18 36 3.4 1.0 PSME 91 64 15.6 6.7 TABR 18 36 4.0 8.1 THPL 82 73 30.6 11.5 TSHE 91 100 38.8 14.4 For definitions of plant codes, go to the back of this chapter, or click on the code, which will bring you to the back. Code % Constancy % Cover Shrubs ACCI 64% 20.4 AMAL 36% 0.6 BENE 64% 1.6 CHUM 64% 0.4 OPHO 45% 15.5 RHMA 45% 9.2 RILA 45% 0.7 ROGY 64% 0.7 RUPA 55% 0.4 RUUR 64% 0.8 VAAL 64% 17.0 VAME 45% 2.2 Code % Constancy % Cover Herbaceous ACTR 100% 0.8 ADBI 36% 2.3 ASCA3 45% 1.6 ATFI 64% 2.7 CLUN 100% 0.7 COCA 91% 2.1 GOOB 45% 0.3 HIAL 36% 0.1 LIBO2 82% 2.6 LYAM 100% 5.5 POMU 45% 0.6 PYSE 82% 0.4 SMRA 55% 0.1 Code % Constancy % Cover Herbaceous SMST 100% 1.3 TIUN 82% 0.9 XETE 36% 1.6 Species with a constancy of 30% or greater are shown here. Productivity & Management— ABAM/LYAM sites are moderately to highly productive. Site index and growth basal area tables follow. ABAM/ Avg SI LYAM SI StdEr # Trees ABAM 92 7 5 TSHE 83 12 2 ABAM/ Avg GBA # LYAM GBA StdEr Trees Ft3 ABAM 424 58 27 180 TSHE 372 43 69 142 Relationships to Other Classifications— ABAM/LYAM has been described in northwestern Washington (Henderson et al 1989). The concept of the northwest Washington type is similar, however there are some floristic differences. Henderson’s ABAM/LYAM type has significant cover of salal, oval- leaf huckleberry, fool’s huckleberry, and cutleaf goldthread. These species are not represented in the plot data in northern Oregon. ABAM/ASCA3 ABAM Wet CFF121 (ABAM/ASCA2) Abies amabilis/Asarum caudatum Pacific silver fir/wild ginger Plots 91 Distribution & Environment— ABAM/ASCA3 represents warm sites within the ABAM Series with high effective moisture. Adjacent warmer sites are generally either TSHE Wet or TSHE Wetlands plant associations, cooler sites grade into ABAM/CLUN or TSME Wet plant associations. Typical sites are somewhat poorly drained or accumulate sub-surface moisture. Sites with even less drainage grade into ABAM/LYAM east of the Cascade Crest and into ABAM/OPHO or ABAM/LYAM west of the Crest. Average elevation is 4269’ (range 2600-5520’). Average slope is 30% (range 3-90%). Plot aspects varied. Average Precipitation is 70.7” (range 45- 113”) and average temperature is 44.5oF (range 40-48oF). Vegetation— ABAM/ASCA3 is the 2nd most diverse plant association of the Silver Fir Series. PSME or ABPR often are important overstory species. TSHE may be a co-climax species in this type where it occurs. TSME is only a minor or accidental species in this type. Increased amounts of TSME indicate transition to the TSME Series. Diverse shrub layers occur on ABAM/ASCA3 sites following disturbance of the tree layers. Higher shrub cover values may indicate past disturbance. ABAM/ASCA3 sites are herb rich. Species with a constancy of 30% or greater are shown here. For definitions of plant codes, go to the back of this chapter, or click on the code, which will bring you to the back. Code % Constancy % Cover Trees Over Regen Over Regen ABAM 73 93 15.3 9.1 ABGR 36 33 14.7 4.6 ABPR 43 26 16.6 3.5 PSME 95 45 39.8 7.1 TSHE 64 74 26.8 9.5 TSME 24 30 4.7 2.2 Code % Constancy % Cover Shrubs ACCI 60% 14.3 BENE 79% 5.5 CHUM 87% 3.0 RHMA 41% 9.9 ROGY 78% 0.9 RUUR 34% 1.4 SYMO 48% 1.5 VAME 77% 4.2 Code % Constancy % Cover Herbaceous ACTR 89% 7.8 ADBI 30% 1.6 ASCA3 100% 1.6 CLUN 82% 2.6 COCA 60% 3.2 LIBO2 63% 5.4 POMU 54% 1.0 PTAQ 31% 5.5 PYSE 31% 1.5 SMST 85% 3.8 TITR 53% 2.0 XETE 31% 2.3 Productivity & Management— Site index and growth basal area tables follow.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Balsam Woolly Adelgid
    A New Utah Forest Insect This fact sheet Pest: Balsam Woolly Adelgid introduces an invasive forest pest, the balsam By: Darren McAvoy, Extension Forestry Assistant Professor, woolly adelgid, and Diane Alston, Professor & Extension Entomologist, discusses its impacts on Ryan Davis, Arthropod Diagnostician, Utah forests, life cycle Megan Dettenmaier, Extension Forestry Educator traits, identifying characteristics, control Introduction methods, and steps that In 2017, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Health Protection (FHP) group in Utah partners are taking Ogden, Utah detected and confirmed the presence of a new invasive forest to combat this pest. pest in Utah called the balsam woolly adelgid (BWA). First noticed in the mountains above Farmington Canyon and near Powder Mountain Resort, it has Dieback and decline of subalpine fir due to attack by balsam woolly adelgid. Photo credit: Darren McAvoy. 