Postgraduate Unit Guide

ANCIENT HISTORY AHIS380 Ancient Egyptian Religion Semester 2, 2011 Credit Point Value: 3 Students in this unit should read this unit guide carefully at the start of semester. It contains important information about the unit. If anything in it is unclear, please consult one of the teaching staff in the unit.

TEACHING STAFF

Unit Convenor Name: A/Prof. Boyo Ockinga Phone: 98508852 Email: [email protected] Office: W6A533 Consultation hours: by appointment Tutors Name: Dr Susanne Binder Phone: 98506881 Email: [email protected] Office: W6A537 General enquiries Name: Departmental Administrator Phone: 9850 8833 Email: [email protected] Office: W6A 540

CLASSES For lecture times and classrooms please consult the MQ Timetable website: http://www.timetables.mq.edu.au. This website will display up‐to‐date information on your classes and classroom locations.

On-Campus Sessions

Date Time Location

Lecture Tuesdays 11.00-13.00 W6B320 18.00-20.00 W6B320 Tutorials Tuesdays 14.00 W5C210 15.00 W5A203 20.00 W6B320 First on‐campus tutorial in Week 2, August 9, 2011 will be a combined tutorial for both day groups (14.00 & 15.00) and will be held in the Museum of Ancient Cultures, X5A. The evening tutorial will be held in the Museum BEFORE the lecture at 5pm.

Changes made to previous offerings of the unit

There are no changes from the previous offering of the unit.

ABOUT THIS UNIT

Co‐badged status This unit is co‐badged: AHIS380 with AHPG 861. Unit Description Ancient Egypt, in particular its religion, has held a special position in the Western cultural tradition since the Renaissance. This unit will open up the fascinating world of religious expression in Ancient Egypt and provide a knowledge and understanding of the subject through the interpretation of religious iconographic and literary evidence. Points of contact between ancient Egyptian religion and the Judaeo‐ Christian religious tradition will also be discussed.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

All academic programmes at Macquarie seek to develop graduate capabilities. These are:

1. Discipline‐specific knowledge and skills; 2. Critical, analytical and integrative thinking; 3. Problem‐solving and research capability 4. Creative and innovative ; 5. Effective communication ; 6. Engaged and ethical local and global citizens; 7. Socially and environmentally active and responsible; 8. Capable of professional and personal judgement and initiative; 9. Committment to continuous learning.

Note: The numbers listed at the end of each Learning Outcome indicate how it is aligned with the Graduate Capabilities.

Unit Outcomes 1. Students will be able to recognize deities from their iconography and to interpret the various iconographic forms. (1, 2) 2. Through the analysis of texts in tutorials, participants will have learned how to interpret literary evidence and to understand the rich and complex literary imagery of the religious writings of the ancient Egyptians. (1, 2, 3, 5, 8) 3. Through the essay assignment students will gain in‐depth knowledge of a specific issue in Egyptian religion, evaluating what has been written on the topic against their own analysis of the relevant primary sources. (1, 2, 3, 5, 8) 4. Through the lectures and accompanying readings students will gain a broad understanding of Egyptian religion as an expression of the ancient Egyptians' attempt to make sense of the world in which they lived and to find answers to the challenges it presented to them. (1, 6, 7) 5. In the exam students will demonstrate the knowledge they have gained and apply the methods of interpretation they have acquired. (1, 2, 3, 5, 8)

UNIT REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS

Attendance Attendance at all classes is expected. All tutorials are compulsory and non‐attendance will result a deduction of 5% for each missed tutorial from the tutorial component of the unit. Students absent due to illness or other valid reasons should notify the Unit Convenor or the Department Administrator (contact details: page 1 of this Study Guide). Repeated unexplained absences will result in the exclusion from the unit.

Participation Students are expected to participate actively in the tutorial component of the unit by making contributions to the discussions.

Punctuality Please arrive on time for classes. Arriving late is disruptive. All classes start 5 minutes past the hour. If you should arrive late or miss a class, it is your responsibility to find out what you have missed.

Preparation Preparation for classes (lecture and tutorial readings) are a compulsory part of the course and aim at building your competence in understanding and analysing the course material. This enables you to participate actively in class and enhance and strengthen your learning progress.

Study Materials The textbooks set for the course should be read in the course of the semester. The Anthology of Primary Sources (available on e‐reserve) contains the primary texts discussed in detail during the semester. For additional texts, primary sources and analytical secondary literature, see the Unit Bibliography in the appendix to this Study Guide. Recommendations will also be made in class.

Workload Students are expected to invest 3 hours of work per credit point over a 15‐week period to satisfactorily complete the unit (a total of 180 hours). This time includes the attendance in the lectures and tutorials.

Successful completion Students are expected to complete all the assignments by the due dates (for details concerning the tasks, see below). To successfully pass the unit, students will need to reach a minimum of 50% overall.

ASSESSMENT IN THIS UNIT Assessment at a glance

Task Weight Due Date Linked Unit Linked Brief Description Outcomes Graduate Capabilities One Tutorial At tutorial in which Analysis of primary papers 20% topic is discussed 1, 2 1, 2, 4, 7 sources; 800‐1000 word length Detailed study of a topic One 45% 4 October 2011 in Egyptian religion based 2500 word essay 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 on analysis of primary sources and evaluation of secondary sources Class Exam 35% 8 November 2011 Exam has two parts with selection of questions to held 6‐7.15 pm in choose from. One W6B 320. 1, 2, 5 1, 2, 4, 7 question from each part must be answered in essay style.

Assessment Tasks

Tutorial paper(s): there are 9 tutorial sessions; a different topic is discussed each week. For any one of the topics discussed in tutorial sessions 3, 5, 7 & 9 a paper will have to be submitted before the topic is discussed in class. (For details of tutorial topics see below.)

Essay: The essay should be typed, following the guidelines set out in the pamphlet "Essay Presentation & Conventions: Style Guide" (obtainable at the following URL: http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/documents/EssayPres.pdf or from the Ancient History office W6A 527). They should be referenced with foot‐ or endnotes and include a bibliography. For your referencing and bibliography, use one of the conventions set out in the pamphlet "Essay Presentation & Conventions: Style Guide". For essay topics see Attachment 2 below. Emphasis should be placed on interpretation of primary sources. Essays utilising only secondary sources will be penalised. NB statement on plagiarism under 5.a. below. (For essay topics, see below.) Due Date: Tues. 4th Oct. 2011 (Week 8)

Assignment submission

Bar‐coded Arts Coversheet Written work must be submitted through the Arts Student Centre (via the appropriate assignment box) on Level 1, W6A (for internal students) or via COE (for external students). Internal students must print and attach a completed coversheet to all submitted work. A personalised assignment coversheet is generated from the student section of the Faculty of Arts website at: http://www.arts.mq.edu.au/current_students/undergraduate/admin_central/coversheet. Please provide your student details and click the Get my assignment coversheet button to generate your personalised assignment cover sheet. No other coversheets will be provided by the Faculty. Return of marked work Marked work will be returned to students via tutorials or lectures. Residuals will be available for collection from the Arts Student Centre (W6A Foyer).

Examination

The final exam will be held on Tuesday 8th November 2011, 6 – 7.15 pm in W6B 320. NB: Day students are required to come to the evening class to do the exam. The only exception to sitting an examination at the designated time is because of documented illness or unavoidable disruption. In these circumstances you may wish to consider applying for Special Consideration. Information about unavoidable disruption and the special consideration process is available under the Extension and Special Consideration section of this Unit Guide. If a Supplementary Examination is granted as a result of the Special Consideration process, the examination will be scheduled in consultation with the teaching staff.

You are advised that it is Macquarie University policy not to set early examinations for individuals or groups of students. All students are expected to ensure that they are available until the end of the teaching semester, that is the final day of the official examination period.

