Index

Page numbers in bold refer to pages having answers to the questions

abdominal thrusts, 84 age-related conditions, 72, 73, 75, 77, see also abfraction, 145 elderly patients , 58, 60, 145 osteoporosis, 72, 76 cavities, classification, 174 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency toothbrushing, 157, 174 syndrome), 20, 73, 77 accessory salivary glands, 99 airflow, decontamination rooms, 33, 37 Access to Health Records Act, 60 airway obstruction see choking accidents, COSHH regulations, 46 ALARP (ALARA) principles, 104, 105, 108, 109 acid etchants, 168, 178 quality assurance, 134 acids aldehyde, 12, 30, 37 dental materials, 167, 177 alginate salts, 59 effect on teeth, 56, 60, 74, 77, impressions, 177 154, 159 handling, 169, 179 pH, 173 storage, 180 saliva on, 91, 98 alkalis, pH, 173 vomit, 77, 159 alloy powder, amalgam, 167, 176 acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 20, alveolar crest fibres, periodontal ligament, 97 73, 77 amalgam, 167, 176 acquired immunity, 29 restorations acrylic disposal of extracted teeth, 44, 48, 169, 178 orthodontic appliances, 69 instruments, 163, 173 temporary crowns, 188 matrix systems, 176, 188 Actinomyces, 19, 21, 140, 147 preparation, 183, 188 acute necrotising ulcerative , waste disposal, 48, 169, 178, 179 21, 158 amalgam pluggers, 173 Adams cribs, 68, 69, 189 amalgam traps, separators, 179 Adams pliers, 68, 69, 168, 177 ameloblasts, 148 adhesive bridges, 190 amelodentinal junction, 89, 96 adhesive cements, 171, 181 amylase, 98 adhesive pastes, denture retention, 175 anaerobic bacteria, 142, 147 adrenaline mouthwash ingredients and, 152, 158 anaphylaxis,COPYRIGHTED 83, 85 MATERIALtoxins, 149 local anaesthesia, 168, 173, 174, 177 anaphylaxis AED (automatic external defibrillators), drugs for, 80, 83, 85 80, 83 signs, 82, 86 aerosol contamination, 4, 9, 11, 12, 21 anatomy, 87–100 airway protection, 42, 47 angina, 82, 86 aesthetics, after root filling, 190 Angle’s classification, 63, 64, 67

Questions and Answers for Diploma in Dental Nursing, Level 3, First Edition. Carole Hollins. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

193

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angular , 76 bagged items, in drawers, 39 ankylosis, 59 bagging (HTM 01-05), 45, 49 anterior occlusal radiography, 59, 115, 116 bands, 189 congenital absence of lateral incisors, 117 molar, 185, 190 orientation, 129, 133 barbed broaches, 174 anterior open bite, 68 barrier method, 10, 27, 38 anterior tooth clamps, 175 benign tumours, 157 antibacterial enzymes, 98 biofilms see plaque antibiotics, 19, 20 bisphosphonates, 100 oral diseases after, 71, 75 bite gauge (Willis), 167, 176 antibodies, 27, 28 bitewing views, 59, see also horizontal antigens, 27 bitewing view antitoxins, 27, 28 occlusal caries, 116 aphthous ulcers, 75, 100 blank film, radiography, 127 apical fibres, periodontal ligament, 97 bleach see sodium hypochlorite apicectomy, 189 bleeding, BPE charting, 59 apologies, 61 blood spatter, 42, 46 archwires blood spillages, 7, 13, 26, 30 cleaning of teeth, 68 blood supply (arterial), 92, 99 retention, 171, 180 body fluids, see also aerosol contamination arrhythmias, 83 cross infection, 9 articulating paper, 188 body language, 161 asepsis, 11 bone aspirating tips, 38 loss, radiography, 115 sterilisation, 35, 39 removal, instruments, 171, 180 aspiration, local anaesthesia, 164, 173, 181 resorption, 96, 191 aspirin, 83, 85 retention of implants, 186, 191 asthma, 79, 83, 146 bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 19 asystole, 83 Bowie–Dick test, 37 attached gingiva, 97 BPE probe, 58, 59 , 58, 60, 76, 145 BPE scores, 55, 58, 59 autoclaves, 12, 29, 43, 48 bracket holders, 68 explosions, 44, 48 Briault probe, 58 Helix test, 32, 37 bridges maintenance, 45, 49 implants vs, 185, 190 types, 33, 35, 38, 39 temporary, 186, 191 automatic external defibrillators, 80, 83 broaches, barbed, 174 automatic processing of X-ray films, 120, broad-spectrum antibiotics, oral diseases 124, 125 after, 71, 75 machine maintenance, 123, 124, 125, 127 bromine, 124 AVPU scale, 80, 82, 84, 85 see tooth grinding B-type autoclaves, 33, 35, 38, 39 bacilli, 19 Helix test, 37 back slaps, 84 buccal artery, 92, 99 bacteria, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 141, 146, see also buccal gel, midazolam, 84 anaerobic bacteria; plaque buccal surface (defined), 96, 97 acid-producing, 139, 145 budding organisms, 18, 21 caries, 15, 18, 21, 140, 146 buffers soft tissue infections, 71, 75 local anaesthesia solutions, 173 bacteriostatic (term), 39 saliva, 98 Bacteroides, 140 bulimia, 77, 154, 159 badges, radiation monitoring, 104, 106, 107, burnishers, 173, 175 110 sterilisation, 35, 40

