Penguins of the Magellan Region*
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SCI. MAR., 63 (Supl. 1): 485-493 SCIENTIA MARINA 1999 MAGELLAN-ANTARCTIC. ECOSYSTEMS THAT DRIFTED APART. W.E. ARNTZ and C. RÍOS (eds.) Penguins of the Magellan region* M. BINGHAM and E. MEJIAS Environmental Research Unit, PO Box 434, Stanley, Falkland Islands. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] SUMMARY: The Magellan region, including the Falkland Islands, is one of the world’s most important areas for seabirds, and especially penguins. World-wide there are 17 species of penguin; 7 of these regularly breed around the coastal waters of South America, and 5 within the Magellan region. These are the King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Gentoo Pen- guin (Pygoscelis papua), Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes c. chrysocome), Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). During the last five years, a review of the breeding populations of penguins within the Magellan region was conducted. This work included population censuses of all the surface breeding species throughout the Falkland Islands and southern South America. The results of this work are presented, along with other cited information, to provide a summary of the current knowledge of penguin populations within the Magellan region. Key words: Penguin, Magellan, Falkland, Chile, Argentina. RESUMEN: LOS PINGÜINOS DE LA REGIÓN DE MAGELLANES. – La región de Magallanes, incluyendo las Islas Falkland, es un área muy importante para las aves marinas del mundo. Hay 17 especies de pingüinos; 7 crían en América del Sur y 5 crían en la región de Magallanes. Se trata de los Pingüino Rey (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Pingüino Papúa (Pygoscelis papua), Pingüino de Penacho Amarillo (Eudyptes c. chrysocome), Pingüino Macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolophus) y Pingüino de Mag- allanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). Durante los últimos 5 años investigamos las poblaciones de los pingüinos en la región de Magallanes. Esta investigación incluyó registros de todas las especies que crían sobre la tierra en las Islas Falkland y en el extremo meridional de América del Sur. Presentamos nuestros resultados con información de otra literatura citada para proporcionar un resumen del conocimiento sobre las poblaciones de los pingüinos en la región de Magallanes. Palabras clave: Pingüino, región de Magallanes, Islas Falkland, Chile, Argentina. INTRODUCTION ham 1994c, 1995a, 1998b). With no obvious reason for this dramatic decline, apart from speculation During 1995/96, a population census of all pen- about commercial fishing, it became a priority to guin species (except the Magellanic Penguin) was census the remainder of the world population locat- conducted around the Falkland Islands (Bingham, ed in South America, to determine how wide-spread 1998b). Every breeding colony was visited, and the decline had been. population totals for each species obtained. Com- It had been shown during the 1995/96 census of paring these data with previous studies revealed that the Falkland Islands, that it requires little extra effort the Southern Rockhopper population had crashed to to census all penguin species during the course of a fraction of its former size (Bennett, 1933; Bing- such a census. The only exception to this was the Magellanic Penguin, which because of its wide- *Accepted January 25, 1999 spread, low-density distribution in burrows, made it PENGUINS OF THE MAGELLAN REGION 485 impossible to census with methods employed for provided the opportunity to cover large areas of suit- surface nesting species (Bingham, 1998b). For this able coastline in search of previously unrecorded reason the Magellanic Penguin had been excluded colonies. This reduced the margin of error that would from the Falkland Islands census. On that basis it otherwise arise from new sites being overlooked, was decided that a census would be conducted of all however the margin of error for aerial counts was South American penguins during the 1996/97 breed- likely to be higher than for ground counts. ing season, except for those of the Genus Sphenis- In order to quantify the margin of error likely to cus. be expected from aerial counts, a number of aerial During the 1995/96 Falkland Islands census it censuses were made of Rockhopper colonies in the had been possible to conduct ground counts of incu- Falkland Islands for which the number of breeding bating pairs at each of the breeding colonies, pairs was also determined by ground counts. These because most colonies were relatively accessible aerial counts differed by a maximum of 14% from (Bingham, 1998b). By contrast, many of the South ground counts made of the same colony, suggesting American colonies are remote and