Extensions and special consideration

Extensions for essays and waivers of penalties for non attendance can only be granted for medical reasons or on compassionate grounds. In the case of essays submitted late without documentation (medical or counselling certificate), 2% a day (including weekends) will be deducted from essay marks. Any extension required must be agreed on in discussion with the lecturer, who may ask for documentation. You must apply for extension before the assignment due date. Extensions asked for after the due date will not be granted. Special Consideration Policy http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/special_consideration/policy.html

Applying for Special Consideration Students applying for Special Consideration circumstances of three (3) consecutive days duration, within a study period, and/or prevent completion of a formal examination must submit an on‐line application with the Faculty of Arts. For an application to be valid, it must include a completed Application for Special Consideration form and all supporting documentation. The on‐line Special Consideration application is found at: http://www.arts.mq.edu.au/current_students/undergraduate/admin_central/special_consideration.

REQUIRED AND RECOMMENDED TEXTS AND/OR MATERIALS

Required source: all students need to have the following books that we will work with throughout the semester:

1. Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt [Engl. transl. David Lorton] (Ithaca & London, 2001)

2. Hart, George, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses (London, 1986)

3. Hornung, Erik, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many [Engl. translation J. Baines] (London, 1982)

4. Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Anthology of Primary Sources. This 50 page anthology of written sources in translation is available to students to down‐load from the library's E‐reserve holdings for the unit.

UNIVERSITY POLICY ON GRADING University Grading Policy http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/grading/policy.html The grade a student receives will signify their overall performance in meeting the learning outcomes of a unit of study. Grades will not be awarded by reference to the achievement of other students nor allocated to fit a predetermined distribution. In determining a grade, due weight will be given to the learning outcomes and level of a unit (ie 100, 200, 300, 800 etc). Graded units will use the following grades: HD High Distinction 85‐100 D Distinction 75‐84 Cr Credit 65‐74 P Pass 50‐64 F Fail 0‐49

ACADEMIC HONESTY Academic honesty is an integral part of the core values and principles contained in the Macquarie University Ethics Statement (http://www.mq.edu.au/ethics/ethic‐statement‐final.html). Its fundamental principle is that all staff and students act with integrity in the creation, development, application and use of ideas and information. This means that: • All academic work claimed as original is the work of the author making the claim. • All academic collaborations are acknowledged. • Academic work is not falsified in any way • When the ideas of others are used, these ideas are acknowledged appropriately. The link below has more details about the policy, procedure and schedule of penalties that will apply to breaches of the Academic Honesty policy.

Academic Honesty Policy http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/academic_honesty/policy.html

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES Macquarie University provides a range of Student Support Services. Details of these services can accessed at http://www.deanofstudents.mq.edu.au/ or http://www.campuslife.mq.edu.au/campuswellbeing Arts Student Centre Phone (02) 9850 6783 Email [email protected] Office W6A Foyer Centre staff are there to smooth the way into university life to answer questions, to give informed advice, to provide a sympathetic ear, to de‐mystify uni ways and procedures. The Faculty Assessment Coversheet and Arts on‐line Submissions are located at www.arts.mq.edu.au/current_students/undergraduate.

SEMESTER PLAN – WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Wk Date Lecture Tutorial Assessment

1 2 Aug Introduction no tutorial 1. Ancient Egypt in the Western Tradition 2. Encounter with the Holy: the birth of a god– Shed 'the Rescuer' 3. The Divine in Nature: Divinely ordained Cosmic Order (Maat) 4. Multiplicity of Approaches 5. The word for ‘god’ in Egyptian (netjer) 6. Modes of encounter: Name – Cosmic Manifestation – Image

2 9 Aug 6.1 Image: the iconography of the deities Tutorial 1

6.2 Name: what words express ‐ names, Iconography of the epithets, myths deities 6.3 Cosmic Manifestation: god encountered in nature

3 16 Aug 7 Individual Deities – an Introduction (1) Tutorial 2

7.1 Introduction Sun hymns 7.2 The Sun God (1): Re, Harakhte, Atum, (Texts 1 & 2) Khepri, Amun‐Re, Behedety 7.3 Amun

4 23 Aug 7 Individual Deities – an Introduction (2) Tutorial 3 tutorial paper

7.4 Thoth Sun‐hymns on the 7.5 Hathor stele of Suti and Hor. 7.6 Ptah

7.7 Seth (Text 3)

5 30 Aug 7 Individual Deities – an Introduction (3) Tutorial 4

7.8 Renenutet Prayers and the 7.9 Bes hymn on the statue of Horemheb 8 Divine Kingship (1) (Text 10)

6 6 Sept 8 Divine Kingship (2) Tutorial 5 tutorial paper

9 Ordering Systems "Memphite 10 Temples (1) Theology" (Text 70)

7 13 Sept 10 Temples (2) Tutorial 6

10.1 The House of the God Hymn to Osiris on 10.2 The Theology of the Cult Image the Louvre stele of Amenmose 10.3 The Daily Temple Ritual (Text 8) 10.4 Renewal of the Power of the Cult Image 10.5 Symbolic Significance of the Temple 10.6 Festivals (1)

Semester Break: 19 Sept – 3 Oct

8 4 Oct 10 Temples (3) no Tutorial ESSAY DUE 10.6 Festivals (2) 11 Temple Personnel 11.1 Priests 11.2 Role of Women 12 Creation Accounts

9 11 Oct 13 Cosmology Tutorial 7 tutorial paper

14 Myths (1) Eulogies to 14.1 Egyptian Understanding of Myth and the Ramesses II Antiquity of Myth in Egypt (Texts 29 & 30) 14.2 Book of the Heavenly Cow: Myth of the Destruction of Mankind 14.3 Myth of the Eye of the Sun

10 18 Oct 14 Myths (2) Tutorial 8

14.4 The Osiris Myth Prayer of Nebre to 14.5 The Conflict of Horus and Seth Amun‐Re 15 Polytheism / Monotheism (1): the Problem (Text 18) of the One and the Many & Hymn to Amun in 15.1 Polytheism, Henotheism, Monolatry, the El‐Hibe temple (Text 5) 15.2 Implicit theology, Explicit theology (1)

11 25 Oct 15 Polytheism / Monotheism (2): the Problem Tutorial 9 tutorial paper of the One and the Many "Restoration stele" 15.2 Implicit theology, Explicit theology (2) of Tutankhamun

15.3 The God of Life: (Text 49) Monarchic Polytheism, Amarna

12 2 Nov 16 Personal Piety no tutorial 17 Oracles

13 8 Nov Exam no tutorial exam

Topic Planner and Readings

Week 1: Introduction Readings for lecture: Hornung, Conceptions of God pp 15–17; 33‐65 Assmann, The Search for God pp 7–8 Hornung, Idea into Image ch. 7 (on maat)

Week 2: Modes of encounter (1) Image (2) Name (3) Cosmic Manifestation; Readings for lecture: Assmann, The Search for God chs. 3 & 4; pp 80–82;

Week 3: Individual Deities–an Introduction (1) Readings for lecture: Hart, Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses 2nd ed. "Atum" pp 40–42; "Ra" 133–135; "Khepri" 84–85; "Amun" pp 13–22; (= 1st ed. 4–17; 46–49; 179–82; 108–10) Tutorial Reading: Sun hymns (Texts 1 & 2 in Anthology)

Week 4: Individual Deities – an Introduction (2) Readings for lecture: Hart, Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses 2nd ed. "Thoth" 156–159; "Hathor" 61–65; "Ptah" 128‐131; "Seth" 143‐145; (= 1st ed. 172–77; 214–18; 76–82; 194‐198) Tutorial Reading: Sun hymns on Stele of Suti and Hor (Text 3 in Anthology)