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burs, 165, 175 cassettes, extra-oral films, 112, 113, 116 sterilisation, 35, 40 cavities, 145, see also restorations butterfly clamps, 175 classification, 164, 165, 167, 170, 173, 174, butting in (conversations), 161 177, 179 non-carious, 157 calcium hydroxide primary dentition, preparation, 184, 189 as lining material, 169, 173, 177, 178 cellulitis, 141, 147 for mercury spillages, 172, 181 cementoblasts, 148 calcium hydroxyapatite, 89, 90, 96, 97 cements, see also luting cements calcium phosphate, buffer, 98 glass ionomer, 170, 179 calcium sulphate, 59 matrix systems, 176 calculus, 147, 149 for molar bands, 185, 190 BPE charting, 59 zinc oxide and eugenol cement, 166, 175 interproximal, instruments to remove, zinc phosphate, 177, 181 164, 174 , 97 subgingival, 53, 149 cephalograms, 117 cancer see squamous cell carcinoma cephalostats, 112, 115 Candida albicans, 16, 20, 75, 76, 93, 100, cervical foil matrix, 176 see also thrush chemicals antibiotics and, 75 for cleaning, 33, 34 canine retractors, 189 hypersensitivity, 33, 38 canines COSHH regulations, 46 crowding, 68 detergents for spills, 126 local anaesthesia, 176 disposal, 121, 124, 125, 178 unerupted, radiography, 115 for skin cleansing, 34, 39 carcinoma see squamous cell carcinoma chest compressions, 79, 83 cardiac arrest, 81, 84 chickenpox, 30, 77 babies, 81, 84 children cardiac valvular defects, 83 cardiac arrest, 84 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 79, 83 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 82, 85 children, 82, 85 retention of patient records, 56, 60 pregnancy, 81, 85 chlorhexidine, 37, 38, 39 caries, 27, 58, 60, see also DMF levels choking, 80, 83 bacteria causing, 15, 18, 21, 140, 146 treatment, 80, 84 complications, 141, 146 chrome-cobalt partial dentures, 187, 191 diet and, 143, 148 clamps, for rubber dams, 175 early, 139, 142, 145, 147 clasps, partial dentures, 166, 175 interproximal, probes for, 53, 58 cleaning, see also blood spillages; spillages late, 139, 145 chemicals for, 33, 34 occlusal, radiography, 112, 116 hypersensitivity, 33, 38 pain, 96, 141, 146 chrome-cobalt partial dentures, 187, 191 plaque and, 140, 145 fixer (X-ray film processing), spills, 122, 126 prevention, 151, 157 of instruments, 34, 38 radiography, 53, 58 manual, 32, 36 occlusal, 112, 116 of reusable items, 47 risk assessments, 160 validation of methods, 36 toothpaste ingredients suppressing, 154, 159 work surfaces, hepatitis B, 39 carotid arteries, 99 cleaning of teeth, orthodontics, 65, 68 carriers (of infections), 9, 13, 46 cleanliness levels, 4, 6, 9, 11 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 25 clean worktops, 12 hepatitis B, 27 cling film, 10, 38 carrots, 158 clinical governance guidelines, quality cartridges (local anaesthesia), disposal, 165, 175 assurance, radiography, 131, 134

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cobalt chrome, 69 crown preparations, impressions, partial dentures, 187, 191 167, 176 coeliac disease, 73, 77 crowns cold, sensitivity to, 54, 59 primary dentition, 189 cold sores, 18, 20, 21, 27, 74, 77 temporary, 183, 187, 188, 192 collagen fibres, periodontal ligament, crystalline debris, radiographs, 126 90, 97 curing lights, 169, 178 collimators, 109, 117 cusps commensal bacteria, 75 anatomy, 88, 95 common cold, 19 molars, 87, 95 communication, 154, 156, 159, 161 of Carabelli, 95 complaints, 57, 61 cyanosis, 83 compliance, denture wearing, 191 choking, 83 composite inlays, 189 cysts, 100, 151, 157 composite restorations radiographic appearance, 115 acid etchants, 168, 178 curing lights, 169, 178 damp, X-ray film storage, 133 glass ionomer vs, 179 Data Protection Act, 60 instruments, 164, 173 date-stamping, sterilised instruments, matrix systems, 166, 176 31, 36 coned images, 120, 124, 125 debonding of fixed appliances, 168, 177 confidentiality, records, 56, 57, 60, 61 debridement, 13, 31, 36, 38 congenital absence of lateral incisors, ultrasonic bath failure, 32 intra-oral films for, 113, 117 debt collection, 61 coning, horizontal bitewing view, 130, 134 deciduous teeth see primary dentition consciousness, AVPU scale, 80, 82, decontaminants (term), 39 84, 85 decontamination, 5, 7, 8, 11, 31–40 consent, 56, 61 before autoclaving, 8, 13, 48 contact details of microbiologist, inoculation impressions, 169, 179 injuries, 44, 48 reusable items, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49 contingency plans, X-ray machine by washer–disinfectors, 44, 48 malfunctions, 126 decontamination rooms, 33, 37 controlled areas, X-ray machines, deep , 68 104, 108 defibrillators, automatic external, 80, 83 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health demineralisation see COSHH regulations bacteria causing, 139, 145 copper, in amalgam, 176 enamel, 147 COSHH regulations, 41, 46, 48 pH for, 143, 148 files, first aid, 125 dental assessment, 53–61 RIDDOR, 46, 48, 49 dental chairs, X-ray machines and, 108 coughing, 84 dental stone, 59 cranial nerves, 92, 99, see also specific nerves dentigerous cysts, 157 crazed pattern, radiographs, 126 dentine, 97 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 19, 25, 29 secondary, 143, 148, 178 critical pH, 148 dentinocemental junction, 97 cross infection, 3, 9, 23 dentures, see also fixed prostheses; partial direct, 35, 40 dentures indirect, 4, 7, 10, 13, 28 failure, 186, 191 prevention, 4, 5, 6, 11, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34, for immediate replacement, 172, 181 38, 40 natural retention, 166, 175 policies, 41, 46 occlusal face height, 176 crowding (of teeth), 65, 68 periodontitis and, 143, 148 radiography, 63, 67 wax rims, 184, 188

