Incidence of Cabbage Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Infestation and Plant Damage in Seeded Brassica fields in California’S Central Coast

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Incidence of Cabbage Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Infestation and Plant Damage in Seeded Brassica fields in California’S Central Coast Crop Protection 62 (2014) 72e78 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Crop Protection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Incidence of cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) infestation and plant damage in seeded Brassica fields in California’s central coast Shimat V. Joseph a,*, Jesus Martinez a,b a University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott Street, Salinas, CA 93901, USA b Hartnell College, 411 Central Ave., Salinas, CA 93901, USA article info abstract Article history: The temporal incidence of cabbage maggot, Delia radicum L. was investigated using three exclusion cage Received 21 February 2014 experiments, one each during spring, summer and fall, in broccoli fields as well as two surveys, one each Received in revised form in three broccoli fields, and sixteen turnip plantings in central coast of California. In the cage experi- 10 April 2014 ments, sets of broccoli plants were exposed to natural populations of D. radicum flies for w14-d periods Accepted 11 April 2014 after plant emergence throughout the growing season. For the surveys, soil, root samples, and yellow Available online sticky traps were collected every week from broccoli fields to determine number of eggs, maggots, feeding-injury and adults. Only roots were sampled from turnip plantings to determine feeding-injury. In Keywords: fi Delia radicum all three cage experiments, feeding injury from D. radicum maggot was less during the rst 14-d than w e Brassicaceae 15 28 d after plant emergence (DAE). In the summer and fall, feeding injury by D. radicum was less Root maggot during 29e42 and 43e56 DAE than it was 15e28 DAE. In the survey of broccoli fields, a greater number Broccoli of D. radicum eggs were detected starting the fourth week after planting (WAP). Similarly, an increase in Salinas Valley number of D. radicum maggots and feeding injury was observed at fifth and sixth WAP, respectively. Reduced-risk insecticide However, adults were abundant throughout the growing period. In the turnip survey, increase in injury from D. radicum feeding did not appear until the fifth WAP. Overall, these studies indicate that increased incidence of D. radicum was delayed by about two to three weeks after plant emergence. The implications of these results for timing of insecticide application for D. radicum in the central coast of California are discussed. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction L.), broccoli raab (Brassica rapa L. subspecies rapa), and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera). Because cruciferous Cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) is crops are produced year round in the California central coast, one of the most destructive pests of cruciferous crops in North cabbage maggot could persist in the agricultural crops. They could America and Europe (Coaker and Finch, 1971) and has become the persist in weeds even when there are no crops under favorable major persistent pest of cruciferous crops in the central coast of conditions (Johnsen and Gutierrez, 1997). California. D. radicum causes severe yield losses to cruciferous crops Cabbage maggot flies lay eggs in the soil around the base of the in the central coast of California. The value of cruciferous crops is plant. A single female can lay about 300 eggs under laboratory estimated at w1 billion USD in California (U.S. Department of conditions (Finch, 1974). Legless, 8-mm long white-maggots feed Agriculture, NASS, 2013). In the Salinas Valley of California, crucif- on the taproot and affect normal plant development. After about 3 erous crops are grown in more than 34,398 ha and are valued at weeks of feeding, the maggot pupates in the surrounding soil and >$485.5 million USD (Monterey County Crop Report, 2012). The remains at this stage for 2e4 weeks before emerging into an adult majority of this acreage has been affected by cabbage maggot. fly(Harris and Svec, 1966). The most common above-ground Important crops that are at-risk from cabbage maggot include feeding symptoms of cabbage maggot are yellowing, stunting and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck), cauliflower slow growth (Natwick, 2009). (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata In other Brassica growing regions where cabbage maggot is known to cause economic injury to roots, pupae undergo diapause during the winter, which enabled several studies to accurately fl * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 831 759 7359; fax: þ1 831 758 3018. determine emergence of overwintering adult ies in the spring and E-mail address: [email protected] (S.V. Joseph). precise timing of subsequent generations (Baok et al., 2012; Broatch http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.04.016 