2017, forest health professionals visited Farmington Canyon on the ground and found branch node swelling (a node is where branch structures come together) and old deposits of woolly material on mature subalpine fir trees. Suspected to have originated in the Caucasus Mountains between Europe and Asia, BWA was first detected in North America in Maine, in 1908, and in California about 20 years later. It was detected in Idaho near Coeur d’Alene in 1983 and has since spread across northern Idaho. It is believed that separate invasions of subspecies or races of BWA may differentially impact tree host species. Dieback of subalpine fir, pacific silver (Abies amabilis) and grand fir (A. grandis) in Idaho is widespread. In the western Payette National Forest, north of Boise, an estimated 70% of subalpine fir trees are dead and falling down.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridgeoporus Nobilissimus Is Much More Abundant Than Indicated by the Presence of Basidiocarps in Forest Stands
    North American Fungi Volume 10, Number 3, Pages 1-28 Published May 29, 2015 Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is much more abundant than indicated by the presence of basidiocarps in forest stands Matthew Gordon1 and Kelli Van Norman2 1Molecular Solutions LLC, 715 NW Hoyt St., #2546, Portland, OR 97208, USA 2Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program, USDI Bureau of Land Management Oregon State Office & USDA Forest Service Region 6, 1220 SW 3rd Ave., Portland, OR 97204, USA Gordon, M., and K. Van Norman. 2015. Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is much more abundant than indicated by the presence of basidiocarps in forest stands. North American Fungi 10(3): 1-28. http://dx.doi:10.2509/naf2015.010.003 Corresponding author: Matt Gordon [email protected]. Accepted for publication May 4, 2015. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2015 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved. Abstract: The polypore Bridgeoporus nobilissimus produces large perennial basidiocarps on large diameter Abies stumps, snags and trees in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Despite the size and persistence of the basidiocarps, they are rarely observed, making the conservation of this species a concern. We determined that a genetic marker for this fungus could be detected in DNA extracted from wood cores taken from trees hosting basidiocarps. We then tested 105 trees and stumps that did not host B. nobilissimus basidiocarps in plots surrounding B. nobilissimus conks, and 291 trees and stumps in randomly located plots in four stands that contained at least one B. nobilissimus basidiocarp. We found that trees of all sizes throughout all of the stands hosted B.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridization of the California Firs
    Forest Science, Vol. 34, No. I, pp. 139-151. Copyright 1988 by the Society of American Foresters Hybridization of the California Firs William B. Critchfield Abstract. Four groups of firs (sections, in the most recent classification of Abies) are represented in California. Crossing within these sections is possible and even easy, and in two of the sections intergrading populations between highly crossable taxa are wide spread in California. An exception is A. amabilis, a Northwestern fir that has not been crossed with other species in the same section {Grandes: A. concolor, A. grandis) or in other sections (e.g., Nobiles: A magnified). Crossing species in different sections is usually difficult or impossible. The genetic isolation of A. bracteata, an endemic species classified as a monotypic subgenus or section, may be nearly complete: two probable hybrids with A. concolor died at a few years of age. A few putative hybrids from inter- sectional crosses between species in Grandes and Nobiles died within months of germi nation. Intersectional crosses with firs outside California (two Mexican and four Eur asian species) all failed except A. concolor x A. religiosa, which produced numerous healthy hybrids. The common occurrence of genetic barriers in Abies is at odds with the long-held view that it is easy to hybridize fir species. For. Sci. 34(1): 139-151. Additional key words. Abies, interspecific hybrids, crossability, classification. The ability of species to hybridize has not been explored as systemati cally in the genus Abies (true firs) as it has in other genera of Pinaceae such as Pinus and Pice a.