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denture , 100 dry mouth see xerostomia derotation, 67, 190 dual-core materials, temporary detergent foods, 153, 158 restorations, 177 detergents, for chemical spills, 126 developer (X-ray film processing) elastics, orthodontics, 191 disposal, 121, 125 elastomers, 177 function, 124 elderly patients, see also age-related image faults with, 125, 126 conditions oxidation, 124 dental specialism, 72, 76 dextrose, 159 elongation, X-ray images, 121, 125 diabetes, 161 emergencies, 79–86 hypoglycaemia, 81, 85 emulsions, X-ray films, 120, 122, 124, 126 periodontitis, 146 expiry dates, 133 type 2, 72, 76 enamel diamond burs, sterilisation, 35 decalcification, 147 diet, caries and, 143, 148 fixed appliances, 65, 68 digital radiography, 113, 114, 117 loss, 154, see also erosion advantages, 114, 117, 118 toothbrushing on, 152, 157 storage of images, 130, 133 endodontic instruments, 7, 19, 165, direct cross infection, 35, 40 174, 181 dirty areas, zoning, 6, 11, 32, 37, 40 files, 186, 190 dirty rollers, X-ray film processors, 125 hand files, 181, 190 disclosing tablets, 59 rubber dams, 173 disinfectants, 6, 12, 26, 30 endodontics, moisture control, 163, 173 for blood spillages, 42, 46 enzymes chlorhexidine, 37, 38, 39 saliva, 98 for impressions, 179 toothpaste, 157, 160 for metals, 32, 37 Epanutin (phenytoin), gingival hyperplasia, disinfection, 9, 36, 38 147, 159 cavities, primary dentition, 189 epilepsy, midazolam for, 84 impressions, 12, 37 Epstein–Barr virus, 24 reusable items, 47 erosion, 58, 60, 74, 77, 145, 154, 159 dismissive attitude, 156, 161 gastric reflux, 76 disposable items, 10, 13, 34 errors, radiography, scores, 129, 131, 134 endodontic instruments, 19 eruption, age ranges, 87, 88, 95 dissecting forceps, 180 erythrocytes, 29 distal surface (defined), 96 , 72, 75 distillers, 12 etchants, 168, 178 diuretics, 161 ethyl chloride, 59 DMF levels, 153, 158 eugenol see zinc oxide and eugenol door seals, autoclaves, 49 cement downward displacement, in autoclaves, 38, evaluation, risk assessments, 47 39, 43 excavators, 173 DPT see pantomographs spoon excavators, 164, 173, 174 drawers, bagged items in, 39 exfoliation, 96 dressings, 11 expiry date, see also use-by date droplet contamination, 4, 9, 11, 12 sterilised instruments, 31, 36 drugs explosions, autoclaves, 44, 48 affecting oral health, 156, 161 exposure buttons, X-ray machines, 108 for anaphylaxis, 80, 83, 85 external carotid artery, 99 for emergencies, 81, 85 extracted teeth, disposal, 44, 48, 169, 178 drying, manual processing of X-ray films, extraction forceps, 10 123, 126 date-stamping, 31

