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Representación Gráfica Virtual Y Análisis De La Arquitectura Y Urbanismo Del Sitio Arqueológico

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Representación Gráfica Virtual Y Análisis De La Arquitectura Y Urbanismo Del Sitio Arqueológico ASESOR ARQ. DAVID BARRIOS DAVID ARQ. ASESOR Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá Ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. Propuesta Presentada a la Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Arquitectura por: Aura Cristina Peralta Vásquez Al Conferírsele el Título de: Arquitecta Egresada de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Guatemala, 2010. Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. PERÍODO CLÁSICO MAYA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Arquitectura Tribunal examinador DECANO Arq. Carlos Enrique Valladares Cerezo DECANO Arq. Carlos Enrique Valladares Cerezo VOCAL I Arq. Sergio Mohamed Estrada Ruiz SECRETARIO Arq. Alejandro Muñoz Calderón VOCAL II Arq. Efraín de Jesús Amaya Caravantes EXAMINADOR Arq. José David Barrios Ruiz VOCAL III Arq. Carlos Enrique Martini Herrera EXAMINADOR Arq. Sergio Mohamed Estrada Ruiz VOCAL IV Br. Carlos Alberto Mancilla Estrada EXAMINADOR Arq. Edgar Armando López Pazos VOCAL V Secretaria Liliam Rosana Santizo Alva SECRETARIO Arq. Alejandro Muñoz Calderón ASESOR Arq. José David Barrios Ruiz SUSTENTANTE Aura Cristina Peralta Vásquez i Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. PERÍODO CLÁSICO MAYA ACTO QUE DEDICO A Dios y La Virgen María Al Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, especialmente al Por ser mi fortaleza, mi escudo y mi lanzar. Arqueólogo José Crasborn. A mis padres Al Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, especialmente al Cristóbal Peralta y Marina Vásquez Arqueólogo Juan Carlos Ramírez. A mi esposo A mi asesor y consultores Víctor Gabriel Álvarez González A mis padrinos A mi hijo Gabriel Álvarez Peralta A mis amigos de la Universidad y la Vida, especialmente a Mariel y Diana. A mis abuelos Cristóbal Peralta (QEPD) Rosario Pimentel (QEPD) Ramón Vásquez Guillerma Daniel Y muy especialmente a la gloriosa Alma Mater A mis hermanos Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Nely, Cristóbal y Mauricio y la Facultad de Arquitectura, casa de estudios que me alimentó intelectualmente y me A mis cuñadas permitió conocer seres de alta calidad humana… Magnolia Martínez y Virginia Pappa A mis sobrinos Valeria, Nataly, José, Ignacio y Nicolás A mi prima y amiga Silvita Peralta (QEPD), por los gratos momentos que compartimos en familia y parte de mi carrera. ii Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. PERÍODO CLÁSICO MAYA ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO CUARTO Marco Legal……………………………………………… 39 Introducción…………………………………………….. 1 4.1 Contexto legal…………………………………................. 40 4.1.1 Marco legal a Nivel Internacional………………… 40 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO 4.1.2 Marco legal a Nivel Nacional……………………… 42 Marco Conceptual……………………………………… 2 4.1.3 Criterios con los que fue declarado el 1.1 Antecedentes………………………………………………. 3 Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá como 1.2 Planteamiento del Problema……………………............... 6 Patrimonio de la Humanidad……………………… 44 1.3 Delimitación del tema de estudio…………………………. 7 4.2 Síntesis Marco Legal……………………………………… 45 1.4 Justificación……………………………………….............. 9 1.5 Objetivos…………………………………………………….. 10 CAPÍTULO CINCO 1.6 Metodología…………………………………………………. 11 Marco Cultural……………………………………... 46 1.7 Referente Teórico…………………………………………… 13 5.1 Origen de la civilización maya………………….............. 47 5.2 Períodos culturales mayas……………………………….. 48 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO 5.2.1 Preclásico……………………………………………. 48 Marco Físico Natural………………………………….. 15 5.2.2 Clásico……………………………………………….. 48 2.1 Contexto General de estudio……………………………… 16 5.2.3 Postclásico…………………………………………… 48 2.1.1 Localización geográfica de Guatemala…………….. 16 5.3 División del área maya……………………………………. 49 2.1.2 Análisis de la región III Nor-oriente…………………. 17 5.3.1 Zona Sur…………………………………………….. 49 2.1.3 Análisis del departamento de Izabal………………… 19 5.3.2 Zona Central…………………………………………. 49 2.1.4 Análisis del municipio de Los Amates……………… 21 5.3.3 Zona Norte…………………………………………… 50 2.1.5 Aldea Quiriguá………………………………………... 24 5.3.4 Ciudades de las Tierras Bajas del Sur……………. 51 2.2 Síntesis Marco Físico Natural…………………………….. 26 5.4 Período Clásico……………………………………………. 52 5.5 Organización Político Social……………………………… 55 CAPÍTULO TERCERO 5.6 Economía…………………………………………………… 56 5.7 Escritura y Numeración…………………………………… 57 Marco Social Económico………………………............ 27 5.8 Cosmovisión……………………………………………….. 58 3.1 Aspectos Sociales…………………………........................ 28 7.9 Religión……………………………………………………… 59 3.1.1 Demográficos………………………........................... 28 7.10 Calendario Maya…………………………………………. 