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Cavitas Oris) Is the Initial Part of the Alimentary Or Digestive Tract

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Cavitas Oris) Is the Initial Part of the Alimentary Or Digestive Tract ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE ORAL CAVITY The oral cavity (cavitas oris) is the initial part of the alimentary or digestive tract. It is boarded by lips on the front, by cheeks on the sides, by the hard and soft palates at the top, by pharynx at the back part and by the mouth bottom at the bottom. 1. Upper lip 7. Tongue 2. Upper gum 8. Mandible teeth 3. Upper-jaw-teeth 9. Lower gum 4. Hard palate 10. Lower lip 5. Soft palate uvula 11. Cheek 6. Tonsils The oral cavity is a combination of organs and tissues performing a set of functions: 1. Chewing – performed by teeth 2. Speaking – a process with participation of tongue, teeth, lips and the palates 3. Digestive - due to enzymes of saliva deconstruction of some substance takes place in the oral cavity, and the permeability of mucous membrane helps to absorb the stuff. 4. Protecting - is performed with the help of some substances and cells, existing in the saliva (lysozyme, interferon, leucocyte, etc.), as well as by selective permeability of the epithelium of mucous membrane. Tonsils also have great importance in the provision of this function (palatal, pharyngeal, lingual). 5. Sensitive - feeling of pain, as well as felling of taste and tactile feeling are provided by big amount of receptors and taste sensitive papilla of mucous membrane of oral cavity. The oral cavity is divided by teeth arch into 2 parts: a. frontal or vestibular part of the mouth (vestibulum oris), which is the space between lips and cheeks from outside and teeth and gingiva from inside. The ducts of parotid saliva glands opens here in the area of second upper molars, and in the area of central incisors and canines due to fold of mucus membrane the lateral and central frenulum are formed. b. proper oral cavity (cavitas oris propria) which is bordered by the teeth from the front and sides, at the top – by hard and soft palates, at the bottom – by mouth bottom and tongue, at the back – by throat entrance. THE ORAL CAVITY MUCOUS MEMBRANE (tunica mucosa oris) The oral cavity is fully covered by mucous membrane. It has a number of features, such as resistance to the influence of physical, thermal and chemical stimuli, as well as it acts as a barrier against the penetration of an infection. The oral cavity mucous membrane consists of three layers: 1. epithelial 2. proper mucosa 3. submucosa The upper layer of the oral cavity mucous membrane is a flat epithelium, which consists of three layers: a. Basal layer, which separates the epithelium from proper mucosa. It consists of one layer of densely situated cells, which do not allow the penetration of blood vessels and nerves. b. Intermediate layer, which consists of several layers of polygonal cells. The upper cells oh this layer gradually obtain flat form. c. Surface layer, consists of flat, densely situated cells. Depending on the location this layer can be keratinized (dorsal surface of tongue, hard palate, gum) or non-keratinized. The proper mucosa (lamina mucosa propria) is a dense connective tissue, which consist of basic substance (mucopolysaccharides, glycoprotein), fibers (collagen, elastic, argyrophilic) and cells (fibroblasts, microphages, histiocytes, plasmocytes, labrocyte and lymphocytes etc.). Besides, this layer is full of blood vessels, nerves and small salivary glands. The proper mucosa has two layers: 1. Papillary - is placed in the epithelium layer in the form of papillae, which provides the nutrition of the epithelial cells. 2. Reticular – this layer has more blood vessels and nerves. Without any clear border the proper mucosa turns into the submucosa (tela submucosa), consisting of areolar tissue. In some areas of the oral cavity (tongue, gingiva, hard palate) submucosa is missing. In these areas the mucous membrane is directly adhered to intramuscular connective tissue of the tongue or periosteum and is relatively motionless. The thickness of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity is different in different locations. The thickest layer of the mucous membrane is situated on the lips and cheeks; and the thinnest one is under the tongue. CHEEKS (buccae) The cheeks consist of muscle and fat tissues. They are covered with skin from outside and with mucous membrane from inside. Submucosa of the cheeks is well expressed and is rich with small salivary and adipose glands. In the posterior part of cheeks numerous small sebaceous glands (Fordyce’s glands) are sometimes visible. The cheek epithelium is non- keratinized. The duct of parotid gland opens in the area of the upper second molar. 