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extraction of teeth floor of mouth, squamous cell bone remodelling after, 191 carcinoma, 58 bone removal, instruments, 171, 180 flowers of sulphur, 172, 181 local anaesthesia, 92 fluorapatite, 90, 97 periodontal ligament, 90, 97 fluorescence, 109, 115 extra-oral film cassettes, 112, 116 fluoride, 152, 158 X-ray exposure, 113 glass ionomer cements, 179 mouthwash, 68 face masks, 11, 47, 127 systemic applications, 153, 155, 158, 160 facial artery, 92, 99 toothpaste, 157, 159 facial nerve, 99 water supplies, 155, 158, 160 fainting, 83 flush stage, washer–disinfectors, 47, 48 false pockets, 98, 147 fogging (image fault), radiography, 121, 125 systemic conditions, 142, 147 folded arms (body language), 161 FDI notation, 53, 55, 58, 60, 87, 88, 95, 96 food debris, plaque, 146 felypressin, 179 foods see diet fibres, periodontal ligament, 90, 91, 97, 98 foramina, , 93, 100 files (endodontic), 186, 190 forceps, 180 hand files, 181, 190 for extractions, 10 files (for documents) date-stamping, 31 COSHH regulations, 46 foreshortening, X-ray images, 126 radiation protection files, 103, 107, formaldehyde see aldehyde 108, 109 fracture risk, 76 fillings see restorations Freedom of Information Act 2000, 60 film speed, X-ray films, 109 free gingival fibres, 98 fingers, rinsing, 12 functional appliances, 66, 67, 69, 181, finger springs, 189 187, 191 palatal, 66, 69 fungi, 16, 19, 21, 75, see also Candida albicans; fire extinguishers, regulations, 46 thrush first aid antibiotics and, 75 fixer spills, 121, 125 furcation lesions, 53, 58 inoculation injuries, 42 fuse boxes, 107 fixed appliances (orthodontics), 186, 187, 190, 191 gastric reflux, 73, 76 cleaning of teeth, 65, 68 Gates Glidden drill, 174 debonding, 168, 177 gerodontology, 76, 190 enamel decalcification, 65, 68 gingiva indications, 64, 67 attached, 97 molar bands, 185, 190 free gingival fibres, 98 retention, 171, 180 hyperplasia, 147, 159 setup for, 65, 68 marginal, 97 fixed prostheses, 168, 171, 177 gingivitis, 91, 98 restorations, 171, 180 acute necrotising ulcerative, 21, 158 fixer (X-ray film processing) aetiology, 140, 146 disposal, 121, 125 chronic, 53, 58, 142, 147 function, 124 periodontitis vs, 143, 148 image faults with, 126 glandular fever, 28 green stain, 126 glass ionomer cements, 170, 179 spills matrix systems, 176 cleaning, 122, 126 , 75, 76 first aid, 121, 125 glossopharyngeal nerve, 93, 99 flat fissure burs, 175 gloves, 43, 48 flat plastic instruments, 173, 175 for instrument reprocessing, 49

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glucagon, 86 ideal , 64 glucose, 159 immediate replacement dentures, 172, 181 gluten sensitivity, 73, 77 immune deficiency, 17, 20 glyceryl trinitrate, 85 immune response, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29 greenstick compound, 59 immunisation see vaccination guidelines, 41–49 immunity, 26, 29, 141, 146 clinical governance guidelines, immunoglobulin A, 98 radiography, 131, 134 implants gutta-percha, 59, 189 bridges vs, 185, 190 retention in bone, 186, 191 hand files, 181, 190 impressions hand, foot and mouth disease, 28 alginate salts, 177 hand hygiene, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 28, handling, 169, 179 see also skin cleansing storage, 180 timing, 25, 28 crown preparations, 167, 176 hand instruments, handpieces vs, 173 disinfection, 12, 37, 179 handpieces, straight, 68 for fixed prostheses, 168, 177 hazardous waste materials for, 55, 59 extracted teeth as, 178 orthodontics, 67 film processing chemicals, 124, 125 storage, 170, 180 local anaesthesia cartridges as, 175 incisive foramen, 100 head of condyle, mandible, 98 incisors Health and Safety Executive, mercury anatomy, 89, 96 spillages, 179 congenital absence, intra-oral films for, Health Protection Agency, Radiation 113, 117 Division, 110 measurements, 63, 65, 67, 68 Heimlich manoeuvre, 84 periapical views, orientation, 130, 133 Helix test, autoclaves, 32, 37 proclination, 67 hepatitis B, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs work surface cleaning, 39 (IOTN), 64, 67 hepatitis C, 21 indirect cross infection, 4, 7, 10, 13, 28 , 77 infections, see also cross infection; virus, 20, 21, 28, 29 microorganisms herpesviruses, 74, 77 management, 23–30 herpetiform ulcers, 75 prevention, 3–13, 23, 24 hidden sugars, 148, 156, 161 policies, 41, 48 horizontal bitewing view, 58, 111, 115 purulent, 141, 147 intra-oral films, 114, 117 radiographic appearance, 115 occlusal caries, 116 soft tissues, 71, 75 orientation, 132 swellings, 157 periapical radiographs vs, 135 infectious mononucleosis, 28 quality assurance, 130, 134 infectious waste HTM 01-05 (regulations), 48 extracted teeth as, 48, 178 bagging, 45, 49 local anaesthesia cartridges as, 175 human immunodeficiency virus, 20, 30 inferior dental nerve block, 181 hydrogen peroxide, 158 inferior vena cava, 85 hydroxyapatite, 89, 90, 96, 97 infiltration, local anaesthesia, 176 hypersensitivity inflammation, 142, 147 cleaning chemicals, 33, 38 oral tissues, 71, 72, 75 gloves, 48 psychogenic, 73, 76 hypertension, 161, 177 inflammatory response, 17, 20, 29 hypoglossal nerve, 99 information, written, 160 hypoglycaemia, 81, 85 information governance, 60

