Cerebral Asymmetries in Processing Ianguage and Tirne by Lorin J. Elias a Thesis Presented to the University of Waterloo In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cerebral Asymmetries in Processing Ianguage and Tirne by Lorin J. Elias a Thesis Presented to the University of Waterloo In Cerebral asymmetries in processing ianguage and tirne by Lorin J. Elias A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in mentof the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1999 O Lorin J. Elias, 1999 National Library Bibliothéque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington ûttawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowhg the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits subStafltieIs may be printed or otherwise de celbci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. The University of Waterloo requires the signatures of ail persons using or photocopying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. Abstrac t uiitiaüy it was thought that only 'higher functions' are lateralized, but investigators have recently been noting very 'low-lever perceptual asymmetries. Some have speculated that these Io w-level asymmetries underlie hernispheric speciakation for higher hinctio ns such as language processing. Experimenu 1 and 2 tested this hypothesis by administering tests of low-level temporal asymmetries in the visual (1) and auditory (2) modalities, concurrent with a dichotic-listening test of linguistic laterality. As predicted, individuals demonstrated significant left hernisphere advantages (LHAs)on both the visual and auditory temporal tasks, and in both cases, these LHAs correlated signiticantly with linguistic asymmeules. A recent theory by Ringo et ai. (1994) claims that the evolutionary pressure favouring hemisphenc specialization came fiom a lateraiized system's relative superiority at processing stimuli requiring fine temporal precision. This theory would then predict that individuals with greater hterhemispheric transmission tirnes (ms)would exhibit greater lateralization for time cntical tasks such as language processing. Experiment 3 provided support for the prediction that longer IHïTs from the right to left hemisphere in the auditory modality are associated with greater left hemisphenc specialization for linguistic perception. Experiment 4 tested two predictions. The fïrst prediction. that preferred hand for throwing (but no t prefed hand for writing) wouid be associated with linguistic lateraiization, was only supponed by individuals who nodywrite with their right hand. The second prediction, that complementarity of functional asymmetries should not be causal in nature, was also supponed. There was a weak positive association benveen what are normaily right and left hemisphencaily dominateci tasks. Taken together, these results support the position that the brain is lateralized to facüitate temporai processing. Ackno wledgments Although theses are usuaily viewed as the product of one individual's work, they are very rarely completed in isolation. This work was supported by many people. First and foremost, 1 wish to express my appreciation and thanks to rny advisors Dr. M.B. Buhan-Fleming and Dr. I.C. McManus for their guidance, patience, and tireless advice throughout the entire course of this work. 1 am also very thanldul to the nst of my examination committee for their thorough review of this document and excellent comments. In addition to my advisors Dr. M.B.Bulrnan-Fleming and Dr. I.C. McManus, the cornmittee was composed of Dr. M.J. Dixon, Dr. E.A. Roy, Dr. A. Patla, and Dr. M. Moscovitch. 1 would also like to thank Murray Guylee for his assistance and fkiendship. Through his unrelenthg enthusiasm and dedication, 1 was regularly rerninded that experirnental psychology be fun, and that is why 1 chose this field of study in the first place. Without his help and demeanor, this work simply could not have been completed in such a timely fashion, nor would it have been nearly as much fun. Although her academic contributions to thû work were minimal, 1 am ako very grateful to rny wife Lana for her support during the past years. One of the few things that is more difncult than trying to complete a thesis is king marrieci to someone trying to complete a thesis. She has always ken a very powemil motivating force in my life, and held everythmg together when 1 did not. Orhers who provided personal and academic support (or much needed distractions) during the course of this work include Greg Sears (who mostly provided distraction), Geoff MacDonald (again, mostly distraction), Jocelyn Keillor (who was always so smart in ways that 1 didn't think were important in academia, until she showed me how wrong 1 was), and Mike Dixon (who showed me that sometirnes it is more important to shoot baskets than work on research). 1 would also Iüce to thank the people who panicipated in tbese experiments for their patience and their interest. Many of the tests 1 administered get to be very tedious, but most participants were extremely pleasant and patient. Although Phil Bryden never got to see these experiments cornpleted, 1 wül forever wonder what he would have thought of them. Getting to know hirn profoundly altered the way 1 think about designing experiments, interpreting the expeerimental literature, what a student-advisor relationship should be like, what makes a for a successful scholarly conference, and how to combine an acaciemic career with a happy Ne. Dedication To Phi1 Bryden 1934 - 1996 Table of Contents Theories about the cause of laterality ............................................ .2 A Envir onmentaVPsychosocial Theories ....................................2 1. Jackson's (1905) "Parental Pressure" Theory ......................... -3 2. Blau's (1946) Psychodynamic Theory ............................. -4 B.GeneticTheories ................................................... -5 1. Simple Mendelian Recessive Gene Theories ..........................7 - 2. McManus's (1985) Mode1 ....................................... -8 3. Annett's (1972) Right Shift Model.. .............................. -8 4. Klar's "'RGHT"(1996) Mode1 ................................... .9- 5. Levy and Nagylacki's (1972) Two Gene-Locus Model ................ C. Anatomical Theories ................................................ -12 1. Thomas Carlyle's "Sword and Shield" Theory ....................... 2. Salk's (1966) "Parent Holding Baby" Theory ........................ -14 D. Developmental Theories .............................................II 1. Geschwind and Galaburda's (1987) 'Triadic" theory .................. & 2. The "Pathological Lefi-handedness" theory ......................... a 3. Previc's (199 1. 1996) "Vestibular-Monoaminergic" theory ............. 2 4. Corballis and Morgan's (1978) 'Maturational Gradient" theory .......... 30 5. The "Developmental Instability" theory ............................ -32 6. The "Vanishing Twins" theory .................................. -22 E.EvolutionaryTheories ............................................... 2 l.Corballis(1991) ..............................................38 2. MacNeilage's (1991) "Postural Origins" theory ......................-39 3. The Interhemispheric Conduction Delay Hypothesis .................. -41 ExperimentalSection ........................................................ 48 Predictionl .........,..........................................-....48 - Experimentl ..................................................4 Method ................................................ 32 Participants ........................................ 2 Materials: ......................................... 32 Procedure .........................................3s ScoringandAnalysis ................................. 26 Resdts ................................................. 52 Inspection-timetask .................................57 - Dichotic-listening ta& ................................ 32 Tests of Association Between the two Taskx ............... 5), Discussion .............................................. 62 Experiment2 ..................................................65 - blethod ..,........................................-.....66- Participants ........................................66- Materiais ..........................................67- Procedure .........................................@ ScoringandAnalysis .................................fi Results .................................................70- Dichotic-listening task ............................... -70- Gap-Detection task .................................. LI Tests of Association Between the two Tasks ...............x .Discussion .............................................. 76 Prediction 2: Longer ICD's should be associated with greater linguistic laterality .....&Q Experiment3 .................................................. Method ................................................. 82 Participants ........................................ Q Materiais ..........................................u
Recommended publications
  • Answer Set Companion Answers to Questions
    Case Based Pediatrics For Medical Students and Residents Questions and Answers Editors: Loren G. Yamamoto, MD, MPH, MBA Alson S. Inaba, MD Jeffrey K. Okamoto, MD Mary Elaine Patrinos, MD Vince K. Yamashiroya, MD Department of Pediatrics University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine Kapiolani Medical Center For Women And Children Honolulu, Hawaii Copyright 2004, Loren G. Yamamoto Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine Answer Set Companion Answers to Questions Section I. Office Primary Care Chapter I.1. Pediatric Primary Care 1. False. Proximity to the patient is also an important factor. A general surgeon practicing in a small town might be the best person to handle a suspected case of appendicitis, for example. 2. False. Although some third party payors have standards written into their contracts with physicians, and the American Academy of Pediatrics has created a standard, not all pediatricians adhere to these standards. 3. True. Many factors are involved, including the training of the primary care pediatrician and past experience with similar cases. 4.d 5.e Chapter I.2. Growth Monitoring 1. BMI (kg/m 2) = weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. 2. First 18 months of life. 3. a) If the child's weight is below the 5th percentile, or b) if weight drops more than two major percentile lines. 4. 85th percentile. 5. 30 grams, or 1 oz per day. 6. At 5 years of age. Those who rebound before 5 years have a higher risk of obesity in childhood and adulthood.