1. Fordyce’s glands 2. Opening of the duct of parotid gland 3. Pterygoid-mandibular fold 4. Sulcus pterygoid-mandibularis 5. Soft palate 6. Tongue 7. Pharynx 8. Tonsil LIPS (labia oris) Lips are muscle organ that represents the area where the skin turns into a mucous membrane. The lips frame the crack of the mouth and form its opening (rima oris). Lips consist of three parts: . skin . intermediate or red line . mucosa The red line is the intermediate part between the skin and mucous membrane. It is covered by multilayer flat keratinized epithelium and contains small salivary and adipose glands. There are no hair roots here. The base of the lips is the circular muscle of the mouth. In the oral cavity vestibulum there are folds in the area of central incisors, which are called frenuli centralis, and in the area of canines there are frenuli lateralis. GUM (gingiva) The part of mucous membrane covering the alveolar bone of maxilla and the mandible is called gingiva. It surrounds the teeth in the area of cervix. Gingiva is motionless and is adhered to periosteum, since it has no submucosa. Near the base of the alveolar process of maxilla and the alveolar part of mandible the mucous membrane becomes movable. The submucosa is present here. The area between movable and non-movable mucous membrane is called transitive fold. There are no glands here. Gingiva has 3 parts: 1. Gingival (interdental) papillae, which is located in inter- dental areas. This part is not attached, it is free. 2. Marginal gingiva, which surrounds the teeth in the cervix area. This part is not attached, it is free also. 3. Alveolar or fixed gingiva, which covers alveolar bone up to transitive fold. This part is attached. HARD PALATE (palatum durum) The mucous membrane of the hard palate is non-movable, since it has no submucosa. There is an accumulation of adipose and lymphatic tissues in posterior-lateral areas of the hard palate under the mucous membrane. In the area of connection of the right and left palatal processuses there is bone thickening (torus palatine), which is well expressed at some people’s oral cavity. The hard palate separates oral cavity from nasal cavity. SOFT PALATE (palatum molle) It is a muscular organ covered by mucous membrane. The ledge of the soft palate in the middle part is called palatine uvula (uvulla). The soft palate has 2 arches: palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal. Between these arches the palatine tonsils are located. The soft palate participates in the swallowing act by closing the nasal and preventing the incoming of food into the nasal cavity. ORAL CAVITY BOTTOM The oral cavity bottom is covered by thin mucosa, which forms a number of folds. Epithelium in this part is non-keratinized. There is a fold in the frontal part - frenulum of the tongue – which is located on the middle line of the oral cavity bottom under the tongue. On the two sides of the frenulum the ducts of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands open. TONGUE (lingua) Tongue is a muscular organ, which is covered by mucosa. Anatomically the tongue is divided into three parts: body, root and tip. The mucosa of the dorsal surface of the tongue is strongly attached to the intermuscular connective tissue, and the submucosa is missing. The epithelium is keratinizing. The epithelium of the lower part of the tongue is non-keratinized and submucosa is present. On the dorsal surfaces of the tongue the papillary layer of the mucosa is well expressed and forms ledges – papillae of the tongue. There are 4 types of papillae: 1. filiform (papillae filiformis) - are the most in quantity. They are evenly located on the whole dorsal surface of the tongue and provide sensitivity and tactility of the tongue. They do not have taste sensory nerve endings, whereas they feel the shape, consistency and the amount of food. 2. fungiform (papillae fungiformis) - are located mainly in the area of the tip the tongue in the form of red dots. They are rich in taste receptors, especially for the sweet. 3. foliate (papillae foliatae) - are located in the posterior-lateral parts of the tongue in the form of superficial folds. They are rich in taste receptors, especially for sour. 4. grooved (papillae vallatae) - the grooved papillae can be 7-11 (always in odd number). They are located on the border of root and body of the tongue in shape of Roman number V. Each papilla is circled by separate groove, where small glands open (Ebner serous glands). The papillae contain numerous taste receptors, especially for bitter. The accumulation of lymphoid tissue, that forms the tongue glands, is located behind the grooved papillae line. 1. tip of tongue 5. boundary sulcus 9. foramen cecum 2. median sulcus 6. tongue glands 11. papillae vallatae 3.,10. papillae foliatae 7. palatal glands 13. dorsal surface of the tongue 4., 12. papillae fungiformis 8. tongue radix 14. Papillae filiformis FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY MUCOUS MEMBRANE 1. Protective function which is provided by a number of factors: a. Non-transparency for the germs and viruses (except for the viruses of tularemia, murrain, rabies), and by protective cells (macrophages, histiocytes, lymphocytes, leucocytes, etc.) of the proper layer of the mucous membrane b.
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