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infra-orbital foramen, 100 Jacquette scaler, 174 inherited immunity, 26, 29 junctional attachment, 97 inlays, 180, 184, 188 justification for X-ray exposures, 110, 135 materials for, 184, 189 periapical radiographs, 135 inoculation injuries, 11, 20, 40, 46 contact details of microbiologist, 44, 48 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 20, 73, 77 first aid for, 42, 46 kidney, mercury poisoning, 180 inspection, for decontamination, 47 Koplik’s spots, 29 instruments, see also burs extraction of teeth, bone removal, 171, 180 labial surface (defined), 96, 97 infection control, 6, see also lactobacilli, 19, 21, 146 decontamination lactose, 154, 159 placement of rubber dams, 166, 175 lateral oblique radiography, 117 removing bone, 171, 180 lateral pterygoid muscles, 99 removing interproximal calculus, 164, 174 lateral skull view, radiography, 115, 117 removing pulp, 165, 174 latex gloves, 48 reprocessing sequence, 31, 36 lead aprons, 109 restorations, 165, 175 lead foil, X-ray film packets, 113, 115, 116, 124 amalgam, 163, 173 disposal, 43, 47 composite, 164, 173 leakage, restorations, avoidance, 165, 175 root fillings, 172, 181 Le Cron carver, 184, 188 intensifying screens, 114, 115, 116, legal persons, radiation protection, 108 117, 118 Legionnaires’ disease, 45, 49 rare earth chemicals, 124 legislation, 41–49, see also COSHH regulations; interdental brushes, 68 ionising radiation regulations internal carotid artery, 99 confidentiality, 56, 60 interproximal calculus, instruments to records, 56, 57, 60 remove, 164, 174 lesser palatine foramen, 100 interproximal caries, probes for, 53, 58 leucocytes, 29 intra-oral films, 111, 112, 115 saliva, 146 for congenital absence of lateral incisors, , 76, 100 113, 117 level of responsiveness, 80, 82, 84, 85 horizontal bitewing view, 114, 117 liability, complaints and, 61 intra-osseous local anaesthesia, 178 lidded boxes, 39 ion exchange process, 97 light spectrum, photography, 126 ionising radiation, 103–110 lingual surface (defined), 97 X-ray film storage, 133, 135 lining material, calcium hydroxide as, 169, ionising radiation regulations, 103–110 173, 177, 178 IR(ME)R, 48, 104, 106, 108 live vaccines, 29 ALARP principles, 108 loading, X-ray film processors, 120 IRR99, 108, 109 local anaesthesia, 167, 169, 172, 176, 178, 181 IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment adrenaline, 168, 173, 174, 177 Needs), 64, 67 anatomy, 92, 99 IR(ME)R 2000, 109 aspiration, 164, 173, 181 formal appointments, 109 cartridges, disposal, 165, 175 IR(ME)R (ionising radiation regulations), 48, solutions, 170, 179 104, 106, 108 pH, 163, 173 ALARP principles, 108 preservatives, 166, 173, 176 IRMER practitioners, 110 local rules, radiation protection, 103, 108, IRR99 (ionising radiation regulations), 108, 109 109, 110 isolator switches, X-ray machines, 103, 107 luting cements, 171, 177, 181, 190 isopropyl alcohol, 33, 37 disposal, 42, 47 -itis (suffix), 75 luxators, 35

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maintenance motivation, 159 autoclaves, 45, 49 mouth mirrors, 165, 174 film processing machines, 123, 124, 125, 127 mouthwashes, 152, 158 fluoride, 68 class II, correction, 191 mucosa, 93, 94, 100 classification, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 , 27, 91, 98 mandible muscle contractions, denture retention, 175 foramina, 93, 100 muscles of mastication, 92, 99 head of condyle, 98 round angle of mandible, 92, 99 manual cleaning, 32, 36 spasm, 93, 100 manual X-ray film processing, 119, 120, 124 drying, 123, 126 natural immunity, 29 marginal gingiva, 97 nerve tissues, infections, 16, 19 markers, extra-oral film cassettes, 116 nickel titanium, orthodontic appliances, 69 masks (face masks), 11, 47, 127 nicotine, 159 masseter muscle, 99 nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate), 85 mastication, muscles of, 92, 99 non-hazardous waste, lead as, 47 round angle of mandible, 92, 99 non-infectious waste spasm, 93, 100 extracted teeth as, 48, 178 matrix systems film processing chemicals, 124, 125 amalgam restorations, 176, 188 non-milk extrinsic sugars, 140, 145, 159 composite restorations, 166, 176 N-type autoclaves, 33, 35, 38, 39 measles, 29 medial pterygoid muscles, 99 oblique fibres, periodontal ligament, 97 medical physicists, 108 obturators, 188 mental foramen, 100 occlusal caries, radiography, 112, 116 mercury, see also amalgam occlusal face height, 176 poisoning, 171, 180 occlusion routes of entry, 168, 177 ideal, 64 spillages, 166, 170, 172, 175, 179, 181 unbalanced, 148 mesial surface (defined), 97 odontoblasts, 148 metal brushes, 13 offensive waste, 47 metals, disinfectants for, 32, 37 opportunistic pathogens, 75 microbiologist, contact details, inoculation optimisation, radiation exposures, 108, 110 injuries, 44, 48 oral health microorganisms, 15–21 advice, reinforcement, 156, 160 midazolam, oral, 81, 83, 84 assessments, 155, 160 milk extrinsic sugar, 159 drugs affecting, 156, 161 minimal errors, radiography, score, 131, 134 general health and, 156, 161 mirrors (dental), 165, 174 oral hygiene, 152, 157 missing teeth, replacement, 171, 181, 185, 190 products, 153, 158 mixed dentition stage, 96 fluoride, 160 mobility, 58 oral tissues, 71–77 grading, 55, 59 attached to teeth, 90, 97, see also attached moisture control, 163, 173 gingiva molar bands, 185, 190 breaks in, 155, see also ulcers molars diseases, 93, 94, 100 cusps, anatomy, 87, 95 inspection, 54 local anaesthesia, 176 orientation secondary dentition, 87, 89, 95, 96 anterior occlusal view, 129, 133 monitoring badges, radiation, 104, 106, horizontal bitewing view, 132 107, 110 pantomographs, 130, 134 mosquito forceps, 180 periapical views, 130, 131, 133, 134