0261-2194/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. S.V. Joseph, J. Martinez / Crop Protection 62 (2014) 72e78 73 et al., 2006; Coaker and Wright,1963; Collier et al.,1988; Collier and through them and a transverse cut was made to each cup to facil- Finch, 1985; Dreves et al., 2006; Eckenrode and Keith, 1972; Finch itate placement and removal of cups (Fig. 1b and c). The fabric was et al., 1986; Finch and Collier, 1983, 1985; Jyoti et al., 2003; glued length-wise around the cup from end to end of the transverse Walgenbach et al., 1993). However, unlike other regions where cut and the rest of the fabric was wrapped around the cup. The cabbage maggot is a serious pest, the winter weather in California’s fabric roll formed on the top of the cage was tied using a twist-tie. central coast is mild and rarely goes below freezing point, thereby Within w7-d after planting, seeds germinated and emerged out failing to trigger diapause in most of the cabbage maggot popula- of the soil surface. At the cotyledon stage (Fig. 1a), cages were tion (Johnsen and Gutierrez, 1997). It is proposed that this unique deployed over individual broccoli plants (Fig. 1b). As the plant grew environment enables cabbage maggot flies to remain active even in in size, the rolled fabric on the top of the sleeve cage was untied and winter months, producing multiple overlapping generations carefully re-tied to the base of the stem, leaving the growing point throughout the year. In order to determine and implement appro- outside the cage (Fig. 1c) but preventing cabbage maggot fly priate integrated pest management (IPM) tactics for cabbage oviposition at the base of the plant. The cages were secured by maggot, it is critical to understand the biology of the cabbage pushing the bottom edges into the soil. Treatments included plants maggot on cruciferous crops in California’s central coast. (n ¼ 50/treatment) that were never exposed (i.e. always caged), Current management practices for cabbage maggot in Brassica always exposed (i.e. never caged), or exposed to natural cabbage crops mainly involved the use of soil-applied organophosphate maggot populations by selective cage removal in w14-d intervals insecticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon (Natwick, 2009), starting from plant emergence. All treatments were blocked along which rarely provides100% control. This persistent use of organo- the beds. The number of beds used was 12 with 57.3 m between phosphate insecticides has resulted in higher concentrations of blocks and 8.1 m between cages for spring; 5 with 29.3 m between insecticide residues in the water bodies of California’s central coast blocks and 4.2 m between cages for summer; and 5 with 22.3 m (Hunt et al., 2003), which pose risks to non-target organisms and between blocks and 3.2 m between cages for fall experiments. public health through contaminated water. It is likely that this Seeds were planted on 27 February, 14 May and 28 August and the widespread use potentially provided the opportunity for cabbage plants were caged on 7 March, 23 May, and 28 August 2013 for maggot to develop resistance to broad-spectrum insecticides. Since spring, summer, and fall experiments, respectively. Exposure pe- 2008, regulatory agencies in the state have enforced stringent re- riods began on 25 March, and 15 and 24 April for spring; 1 May, 7 strictions to curb the use of organophosphate insecticides in com- and 21 June, and 5 and 19 July for summer; and 20 September, 4 and mercial Brassica crop production, leaving growers with limited 18 October, and 1 and 14 November for fall experiments. All the options to combat cabbage maggot infestation (CEPA, 2013). exposure periods lasted 14 days except for those deployed on 15 Because of the fewer effective IPM options, widespread crop losses and 24 April, which exposed plants for 19 and 13 days, respectively. to cabbage maggot have been reported from 2008 to the present. Following each treatment (exposure period), plants were re-caged In this post organophosphate era with reduced-risk, less and remained in the field for another 14-days until harvested; persistent insecticides being available for cabbage maggot man- however, the set of plants in the last exposure treatment in all three agement, knowledge of field-level incidence of cabbage maggot experiments was harvested once the exposure period was infestation is critical to determine precise timing for insecticide completed along with harvest of never and always exposed applications in Brassicas. The major objective of the study is to treatments. determine the temporal incidence of cabbage maggot relative to seeded broccoli and turnip in California’s central coast. Our hy- 2.2. Survey of commercial broccoli pothesis is that seasonal periods in the field crop cycle can be identified that represent greater susceptibility to cabbage maggot A survey was conducted in three commercial broccoli fields in damage which will help to temporally target insecticide the Salinas Valley (one field in Chualar [cultivar ‘Durapak’] and two treatments. fields [cultivars ‘Durapak’, and ‘Imperial’] in Gonzales CA) during May, June, and July 2013.
