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State Department Releases JUST Act Report United States Department of State The JUST Act Report Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report Submitted pursuant to section 2(b) of the Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act (PL 115-171), signed into law by President Trump on May 9, 2018. Office of the Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs March 2020 FOREWORD - A Message from the Secretary of State The Holocaust was one of the most horrific atrocities in world history. The Nazi regime murdered six million Jews - including one and a half million children - and millions of other individuals, motivated by its twisted ideology and ethnic hatred. The Holocaust was also one of the largest organized thefts in human history. The Nazi regime's confiscation, seizure, and wrongful transfer of the Jewish people's property were designed not only to enrich the Nazi regime at the expense of European Jewry but also to permanently eliminate all aspects of Jewish cultural life. As World War II ended in Europe, the United States led the effort to seek a measure of justice in the form of restitution or compensation for individuals whose assets were stolen during the Holocaust. The effort began while Allied troops were liberating Europe and continues to this day. In 2009, the United States and 46 other countries committed to rectify the consequences of these wrongful asset seizures and to promote the welfare of Holocaust survivors around the world by endorsing the Terezin Declaration. I applaud the Congress for adopting with broad, bipartisan support the Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act of2017, P.L. 115-171, which was signed into law by President Trump in May 2018. The Act requires me to submit a report to Congress on countries' progress in implementing the goals of the Terezin Declaration. The JUST Act Report is an essential tool to highlight the important actions countries have taken to provide restitution or compensation for property confiscated during the Holocaust or subsequently nationalized during the Communist era. It will also expose Terezin implementation gaps, detail the vital work which remains to be done, and serve as a model of best practices to fulfill commitments countries took upon themselves by endorsing the Terezin Declaration. Much time has passed, and the need for action is urgent. As we mark the 75th anniversary of the end of the Holocaust, the legacy of the Nazis' mass looting remains in too many places and largely unaddressed. Given the advanced age of Holocaust survivors, many of whom live in poverty, the findings of this report serve as a reminder that countries must act with a greater sense of urgency to provide restitution or compensation for the property wrongfully seized from victims of the Holocaust and other victims of Nazi persecution. All victims of the Nazi regime should be able to live out their remaining days in dignity. When President Trump signed a landmark executive order on combatting anti-Semitism in December 2019, he also stressed the importance of "strengthening restitution efforts," which lie at the core of the Terezin Declaration. I am proud of the State Department's ongoing efforts to encourage countries to meet the goals and commitments they undertook when they endorsed the Terezin Declaration and to provide a belated measure of justice to Holocaust survivors and their families and to Jewish communities destroyed by the Holocaust. As Secretary of State, I will continue to prioritize thi ffort. Since y, ~~peo,~ ;Secretary o'ifitate of the United States of America -1- TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 3 ALBANIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 ARGENTINA ................................................................................................................................................. 13 AUSTRALIA .................................................................................................................................................. 17 AUSTRIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 BELARUS ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 BELGIUM ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ....................................................................................................................... 32 BRAZIL ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 BULGARIA .................................................................................................................................................... 39 CANADA ...................................................................................................................................................... 42 CROATIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 45 CYPRUS ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 CZECH REPUBLIC ......................................................................................................................................... 54 DENMARK.................................................................................................................................................... 58 ESTONIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 61 FINLAND ...................................................................................................................................................... 63 FRANCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 67 GERMANY .................................................................................................................................................... 73 GREECE ........................................................................................................................................................ 80 HUNGARY .................................................................................................................................................... 84 IRELAND ...................................................................................................................................................... 89 ISRAEL.......................................................................................................................................................... 91 ITALY ............................................................................................................................................................ 95 LATVIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 100 LITHUANIA ................................................................................................................................................. 103 LUXEMBOURG ........................................................................................................................................... 109 MALTA ....................................................................................................................................................... 114 MOLDOVA ................................................................................................................................................. 116 -2- MONTENEGRO .......................................................................................................................................... 119 THE NETHERLANDS ................................................................................................................................... 122 NORTH MACEDONIA ................................................................................................................................. 128 NORWAY ................................................................................................................................................... 131 POLAND ..................................................................................................................................................... 137 PORTUGAL ................................................................................................................................................. 146 ROMANIA .................................................................................................................................................. 148 RUSSIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 153 SERBIA ......................................................................................................................................................
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