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A Brief History of Equine Private Practice in South Africa

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A Brief History of Equine Private Practice in South Africa Historical article — Historiese artikel A brief history of equine private practice in South Africa C H B Marlowa breds gave to each other35. From 1849 ABSTRACT farmers from the Cape exported many Horse breeding in South Africa started in 1652, shortly after the 1st European settlement in horses to India for use by the Indian cav- the Cape. African horsesickness posed a serious problem and after a devastating outbreak alry and artillery25. South African horses of the disease in 1719, horses were largely replaced by oxen for agricultural and transport were also the mounts in the Charge of the purposes but remained important from a sporting and military point of view. Examples of Light Brigade in the Crimean War in the latter are the export of horses for military use to India in the mid-19th century and for 185440. use in the Crimean War in 1854, reaching a zenith in the Anglo-Boer war in which an When diamonds were discovered in estimated 450 000 horses succumbed. Research and disease control and initially also health 1867, the 1820 British Settlers had estab- services were the responsibility of state veterinary authorities. Private equine practice was lished themselves in the Eastern Cape, pioneered by Jack Boswell in the late 1930s, mainly involving race horses and Thorough- bred studs as part of a general practice. Specialised equine private practices were only particularly in the region of the Great Fish initiated 10 years later and developed further during the 2nd half of the 20th century. These River and its tributaries, where they had developments are described in some detail, including resumés of the veterinarians acted as a buffer between the warring involved, clinical challenges encountered, scientific advances as well as developments in indigenous tribes to the East and the the equine industry with the emphasis on Thoroughbreds and the racing community. The European communities to the West. No regulatory environment, especially regarding the import and export of horses, and the role rail link existed from Cape Town to of various organisations and associations are also briefly discussed. Kimberley and consequently everything Keywords: equine specialists, history, horse breeding, private practice, South Africa, – goods, commodities, men, women and Thoroughbreds. children – were routed through Port Elizabeth. From there all transport was Marlow C A brief history of equine private practice in South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association (2010) 81(4): 190–200 (En.). either ox-drawn, horse-drawn or on horseback to Grahamstown and then via the Old Colesberg Road to Bedford, over the escarpment to the relatively disease- INTRODUCTION especially by the city/urban practitioners, free, high-lying Cradock, Schoombee in Equine private practice, although a occurs and is unavoidable and beneficial. the Middelburg district and Colesberg small but integral part within the wider with many hostelries along the way, concept of equine veterinary medicine, EARLY HISTORY before crossing the Orange (Gariep) River can never be seen in isolation as it is In April 1652 a consignment of horses into the Orange Free State en route to concerned with and dependent upon from Java46 of Arabian-Persian descent40 Kimberley. By this time, outbreaks of equine veterinary activities in general which arrived off the Cape in a Dutch East African horsesickness, which had been a and ongoing worldwide research in Indies Company fleet were, due to bad serious and constant threat since the early particular. Consequently, the history of weather, landed on the island of St Helena 1700s, ensured that horse-breeding, with the horse in South Africa (SA), which has before being reshipped to the Cape soon any certainty or continuity, could only be played such an important role in the thereafter46. In 1653 another 4 horses, carried on in the high-lying uninfected development of the country, must be including a superb stallion, subsequently areas35 and it is therefore not surprising included in our veterinary history. In SA, devoured by lions, arrived at the Cape. By that the majority of the Thoroughbred equine private practice falls into 2 over- 1661 15 foals had been born to 22 im- studs in SA were established and situated lapping categories, namely, the city/ur- ported horses46. in the Eastern Cape interior until well into ban/peri-urban practitioners who are For the next 150 years, until 1820, the the 1960s. concerned mainly with those disease blood remained exclusively Arabian- The year 1871 had a severe negative conditions that affect the general health Persian, particularly with the importation impact on horse-breeding in SA, because and well-being of the recreational and of stallions from Persia in 1689, South the era of the tram was ended in London, performance horses detrimentally, and America in 1778, North America and and these horses (blood weeds) came on the rural practices, generally manned by England in 1782 