Recommended publications
  • Root Maggots (Onion - Delia Antiqua; Cabbage - Delia Radicum)
    Root Maggots (Onion - Delia antiqua; Cabbage - Delia radicum) Figure 2 Root maggot larvae, 1/4" long Figure 1 Adult, 1/4" long Figure 3 Damage to onion Damage The maggots feed on the roots and the bulbs (in the case of onions), creating numerous tunnels. Plants first begin to wilt and can eventually become stunted and yellowed. Heavily infested plants can ultimately die. When Are They Active Root maggots overwinter in the top few inches of garden soil. In late April - early May adult flies emerge to lay 50-200 white eggs on the soil near the base of crops. Eggs hatch in 3-7 days and larvae immediately begin feeding on the roots of the plants. Feeding continues for 3-4 weeks before larvae pupate in the soil. Susceptible Plants Onion maggots are an early season pest of root vegetables such as onion, garlic, carrot, and radish, whereas cabbage maggots are mainly a pest of cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, radishes, and turnips. Prevention Methods Most root maggot adults are attracted to rotting organic matter; avoid incorporating animal manure or green manure in spring. When possible, delay planting susceptible plants until the threat of root maggots is reduced, which is generally after June 1st. Plant crops in well-drained soils and only when the soil temperatures exceed 50° F. Row covers are effective during flight periods and must be set up in your garden by the time adults flies are laying eggs which is usually early to mid-May. Don't use row covers if onions or other root vegetables or cucurbits were planted in the same area the previous year.
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control
    Chapter 1 Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control Joyce E. Parker, William E. Snyder, George C. Hamilton and Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55044 1. Introduction There is growing public concern about pesticides’ non-target effects on humans and other organisms, and many pests have evolved resistance to some of the most commonly-used pesticides. Together, these factors have led to increasing interest in non-chemical, ecologically- sound ways to manage pests [1]. One pest-management alternative is the diversification of agricultural fields by establishing “polycultures” that include one or more different crop varieties or species within the same field, to more-closely match the higher species richness typical of natural systems [2, 3]. After all, destructive, explosive herbivore outbreaks typical of agricultural monocultures are rarely seen in highly-diverse unmanaged communities. There are several reasons that diverse plantings might experience fewer pest problems. First, it can be more difficult for specialized herbivores to “find” their host plant against a back‐ ground of one or more non-host species [4]. Second, diverse plantings may provide a broader base of resources for natural enemies to exploit, both in terms of non-pest prey species and resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the plant themselves, building natural enemy communities and strengthening their impacts on pests [4]. Both host-hiding and encourage‐ ment of natural enemies have the potential to depress pest populations, reducing the need for pesticide applications and increasing crop yields [5, 6]. On the other hand, crop diversification can present management and economic challenges for farmers, making these schemes difficult to implement.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabbage Maggot Delia Radicum (Linnaeus); Family: Anthomyiidae
    IDL INSECT DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology, 2144 Comstock Hall, Ithaca NY 14853-2601 Cabbage Maggot Delia radicum (Linnaeus); Family: Anthomyiidae Cabbage maggots infesting the roots. Injury The cabbage maggot can seriously injure cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, and related crucifer crops. Early planted crucifers, or seedbeds of late ones, are more likely to be attacked. The young maggot begins feeding on the tender rootlets and then rasps out a channel in the main root of the plant. An early indication of attack to the cabbage plant is the symptom of the plant wilting badly during the heat of the day. The plants may take on a bluish cast. The plant either dies in a few days