Week 5: Individual Deities – an Introduction (3); Divine Kingship (1) Readings for lecture: Hart, Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses 2nd ed. "Renenutet" 135–137; "Bes" 49–50; (= 1st ed. 182‐185; 58–61) Hornung, Conceptions of God pp 74–82 (on "Personifications") Ockinga, "Amarna Kingship" Ancient Society 15, 1985, 5–25 (E‐reserve) Hornung, Conceptions of God pp 138–142; 191–193 (on the king) Hart, Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses 2nd ed. pp 125–28 ("Pharaoh") (= 1st ed. 169–72) Tutorial Reading: Prayers & hymn on statue of Horemheb (Text 10 in Anthology)

Week 6: Divine Kingship (2); Ordering Systems; Temples (1) Readings for lecture: Hornung, Conceptions of God pp 217–223 (on ordering systems) Tutorial Reading: Memphite Theology (Text 70 in Anthology)

Week 7: Temples (2): Theology of Cult Image; Daily Temple Ritual; Festival of Renewal of Cult Image; Symbolic Significance of the Temple Readings for lecture: Assmann, The Search for God pp 27–52 (on the temple) "Festivals" in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt vol. 1 521–525 (available online as E‐book) Tutorial Reading: Hymn to Osiris on the Louvre stele of Amenmose (Text 8 in Anthology)

Week 8: Temples (3) Festivals; Temple Personnel; Role of Women; Creation Accounts (1) Readings for lecture: "Priesthood" in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt vol. 3, 69–73 (available online as E‐book) Wilson, "Egypt: The nature of the universe" in H. Frankfort (ed), Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East (Harmondsworth, 1968) 39–70 (E‐reserve) Hornung, Idea into Image pp 39‐54 ("Origins")

Week 9: Creation Accounts (2); Cosmology; Myths (1) Readings for lecture: Hornung, Idea into Image ch. 4 "Limits and Symmetries" (on cosmology) Article "Myths" in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt vol. 2, 469–472 (E‐reserve) G. Hart, Egyptian Myths pp 9–28 (E‐reserve) Baines, "Egyptian Myth and Discourse: Myth, Gods, and the Earlier Written and Iconographic record "in JNES 50 (1991) 81‐105 (E‐reserve) Assmann, The Search for God pp 111–116; 134–141 (on myths) Tutorial Reading: Eulogies to Ramesses II (Texts 29 & 30 in Anthology)

Week 10: Myths (2); Polytheism / Monotheism (1) Readings for lecture: Hornung, Conceptions of God pp 19–32

Assmann, The Search for God pp 12–13 Tutorial Reading: Prayer of Nebre (Text 18) & Hymn to Amun in El‐Hibe temple (Text 5)

Week 11: Polytheism / Monotheism (2) Readings for lecture: Assmann, The Search for God pp 12–13; 169–82 Tutorial Reading: Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun (Text 49)

Week 12: Personal Piety; Oracles Readings for lecture: Baines, "Society, morality, and religious practice" in Byron E. Shafer (ed.), Religion in Ancient Egypt (E‐ reserve) Assmann, The Search for God 9.3.1 pp 221–230 Černý, "Egyptian Oracles", in R.A. Parker, A Saite Oracle Papyrus from Thebes (E‐reserve)

Week 13: Exam

TUTORIAL TOPICS

Tutorial topics involve the interpretation of original sources (in translation). You should be able to answer the question simply by analyzing the text set, although you may need to make use of reference works to clarify certain points, e.g. names of unfamiliar deities (for which see Hart's, Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses or Wilkinson, Complete Gods & Goddesses). You will find translations of the texts in the collection of sources available on the library Electronic Reserve web page.

indicates that a written paper on this topic (800–1000 words) can be submitted for assessment

Tutorial 1 (Week 2) Find the 48 deities depicted in the 4 pages of line‐drawings included with the Study Guide (Attachment 4 below) in Hart's Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses and note their names and iconography. Special arrangements for on‐campus Tutorial 1: The first tutorial will be held in the Museum of Ancient Cultures, Macquarie University, X5B level 3, on Tues Aug 9 at 2pm for all day students, and at 5 pm for evening students, where students will encounter representations of Egyptian deities on, or in the form of, objects in the Museum. Tutorial 2 (Week 3) Read the sun hymns in Texts 1 and 2 in the Anthology of Primary Sources. What do the texts describe and what sort of imagery is used? How do the two texts differ? Tutorial 3 (Week 4)

Compare and contrast the description of the sun‐god in the two sun‐hymns on the stele of Suti and Hor. (Text 3 in the Anthology of Primary Sources) NOTE: If you use Lichtheim's translation, note the repositioning of the first heading, which Lichtheim mistakenly places in front of the introduction! Tutorial 4 (Week 5) What do the prayers and the hymn on the statue of Horemheb tell us of the character of the god Thoth? Why might Horemheb have included these on his statue? (Text 10 in the Anthology; also in M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. 2, pp. 100 ff. On the background of Horemheb see OEAE II 114 ff.) Tutorial 5 (Week 6) Examine the "Memphite Theology". What is the purpose of the composition, how does it set about achieving its aims, and what justifications are advanced to support its claims? To answer these questions you will need to identify the three main religious themes that the text deals with. (Text 70 in the Anthology. Also in M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. I, pp. 51 ff.) NOTE: The text opens with the standard royal titulary, giving the 5 names of Shabaka; do not consider it in your discussion, it has no direct relevance to the theological text that follows. Tutorial 6 (Week 7) What information does the hymn to Osiris on the Louvre stele of Amenmose tell us of the god Osiris? (See Text 8 in the Anthology) Tutorial 7 (Week 9) Analyze the Eulogies to Ramesses II on the Kuban stele and from the Great Dedicatory Inscription of Ramesses II at Abydos (texts 29 & 30 in the Anthology) to determine what they tell us of the king's relationship with the gods. Tutorial 8 (Week 10) Study the prayer of Nebre to Amun‐Re (Text 18 in collection of sources, also Lichtheim, Literature Vol. 2, p. 104 ff.). What is the prayer all about? What picture of Amun do we get from it? Compare this picture of Amun with that depicted in the hymn in the El‐Hibe temple (Text 5 in the Anthology). Tutorial 9 (Week 11) What information does the "restoration stele" of Tutankhamun provide on ancient Egyptian religious concepts and practice? (See text 49 in the Anthology) NOTE: What is required is NOT a description of the contents of the text but an analysis, which highlights the theological principles and religious practices illustrated.

ESSAY TOPICS Write an essay of 2500 words on one of the following topics: 1. Discuss the evidence we have for oracles in ancient Egypt. How did they function, what was their purpose and what view of god do they portray?

Lit.: As a starting point see bibliography in the Study Guide.

2. Discuss the identity of the unnamed god in the ancient Egyptian wisdom teachings (Ptahhotep, Ani, Amenemope). Can this be seen as evidence for the existence of the concept of monotheism?

Lit.: Take as starting point E. Hornung, Conceptions of God pg. 49 ff.; compare also E.A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Religion, Ch. 1.

3. Discuss the impact of ancient Egyptian Religion on the Graeco‐Roman world. How can the popularity of some Egyptian cults (in particular that of Isis and Osiris) in the Hellenistic period be explained?

Lit.: See section 12 of the bibliography in the Study Guide.

NOTE: The bibliographies included here are intended to provide a starting point for your researches. You will be expected to do further literature searches on the topic yourselves.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books marked with * are held in the Reference section of the library or in SR; books marked ** are on 7‐day loan

The basic reference works are the Lexikon der Ägyptologie (abbreviated LÄ) and The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (abbreviated OEAE – available on‐line). Note that although the LÄ is published in Germany and most of the articles are in German, there are a number in English and French and the individual entries generally include extensive bibliographical references. Vol. VII includes an English‐German index indicating under what German word one should look for a particular subject.

