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Redalyc.Daily Food Intake of Kajikia Audax (Philippi, 1887) Off Cabo San Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research E-ISSN: 0718-560X [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile Abitia-Cárdenas, Leonardo A.; Galván-Magaña, Felipe; Cruz-Escalona, Víctor H.; Peterson, Mark S.; Rodríguez-Romero, Jesús Daily food intake of Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) off Cabo San Lucas, Gulf of California, Mexico Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, vol. 39, núm. 3, 2011, pp. 449-460 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaiso, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=175021491006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 39(3): 449-460, 2011 Distribución temporal de larvas de Mytilus chilensis 449 DOI: 10.3856/vol39-issue3-fulltext-6 Research Article Daily food intake of Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) off Cabo San Lucas, Gulf of California, Mexico Leonardo A. Abitia-Cárdenas1, Felipe Galván-Magaña1, Víctor H. Cruz-Escalona1, Mark S. Peterson2 & Jesús Rodríguez-Romero3 1Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICIMAR) P.O. Box 592, La Paz, B.C.S., México 2Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA 3Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195 Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S., México ABSTRACT. The daily food intake rates of the striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), were estimated using qualitative and quantitative analyses of their trophic spectrum. We analyzed the stomach contents of 505 striped marlin caught by the sport fishing fleet off Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, sampled from October 1987 through December 1989. The most important preys were chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), California pilchard (Sardinops caeruleus), and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas); together these represented ~55% of the striped marlin diet. The daily food consumption was estimated to be 2 kg per day, or ~3.6% of the mean body weight of K. audax. The total biomass of the prey consumed by the striped marlin during the 27 months of sampling around Los Cabos was estimated at 24.8 ton, of which the chub mackerel represented ~29% (7.2 ton), California pilchard just under 16% (3.9 ton), and jumbo squid ~10% (2.5 ton). The feeding habits of K. audax are discussed in terms of the distribution of the epipelagic (neritic and oceanic zones), demersal, and benthic prey, confirming that striped marlin migrate vertically and horizontally in search of their food. Keywords: billfish, striped marlin, diurnal variation, consumption, Cabo San Lucas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Tasa de consumo diario de alimento de Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) frente a Cabo San Lucas, golfo de California, México RESUMEN. Se estimó la tasa de consumo diario de alimento del marlín rayado Kajikia audax (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), sobre la base de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de su espectro trófico. Se analizó el contenido estomacal de 505 ejemplares capturados por la flota deportiva frente a Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, México muestreados de octubre 1987 a diciembre 1989. Las presas más importantes fueron la macarela del Pacífico (Scomber japonicus), sardina monterrey (Sardinops caeruleus) y calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas), que en conjunto representaron aproximadamente el 55% de la dieta. La tasa de consumo de alimento fue estimado en 2 kg diarios, lo cual representó aproximadamente el 3,6% del peso corporal de K. audax. La biomasa total de presas consumidas por el marlín rayado durante los 27 meses muestreados en la zona de Los Cabos fue estimada en 24,8 ton, de las cuales la macarela del Pacífico representó alrededor del 29% (7,2 ton), la sardina monterrey poco menos del 16% (3,9 ton) y el calamar gigante aproximadamente el 10% (2,5 ton). Los hábitos alimentarios de K. audax se discutieron según la distribución de las presas epipelágicas (neríticas y oceánicas), demersales y bentónicas; lo cual confirmó la conducta migratoria (movimientos verticales y horizontales) del marlín rayado en busca de su alimento. Palabras clave: picudos, marlín rayado, variación diurna, consumo, Cabo San Lucas, golfo de California, México. ___________________ Corresponding author: Leonardo Abitia-Cárdenas ([email protected]) 450 Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Istiophorid billfishes are highly migratory species that Stomach samples were collected from the striped inhabit the tropical and subtropical, epipelagic waters marlin catch by the sport fishing fleet, trolling with of the world’s oceans, a large, relatively homogeneous live bait or jigs in the area of Los Cabos (22°53’N, environment that lacks significant physical barriers 109°54’W) from October 1987 through December and most species spawn over broad geographic 1989 (Fig. 1). In order to study the influence