    [Show full text]
  • Curtis/True Fir-Hemlock Trials
    United States Department of Agriculture True Fir-Hemlock Forest Service Pacific Northwest Spacing Trials: Research Station General Design and First Results Technical Report PNW-GTR-492 May 2000 Robert O. Curtis, Gary W. Clendenen and Jan A. Henderson Authors Robert O. Curtis is an emeritus scientist and Gary W. Clendenen is a forester, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625-93d Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193; and Jan A. Henderson is an area ecologist, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, 21905-64th Ave. West, Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043. Abstract Curtis, Robert O.; Clendenen, Gary W.; Henderson, Jan A. 2000. True fir-hemlock spacing trials: design and first results. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-492. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 35 p. A series of 18 precommercial thinning trials was established in true fir-hemlock stands in the Olympic Mountains and along the west side of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon from 1987 through 1994. This paper documents estab- lishment of these installations and presents some preliminary observations and results. Substantial differences in growth rates in height and diameter were ob- served among Pacific silver fir, western hemlock, and noble fir. Diameter growth of all species increased as spacing increased, but height growth of silver fir and noble fir decreased at wider spacings in some areas. These installations will pro- vide a unique source of information on early development of managed stands of these species, for which little information now is available. Keywords: Abies, spacing, precommercial thinning, true firs. This page left blank intentionally.
    [Show full text]
  • Arceuthobium Tsugense Subsp. Amabilae, a New Subspecies of Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon
    Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. amabilae, a New Subspecies of Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon Robert L. Mathiasen School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, U.S.A. [email protected] Carolyn M. Daugherty Department of Geography, Planning, and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, U.S.A. ABSTRACT . The dwarf mistletoe severely parasitizing Hawksworth and Wiens (1972) only included white fir Pacific silver fir in Oregon is described as a new (Abies concolor Lindley & Gordon), grand fir (Abies subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe. This classifi grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley), California red cation is based on morphological and host range fir (Abies magnifica A. Murray), and noble fir (Abies differences between hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Ar procera Rehder) as hosts of Arceuthobium abietinum in ceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G. N. Jones subsp. Oregon; they included only grand fir in Washington. tsugense, and the new subspecies, Pacific silver fir Hawksworth (1987) summarized the taxonomy of dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. am Arceuthobium tsugense and separated this species into abilae Mathiasen & C. Daugherty. three different races: a western hemlock race, a shore Key words: Arceuthobium, Hemlock dwarf mis pine race, and a mountain hemlock race. Hawksworth tletoe, IUCN Red List, mountain hemlock, noble fir, indicated that only the western hemlock race Oregon, Pacific silver fir, Viscaceae, western hem parasitized species of Abies. Hawksworth et al. lock. (1992) presented another interpretation for the classification of A. tsugense. They described the The taxonomic classification of the dwarf mistletoes western hemlock and mountain hemlock races pro severely parasitizing Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis posed by Hawksworth (1987) as subspecies of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudotsuga Menziesii)
    120 - PART 1. CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS ON BIOLOGY OF TREES Section 4. Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1. Taxonomy Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco is generally called Douglas-fir (so spelled to maintain its distinction from true firs, the genus Abies). Pseudotsuga Carrière is in the kingdom Plantae, division Pinophyta (traditionally Coniferophyta), class Pinopsida, order Pinales (conifers), and family Pinaceae. The genus Pseudotsuga is most closely related to Larix (larches), as indicated in particular by cone morphology and nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA phylogenies (Silen 1978; Wang et al. 2000); both genera also have non-saccate pollen (Owens et al. 1981, 1994). Based on a molecular clock analysis, Larix and Pseudotsuga are estimated to have diverged more than 65 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene (Wang et al. 2000). The earliest known fossil of Pseudotsuga dates from 32 Mya in the Early Oligocene (Schorn and Thompson 1998). Pseudostuga is generally considered to comprise two species native to North America, the widespread Pseudostuga menziesii and the southwestern California endemic P. macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (bigcone Douglas-fir), and in eastern Asia comprises three or fewer endemic species in China (Fu et al. 1999) and another in Japan. The taxonomy within the genus is not yet settled, and more species have been described (Farjon 1990). All reported taxa except P. menziesii have a karyotype of 2n = 24, the usual diploid number of chromosomes in Pinaceae, whereas the P. menziesii karyotype is unique with 2n = 26. The two North American species are vegetatively rather similar, but differ markedly in the size of their seeds and seed cones, the latter 4-10 cm long for P.