For digital book resources, see the list at the following site (University of Heidelberg library): http://www.ub.uni‐heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/fachref/aegypt/online.htm

A very useful database is Aigyptos, which can be found at the following URL: http://www.aigyptos.uni‐muenchen.de/

A. Reference works:

*Bonnet, Hans, Reallexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte (Berlin, 1953) [abbr. RÄRG] *Eliade, Mircea, (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Religion, 16 vols (New York, 1987) *Helck, W., E. Otto & W. Westendorf (eds.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie, 7 vols. (Wiesbaden, 1975 ff.) [abbr. LÄ] *Hart, George, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses (London, 1986) 2nd ed. The Routledge Dictionary of Eg. Gods & Goddesses (Abingdon, 2005) *Hastings, James, (ed.), Dictionary of Religion and Ethics, 12 vols. (New York, 1926) *Redford, D.B., (ed) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (NY, 2001) [abbr. OEAE] *Wilkinson, Richard H., The Complete Gods & Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (London, 2003)

B. General Treatments of Egyptian Religion

*Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt [ET David Lorton] (Ithaca & London, 2001)

**Breasted, J.H., Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1912; reprint 1972) Brunner, Hellmut, Grundzüge der altägyptischen Religion (Darmstadt, 1983) **Černý, J., Ancient Egyptian Religion (London, 1952) Englund, Gertie, "Gods as a Frame of Reference. On Thinking and Concepts of Thought in Ancient Egypt", The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions, Acta Univ. Upsaliensis Boreas Upsalla Studies in Anc. Med. & N.E. Civ. 20 (Upsalla, 1987), 7–28. *Frankfort, H. Ancient Egyptian Religion (New York, 1948) *Frankfort, H. (ed), Before Philosophy (Harmondsworth, 1949 & reprints) Koch, K., Geschichte der ägyptischen Religion. Von den Pyramiden bis zu den Mysterien der Isis. (Stuttgart, 1993) *Hornung, Erik, Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many, E.T. J. Baines (London, 1982) Kees, Hermann, Der Götterglaube im alten Ägypten (reprint Berlin, 1977) *Meeks, Dimitri, & Chr. Favard‐Meeks, Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods (London, 1996) *Morenz, Siegfried, Ancient Egyptian Religion, E.T. A. Keep (London, 1973) Quirke, Stephen, Ancient Egyptian Religion (London, 1992) * Shafer, Byron E. (ed.), Religion in Ancient Egypt. Gods, Myths and Personal Practice (Ithaca & London, 1991) **Traunecker, Claude, The Gods of Ancient Egypt. E.T. D. Lorton (Ithaca & London, 2001)

C. Books and articles on particular subjects/deities Assmann, Jan, Ma'at. Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Ägypten (Munich, 1990) Bergman, J., Ich bin Isis. Studien zum memphitischen Hintergrund der griechischen Isisaretalogien (Uppsala, 1968) **Bierbrier, M., The Tomb‐Builders of the Pharaohs (London, 1982) Bietak, M., "Zur Herkunft des Seth von Avaris", in Ägypten und Levante 1(1990), 10‐16. **Bleeker, C.J., Hathor and Thoth. Two Key Figures of the ancient Egyptian Religion (Leiden, 1973) **Boylan, Patrick, Thoth. The Hermes of Egypt (London, 1922; reprint N.Y. 1987) Brunner‐Traut, E., "Spitzmaus und Ichneumon als Tiere des Sonnengottes" in Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 7, (1965), 123‐163 **David, R., A Guide to Religious Ritual at Abydos (Warminster, 1981) Fischer, H.G. "The Cult and Nome of the Goddess Bat", JARCE 1 (1962) 7‐23 (6 fig., 3 pl.). **Frankfort, H., Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948) *Griffiths, J.G., The Conflict of Horus and Seth (Liverpool, 1960) *Griffiths, J.G., The Origin of Osiris and his Cult (rev. ed. Leiden, 1980) *Griffiths, J.G., Plutarch's de Iside et Osiride (Cardiff, 1970) *Hornung, Erik, Idea into Image (New York, 1992) [collection of essays on various topics of Egyptian religion.] *Hornung, Erik, The Valley of the Kings. Horizon of Eternity (New York, 1990) [On the concept of the Netherworld in the royal tombs]. Hornung, Erik, Die Nachtfahrt der Sonne (Zurich & Munich, 1991) [A description of the Amduat and the Book of Gates i.e the books of the Netherworld].

Johnson, Sally B., The Cobra Goddess of Ancient Egypt (London, 1990) Kaper, Olaf, The Egyptian God Tutu. A Study of the Sphinx‐God and Master of Demons with a Corpus of Monuments. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 119 (Leuven, 2003) Karlshausen, C., L'iconographie de la barque processionnelle divine en Égypt au Nouvel Empire (Leuven, 2009) Lipinski, E. Resheph. A Syro‐Canaanite Deity (Leuven, 2009) McFarlane, A., "The Cult of Min in the 3rd Millenium" in Bulletin of the Ausralian Centre for Egyptology 1 (1990), 69‐75. *Otto, E. Egyptian Art and the Cults of Osiris and Amon, E.T. Kate Bosse‐Griffiths (London, 1966) *Parker, R.A., A Saite Oracle Papyrus from Thebes (Providence, 1962) (Chapter by J. Černý on oracles E‐Res). Posener, G., De la divinité du pharaon (Paris, 1960) *Sauneron, S., The Priests of Ancient Egypt, E.T. D. Lorton (Ithaca & London, 2000) Spencer, A.J., Death in Ancient Egypt (Harmondsworth, 1982) *te Velde, H., Seth, God of Confusion (Leiden, 1977) Troy, Lana, "Mut Enthroned" in Essays on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman Te Velde (Groningen, 1997) 301‐315 (with further lit. on Mut) Werner, Edward Karl, The God Montu: From the Earliest Attestations to the End of the New Kingdom (PhD Thesis Yale University, 1985) *Westermann, Claus, Genesis. An Introduction (Philadelphia, 1992) *Westermann, Claus, Genesis 1 ‐ 11 (Philadelphia, 1984) *Zabka, L.V., Hymns to Isis in her Temple at Philae (Hannover & London, 1988)

D. Translations of Texts Assmann, J., Ägyptische Hymnen und Gebete (Zürich/München, 1975) Barucq, A., & F. Daumas, Hymnes et prieres de l'Egypte ancienne (Paris, 1980) *Borghouts, J.F., Ancient Egyptian Magical Texts (Leiden, 1978) *Faulkner, R.O., The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (London, 1985) *idem, The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, 3 vols (Warminster, 1973‐8) *idem, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Oxford, 1969) Hornung, E., Ägyptische Unterweltsbücher (Zürich/München, 1972) * Kitchen, K.A., Poetry of Ancient Egypt Documenta Mundi Aegyptiaca 1 (Jonsered, 1999) * Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian Literature, 3 vols (Berkeley, 1975–1980) * Parkinson, R., Voices from Ancient Egypt (London, 1991) * Piankoff, A., The Shrines of Tutankhamon (Princeton, 1955) *Simpson, W.K. (ed.) The Literature of Ancient Egypt (New Haven & London, 2003) *Wilson, John, in J.B. Pritchard (ed), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. (Princeton, 1969) pp. 325–330 & 365–381 *Sadek, A.I., Popular Religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom (HÄB 27), (Hildesheim, 1987)

E. Bibliographies for specific topics

1. Introduction *Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt [ET David Lorton] (Ithaca & London, 2001) Baines, John, 'On the symbolic context of the principal hieroglyph for "god"', in Religion und Philosophie im alten Ägypten, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analaecta 39, U. Verhoeven & E. Graefe (eds), (Leuven, 1991), 29‐46 Brunner, H. "Eine Dankstele an Upuaut" in MDAIK 16 (1958), 5‐19 (= Das Hörende Herz p.173 ff.) Brunner‐Traut, E., 'Spitzmaus und Ichneumon als Tiere des Sonnengottes' in Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Göttingen 7 (1965) pp. 123–163. Hornung, E., Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many, E.T. J. Baines (London, 1982) Newberry, P.E., Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 33 (1947) Smelik, A.D., & E.A. Hemelrijk, "'Who knows not what monsters demented Egypt worships?' Opinions on Egyptian animal worship in antiquity as part of the ancient conception of Egypt", in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II, 17, 4 (Berlin & N.Y., 1984), 1852–2000. Wessetzky, Vilmos, 'Zur Problematik des D‐Präfixes un der Name des Thot', Zeitschrift für Ägyptische und Altertumskunde 82 (1958) 152–154.