and again from England the market. Overseas dealers flooded the general practitioners, well-versed in animal in 181040. In 1807 stallions of Andalusian country with bad, moody, cull Thorough- husbandry, management and nutrition, blood being exported to South America breds that severely damaged many years who, in close cooperation with their were captured on a Spanish ship and of good breeding. However, many breed- farmer/breeder clients, concentrate on brought to the Cape. These horses were ers resisted the invasion of these ‘im- improving and eventually optimising the the ancestors of the present-day roans ported horses’, and continued to breed reproductive and productive efficiencies famed for their hardiness and endur- good horses, but the damage had been of the different equine breeds, particularly ance35. In 1811 Thoroughbred stallions done35. The export of horses to India and the Thoroughbred with its restricted of the best blood were imported from other countries terminated when the breeding season, as well as the other live- England and until 1870 a great improve- Suez canal was constructed and eastern stock under their care. Obviously over- ment took place in the horse in SA, which countries could obtain horses more lapping, which may be considerable, showed all the desirable qualities that cheaply from southern Europe. Australia, aDr Marlow passed away on the 19th of March 2010. correctly mated Arabians and Thorough- which incidentally imported their 1st 190 0038-2809 Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. (2010) 81(4): 190–200 horses and merino sheep from SA, moved over 1000 horses in training. One of his ence, before moving on to their chosen into the remaining markets in India and managers was Hendrik du Toit, an excep- fields. elsewhere40. tional stockman who, when well into his During the 1940s a number of articles on In order to stem this deterioration in the 80s and until his death in the 1960s, gladly different aspects of reproduction in the SA horse, many breeders imported offered his vast experience and practical mare appeared in overseas veterinary cold-blooded stallions of the heavy and knowledge in equine husbandry, manage- publications. These included sterility in coach type, particularly the Hackney, ment, nutrition and breeding to anyone the mare associated with irregularities of Cleveland, Bay, Flemish and Allenbury prepared to listen to him. An interesting the oestrous cycle16, clinical and experi- bloodlines. Yet the blood remained, to a incident occurred at Temple Farm, a mental observations on reproduction in large extent, Arabian, and the endurance, famous Thoroughbred breeding estab- the mare17, the efficiency of pregnancy comfortable paces, hardiness, good quality lishment, previously a hostelry, on the diagnostic methods19, sperm survival10,18, of bone, tendon and lung, was much in Old Colesberg Road near Schoombee. oestrous, ovulation15 and pregnancy31 and evidence during the Anglo-Boer War of The owner Sandy van Breda had lost clinical problems of horse breeding9. 1899–190240. some of his best horses and his best Locally the article ‘Equine abortion’ by Considering the fact that over 450 000 stallion from arsenical poisoning, sus- Henning, Keppel and Flight appeared horses, 50 000 mules and an unknown pected and soon confirmed by Dr van in 194334 and another entitled ‘On the number of donkeys had been ‘expended’ Rensburg to have been administered aetiology of epizootic or infectious equine during the Anglo Boer War (R C Bester, maliciously by the head groom62.Bythe abortion’ by Henning in 194632. In 1949 pers. comm., 2005), there were, with the time he was transferred to Ermelo in 1930 the 2nd edition of the monumental work exception of a few bloodlines35, practically the Cape Midlands farming community, Animal diseases in South Africa byMW no horses to speak of left in the old Repub- particularly the stud cattle, sheep, goat, Henning33 was printed. Also in 1949, C W lics and Cape Province. However, armed riding horse and Thoroughbred breeders, A (Charles) Belonje (BVSc 1936), who was with the breeding experience obtained had come to appreciate, and for many the state veterinarian stationed at the from 1820 onwards, the Government and years remembered, the benefits and value Grootfontein College of Agriculture, many breeders imported a number of the of sound veterinary advice. Middelburg Cape, was the 1st veterinar- best Thoroughbred stallions40, many of The 1st American Saddle horse stallion ian in this country to report on reproduc- them to the Eastern Cape. Interestingly, was imported in 1918 followed by another tion in the Thoroughbred mare6. when Volume 1 of the General stud book of in 1922 (of which there are no records) In 1949, ‘The Registered Saddle Horse South Africa was published in 1906, the before S P Fouche imported a number of Breeder Society of South Africa and entries of Thoroughbreds in SA dated these animals in 193446. Other breeders Rhodesia’, established in 1942, became back to the early 1800s (C B Hall, NHRA, soon followed his example and it was not known as the mother society of 4 affiliated pers.
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