or persists in a sickly condition for some time. In cases where the plant dies quickly, there usually are a large number of maggots that riddle the root, making way for decay organisms to get in and take over quickly. If such a plant is dug up, one should be able to see the whitish maggots, which may at first resemble a grain of rice, in the soil around the roots of the injured plants. Brown tunnels in stems or roots of older plants are also evident Description Cabbage maggots are true flies (Diptera), closely related to the seed corn maggot. The adults are gray, long- legged flies a little smaller than the common house fly. Home gardeners seldom see them. The larvae (maggots) are white, legless, tapered toward the head, and have hook-shaped black mouthparts that curve downward, for rasping plant tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Control of Root-Feeding Fly Larvae Infesting Vegetable Crops (Flyipm) C-IPM Coordinated Integrated Pest Management in Europe
    Integrated control of root-feeding fly larvae infesting vegetable crops (FlyIPM) C-IPM Coordinated Integrated Pest Management in Europe Pesticide Research No. 195 March 2021 Publisher: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Editors: Rosemary Collier, Anne-Marie Cortesero, Nicolai Meyling, Martin Hommes, Ute Vogler, Quentin Schorpp, Timea Szikora, Michael Gaffney, Tor Johansen, Richard Meadow, Stane Trdan The University of Warwick, Université de Rennes, University of Copenhagen, Julius Kuehn Institute, Agroscope CH, Teagasc Eire, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Ljubljana ISBN: 978-87-7038-220-5 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes reports and papers about research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by the Agency. The content of this publication do not necessarily represent the official views of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. By publishing this report, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency expresses that the content represents an important contribution to the related discourse on Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged 2 Funded by the European Union Project information Project acronym: FlyIPM Project ID: Project title: Integrated control of root-feeding fly larvae infesting vegetable crops Project website (if https://www.agroscope.admin.ch/agroscope/en/home/topics/plant- existing): production/plant-protection/flyipm.html Start of project: 01/05/2017 End of project: 31/03/2020 35 months Duration
    [Show full text]
  • Artificially Applied Plant Volatile Organic Compounds Modify The
    J Pest Sci (2017) 90:611–621 DOI 10.1007/s10340-016-0792-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Artificially applied plant volatile organic compounds modify the behavior of a pest with no adverse effect on its natural enemies in the field Improving the push–pull strategy against a major Brassicaceae pest 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 Fabrice C. Lamy • Denis Poinsot • Anne-Marie Cortesero • Se´bastien Dugravot Received: 20 January 2016 / Revised: 15 June 2016 / Accepted: 21 June 2016 / Published online: 6 July 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 Abstract The use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Keywords Push–pull strategy Á Plant–insect interaction Á derived from plants to manipulate insect pest behavior can Volatile organic compounds Á Brassicaceae Á be applied in an integrated pest management strategy Delia radicum Á Natural enemies (IPM) using a combination of attractive and repulsive stimuli. The ‘‘push–pull’’ strategy was developed on this idea in order to disturb and modify the distribution and Key message abundance of pests to protect crops and reduce the use of agrochemicals. This field experiment investigates, in a • A push–pull strategy successfully protected Brassi- ‘‘push–pull’’ context using broccoli as a target crop and caceae crop against Delia radicum, a major agricultural Chinese cabbage as a pull component, the stimulo-deterrent pest, using plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs). effect of five synthetic VOCs (dimethyl disulfide, linalool, • Most of the VOCs significantly reduced pest oviposi- geraniol, eucalyptol and citronellol) on the oviposition of tion. Eucalyptol was the most promising VOCs as it the cabbage root fly Delia radicum.