2. Examples of Egyptian Deities a. The Sun‐God *Assmann, Jan, Egyptian solar Religion in the New Kingdom. Re, Amun and the Crisis of Polytheism (London, 1995) Assmann, Jan, s.v. "Sonnengott" in LÄ V. Barta, W., s.v. Re in LÄ V, 156–180 Kahl, Jochem, "Ra is my Lord": searching for the rise of the Sun God at the dawn of Egyptian history (Wiesbaden, 2007). Mysliwiec, K., Studien zum Gott Atum Vol. 1 & 2 (Hildesheim, 1978 & 1979) Quirke, Stephen, The Cult of Ra. Sunworship in Ancient Egypt (London, 2001) b. Amun * Assmann, Jan, Egyptian solar Religion in the New Kingdom. Re, Amun and the Crisis of Polytheism (London, 1995) Otto, Eberhard,: Egyptian Art and the Cults of Osiris and Amon (London, 1968) Sethe, Kurt, "Amun und die acht Urgötter von Hermopolis. Eine Untersuchung über Ursprung und Wesen des Agyptischen Götterkönigs", reprinted in: Opuscula Band XI: Kurt Sethe, Leipziger und Berliner Akademieschriften (Leipzig, 1976) c. Thoth *Bleeker, Hathor & Thoth *Boylan, Patrick, Thoth. The Hermes of Egypt (London, 1922; reprint N.Y. 1987) Černý, J., "Thot as Creator of Languages" in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 34 (1948) 121‐122. Sauneron, S., "La différence des langages d'apres la tradition égyptienne' BIFAO 60 (1960) 31‐41. d. Hathor

Daumas, F., in LÄ II (in French; incl. further bibliography) Bonnet RÄRG *Bleeker, Hathor & Thoth e. Ptah *Sandman‐Holmberg, The God Ptah (Lund, 1946) (in Brunner collection) te Velde, s.v. Ptah in LÄ IV Bonnet RÄRG Schloegel, H.A. Der Gott Tatennen OBO 29 (Freiburg/Göttingen, 1980) On the Memphite Theology: B. Ockinga, "The Memphite Theology – Its Purpose and Date" in A. Woods, A. McFarlane, S. Binder (eds.), Egyptian Culture and Society. Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanatawti CASAE 38 (Cairo: SCA Press, 2010), vol. 2, 99–117

f. Seth Hornung, Erik, "Geschichte und Bedeutung eines ägyptischen Gottes" Symbolon N.F. 2 (1975), 49–63 *Griffiths, J., Gwyn: The Conflict of Horus and Seth (Liverpool, 1960) *te Velde, H., Seth, God of Confusion. A Study of his Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion (Leiden, 1977)

3. Divine Kingship in Egypt * Assmann, J., "State and Religion in the New Kingdom", in W.K. Simpson (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 55–88. Barta, W., Untersuchungen zur Göttlichkeit des regierenden Königs. Ritus und Sakralkönigtum im alten Ägypten nach Zeugnissen der Frühzeit und des Alten Reiches (Munich, 1975) Barta, W., "Königsdogma" , LÄ III, 845–494 Bell, L., "Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka", JNES 44 (1985), 251‐294. Bell, L., "Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun", Mélanges Mokhtar I (Cairo, 1985), 39–59. *Bell, L., in Shafer, Byron E. (ed.) Temples of Ancient Egypt (London, 1998) Ch. 4 (on Luxor temple) Blumenthal, E., Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Königtum des mittleren Reiches. Bd. 1 Die Phraseologie, ASAW Phil.‐hist. Kl. 61,1 (Berlin, 1970) Blumenthal, E., "Königsideologie", LÄ III, 526–531. Brunner, H., "König‐Gott‐Verhältnis", LÄ III, 461–464 Brunner, H., Die Geburt des Gottkönigs, ÄA 10 (Wiesbaden, 19862) Goedicke, H., Die Stellung des Königs im alten Reich, ÄA 2 (Wiesbaden, 1962) *Frankfort, H., Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948) *Habachi, L., Features of the Deification of Ramesses II, ADAIK 5 (Cairo, 1969) *Hornung, E., Conceptions of God, p. 135ff. Hornung, E., Geschichte als Fest (Darmstadt, 1966) Hornung, E. & E.Staehelin, Studien zum Sedfest, (Geneva, 1974) = Aegyptiaca Helvetica, 1. Hornung, E. & E.Staehelin, Neue Studien zum Sedfest (Basel, 2006) = Aegyptiaca Helvetica, 20.

* Hornung, E., Ch. 10 in The Egyptians, Sergio A Donadoni (Editor), (Chicago, 1997) Meeks, Dimitri, & Chr. Favard‐Meeks, Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods (London, 1996) Ch. 10 Moftah, Ramses, Studien zum ägyptischen Königsdogma im Neuen Reich, DAI Sonderschrift 20 (Mainz, 1985) Moret, A. Du charactère religieux de la royauté pharaonique (Paris, 1902) **Ockinga, B.G., "Amarna Kingship", Ancient Society 15 (1985), 5–25. Ockinga, B.G., Die Gottebenbildlichkeit im alten Ägypten und im Alten Testament, ÄAT 7 (Wiesbaden, 1984) Ockinga, B., "Hatshepsut's election to kingship: the ba and ka in Egyptian Royal Ideology" in The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 6 (1995) 89–102. *O'Connor, David, and David P. Silverman (eds.) Ancient Egyptian Kingship (Leiden, 1995) Posener, G., De la divinité du pharaon (Paris, 1960) Radwan, Ali, "Zur Stellung des Königs in der Zweiten Zwischenzeit", Festschrift J. von Beckerath, HÄB 30 (Hildesheim, 1990), pp. 223–233. Radwan, Ali, "Einige Aspekte der Vergöttlichung des ägyptischen Königs", in Ägypten. Dauer und Wandel (Mainz, 1985), 53 ff. Serrano, A.J., Royal Festivals in the Late Predynastic Period and the First Dynasty BAR S 1076 (London, 2002) Uphill, Eric, "The Egyptian Sed‐Festival Rites" in Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24 (1965) 365‐383 Wildung, D., "Göttlichkeitsstufen des Pharao", Orientalische Literaturzeitung 68 (1973), 549–565 (a review article of Habachi's book) Wildung, D., "Ramses, die große Sonne Ägyptens", Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 99 (1972), 33–41.

3a. Role of the Queen *Troy, Lana, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myths and History (Uppsala, 1986) *Robins, Gay, Women in Ancient Egypt (London, 1993)

4. Ordering Systems Altenmüller, Hartwig, "Achtheit" in LÄ I, 56 f. Barta, W.: Untersuchungen zum Götterkreis der Neunheit (Munich, 1973) Bonnet, RÄRG s.v. "Achtheit" Griffiths, J. Gwyn, "Some Remarks on the Ennead of Gods", Orientalia 28 (1959), 34–56 *Hornung, Erik: Conceptions of God ch. 7 Rochholz, Matthias, Schöpfung, Feindvernichtung, Regeneration : Untersuchung zum Symbolgehalt der machtgeladenen Zahl 7 im alten Ägypten. ÄAT 56 (Wiesbaden, 2002) Schäfer, Heinrich, Ägyptische und heutige Kunst und Weltgebäude der Ägypter (Berlin, 1928) Schäfer, Heinrich, "Altägyptische Bilder der auf‐ und untergehenden Sonne" in: ZÄS 71 (1935) 15–38. Sethe, Kurt, "Amun und die acht Urgötter von Hermopolis. Eine Untersuchung über Ursprung und Wesen des Agyptischen Götterkönigs" (1929), reprinted in: Opuscula Band XI: Kurt Sethe, Leipziger und Berliner Akademieschriften (Leipzig, 1976)