of the regions during a protracted season (Nakamura, 1995). size of the fish, the data was grouped in 12 size classes They are targeted by both recreational and commercial (from 111-221 cm postorbital length) (Ponce-Diaz et fisheries all over the world. Yet despite this, there still al., 1991). The postorbital length (eye-fork length) and remain large gaps in our knowledge of the biology and weight of each fish was measured and the stomach ecology of these species. Particularly, striped marlin Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887) supports an important was preserved in formalin. Stomachs were weighed, commercial catch in several regions of the world, food was removed, and the contents were weighed and while also forming the basis of important recreational stored according to the digested prey and its degree of fishing in the United States, Mexico, Ecuador, New digestion. Vertebral characteristics (e.g., number and Zealand, East Africa and Australia (Domeier, 2006). position) were used to identify fish using taxonomic This species is highly prized as food (sashimi and keys (Miller & Jorgensen, 1973) whereas, for smoked and frozen filet) for the excellent quality of its undigested fish, we used (Miller & Lea, 1972; Allen & flesh and the high ratio of usable meat to body weight Robertson, 1994; Fischer et al., 1995). Crustaceans (Sosa-Nishizaki, 1998). were identified using (Brusca, 1980; Fischer et al., Striped marlin in Mexican waters and particularly 1995) and cephalopods were identified from the in Cabo San Lucas at the southern tip of the Baja mandible (beaks) using (Wolff, 1982; Clarke, 1986). California Peninsula forms the core of sport fishing. Recognizable prey items were divided into major The southern Gulf of California is a migration zone taxonomic categories. Prey were quantified and for striped marlin (Squire & Suzuki, 1990; Abitia- expressed as a percentage of volume (mL) (Hyslop, Cárdenas et al., 1998), where fish longer than 200 cm 1980): V (%) = (v/vT)×100; where v is volume postorbital length (modal PL) are feeding and storing displaced by a prey species and vT is volume energy in preparation for reproduction (Abitia- displaced by all prey. A multivariate analysis of Cárdenas et al., 2002). Its larvae (2.8-30.5 mm total variance (MANOVA) of percent volume values was length) have been collected in near shore waters south used to examine differences in prey consumed related of Los Cabos, suggesting that spawning occurs in the to sex and size class. lower Gulf of California when water temperature is ≥ The theoretical maximum capacity of the stomach 27.0°C (González-Armas et al., 1999). (Stillwell & Kohler, 1982) was used to quantify the There are several general studies on the feeding degree of stomach fullness. Stomach fullness was habits of striped marlin in the Pacific Ocean (Hubbs & recorded according to an estimated fourth-point scale Wisner, 1953; De Silva, 1962; Evans & Wares, 1972; as percentages of total fullness: 0-25% full, 26-50% Eldrige & Wares, 1974; Abitia-Cárdenas et al., 1997, full, 51-75% full, and 76-100% full. 1998). Abitia-Cárdenas et al. (2002) estimated seasonal total energy storage (kcal g-1 wet weight) as Estimates of mean daily and annual food well as energy storage in muscle and gonadal tissue of consumption were made from the stomach contents of a limited number of female striped marlin from the all striped marlin collected (applying the conversion 1 Los Cabos region. However, there are no published mL = 1 g) (Stillwell & Kohler, 1985). The values were estimates of their daily food consumption. An extrapolated to fish hooked by the eight fishing fleets ecosystem approach to fisheries management requires in Cabo San Lucas (Klett-Traulsen et al., 1996) to an understanding of the impact of predatory fish on estimate the relative contribution of prey biomass the most important prey species and that the measured (metric tons, ton) consumed by striped marlin. rates of food consumption by apex predators lay the Food evacuation time was estimated based on the ground work for gaining insight into the role of type of prey (Olson & Boggs, 1986). For example, predators in the food web of the marine ecosystem scombrids (mackerel) are evacuated in 5.29 h on (Olson & Galván-Magaña, 2002). The goal of this average, whereas cephalopods take 2.24 h. Given the study was to estimate the daily biomass consumption lack of information on the time-course for evacuation, of the main prey species of striped marlin in the Los the mean evacuation time of 5.29 h calculated for Cabos, Mexico area based on qualitative and yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares was used (Olson & quantitative analysis. Boggs, 1986). It was assumed that the evacuation time The daily ratio of food striped marlin, off Cabo San Lucas 451 Figure 1. Location of study area off Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Figura 1. Ubicación geográfica del área de estudio frente a Cabo San Lucas, México.
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  • Evaluation Report
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