    [Show full text]
  • Franklin 1966
    VEGETATION AND SOILS IN THE SUBALPINE FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN WASHINGTON CASCADE RANGE By JERRY FOREST FRANKLIN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY 1966 INTRODUCTION Dense coniferous forests characterized by species of Abies nd Tsuga are found along the upper slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. These forests occupy the Tsuga mertensiana and Abies amabilis Zones which together are the least known of the major phytogeographic units in the Pacific Northwest. Forest composition and environments vary markedly within the Abies- Tsuga Zones. Fourteen tree species play the role of major components:Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) , western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) , mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) , noble fir (Abies procera) , subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) , Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) , western redcedar (Thuja pli- cata) , Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) , Shasta red fir (Abies magnif­ ies var. shastensis) , Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) , grand fir (Abies grandis) , western white pine (Pinus monticola), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) , and western larch (Larix occidentalis) . The diversity in environmental cond­ itions of these zones can easily be imagined for they extend through 7 degrees of latitude, cross the width of the Cascade Range, and range through as much as 5,000 feet of elevation. The wealth of tree species, a history of past disturbances, and a complex and diverse environmental mosaic have produced an apparently chaotic assemblage of forest types within the Abies-Tsuga Zones. It was apparent that these forests needed to be stratified into areas of essentially equivalent environment, i.e., habitat types, before meaningful autecological and 1 silvicultural research could be carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Association and Ggyst Management Guide for the Pacific
    United States Department of Agriculture Plant Association and - Forest Service ggystPacific Management Guide ?6-Ecol-130a-1983 for the Pacific Silver Fir Zone Gifford Pinchot National Forest Plant Association and Management Guide for the Pacific Silver .Fir’Zone Gifford Pinchot National Forest By Dale G. Brockway, Forest Ecologist Christopher Topik, Assistant Forest Ecologist Miles A. Hemstrom, Area Ecologist William H. Emmingham, Extension Silviculture Specialist, Oregon State University R6-Ecoi-130a-1983 June 1983 Table of Contents LISTOFFIGURES .......................................... i LISTOFTABLES .......................................... ii INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 METHODS AND NOMENCLATURE ...................................... Methods Nomenclat;r;!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::: PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ......................................... An Overview 5 Ecological Inieip;eiaiib' : : : : 1 1 : : : : : : 1 : : : : : 1 : : : : : : : : 1 1 : : : : : : Management Considerations ................................... 15 KEY TO PLANT ASSOCIATIONS ..................................... UseoftheKey ......................................... f : TheKey .. .. 28 Species List and .................................Illustrations : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 29 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ASSOCIATIONS ................................ Pacific Silver Fir/Salal Association .............................. Pacific Silver Fir/Dwarf Oregon Grape Association Pacific Silver Fir/Vanillaleaf-Queencup Beadlily
    [Show full text]
  • Abies Grandis), the Lovely Fir (Abies Amabilis) and Hemlock (Tsuga Heterophylla
    WESTERN SPRUCE AND THE WAR Thirty thousand men are enlisted by the United States Govern­ ment in the Spruce Service here in the Pacific Northwest. The pur­ pose is to get an abundance of the best wood for the construction of airplanes to be used in the present Great World War. It has been known for a long time that Spruce is one of the best of woods for the long "spars" in the wings of the airplanes. When the United States declared war, in April, 1917, the need of thousands of fighting airplanes was recognized, and attention was instantly directed toward the large Spruce trees at the mouths of Puget Sound rivers and elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest. Development was rushed, and interest has been keen in this new lumber industry where lumbering enterprises had been familiar since the earliest arrival of white men. The history of this tree and the great coniferous forests of the Northwest will be of value at this time. Probably not less than nine­ tenths of the original forests of the Pacific Northwest were composed of one species of trees - Pseudotsuga faxifolia - commonly called Douglas Fir. It is one of the best of the American timber trees, and for many years was about the only one used by our millmen and shippers. The next in abundance and use was the Cedar - Thuja plicata or Thuja gigantea, as it is named in Sargent's Silva. The wood of this tree was used for finishings and more especially for shingles. In later years_ there have been developed some uses for White Fir (Abies grandis), the Lovely Fir (Abies amabilis) and Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).