5. The Egyptian Temple and Temple Cult

*Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt [ET David Lorton] (Ithaca & London, 2001) Ch 2 Brunner, Hellmut, Grundzüge der altägyptischen Religion, Ch IV * David, A. Rosalie, The Ancient Egyptians (London, 1982), p.126ff. * David, A. Rosalie, A Guide to Religious Ritual at Abydos (Warminster, 1981) *Fairman, H.W.,"Worship and Festivals in an Egyptian Temple", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 37 (1954‐5), 165–203 (deals mainly with the Graeco‐Roman temple of Horus at Edfu) Fischer, H.G., article "Priesterin" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV, 1100‐1105 Gee, J., "Prophets, Initiation and the Egyptian Temple" in Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 31 (2004) 97–107. Griffiths, J. Gwyn, "The Horus‐Seth Motif in the Daily Temple Liturgy" in Aegyptus 38 (1958) 3‐10 Guglielmi, W. & K. Buroh "Die Eingangssprüche des Täglichen Tempelrituals nach Papyrus Berlin 3055 (I,1– VI,3)" in Essays on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman te Velde, Ed. J. van Dijk (Groningen, 1997) 101‐166 Helck, W., "Priester" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV, 1084‐1097 *Hornung, Erik, "The Temple as Cosmos" in Hornung, Erik, Idea into Image (New York, 1992) pp. 115‐129. Kees, Hermann, Das Priestertum im ägyptischen Staat vom Neuen Reich bis zur Spätzeit (Leiden, 1953) *Kemp, B., Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilisation (London & NY 1989) Kurth, D., "Zu den Darstellungen Pepi I. im Hathortemple von Dendera" in W. Helck (ed.) Tempel und Kult (Wiesbaden, 1987), 1–23. Martin‐Pardey, Eva, "Tempelpersonal II" in LÄ VI, 401‐407 (in German, deals with Mk & NK) *Meeks, Dimitri & Chr. Favard‐Meeks, Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods (London, 1996) Ch. 10 Moret, A., Le rituel du culte divin journalier en Egypte (Paris, 1902) (deals with the ritual at Abydos and with the text of the papyri recording the rituals for the cult of Amun and of Mut) *Morenz, Siegfried, Ancient Egyptian Religion, Ch. V *Murnane, William, United with Eternity. A Concise Guide to the Monuments of Medinet Habu (Chicago & Cairo, 1980) online at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/egypt.html *Pernigotti, S., Ch. 5 of The Egyptians, Sergio A Donadoni (Editor), (Chicago,1997) Posener‐Kriéger, Paule, Les archives du temple funéraire de Néferirkarê‐Kakaï (Les papyrus d'Abousir). Traduction et commentaire. 2 vols., (Cairo: Institut français d'Archéologie orientale du Caire, 1976) = Bibliothèque d'étude, 65/1 and 65/2. Reymond, E.A.E., The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple (Manchester, 1969) *Robins, Gay, “Cult Statues in Ancient Egypt” in Walls, Neil H., Cult Image & Divine Representation in the Ancient Near East (Boston, 2005), 1–12 *Sauneron, Serge The Priests of Ancient Egypt, ET D. Lorton (Ithaca & London, 2000) *Shafer, Byron E. (ed.) Temples of Ancient Egypt (London, 1998) Spencer, P. , The Egyptian Temple. A Lexocographical Study (London, 1984) *Wilkinson, R.H., The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (London, 2000) Festivals Altenmüller, H., in LÄ II, 171–191 (includes further bibliography) Assmann, J., "Das ägyptische Prozessionsfest", in Das Fest und das Heilige (Gütersloh, 1991), 105–122. Bell, L., "Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka", JNES 44 (1985), 251‐294. *Bleeker, C.J., Egyptian Festivals. Enactments of Religious Renewal (Leiden, 1967)

For the Opet‐festival in Thebes see The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple – Volume 1. The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall. OIP 112 (Chicago, 1994) online at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/egypt.html Gaballa, G.A. & K.A. Kitchen "The Festival of Sokar" in Orientalia 38 (1969) 1–76 on the festival of Sokar Murnane, W.J., "Opetfest" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV Nelson, H.H. "The Calendar of Feasts and Offerings at Medinet Habu" in H.H. Nelson & U. Hölscher, Work in Western Thebes 1931‐1933. OIC 18 (Chicago, 1934), 1‐62. online at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/egypt.html *Sadek, A., Popular Religion Schott, S., "The Feasts of Thebes" in H.H. Nelson & U. Hölscher, Work in Western Thebes 1931‐1933. OIC 18 (Chicago, 1934), 63‐90. online at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/egypt.html Schott, S., Das schöne Fest vom Wüstental, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften Mainz, Geistes‐ und Sozialwissenschaftliche Klasse, Jahrgang 1952, Nr. 11 (mainz, 1952) Spalinger, Anthony J., The private feast lists of ancient Egypt (Wiesbaden, 1996) Wolf, W., Das schöne Fest von Opet (Leipzig, 1931) the reliefs are now available in the edition of the Epigraphic Survey of the University of Chicago Priesthood Brovarsky, Edward, "Tempelpersonal I" in LÄ VI, 387‐401 (in English, deals with personnel of temples in Old Kingdom) Doxey, D. M., "Priesthood" in Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 3, 68–73 *Fischer, H.G., "Priesterin" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV, 1100‐1105 in English Helck, W., "Priester" in LÄ IV, 1084–1097 in German Martin‐Pardey, E., "Tempelpersonal II" in LÄ VI, 401–407 (MK & NK) in German Women in religion *Blackman, A.M., "On the Position of Women in the Ancient Egyptian Hierarchy", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7 (1921) 8–30. *Brovarsky, Edward, "Tempelpersonal I" in LÄ VI, 387‐401 (in English, deals with personnel of temples in Old Kingdom) Bryan, Betsy, "The Etymology of xnr 'group of musical performers'" in BES 4 (1982) 35‐54. D. Doxey " Priesthood" in D.B. Redford (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt vol. 3 (N.Y., 2001) 68 ff. *Fischer, H.G., "Priesterin" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV, 1100‐1105 in English Gillam, Robyn A., "Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance", JARCE 32 (1995), 211‐237 Gitton, M., Materiaux et recherches pour servir à l'histoire de divines épouses de la 18e dynastie (Paris, 1984) Gitton, M. & J. Leclant, LÄ II, 792 ff. s.v. "Gottesgemahlin" *Lesko, Barbara, Womens'earliest Records from Egypt & Western Asia (Atlanta, 1989) *Müller, Dieter "Gottesharim" (harem of the god) in LÄ II, 815 (in English) but NB B. Bryan's article! Naguib, S.‐A., Le clerge feminin d'Amon thebaine OLA 38 (Leuven, 1992) *Robins, Gay, "The God's Wife of Amun in the 18th Dynasty in Egypt", in Averil Cameron & Amelie Kuhrt (eds.), Images of Women in Antiquity (London, 1983) *Robins, Gay, Women in Ancient Egypt (London, 1993)

6. Creation Myths and Cosmology *Allen, James P., Genesis in Egypt (New Haven, 1988) *Allen, James P., "The Cosmology of the Pyramid Texts" in J.P. Allen (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 1–28. El Sebaie, The Destiny of the World: A Study on the End of the Universe in the Light of Ancient Egyptian Texts MA Thesis Toronto 2000–available electronically *Hart, George, Egyptian Myths (London, 1990) *Heidel, Alexander, The Babylonian Genesis (Chicago, 21951) and reprints Sethe, Kurt: "Altägyptische Vorstellungen vom Lauf der Sonne" (1928) reprinted in: Opuscula Band XI: Kurt Sethe, Leipziger und Berliner Akademieschriften (Leipzig, 1976) p. 255 ff. Sethe, Kurt, Ämun und die acht Urgötter von Hermopolis" (1929) reprinted in: Opuscula Band XI: Kurt Sethe, Leipziger und Berliner Akademieschriften (Leipzig, 1976) pp. 281 ff. *Westerman, Klaus, Genesis 1‐11: a commentary (Minneapolis, 1984) *Wilson, J. in Frankfort, Henri et al. Before Philosophy (Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 39ff.