    [Show full text]
  • A Patient & Parent Guide to Strabismus Surgery
    A Patient & Parent Guide to Strabismus Surgery By George R. Beauchamp, M.D. Paul R. Mitchell, M.D. Table of Contents: Part I: Background Information 1. Basic Anatomy and Functions of the Extra-ocular Muscles 2. What is Strabismus? 3. What Causes Strabismus? 4. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Strabismus? 5. Why is Strabismus Surgery Performed? Part II: Making a Decision 6. What are the Options in Strabismus Treatment? 7. The Preoperative Consultation 8. Choosing Your Surgeon 9. Risks, Benefits, Limitations and Alternatives to Surgery 10. How is Strabismus Surgery Performed? 11. Timing of Surgery Part III: What to Expect Around the Time of Surgery 12. Before Surgery 13. During Surgery 14. After Surgery 15. What are the Potential Complications? 16. Myths About Strabismus Surgery Part IV: Additional Matters to Consider 17. About Children and Strabismus Surgery 18. About Adults and Strabismus Surgery 19. Why if May be Important to a Person to Have Strabismus Surgery (and How Much) Part V: A Parent’s Perspective on Strabismus Surgery 20. My Son’s Diagnosis and Treatment 21. Growing Up with Strabismus 22. Increasing Signs that Surgery Was Needed 23. Making the Decision to Proceed with Surgery 24. Explaining Eye Surgery to My Son 25. After Surgery Appendix Part I: Background Information Chapter 1: Basic Anatomy and Actions of the Extra-ocular Muscles The muscles that move the eye are called the extra-ocular muscles. There are six of them on each eye. They work together in pairs—complementary (or yoke) muscles pulling the eyes in the same direction(s), and opposites (or antagonists) pulling the eyes in opposite directions.
    [Show full text]
  • EPOS 2021 Vision 2020 - EPOS 2021
    EPOS 2021 Vision 2020 - EPOS 2021 Final programme & Abstract book EPOS 2021 Virtual Conference 18 - 19 June 2021 www.epos2021.dk EPOS 2021 Vision 2020 - EPOS 2021 2 Contents Final programme . 3 Invited speaker abstracts . 5 Free paper presentations . 33 Rapid fire presentations . 60 Poster presentations . 70 Local organizing Committee: Conference chair: Lotte Welinder Dept. of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital Members: Dorte Ancher Larsen Dept. of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital Else Gade Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Odense Lisbeth Sandfeld Dept. of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde Kamilla Rothe Nissen Dept. of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen Line Kessel Dept. of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet (Glostrup), University Hospital of Copenhagen Helena Buch Heesgaard Copenhagen Eye and Strabismus Clinic, CFR Hospitals EPOS Board Members: Darius Hildebrand President Eva Larsson Secretary Christina Gehrt-Kahlert Treasurer Catherine Cassiman Anne Cees Houtman Matthieu Robert Sandra Valeina EPOS 2021 Programme 3 Friday 18 June 8.50-9.00 Opening, welcome remarks 9.00-10.15 Around ROP and prematurity - Part 1 Moderators: Eva Larsson (SE) and Lotte Welinder (DK) 9.00-9.10 L1 Visual impairment. National Danish Registry of visual Kamilla Rothe Nissen (DK) impairment and blindness? 9.10-9.20 L2 Epidemiology of ROP Gerd Holmström (SE) 9.20-9.40 L3 The premature child. Ethical issues in neonatal care Gorm Greisen (DK) 9.40-9.50 L4 Ocular development and visual functioning
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2017-2019
    Academy MOC Essentials® Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum 2017–2019 Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus *** Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2 © AAO 2017-2019 Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability As a service to its members and American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) diplomates, the American Academy of Ophthalmology has developed the Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum (POC) as a tool for members to prepare for the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) -related examinations. The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. The POC should not be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining the best results. The physician must make the ultimate judgment about the propriety of the care of a particular patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any information contained herein. References to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in the POC are made for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Such material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
    [Show full text]
  • G:\All Users\Sally\COVD Journal\COVD 37 #3\Maples