0002524872.indd 201 4/28/2015 9:33:06 PM 202 Index

orthodontics orientation, 130, 131, 133, 134 appliances, 64, 67, see also fixed appliances quality assurance, 132, 135 functional, 66, 67, 69, 187, 191 , 115 removable, 64, 68, 185, 186, 187, 189, periodontal bone loss, radiography, 115 190, 191 periodontal code 1, 54, 58 assessments, 63–69 periodontal ligament definition, 76, 190 extraction of teeth, 90, 97 radiography, 63, 67, 113, 117 fibres, 90, 91, 97, 98 cephalostats, 112, 115 periodontal pockets, 54, 59, 97, see also false osseointegration, 191 pockets osteoblasts, 148 gingivitis, 98 osteonecrosis, 93, 100 true pockets, 53, 148 osteoporosis, 72, 76, 100 periodontitis, 58, 139, 145 osteotrimmers, 180 aetiology, 140, 146 overbite, 64, 67, 68 anaerobic bacteria, 147 overdentures, 188 BPE charting, 55, 59 overhangs, detection, 174 chronic, 144, 149 overjet, 64, 67 chronic gingivitis vs, 143, 148 reverse, 68 dentures and, 143, 148 overloading, ultrasonic baths, 36 factors exacerbating, 154, 159 oxidation, film developer, 124 junctional attachment, 97 plaque, 143, 148 paedodontics, definition, 76, 190 prevention, 155 pain stagnation areas, 142, 147, 148 caries, 96, 141, 146 systemic conditions, 142, 147 inflammation, 20, 147 ulcerative, 17, 21 painless ulcers, 73, 77 permanent teeth see secondary dentition palatal finger springs, 66, 69 personal protective equipment (PPE), 44, 49 palatal surface (defined), 97 film processor filling, 123, 127 pallor, 79, 83 infection control, 5, 11, 27, 28, 42, 46, Palmer charting system, 53, 55, 58, 60, 87, 47, 49 88, 95, 96 mercury spillages, 175 pantomographs, 58, 59, 67, 111, 113, 115, 117 pH orientation, 130, 134 for demineralisation, 143, 148 paper, X-ray film packets, 115 local anaesthesia solutions, 163, 173 paralleling technique, intra-oral films, 115 phosphoric acid, 177 parotid glands, 99 saliva on, 98 infections, 23, 27 phenytoin, gingival hyperplasia, 147, 159 partial dentures phosphoric acid, 177, 178 chrome-cobalt, 187, 191 pimples, X-ray films, 134 construction, 186, 191 plaque, 141, 146 retention, 166, 175 caries and, 140, 145 passive immunity, 29 gingivitis, 146 pathogens mineralisation, 147 vs non-pathogens, 16, 19 oral hygiene products to remove, 153, 158 opportunistic, 75 periodontitis, 143, 148 pear burs, 175 toothpaste ingredients suppressing, 151, 157 peg laterals, 96 pockets, periodontal, 53, 54, 59, 148, see also periapical abscess, 77, 145 false pockets radiography, 111, 115 Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 60 periapical radiographs, 58, 115, 116 policies, 41–49 congenital absence of lateral incisors, 117 pouches, sealed, 6, 12, 31, see also bagged items horizontal bitewing view vs, 135 powdered gloves, 48

0002524872.indd 202 4/28/2015 9:33:06 PM Index 203

precautions, standard, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 41, 46 horizontal bitewing view, 130, 134 pregnancy, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, scores, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 81, 85 record-keeping, 56, 60 premalignant lesions, 94, 100 premolars, local anaesthesia, 176 radiation monitoring badges, 104, 106, 107, 110 preoperative advice, orthodontics, 64 radiation protection advisers, 110 preservatives, local anaesthesia solutions, radiation protection files, 103, 107, 108, 109 166, 173, 176 radiation protection supervisors, 103, 107, 108 pressure vessels, regulations, 46 radiography, 111–118, 129–135, see also primary dentition, 88, 96, 185, 189 digital radiography; ionising radiation; cavities, preparation, 184, 189 X-ray films glass ionomer cements, 179 caries, 53, 58 molars, 89, 96 occlusal, 112, 116 restorations, 183, 188 image faults, 120, 121, 125 temporary, 164, 168, 173, 177 distortion, 122, 126 shedding, 89, 96 elongation, 121, 125 prions, 19, 29 fixing, 126 probes fogging, 121, 125 BPE, 58, 59 limitations, 54, 59 for interproximal caries, 53, 58 orthodontics, 63, 67, 113, 117 proclination, incisors, 67 cephalostats, 112, 115 prosthodontics, definition, 76, 190 unerupted tooth, 55, 59 protective equipment, personal (PPE), 44 canine, 115 film processor filling, 123, 127 radiolucent tissues, 109, 115 infection control, 5, 11, 27, 28, 42, 46, radiopaque tissues, 109, 115, 116 47, 49 rare earth chemicals, intensifying screens, 124 mercury spillages, 175 reamers, 181 protein residue tests, 43, 47 records psychogenic inflammation, 73, 76 legislation, 56, 57, 60 ptyalin (amylase), 98 patients’ access, 57, 61 ptyalism, 98 retention puberty, 159 children, 56, 60 pulp, 96 timelines, 60 capping, 189 red blood cells, 29 protection by calcium hydroxide, 178 referrers, X-ray exposures, 110 removal, 170, 180 reflux, gastric, 73, 76 instruments, 165, 174 regulations see COSHH regulations; ionising pulpectomy, 189 radiation regulations , 145, 146, 184, 189 remineralisation, 96 pulpotomy, 189 removable appliances, orthodontics, 64, 68, pulse, weak, 79, 83 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191 purulent infections, 141, 147 rescue breaths (CPR), 79, 83 pus, 141, 152, 157 children, 85 push scaler, 164, 174 resorption of bone, 96, 191 respiratory arrest, 84 qualification certificates, radiation protection responsiveness, level of, 80, 82, 84, 85 files, 107 restorations, 187, 192 qualified persons, for dental radiography, amalgam 105, 109 disposal (extracted teeth), 44, 48, quality assurance 169, 178 radiography, 132, 134 instruments, 163, 173 aims, 131, 134 matrix systems, 176, 188 clinical governance guidelines, 131, 134 preparation, 183, 188