60 3.1.2 Idioma…………………………………………………. 28 5.11 Cerámica………………………………………………….. 61 3.1.3 Infraestructura básica del 5.12 Escultura……………………………………................... 64 Municipio Los Amates, Izabal……............................. 29 5.13 Pintura……………………………………………………... 71 3.1.4 Infraestructura del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá……. 31 3.2 Aspectos Económicos…………………………………….. 33 3.3 Aspectos Turísticos………………………………………… 34 3.4 Amenazas al Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá….................... 36 3.5 Síntesis Marco Social Económico……………………….. 38 iii Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. PERÍODO CLÁSICO MAYA CAPÍTULO SEXTO 5. Grupo Sur………………………………….. 135 Marco Histórico…………………………………………… 72 8.2.3 Análisis Arquitectónico………………………………. 138 6.1 Antecedentes Históricos………………............................. 73 a. Edificio 1B-1…………………………………………. 139 6.1.1 Breve historia de la ciudad Maya Copán d. Edificio 1B-4…………………………………………. 143 (Honduras)…………………………………………….. 73 e. Edificio 1B-5…………………………………………. 146 6.1.2 Historia de la ciudad Maya Quiriguá………………… 74 f. Edificio 1B-6………………………………………….. 149 6.1.3 Secuencia Dinástica de Quiriguá…………………… 80 g. Juego de Pelota…………………………………….. 152 6.1.4 Descubrimiento de la Ciudad Maya h. Pirámide Templo 1A-11……………………………. 155 Quiriguá…………………………………………………. 81 i. Unidad Habitacional…………………………………. 158 6.1.5 Intervenciones en el Sitio…………………………….. 82 8.2.4 Análisis Constructivo y Materiales…………………… 160 6.1.6 Descripción del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá……….. 86 a. Materiales Constructivos……………………........... 161 b. Elementos y Sistemas Constructivos……………… 161 c. Fases Constructivas………………………………… 164 CAPÍTULO SÉPTIMO 8.2.5 Análisis Escenográfico……………………………….. 166 Marco Teórico…………………………………………… 91 7.1 Urbanismo Maya…………………………………………… 92 7.2 Arquitectura del Período Clásico…………………………. 94 7.3 Tipología en la Arquitectura Maya……………………….. 98 CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………. 168 7.4 Materiales de Construcción……………………………….. 100 7.5 Elementos Constructivos…………………………………. 100 RECOMEDACIONES……………………………………... 169 7.6 Sistemas Constructivos……………………………………. 102 LISTADO DE ILUSTRACIONES………………………… v 7.7 Modelos Virtuales…………………………………………... 103 FUENTES DE CONSULTA………………………………. 170 GLOSARIO…………………………………………………. 173 CAPÍTULO OCTAVO ANEXOS……………………………………………………. 175 Análisis……………………………………………………. 104 8.1 Análisis General……………………………........................ 105 1. Plano Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 1883…….…… 175 8.1.1 Área Maya y Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá………….. 106 2. Plano Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 1911………… 175 8.1.2 Períodos Culturales Mayas…………………………. 107 3. Plano Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 1937………… 176 8.1.3 Estilos Arquitectónicos durante el Período Clásico 108 4. Plano Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 1977………… 176 8.2 Análisis de la Ciudad……………………………………….. 109 5. Plano Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 2008………… 177 8.2.1 Análisis Topográfico………………………………….. 109 6. Plano 2D Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 2009......... 177 8.2.2 Análisis Urbano……………………………………….. 112 a. Análisis General de la Ciudad…………………….. 112 7. Plano 3D Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá 2009…….. 178 b. Análisis por Conjuntos…………………………….... 121 1. Gran Plaza………………………………….. 121 2. Plaza de Juego de Pelota…………………. 125 3. Acrópolis……………………………………. 128 4. Grupo Este…………………………………. 132 iv Representación Gráfica Virtual y Análisis de la Arquitectura y Urbanismo del Sitio Arqueológico Quiriguá, ubicado en el Valle del Río Motagua, Izabal, Guatemala. PERÍODO CLÁSICO MAYA LISTADO DE ILUSTRACIONES Fotografía 13 Museo del Sitio arqueológico…………………… 32 Fotografía 14 Vegetación no controlada………………………. 38 Fotografía 15 Fruto de Árbol de cacao………………………… 56 Fotografía 16 Fragmento del Códice Grolier…………….……. 57 CUADROS Fotografía 17 Los Héroes Gemelos del Popol Vuh…….. …… 58 Cuadro 1 Grupo de población por etnia……………………… 21 Fotografía 18 Representación Juego de Pelota Maya Cuadro 2 Minería del departamento de Izabal……………… 23 Copán……………………….…………………….. 59 Cuadro 3 Población municipio de Los Amates……………… 28 Fotografía 19 Murciélago Antropomorfo……….……………… 64 Cuadro 4 Escolaridad municipio de Los Amates……………. 29 Fotografía 20 Juego de Pelota Maya de Copán……………… 71 Cuadro 5 Visitantes temporada 2007 en Guatemala………. 35 Fotografía 21 Escalera Jeroglífica de Copán…………………. 73 Cuadro 6 Visitantes temporada 2008 en Guatemala………. 35 Fotografía 22 Zoomorfo P………………………………………. 74 Cuadro 7 Visitantes temporada 2007 en Izabal…………….. 35 Fotografía 23 Muro de K´inch Ajaw. 1B-Sub. 4……………….. 78 Cuadro 8 Visitantes temporada 2008 en Izabal…………….. 35 Fotografía 24 Estela F de Quiriguá año 1915…....................... 81 Cuadro 9 Períodos culturales mayas…………………………
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