7. Myths Assmann, J., The Search for God in Ancient Egypt Ch.5. Baines, John, "Egyptian Myth and Discourse: Myth, Gods, and the Earlier Written and Iconographic record "in Journal of Near Eastern Studies 50 (1991) 81‐105. Brunner‐Traut E., s.v. "Mythos", LÄ IV Brunner‐Traut E., Gelebte Mythen (3rd. ed. Darmstadt, 1988) Dijk, J. van, “Myth & Mythmaking in Ancient Egypt” in Civ. of Ancient Near East vol III ed. J.M. Sasson *Frankfort H., in H. Frankfort et al. Before Philosophy (Harmondsworth, 1968), Ch. 1. Hellum, J.E., The Presence of Myth in the Pyramid Texts PhD Toronto 2001 (electronically available) *Hart, George, Egyptian Myths (London, 1990) *Lichtheim, M., AE Lit. Vol. 2 *Otto, E., Egyptian Art & the Cults of Osiris & Amon for Plutarch's version of Osiris myth *Parkinson, Richard, Voices from Ancient Egypt Text 42 p. 120f. (fragment of Middle Kingdom myth) Pinch, G., Handbook of Egyptian Mythology (Santa Barbara, 2002) Pinch, G., Egyptian Myths (Oxford, 2004) *Piankoff, A., The Shrines of Tutankhamun for translation of the myth of the destruction of mankind (E. Hornung, Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, OBO 46 (Freiburg/ Göttingen, 1982) *Pritchard, J.B., ANET for translations of the various myths Tobin, V.A.,“Myths” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 2 (Oxford, 2001) 464‐482 *Wilson, J.A., Before Philosophy Ch. 2. Zeidler, Jürgen, "Zur Frage der Spätentstehung des Mythos in Ägypten" in Göttinger Miszellen 132 (1993) 85‐109.

8. Polytheism/Monotheism Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt Chs. 8 & 9 *Hornung, Erik: Conceptions of God Ch. 1

Amarna Assmann, J., The Search for God in Ancient Egypt pp. 198ff. Assmann, J., "Die 'Häresie' des Echnaton von Amarna", Saeculum 22 (1972), 109–126. * Assmann, J., s.v. "Aton", "Atonheiligtümer", LÄ I, 526‐549 (Engl. transl. of former in SR) Assmann, J., "Die 'Loyalistische Lehre' Echnatons", SAK 8 (1980), 1–32. * Assmann, J., "State and Religion in the New Kingdom", in W.K. Simpson (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 55–88. * Assmann, J., Akhanyati's Theology of Light and Time, (Jerusalem, 1992) = Proceedings. The Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities, VII/4, pp. 143‐176. *Allen, J.P., "The Natural Philosophy of Akhenaten" in W.K. Simpson (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 89–101. Hari, Robert, "La religion amarnienne et la tradition polythéiste" in Studien zur Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Band 2: Religion(Göttingen, 1984) pp. 1039‐1055. *Hornung, Conceptions of God pp. 244‐250. Ikram, S, "Domestic Shrines and the Cult of the Royal Family at El‐'Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75 (1989), 101 Johnson, W. Raymond, Amenhotep III and Amarna: Some New Considerations, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82 (1996), 65‐82. Krauss, R., "Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist?" in Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 11 (2000), 93‐101. Manuelian, Peter Der, "Semi‐literacy in Egypt–some erasures from the Amarna Period" in Gold of Praise. Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente ed. E. Teeter & J.A. Larson (Chicago, 1999), 285‐298. Murnane, W.J., "Nature of the Aten: Akhenaten and His God, Problems and Proposals", Amarna Letters 3 (San Francisco, 1994), 32‐40. Ockinga, B., "Amarna Kingship", Ancient Society 15 (1985), 5–25. Redford, D.B., "The sun‐disk in Akhenaten's program: its worship and antecedents, I" JARCE 13 (1976) 47–61. Redford, D.B., "The sun‐disk in Akhenaten's program: its worship and antecedents, II" JARCE 17 (1980) 21– 38. Stevens, A., "An unusual Aten Stela from Amarna" in BACE 14 (2003), 85–94. See also the various treatments of the period, e.g. C. Aldred, Akhenaten (first & second eds.); Redford, Akhenaten. The Heretic King

9. Personal Religion *Assmann, J., "State and Religion in the New Kingdom" in J.P. Allen (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 55–88. *Baines, John, "Practical Religion & Piety", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987), 79–98 *Baines, John, in Byron E. Shafer (ed.), Religion in Ancient Egypt

*Bierbrier, M.L., The Tomb‐Builders of the Pharaohs (London, 1982) pp. 85ff. *Bowman, Ann H., The Private Chapel in Ancient Egypt (London, 1991) *Breasted, J.H., Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (Philadelphia, 1912) *Breasted, J.H., The Dawn of Conscience (New York, 1933) Brunner, H., s.v. "Persönliche Frömmigkeit", LÄ IV Brunner, H., Grundzüge d. altägyptischen Religion pp. 103ff. Brunner, H., "Eine Dankstele an Upuaut" in MDAIK 16 (1958), 5–19 (= Das Hörende Herz p 173 ff.) *Demaree, R.J., The Ax iqr n Ra‐Stele. On Ancestor Worship in Ancient Egypt (Leiden, 1983) DuQuesne, Terence, " Votive Stele for Upwawet from the Salakhana Trove" Discussions in Egyptology 48 (2000), 5–47 DuQuesne, Terence, "Exalting the God. Processions of Upwawet at Asyut in the New Kingdom" Discussions in Egyptology 57 (2003), 21–45.7 DuQuesne, Terence, Anubis, Upwawet, and other deities : personal worship and official religion in ancient Egypt (Cairo, 2007) DuQuesne, Terence, The Salakhana trove: votive stelae and other objects from Asyut (London, 2009) Gunn, B., "The Religion of the Poor in Ancient Egypt", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3 (1916), 81–94 *Kitchen, K.A., Pharaoh Triumphant (Warminster, 1982) pp. 199ff. *Lesko, L.H. (ed.) Pharoah's Workers (Ithaca & London, 1994) Ockinga, B., in Papers of the Ancient History Teachers' Conference 1987 pp.1–10. Ockinga, B., "On the Interpretation of the Kadesh Record", Chronique d'Égypte 62 (1987), 38–48. Ockinga, B., "Piety" in D.B. Redford (ed), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Vol. 3 (Oxford, 2001), 44– 46. Ockinga, B., "Ethics and Morality" in D.B. Redford (ed), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Vol. 1 (Oxford, 2001), 484–487. *Pinch, Geraldine, New Kingdom Votive Offerings to Hathor (Oxford, 1993) *Sadek, A.I., Popular Religion Sadek, A.I. in Göttinger Miszellen 71 (1984), pp. 67–91 and 72 (1984), pp. 65–86 for translations of the graffiti from Deir el Bahri.

10. Oracles *Baines, John, "Practical Religion & Piety", JEA 73 (1987), 88–94 [E‐reserve] *Baines, John & Malek, Jaromir, An Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 1980) p. 199. Blackman, A.M., "Oracles in Ancient Egypt", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 11 (1925), pp.249–255 [E‐ reserve] Bohleke, B., "An oracular amuletic decree of Khonsu in the Cleveland Museum of Art" in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83 (1997), 155–167 [E‐reserve] *Černý, J., 'Egyptian Oracles', in R.A. Parker, A Saite Oracle Papyrus from Thebes (Providence, 1962) [E‐ reserve] Cryer, Frederick H., Divination in ancient Israel and its Near Eastern environment (Shefield, 1994) Kakosy, L. s.v. "Orakel" in Lexikon der Ägyptologie IV, 600–606.