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restorations (cont’d ) sauces ,sugars in, 148, 161 composite scalers, 164, 174 acid etchants, 168, 178 scatter, X-rays, 105, 109 curing lights, 169, 178 scrubbing, see also surgical handwashing glass ionomer vs, 179 instruments, 31 instruments, 164, 173 sealed pouches, 6, 12, 31, see also bagged items matrix systems, 166, 176 secondary dentine, 143, 148, 178 fixed prostheses, 171, 180 secondary dentition, 87, 88, 96 inlays as, 184, 188 molars, 87, 89, 95, 96 instruments, 163, 164, 165, 173, 175 sensitivity of teeth primary dentition, 183, 188 age and, 75 temporary, 164, 168, 173, 177 vitality tests, 54, 55, 59, 60 resuscitation, 79, 83 sensor plates, digital radiography, 117, 118 children, 82, 85 sequences of events pregnancy, 81, 85 caries formation, 139, 142, 145, 147 retraction cords, 176, 188 instrument decontamination, 8, 13, 31, 36 reusable items, 34 manual film processing, 119, 124 decontamination, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49 restorations, 187, 192 reverse overjet, 68 washer–disinfector cycles, 32, 36 reversible pulpitis, 146 sharps, see also inoculation injuries RIDDOR (COSHH regulations), 46, 48, 49 disposal, 175 rinsing extracted teeth as, 178 after toothbrushing, 157 shelf life, see also date-stamping; use-by date hand hygiene, 12 local anaesthesia solutions, 176 instruments, 31 , 28, 77 risk assessments, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49 sickle scaler, 174 caries, 160 signs rongeurs, 180 anaphylaxis, 82, 86 root apices, radiography, 135 symptoms vs, 80, 82, 84, 85 root fillings silver, in amalgam, 176 instruments, 172, 181 silver bromide, 124, 126 primary dentition and, 189 single-use items see disposable items temporary crowns, 187, 192 Siqveland matrix system, 176, 188 whitening after, 190 sitting down (body language), 161 roots skin cleansing, see also hand hygiene anatomy, 88, 95 chemicals for, 34, 39 molars, 87, 95 slurry, developer tanks, 124 local anaesthesia, 169, 178 smoking, 159, 161 round burs, 175 sneezing, 16, 19 rubber dams, 173 soap, 9 instruments for placement, 166, 175 social factors, measures of, 153, 158 rubella, 27 social handwashing, 9, 36 sodium hypochlorite, 12, 13, 30 saccharin, toothpaste, 157 metals and, 37 safe lights (photographic), 122, 126 soft tissues see oral tissues safety zones, radiation protection, 107 soups, sugars in, 148, 161 salbutamol, 83, 85 Special Waste and Hazardous Waste saliva, 91, 98 Regulations, 44 leucocytes, 146 spillages starch digestion, 91, 98 blood, 7, 13, 26, 30 transmission of viruses, 26, 30 mercury, 166, 170, 172, 175, 179, 181 salivary glands, 91, 93, 98, 99, see also parotid spiral microorganisms, 17, 21 glands spoon excavators, 164, 173, 174