    [Show full text]
  • Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a Cooperative Approach
    Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume II of IV Chapters 1-8 and Appendixes A-E United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Newtown Square, PA NA–MB–01–12 August 2012 Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach Type of Statement: Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Area covered by statement: The 50 United States and District of Columbia Lead agency: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible official: James R. Hubbard, Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry Sidney R. Yates Federal Building 201 14th Street, S.W. Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Noel F. Schneeberger, Forest Health Program Leader Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry 11 Campus Boulevard, Suite 200 Newtown Square, PA 19073 610–557–4121 [email protected] Joint lead agency: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Responsible official: Rebecca A. Bech, Deputy Administrator for Plant Protection and Quarantine 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Room 302-E Washington, DC 20250 For more information: Julie S. Spaulding, Gypsy Moth Program Coordinator Emergency and Domestic Programs 4700 River Road, Unit 137 Riverdale, MD 20737 301–851–2184 [email protected] Abstract: The USDA Forest Service and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service are proposing an addition to the gypsy moth management program that was described in the 1995 Environmental Impact Statement—Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: a cooperative approach—and chosen in the 1996 Record of Decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabbage Root Fly (Delia Radicum
    Cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) www.diptera.info The adult fly is similar at first look to the housefly in shape and colouring, but it is smaller (body length 6-7 mm). The males are darker, hairier and usually smaller than the females. Reliable determination of species identity requires special taxonomic knowledge and can be performed only by experts. The larva can reach the length of 8-9 mm, it is The adult fly which whitish, a typical maggot. is caught in the trap Host plants of the larvae include: cruciferous plants, i.e. cabbage relatives (cauliflower, kohlrabi, common white cabbage, etc.), radishes, rape (canola), mustard, etc. Its importance appears to be growing in rape production. Damage: the larvae damage inside the roots. Occasionally they can come up to the stem also. As a result of their damage seedlings wither, there is a blueish colouring on the leaves, finally the plants die. The trap should be placed inside the field or to its edge, in the height of 20-30 cm (in the spring) or at the upper level of vegetation (summer- autumn). Recommended beginning of trapping in Hungary is beginning of April. ® Selectivity of the CSALOMON trap: the lure in the cabbage root fly trap is NOT a pheromone, rather a feeding attractant, therefore it catches both https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/ female and male flies. It can attract other related flies with cruciferous http://apps.rhs.org.uk host plants (i.e. Delia floralis). The lure is attractive also to flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) and some weevils of the genus Ceutorrhynchus.
    [Show full text]
  • Impresión De Fax De Página Completa
    INDUCED PLANT RESISTANCE TO HERBIVORY Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory Edited by Andreas Schaller University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Editor Andreas Schaller University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany ISBN: 978-1-4020-8181-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8182-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941936 c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover pictures showing Pieris brassicae caterpillars, the parasitic wasp Cotesia glomerata, and a parasitized Manduca sexta larva were taken by Hans Smid and Tibor Bukovinszky (http: www.bugsinthepicture.com/), and Johannes Stratmann (University of South Carolina). Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com In Memoriam Clarence A. (Bud) Ryan Bud Ryan left us on October 7th, 2007. His sudden passing away is felt deeply by his family and friends. Bud has left us with a flourishing field of research but we must now continue along this road without him. Throughout his long career Bud gave the community many startling insights into nature. One of the first milestones in the long and unerring path to reveal the invisible secrets of the plant defense mechanism was the discovery, published in 1972, of wound-inducible proteinase inhibitors in potato. Much of Bud’s career was spent finding out how these proteins functioned in defense, how they were made, and how their genes were regulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabbage Root Maggot (Delia Radicum) Identification: Life Cycle
    Cabbage Root Maggot (Delia radicum) Identification: Cabbage root maggot (CRM) flies are delicate, hump-backed gray-brown flies, about 5-7 mm long. Onion, seedcorn and cabbage maggot flies are difficult to distinguish with the naked eye, but each will only be found on and near their appropriate crop family. Small (⅛”), white, bullet-shaped eggs are laid in soil. Maggots are white and legless and can be found in and around roots. Life Cycle: Life cycle. CRM overwinters as small brown pupae in the soil near roots of fall brassica crops where the larvae fed. Adults emerge in spring and can travel up to a mile in search of host plants. Eggs are laid in the soil at the base of the stem of host crops. Cool, moist soil conditions favor survival of the eggs, and soil temperatures that exceed 95°F in the top 2-3 inches will kill them. Larvae feed on roots and pupate in the soil. A late summer flight (late August, early September) may damage fall root crops. There are 3-4 generations per year in central New England. Onset of Spring Flight. A good indicator of cabbage maggot flight is blooming of the common roadside weed, yellow rocket or wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris); good photos can be found at the online UMass Weed Herbarium. Cumulative growing degree days (GDD) and indicator plants can be used to more specifically pin-point activity of cabbage maggot fly in your area. Many GDD models are base 50°C, but because cabbage root maggots are active at lower temperatures, GDD models should be base 4°C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Delia Radicum in Relation To