    Essay Treating the Trinity of Infantile Vision Development: Infantile Esotropia, Amblyopia, Anisometropia W.C. Maples,OD, FCOVD 1 Michele Bither, OD, FCOVD2 Southern College of Optometry,1 Northeastern State University College of Optometry2 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The optometric literature has begun to emphasize One of the most troublesome and long recognized pediatric vision and vision development with the advent groups of conditions facing the ophthalmic practitioner and prominence of the InfantSEE™ program and recently is that of esotropia, amblyopia, and high refractive published research articles on amblyopia, strabismus, error/anisometropia.1-7 The recent institution of the emmetropization and the development of refractive errors. InfantSEE™ program is highlighting the need for early There are three conditions with which clinicians should be vision examinations in order to diagnose and treat familiar. These three conditions include: esotropia, high amblyopia. Conditions that make up this trinity of refractive error/anisometropia and amblyopia. They are infantile vision development anomalies include: serious health and vision threats for the infant. It is fitting amblyopia, anisometropia (predominantly high that this trinity of early visual developmental conditions hyperopia in the amblyopic eye), and early onset, be addressed by optometric physicians specializing in constant strabismus, especially esotropia. The vision development. The treatment of these conditions is techniques we are proposing to treat infantile esotropia improving, but still leaves many children handicapped are also clinically linked to amblyopia and throughout life. The healing arts should always consider anisometropia. alternatives and improvements to what is presently The majority of this paper is devoted to the treatment considered the customary treatment for these conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocular Manifestations in Children with Delayed
    A DISSERTATION ON “OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH DELAYED MILESTONES-A CLINICAL STUDY” Submitted to THE TAMIL NADU DR. M. G. R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the award of degree of M.S. ( Branch III ) --- OPHTHALMOLOGY GOVERNMENT STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU MAY 2018 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the study entitled “OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH DELAYED MILESTONES- A CLINICAL STUDY” is the result of original work carried out by DR.SOUNDARYA.B, under my supervision and guidance at GOVT. STANLEY MEDICAL COLLEGE, CHENNAI. The thesis is submitted by the candidate in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of M.S Degree in Ophthalmology, course from 2015 to 2018 at Govt.Stanley Medical College, Chennai. PROF. DR. PONNAMBALANAMASIVAYAM, PROF.DR.B.RADHAKRISHNAN,M.S.,D.O M.D.,D.A.,DNB. Unit chief and H.O.D. Dean Department of Ophthalmology Government Stanley Medical College Govt. Stanley Medical College Chennai - 600 001. Chennai - 600 001. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH DELAYED MILESTONES- A CLINICAL STUDY” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of PROF. DR.B.RADHAKRISHNAN M.S. D.O., Unit chief and Head of the Department, Department of Ophthalmology, Government Stanley Medical college and Hospital, Chennai – 600001. Date : Signature Place:Chennai Dr. Soundarya.B ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my immense gratitude to The Dean, Prof. Dr. PONNAMBALANAMASIVAYAM M.D,D.A.,DNB., Govt.Stanley Medical College for giving me the opportunity to work on this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Causing and Curing Infantile Esotropia in Primates
    Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2007 Causing and curing infantile esotropia in primates: The oler of decorrelated binocular input (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis) Lawrence Tychsen Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs Recommended Citation Tychsen, Lawrence, ,"Causing and curing infantile esotropia in primates: The or le of decorrelated binocular input (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis)." Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.105,. 564-593. (2007). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/3298 This Open Access Publication is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAUSING AND CURING INFANTILE ESOTROPIA IN PRIMATES: THE ROLE OF DECORRELATED BINOCULAR INPUT (AN AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY THESIS) BY Lawrence Tychsen, MD ABSTRACT Purpose: Human infants at greatest risk for esotropia are those who suffer cerebral insults that could decorrelate signals from the 2 eyes during an early critical period of binocular, visuomotor development. The author reared normal infant monkeys, under conditions of binocular decorrelation, to determine if this alone was sufficient to cause esotropia and associated behavioral as well as neuroanatomic deficits. Methods: Binocular decorrelation was imposed using prism-goggles for durations of 3 to 24 weeks (in 6 experimental, 2 control monkeys). Behavioral recordings were obtained, followed by neuroanatomic analysis of ocular dominance columns and binocular, horizontal connections in the striate visual cortex (area V1).