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spores teeth (extracted), disposal, 44, 48, bacterial, 9, 16, 18, 20, 146 169, 178 fungal, 21 temperature squamous cell carcinoma, 54, 58, 75, 77, X-ray film processing, 120, 124 100, 160 X-ray film storage, 133 repair after removal, 184, 188 temporal artery, 92, 99 stagnation areas, periodontitis, 142, 147, 148 temporalis muscle, 99 stainless steel, palatal finger springs, 69 temporary bridges, 186, 191 stains temporary crowns, 183, 187, 188, 192 toothpaste ingredients removing, 155, 160 temporary restorations, 164, 168, 173, 177 underfixed radiographs, 126 , 92, 98 standard precautions, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 41, 46 thrush, 28, 100, see also Candida albicans staphylococci, 19, 21 timelines Staphylococcus aureus, 145 retention of records, 60 starch digestion, saliva, 91, 98 21-day, 36 sterilisation, 11, 28, 29, 35, 36, see also tin, in amalgam, 176 decontamination Tofflemire matrix system, 176, 188 aspirating tips, 35, 39 tongue, inflammation, 71, 75 date-stamping, 31, 36 toothbrushing, 152 large-scale, 33, 37 abrasion, 157, 174 storage after, 45, 49 areas missed, 152, 157 stock control, X-ray films, 129–135 effects on enamel, 152, 157 stock rotation, X-ray films, 131, 133, 134 rinsing after, 157 stomatitis, 28, see also thrush tooth grinding, 54, 58, 100, 140, 145 ulcerative, 25, 28 attrition, 58, 60, 76 storage toothpaste after sterilisation, 45, 49 enzymes, 157, 160 digital radiographs, 130, 133 ingredients removing stains, 155, 160 impressions, 170, 180 ingredients suppressing caries, 154, 159 X-ray films, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135 ingredients suppressing plaque, straight handpieces, for removable 151, 157 appliances, 68 toxins, 27 streptococci, 19 anaerobic bacteria, 149 Streptococcus mutans, 18, 21, 146 transillumination, 59 study models, orthodontics, 67 translucency, 109, 115 subgingival calculus, 53, 149 transmission of infections, 16, 20, 21 sublingual glands, 99 viruses, 7, 13, 26, 30 submandibular glands, 99 transseptal fibres, periodontal ligament, 97 sucrose, 159 Treponema vincenti, 21, 153, 158 sugars trial insertions, 181, 184, 188 hidden, 148, 156, 161 triclosan, 151, 157, 160 non-cariogenic, 154, 159 trigeminal nerve, 99 non-milk extrinsic, 140, 145, 159 , 100 sulphur, flowers of, 172, 181 true pockets, 53, 148 supragingival calculus, 149 try-ins (trial insertions), 181, 184, 188 surface tension, denture retention, 175 tubes, archwire retention, 180 surgical handwashing, 11, see also skin tumours, 100, 153, 157, 158, see also cleansing squamous cell carcinoma swellings, 152, 157, see also cysts; tumours benign, 157 switches, X-ray machines, 103, 107 radiographic appearance, 115 symptoms, signs vs, 80, 82, 84, 85 repair after removal, 184, 188 systemic fluoride applications, 153, 155, turning away (body language), 161 158, 160 21-day timeline, 36

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ulcers, 71, 75, 100, 157, 160 water supplies painless, 73, 77 fluoride, 155, 158, 160 periodontitis, 17 Legionnaires’ disease, 45, 49 stomatitis, 25, 28 water tablets (diuretics), 161 tuberculosis, 29 wax knives, 188 ultrasonic baths, 12 wax rims, dentures, 184, 188 failure, 32, 36 wedges, 188 protein residue tests, 47 wheezing, 83 ultrasonic scaler, 174 white blood cells, 29 ultraviolet radiation, 37 white light, 126 unbalanced occlusion, 148 whitening, after root filling, 190 undercuts, 165, 175, 180, 188 whitening toothpastes, 157 unerupted tooth, radiography, 55, 59 white patches, 72, 76 canine, 115 white spot lesions, 145 universal precautions, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 41, 46 WHO probe, 58 use-by date Willis bite gauge, 167, 176 date-stamping, sterilised instruments, 31, 36 wooden wedges, 188 X-ray films, 133 woodsticks, 158 work surfaces, decontamination, 35, 39 vaccination, 18, 21, 28, 29 wounds, 5, 11, 46 mumps, 98 diabetes and, 76 staff, 24, 27 written information, 160 vacuuming, mercury and, 175, 180 vacuums, autoclaves, 38, 39, 44 xerostomia, 76, 91, 98 validation, cleaning methods, 36 drugs causing, 156, 161 valvular defects, cardiac, 83 X-ray film packets, 125 variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, 25, 29 lead foil, 113, 116 vasoconstrictors see adrenaline waste disposal, 43, 47 veneers, 185, 190 opening, 125 ventricular fibrillation, 83 X-ray films, 111–118 vertical bitewing view, occlusal caries, 116 emulsions, 120, 122, 124, 126 Vincent’s gingivitis, 21, 158 expiry dates, 133 viricidal (term), 39 film speed, 109 viricidal wipes, 37 processing, 119–127 viruses, 9, 19, see also specific viruses stock control, 129–135 transmission by blood, 7, 13, 26, 30 stock rotation, 131, 133, 134 transmission by saliva, 26, 30 X-ray machines visors, 11 certification, 110 vitality tests, 54, 55, 59, 60 controlled areas, 104 vomiting, 77, 159 isolator switches, 103, 107 malfunctions, procedure, 122, 126 washer–disinfectors, 12, 32, 43, 44, 47, 48 switching on, 105, 108 waste disposal X-rays, see also radiography amalgam, 48, 169, 178, 179 scatter, 109 extracted teeth, 44, 48, 169, 178 lead foil, X-ray film packets, 43, 47 zinc, in amalgam, 176 local anaesthesia cartridges, 165, 175 zinc oxide and eugenol cement, 166, 175 luting cements, 42, 47 zinc phosphate cement, 177, 181 photographic chemicals, 121, 125 zinc polycarboxylate, 177 regulations, 44 zoning, 6, 11, 32, 37, 40

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