    THE EMERGENCE OF DELIA RADICUM IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE. -by - GRAHAM BRINDLE This thesis was subm1tted to the Council for National Academic Awards, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Plymouth Polytechnic (in collaboration with ADAS, Starcross) July 1987 Graham Brindle The emergence of cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) in relation to agricultural practice cabbage root fly passes through three generations a year in the south of England. The first generation peaks in late April to early May having overwintered in diapause. Recently, populations have been discovered in which the emergence of first generation flies was protracted, lasting until m1d-July. The project aimed to investigate the incidence of late emergence in Devon and to examine the ways in which late ernergers differed from early ernergers in their progress through diapause. A new emergence trap was developed and used in conjunction with yellow water traps to monitor the emergence of cabbage root fly populations at locations of contrasting agricultural practice. Late emergence was widespread in Devon, occurring later (up to September), and in a greater proportion of some populations than any previously reported. The phenomenon appears to be a response to the planting of brassicas in June, as flies emerging at the normal time may not be able to locate a host crop. Emergence in a substantial proportion of one population was delayed for a year. This has not been been previously reported in cabbage root fly and represents a 'sit and wait' strategy associated with short-lived habitats, occurring in patches often separated by considerable distances but which frequently reappear in approximately the same location.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopaedia of Pests and Natural Enemies in Field Crops Contents Introduction
    Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Contents Introduction Contents Page Integrated pest management Managing pests while encouraging and supporting beneficial insects is an Introduction 2 essential part of an integrated pest management strategy and is a key component of sustainable crop production. Index 3 The number of available insecticides is declining, so it is increasingly important to use them only when absolutely necessary to safeguard their longevity and Identification of larvae 11 minimise the risk of the development of resistance. The Sustainable Use Directive (2009/128/EC) lists a number of provisions aimed at achieving the Pest thresholds: quick reference 12 sustainable use of pesticides, including the promotion of low input regimes, such as integrated pest management. Pests: Effective pest control: Beetles 16 Minimise Maximise the Only use Assess the Bugs and aphids 42 risk by effects of pesticides if risk of cultural natural economically infestation Flies, thrips and sawflies 80 means enemies justified Moths and butterflies 126 This publication Nematodes 150 Building on the success of the Encyclopaedia of arable weeds and the Encyclopaedia of cereal diseases, the three crop divisions (Cereals & Oilseeds, Other pests 162 Potatoes and Horticulture) of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board have worked together on this new encyclopaedia providing information Natural enemies: on the identification and management of pests and natural enemies. The latest information has been provided by experts from ADAS, Game and Wildlife Introduction 172 Conservation Trust, Warwick Crop Centre, PGRO and BBRO. Beetles 175 Bugs 181 Centipedes 184 Flies 185 Lacewings 191 Sawflies, wasps, ants and bees 192 Spiders and mites 197 1 Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops 2 Index Index A Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) 139 Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) 45 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 61 Boettgerilla spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomological Society of Manitoba VOLUME 58 2002
    Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba VOLUME 58 2002 T.D. Galloway Editor Winnipeg, Manitoba Contents Scientific Notes: The Occurrence of the Bat Bug, Cimex pilosellus (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), in Manitoba, Canada. N. Wilson and T.D. Galloway............................................................................... 5 New Records of Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Manitoba. H.V. Shaverdo, R.E. Roughley, and T. Mousseau ............................... 8 Additional Records of Native Insects Associated with Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., in Southern Manitoba. D.C. Henne, R.E. Roughley, and C.J. Lindgren ................................. 10 Joint Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Manitoba and the Entomological Society of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 5-9 October, 2002 Scientific Programme of the Joint Annual Meeting .................. 13 Scientific Programme Abstracts for the Joint Annual Meeting . 22 Acknowledgements..................................................................... 57 Minutes of the 58th Annual Business Meeting of the Entomological Society of Manitoba: 29 November, 2002 .... 58 Appendices Appendix A: Agenda of the Entomological Society of Manitoba 58th Annual Business Meeting ................................................ 60 Appendix B: Report of the President ......................................... 61 Appendix C: Report of the Treasurer ......................................... 62 Appendix D: Report of the Regional Director of the Entomological Society of Canada
    [Show full text]