    [Show full text]
  • Eye Position Changes Under General Anesthesia in Infantile Strabismus
    Fariselli C, et al., J Ophthalmic Clin Res 2020, 7: 072 DOI: 10.24966/OCR-8887/100072 HSOA Journal of Ophthalmology & Clinical Research Research Article may be suspected in ET and IXT, particularly regarding the role Eye Position Changes Under of esotonus, that is the baseline innervation to the extraocular muscles which opposes the position of rest in the awake state and General Anesthesia in Infantile which is suppressed under narcosis. While esotonus is increased in ET, it could be even decreased in IXT where other innervational Strabismus: Differences phenomena, like active divergence, may be involved in determining the deviation. Between Esotropia and Keywords: Exotropia; Esotropia; Esotonus; General anesthesia; Exotropia Interlimbal distance Chiara Fariselli1*, Giulia Calzolari2, Matilde Roda2 and Introduction Costantino Schiavi2 Pathogenesis of childhood concomitant strabismus is still little 1 Ophthalmology Unit, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, Imola (Bologna), known, though various studies have investigated its primum movens Italy postulating new hypotheses [1], and several possible risk factors 2Ophthalmology Unit, Santa Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University have been identified [2,3]. In the onset and development of infantile of Bologna, Bologna, Italy concomitant strabismus there is a sharing of both hereditary and environmental factors. Accommodative and non-accommodative innervational causes have been thought to be somehow implicated Abstract in the pathogenesis of concomitant strabismus a long time ago [4]. Purpose: To study the different trends of eye position changes The innervational factors which may concur to ocular misalignment under narcosis in Infantile Intermittent Exotropia (IXT) compared include: accommodation that may be over- or under- stimulated to Infantile Esotropia (ET).
    [Show full text]
  • Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development Wiley- Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology
    The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development Wiley- Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology This outstanding series of handbooks provides a cutting - edge overview of classic research, current research, and future trends in developmental psychology. • Each handbook draws together 25 – 30 newly commissioned chapters to provide a comprehensive overview of a subdiscipline of developmental psychology. • The international team of contributors to each handbook has been specially chosen for its expertise and knowledge of each fi eld. • Each handbook is introduced and contextualized by leading fi gures in the fi eld, lending coherence and authority to each volume. The Wiley - Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology will provide an invaluable overview for advanced students of developmental psychology and for researchers as an authoritative defi nition of their chosen fi eld. Published Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development Edited by Peter K. Smith and Craig H. Hart Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence Edited by Gerald R. Adams and Michael D. Berzonsky The Science of Reading: A Handbook Edited by Margaret J. Snowling and Charles Hulme Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development Edited by Kathleen McCartney and Deborah A. Phillips Blackwell Handbook of Language Development Edited by Erika Hoff and Marilyn Shatz Wiley - Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, 2nd edition Edited by Usha Goswami Wiley - Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development, 2 nd edition Edited by J. Gavin Bremner and Theodore D. Wachs Forthcoming Blackwell Handbook of Developmental Psychology in Action Edited by Rudolph Schaffer and Kevin Durkin Wiley - Blackwell Handbook of Adulthood and Aging Edited by Susan Krauss Whitbourne and Martin Sliwinski Wiley - Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development, 2nd edition Edited by Peter K.