inaccessible, and a total margin of error of ± 20% for aerial census any attempt to conduct ground counts of each and data (Bingham 1998a,b). every colony would have been doomed to failure. It The 1996/97 aerial census was conducted was therefore decided from the outset that the cen- throughout the known Eudyptes breeding ranges of sus would be conducted by light aircraft, thereby Chile and Tierra del Fuego (Woehler, 1993). The negating the need to get ashore at difficult and Atlantic coast of mainland Argentina was excluded remote sites. from the census, since this coastline has been well The location of all the Falkland Islands breeding studied, and does not hold any breeding sites for sites had been known prior to the commencement of species covered by the census, other than a very the 1995/96 census (Bingham, 1998b), but this was small Rockhopper colony on Isla Pingüino, near certainly not the case for South America. Although Puerto Deseado (47º45’S 65º54’W) (Frere et al., data did exist for a number of known breeding sites 1993, Gandini et al., in press). This colony is regu- around South America (Frere et al., 1993; Venegas larly monitored as part of an ongoing research pro- 1984, 1991; Woehler, 1993), it was likely that other gramme, and population data from that research was sites existed which had not been recorded. This was used in favour of duplicating results (Frere et al., another reason for favouring an aerial census, since it 1993). FIG. 1. – Map of Falkland Islands King Penguin breeding sites (numbers refer to Table 1). 486 M. BINGHAM and E. MEJIAS TABLE 1. – Falkland Islands King Penguin counts 1995/96 (site counts impossible. For this reason counts are made numbers refer to Figure 1). of chicks and a conversion factor used (Lewis Smith and Tallowin, 1979). The Falkland Islands popula- SITE CHICKS tion census recorded 339 chicks, which equals a 1 Volunteer Point 330 total breeding population of approximately 400 2 Saunders Island 3 breeding pairs (Bingham, 1998b) (Figure 1;Table 1). 3 Kidney Cove 2 4 New island 1 King Penguins have not bred in South America 5 Sea Lion Island 1 since the colony on Islas de los Estados (54º50’S 6 Paloma Beach 1 7 Concordia Beach 1 64º00’W) was wiped out by sealers during the last century (Prosser Goodall, 1979). No King Penguins TOTAL 339 were recorded anywhere in South America during 1996/97. RESULTS Gentoo Penguin King Penguin The Falkland Islands hold around 20% of the King Penguins do not make nests, but instead world population of Gentoo Penguin, with a total hold eggs and chicks on their feet, making nest population of 65,000 breeding pairs at 81 sites being TABLE 2. – Falkland Islands Gentoo counts 1995/96 (numbers refer to Figure 2). SITE NESTS . SITE. NESTS. 1 New Island 5100 42 Great Island 490 2 Steeple Jason Island 3923 43 Lively Island 490 3 Saunders Island 3510 44 Beauchene Island 444 4 Albemarle 2626 45 Town Point 416 5 Bull Point 2230 46 Gladstone Valley 410 6 Speedwell Island 2229 47 New Haven 400 7 Grand Jason Island 2196 48 North Pond 379 8 Carcass Bay 2039 49 Fox Point 378 9 Shallow Bluff 1737 50 Little Mountain 375 10 Kidney Cove 1730 51 Brazo del Mar 357 11 Sea Lion Island 1484 52 Ten Shilling Bay 342 12 Lucas Hill 1457 53 Bluff Head 330 13 Grave Cove 1434 54 The Sandhills 330 14 Port Edgar 1408 55 Barren Island 326 15 Weddell Island 1220 56 Cape Orford 311 16 Cape Dolphin 1148 57 Berthas Beach 310 17 Stevelly Bay 1071 58 Little Creek 304 18 Whaler Bay 1000 59 4th Passage Island 300 17 Volunteer Point 970 60 Rookery Point 300 20 Stephens Peak 894 61 Sparrow Cove 300 21 Beaver Island 892 62 Leopard Bay 270 22 Bleaker Island 875 63 Rookery Sands 249 23 Seal Bay 875 64 Port King 208 24 West Head 855 65 Carcass Island 180 25 Bluff Cove 850 66 Strike off Point 176 26 Queen Point 832 67 Fanning Harbour 160 27 Lake Hammond 830 68 Murdos Cave 137 28 Motley Point 800 69 Moffit Harbour 130 29 Pebble Island 754 70 Pleasant Road 123 30 Fox Point 751 71 Rodeo Point 120 31 Isthmus Cove 738 72 Cow Bay 117 32 Blue Mountain 728 73 Salt house 110 33 Big Seal Rook 716 74 North Beach 103 34 Port North 705 75 Hoste Inlet 66 35 Concordia Beach 701 76 Limpet Creek E. 54 36 Hope Point 654 77 Long Point 52 37 Paloma Beach 601 78 Colorado Bay 44 38 Bull Roads 564 79 Shag Harbour 16 39 Keppel Island 560 80 Ajax Bay 14 40 Bottomless Pond 534 81 Egg Harbour 7 41 Limpet Creek W. 531 TOTAL 65,000 PENGUINS OF THE MAGELLAN REGION 487 FIG. 2. – Map of Falkland Islands Gentoo breeding sites (numbers refer to Table 2). recorded during 1995/96 (Bingham, 1998b) (Figure Southern Rockhopper 2; Table 2). Somewhat surprisingly, a very small Gen- too breeding colony was discovered on Islas de los The Falkland Islands and South America are Estados (54º50’S 64º00’W), containing almost 100 home to two species of the genus Eudyptes; the breeding pairs.