*Loewe, M. & Blacker, C., (eds.): Oracles and Divination (Boulder, 1981) esp. the chapter by J.D. Ray on Ancient Egypt. [E‐reserve] Lurje, I.M., Studien zum altägyptische Recht (Weimar, 1971), pp. 97–125. McDowell, A.G., Jurisprudence in the Workmens' Community at Deir el Medine (Leiden, 1990) Ch. 4 Ockinga, B., "Oracles in Pharaonic Egypt" in papers of Ancient History Teachers' Conference Macquarie University 1989, pp. 5–14. [E‐reserve] Ryholt, Kim, 'A Pair of Oracle Petitions Addressed to Horus‐of‐the‐camp', Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 (1993), 189–198 [E‐reserve] Schenke, H.‐M., "Orakelwesen im alten Ägypten", Das Altertum 9 (1963), 67–77.

11. Magic Barb, A.A., "Mystery, Myth and Magic" in J.R. Harris (ed.), The Legacy of Egypt (Oxford, 1971), 138–169 *Borghouts, J.F., Ancient Egyptian Magical Texts (Leiden, 1978) Borghouts, J.F., in LÄ III, 1137–1151 D'Auria, S., Lacovara , P. & Roehrig, C.H., Mummies and Magic. The Funerary arts of Ancient Egypt (Boston, 1988) Gardiner, A.H., s.v. "Magic" in Hastings Dict. of Rel. & Ethics VIII (London, 1915), 262–269. Jacq, C., Egyptian Magic (Warminster, 1985) Kákosy, László, Zauberei im alten Ägypten (Leipzig, 1989) *Pinch, Geraldine, Magic in Ancient Egypt (London, 1994) Ritner, Robert K., "Horus on the Crocodiles: A Juncture of Religion and Magic in Late Dynastic Egypt", in J.P. Allen (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (New Haven, 1989), 103–116. See also the discussions of magic in the general books on AE Religion, e.g. Morenz, Egyptian Religion

12. The Egyptian Cults in the Graeco‐Roman World *Bell, H.I., "Popular Religion in Graeco‐Roman Egypt: I. The Pagan Period", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 34 (1948), 82–97 *Bell, H.I., Cults & Creeds in Graeco‐Roman Egypt (Liverpool, 1953) Bergman, J., Ich bin Isis. Studien zum memphitischen Hintergrund der griechischen Isisaretalogien (Uppsala, 1968) *Bowman, A.K., Egypt after the Pharaohs (London, 1986) *Brady, T.A., Sarapis & Isis. Collected Essays (Chicago, 1978) *Fowden, Garth, The Egyptian Hermes (Cambridge, 1986) *Frankfurter, David, Religion in Roman Egypt. Assimilation and Resistance (Princeton, 1998) *Griffiths, J.G., (ed. & transl.) Apuleius of Maudoros The Isis‐Book. Metamorphoses Book XI (Leiden, 1975) *Griffiths, J.G., (ed. & transl.), Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride (Cardiff, 1970) Hegedus, Tim, "The Theme of initiation into the Cult of Isis in Book 11 of Apuleius' Metamorphoses" in Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 21/22 (1991/1992) 48‐87. *Heyob, S.K. The Cult of Isis among Women in the Graeco‐Roman World (Leiden, 1975) Kakosy, L., "Egypt in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought" in Civilisations of the Ancient Near East J.M. Sasson (ed) (New York, 1955), Vol. I, 3‐14.

*Krill, R.M., "Isis and Sarapis", Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II,16. *Lloyd, A.B., Herodotus Bk. II Parts I & II (Leiden, 1975f.) Müller, D. Ägypten und die griechischen Isis‐Aretalogien (Berlin, 1961) p.Oxyrhyncus 1380 (A Greek hymn to Isis) in The Oxyrhynchus Papyri Part XI, ed. by B.P. Grenfell & A.S. Hunt, (London, 1915), pp. 190‐220. Smelik, K.A.D. & E.A. Hemelrijk, "'Who knows not what monsters demented Egypt worships?' Opinions on Egyptian animal worship in antiquity as part of the ancient conception of Egypt", in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II, 17, 4 (Berlin & N.Y., 1984), 1852–2000. Takacs, S.A., Isis and Serapis in the Roman World (Leiden, 1995) *Vanderlip, V.F. The Four Greek Hymns of Isidorus and the Cult of Isis (American Studies in Papyrology Vol. 12) (Toronto, 1972) Wild, R.A., "Isis‐Sarapis", Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II,17,4, pp. 1739‐1851. *Witt, R.E., Isis in the Graeco‐Roman World (New York, 1971) *Zabkar, Hymns to Isis in her Temple at Philae (Hanover & London, 1988) (includes some of the Greek hymns to Isis) Oxford Classical Dictionary s.v. "Egyptian Deities", "Isis", Sarapis" and the lit. referred to there.

AHIS380/AHPG861 Ancient Egyptian Religion Iconography of Gods Semester 2, 2011

Department of Ancient History AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Iconography of Deities 1

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9 10 11 AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Iconography of Deities 2

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20 21 22 23 24 AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Iconography of Deities 3

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35 36 37 38 AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Iconography of Deities 4

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46 47 48 Sources for images illustrating iconography of deities

1 A. Erman, Die Religion der Ägypter (Berlin, 1932) fig 31 2 R. David, A Guide to Religious Ritual at Abydos (Warminster, 1981) p 38 3 W. Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology (London, [1923]) (fig 1 4 Erman, Religion fig 49 5 Erman, Religion fig 51 6 – 8 Erman, Religion Tafel 2 9 Max Müller fig 167 10 Erman, Religion fig 20 11 Max Müller fig 64 12 Erman, Religion fig 4 13 Erman, Religion fig 7 14 Erman, Religion fig 15 15 Erman, Religion fig 46 16-17 Erman, Religion fig 2 18 Max Müller fig 90 19 E.A.W.Budge, The Mummy (London, 1925) p 278 20-21 Max Müller fig 49 22 Max Müller fig 18 23 Erman, Religion fig 40 24 Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods & Goddesses (London, 1986) p 127 25 Hart, Gods p 121 26 Budge, Mummy p 290 27 Hart, Gods p 130 28 Budge, Mummy p 290 29 Erman, Ägyptische Religion fig 21 30-32 Erman, Ägyptische Religion fig 42 33 Budge, Mummy p 286 34 Erman, Religion fig 43 35 Erman, Religion fig 9 36 Erman, Religion fig 19 37 Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology fig 1 38 Erman, Religion fig 25 39 Hart, Gods p 31 40 Erman, Religion fig 34 41 Erman, Religion fig 54 42 David, Religious Ritual p 41 43 Erman, Religion fig 27 44 Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology fig 17 45 Erman, Religion fig 32 46-48 Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology fig 41 AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Illustrations to Solar Religion

AHIS 380 / AHPG 861 Egyptian Religion Illustrations to Solar Religion

Sources of illustrations 1 E. Naville, Das ägyptische Todtenbuch der XVIII bis XX Dynastie (Berlin, 1886) Vol I pl CLXXXVII 2 Naville, pl. CXIII 3 Naville, pl CXLVII 4 Naville, pl CXIII 5 Tomb of Inherkhau, Deir el Medina (Ockinga) 6 Naville, pl XXX 7 W. Max Müller, Egyptian Mythology (London, 1923) fig 38 8 A. Piankoff, Mythological Papyri I (NY, 1957) fig 54 9 Piankoff, fig 33 10 A. Erman, Die Religion der Ägypter (Berlin, 1934) fig 2 11 Erman, fig 51 12 Erman fig 40 13 B. Ockinga