    [Show full text]
  • What's New and Important in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus In
    What’s New and Important in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus in 2021 Complete Unabridged Handout AAPOS Virtual Meeting April 2021 Presented by the AAPOS Professional Education Committee Tina Rutar, MD - Chairperson Austin E Bach, DO Kara M Cavuoto, MD Robert A Clark, MD Marina A Eisenberg, MD Ilana B Friedman, MD Jennifer A Galvin, MD Michael E Gray, MD Gena Heidary, MD PhD Laryssa Huryn, MD Alexander J Khammar MD Jagger Koerner, MD Eunice Maya Kohara, DO Euna Koo, MD Sharon S Lehman, MD Phoebe Dean Lenhart, MD Emily A McCourt, MD - Co-Chairperson Julius Oatts, MD Jasleen K Singh, MD Grace M. Wang, MD PhD Kimberly G Yen, MD Wadih M Zein, MD 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Amblyopia page 3 2. Vision Screening page 12 3. Refractive error page 20 4. Visual Impairment page 31 5. Neuro-Ophthalmology page 37 6. Nystagmus page 48 7. Prematurity page 52 8. ROP page 55 9. Strabismus page 65 10. Strabismus surgery page 82 11. Anterior Segment page 101 12. Cataract page 108 13. Cataract surgery page 110 14. Glaucoma page 120 15. Refractive surgery page 127 16. Genetics page 128 17. Trauma page 151 18. Retina page 156 19. Retinoblastoma / Intraocular tumors page 167 20. Orbit page 171 21. Oculoplastics page 175 22. Infections page 183 23. Pediatrics / Infantile Disease/ Syndromes page 186 24. Uveitis page 190 25. Practice management / Health care systems / Education page 192 2 1. AMBLYOPIA Self-perception in Preschool Children With Deprivation Amblyopia and Its Association With Deficits in Vision and Fine Motor Skills. Birch EE, Castaneda YS, Cheng-Patel CS, Morale SE, Kelly KR, Wang SX.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to Esotropia Clearer for You!
    This podcast will review an approach to a child presenting with esotropia – the most common type of strabismus. The approach includes history taking, physical examination, specific tests, indication for referral and management of esotropia. This podcast was created by Katia Milovanova, a medical student at the University of Alberta, in collaboration with Dr. Natashka Pollock, a pediatric ophthalmologist at the University of Alberta. 1 Today we will cover the following learning objectives on the topic of esotropia: 1) Define and differentiate the main categories of esotropia. 2) Develop an approach to evaluating a patient with esotropia. 3) Delineate appropriate urgent and non-urgent ophthalmology referrals for esotropia. 4) Discuss general treatment approaches for esotropia. 2 Let’s work through a clinical case as we go, so we can apply the information we are learning. You are a medical student working at an urban family medicine clinic. Tim is a 2.5 year old boy presenting with a new onset esotropia. His mother is worried because she has been noticing his left eye turning in over the last few weeks. Before we begin, we must define ‘strabismus’. Strabismus is simply abnormal alignment of the eyes; one or both eyes may deviate from their primary position. Esotropia is a type of strabismus, in which one or both affected eyes look in towards the nose (colloquially termed ‘cross-eyed’). This is the most common type of strabismus, occurring in 2-4% of the population (which is almost 1 in 20 kids!). 3 It is very important to diagnose and correct esotropia before stereopsis develops around the age of 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Williams Syndrome
    1 WILLIAMS SYNDROME Vickie Davis Lynchburg College SPED 605 April 15, 2005 Williams syndrome is known by several names: Beuren‟s syndrome, Williams- Beuren syndrome, Fanconi-Schlesinger syndrome, Williams‟ elfin face syndrome, Williams-Barratt syndrome, and Williams‟ syndrome (Also known as . 2001). Williams syndrome (WS) affects 1 in 7500-20,000 births regardless of gender or race (Stromme, Bjornstad, and Ramstad 2002). It is typically diagnosed in infancy or in early childhood. Recently, there has been a great deal of research regarding all aspects of this 2 Williams syndrome perplexing syndrome. Therefore, the scope of this paper will be an overview of the history, etiology, characteristics, and interventions surrounding Williams syndrome. History Williams syndrome is named after Dr. J.C.P. Williams, a cardiologist at the Greenlane Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. Dr. Williams noticed that many of the children entering the hospital for repair of supravalvular aortic stenosis had other similar characteristics. All the children had common facial features, outgoing personalities, and varying degrees of mental retardation. He publicized his findings in a medical journal in 1961. Dr. Williams was offered a position at the Mayo Clinic in 1964. He accepted, but never showed up, although he did go to work in London. He later disappeared, leaving only his suitcase in a London luggage office, never to be heard from again (J.C.P. Williams, 2001). Other noteworthy physicians that are associated with Williams syndrome are: Dr. Guido Fanconi, Dr. Bernard Schlesinger, Dr. Alois J. Beuren, and Sir Brian Gerald Barratt-Boyles. Dr. Guido Fanconi is known as the father of pediatrics.
    [Show full text]