    [Show full text]
  • Of Blowndown Timber Experiment Station General Technical Report and Potential Problems PNW-167 April 1984 Associated With
    United States Departmen t of Agriculture Deterioration Rates Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range of Blowndown Timber Experiment Station General Technical Report and Potential Problems PNW-167 April 1984 Associated With Product Recovery EDITOR'S Paul E. Aho and James M. Cahill FILE COPY This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Mis-scans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Authors PAUL E. AH0 is a research plant pathologist at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 3200 Jeffer- son Way, Corvallis, OR 97331. JAMES M. CAHILL is a research forester at the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction Aho, Paul E.; Cahill, James M. Deterio- ration rates of blowndown timber and Factors Affecting Rate of Decay 3 potential problems associated with 4 Deterioration Rate by Tree Species product recovery. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-167. Portland, OR: U.S. Depart- Western Redcedar 5 ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, 6 Douglas-Fir Pacific Northwest Forest 2nd Range Experiment Station; 1984. 11 p. 7 Western Hemlock 7 Pacific Silver Fir This paper summarizes published reports of deterioration and product recovery 9 Product Recovery From Dead limber studies conducted on dead timber. Decay 9 Product Degrade and Volume Loss rates experienced in blowndown timber are presented for western redcedar 9 Scaling Problems (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don), Douglas- 10 Other Utilization Problems fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga Setting Priorities for Salvage Operations 10 heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Pacific 10 Age and Species of Timber silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) ex Forbes).
    [Show full text]
  • People and the Temperate Region a Summary of Research from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program 1991
    United States Department of State People and the Temperate Region A Summary of Research from the United States Man and the Biosphere Program 1991 Editedby Peter F. Ffolliott School of Renewable Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona and Wayne T. Swank Southeastern Forest Experiment Station USDA Forest Service Otto, North Carolina ,,; UnitedStatesManandtheBiosphereProgram tl~ ~ -- . --- Forest and Meadow Communities of the Three Sister Biosphere Reserve Charles B. Halpern, Bradley G. Smith, and Jerry F. Franklin TheThreeSistersBiosphere Reserve Objectives encompassesnearly 100squarekilometers of virtually undisturbed land stradling the crest of the central CascadeMountains of Theobjectives of this study were to: Oregon. Although coniferous forests dominate, an array of other ecosystems -Describe the composition, struc- createsa diverse picturesquelandscape ture, and distribution of major (Figure 1). The Three Sisters Biosphere forest and meadow communities, Reserve, established as a primitive area in as well as their principal environ- 1933, was selected in 1974 to serve as a mental controls. control for the nearby experimentally oriented H. J. Andrews Biosphere Reserve. -Establish a series of permanent Ecological information about the Three sample plots for examining long- Sisters Biosphere Reserve was needed to term changes in the composition establish a basis for future comparative and structure of these communi- research with the intensively managed H. J. ties. Andrews Biosphere Reserve. FIGURE 1. Forest and meadow ecosystems in the Three Sisters Biosphere Reserve in the central Cascade Mountains of Oregon. 3 - I - . ~ Methods boundaries between forest and I meadow communities, was installed Field sampling, conducted over a 3- (Figure 2). Sites were selected to year period staning in 1981, documented represent a diversity of types and to the composition, structure.
    [Show full text]
  • MYCOTAXON Volume LX
    MYCOTAXON Volume LX. pp. 387-395 OclOber-December 1996 BRIDGEOPORUS, A NEW GENUS TO ACCOMMODATE OXYPORUS NOBILISSIMUS (BASIDIOMYCOTINA, POL YPORACEAE) Harold H. Burdsall, Jr., Thomas J. Volk, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Forest Products Laboratory *, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, One Gifford Pinchot Dr. , Madison, WI 53705 USA & Joseph F. Ammirati, Jr. Department of Botany. KB -15 , Uni versity of Washington, SeaUle W A 98195 USA ABSTRACT: The new genus Bridgeoporus is proposed to accommodate Oxyporus fJ obiUss;mus W.B. Cooke . Bridgeoporus is associated with a browo rot of wood, as opposed to the superfi cially similar genera Oxyporus and Rigidoporus, which are associated with while rot. Bridgeoporus lacks clamp connec tions at th e septa, is monomitic, possesses pseudocystidia , and bas a unique configuration of fascicles o f hyphae making up the upper surface of its pileus. Thi s combination of characters is found in no previously described genus . * The Forest Products Lab is maintained in cooperati on with the Uni versity of Wi scoosin 4 Madison. This publicati on was written and prepared by U.S. government employees 0 0 official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright. INTRODUCTION Oxyporus lIohilissimus W.B. Cooke (Cooke, 1949) has aUracted a great deal of aUention in the past several years (Christy, 1991; Coombs, 1991) because o f its large size, uncommon occurrence, unique appeardDce, and associalion with very large host trees. Commonly called the "Fuzzy Sandozi ," it has been reported infrequently (WTU Herbarium records; Trappe, 1990; Christy, 1991) since its discovery in 1943.
    [Show full text]