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Negotiating Financial Systems and Poverty Alleviation Logics in Microfinance: Macro and Micro Level Dynamics

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Negotiating Financial Systems and Poverty Alleviation Logics in Microfinance: Macro and Micro Level Dynamics Negotiating Financial Systems and Poverty Alleviation Logics in Microfinance: Macro and Micro Level Dynamics A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Amer Saleem Khan Department of Political Economy The Business School University of Sydney August 2011 Abstract Microfinance has been recognized as one of the most potent poverty alleviation tools of contemporary times. However, behind this facade of seemingly universal acclaim is a continual and increasingly visible clash between those who consider microfinance to be a commercial activity, and the opposing camp that insists that the original developmental spirit of microfinance be privileged. This thesis studies the interplay between the commercialization camp and its opponents. It seeks to find out how and why two opposing worldviews on microfinance persisted over a period of time. How are key players in microfinance promoting those worldviews? And how are those opposing worldviews played out within organizations? The thesis uses the theoretical lens of institutional logics and institutional entrepreneurship. The thesis highlights structural constraints to the reconciliation of logics of commercialization and poverty alleviation, and the emergence of a single dominant logic. First, the thesis shows that microfinance is embedded in a broader development field because of the former’s original intent as a poverty alleviation tool. This historically determined developmental identity of microfinance reacts negatively to any attempts to make commercialization the dominant imperative. Second, microfinance has to adopt multiple developmental goals due to its identity as a development tool. But the achievement of development goals is difficult to track due to missing universally recognized performance indicators. Both camps cannot prove the developmental efficacy of their organizing models. The second part of the thesis looks at the behaviour of two key players, Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank, Bangladesh, and the Consultative Group for Assisting the Poor (CGAP), aligned with the poverty alleviation and commercialization stances, respectively. The thesis identifies unique features of institutional change strategies of an individual pioneer (Muhammad Yunus) who introduces a novel organizational form (Grameen Bank). The thesis expands the scope of the notion of ‘social position’ of institutional entrepreneurs by highlighting the unique legitimating agency of Yunus as an entrepreneurial pioneer. Hence the thesis shows that Yunus was radical in his ideas, vocal in promoting his prescriptions and broader in the scope of his convening activities. CGAP, as an organization representing the interests of the powerful resource providers in microfinance, was measured in terms of its ‘technical’ conceptualization, focussed on convening a small set of powerful actors to achieve its objectives. The third element of this thesis is the interplay between the poverty alleviation and commercialization imperatives within the microfinance programme of a commercial bank. Through analysis of both publicly available and confidential archival material, the thesis looks at how the microfinance programme went through a cycle of emergence, growth and then ultimate decline. The official reasons for the decline echo the reasons identified in both the academic and the practitioner literature. However, analysis of interviews of key bank personnel in microfinance shows that altruistic and commercial imperatives were reconciled or contested for reasons beyond the ‘technical’ aspects of microfinance. Personal relations were governed on the basis of the culture of the region which favours personal relationships based on caste and ethnicity (as well as religion) over official relationships, and the culture of exchanging personal favours as part of business/official dealings. Hence, this case study showed that logics or worldviews may be opposed or reconciled within organizations for structural reasons. But the structures which could possibly come into play would predominantly be the broader cultures in which individuals engaged in microfinance are embedded. 2 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Amer Saleem Khan 3 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Evan Jones and Dr. Elizabeth Hill who’s critical and insightful comments, suggestions and guidelines improved the quality of this thesis. I would like to particularly thank Dr. Evan Jones for his understanding attitude towards my particular life circumstances, and his readiness to support me in the face of the challenges that I faced. I would like to specially mention Dr. Jaco Lok who provided immense help in shaping the theoretical frameworks that I use in this thesis. He has played an unparalleled role in helping me learn how to think like a theoretician. We have co-authored a paper titled ‘Assisting the poor through a Financial Systems logic: Beyond theorization and rhetoric in institutional change implementation’ at the 26th European Group for Organization Studies (EGOS) colloquium, in July 2010 in Lisbon. Wherever applicable, in the main text of my thesis I have acknowledged Dr. Lok’s help and contributions. I would like to thank the discipline of Political Economy and the Business School, University of Sydney, for providing me the opportunity to pursue my PhD studies. I do not think I could have obtained anywhere else, the level of support, the quality of physical infrastructure available to research students, and the collegial atmosphere that I experienced at the University of Sydney. In this regard, I would also like to acknowledge the efforts of the Faculty Research Office team at the Business School for making my enrolment as a research student as comfortable and memorable as possible. I would like to thank AusAID for providing me financial support to pursue my PhD studies. AusAID has been a generous benefactor, providing opportunity not only to me for pursuing my studies but also to my family to come to Australia and experience the Australian way of life. It has been a truly enriching experience for all of us in the family. 4 I would like to acknowledge the contribution of my family, particularly my wife, who provided emotional support during the stressful periods of my journey through doctoral studies. My children suffered the most because of my long study periods. I have promised them that I would make up for the lost time soon! Finally, I would like to thank staff of the anonymous organization that I used as a case study for my thesis. I wish I could name a few people who went out of their way to provide assistance in conducting interviews and accessing archival resources. 5 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2 Statement of Originality ................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 4 List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 10 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 10 List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2: Method ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2 The ‘Macro’ dynamics of microfinance ............................................................ 18 2.3 Studying the behaviour of change agents in microfinance ................................ 21 2.4 A Look inside organizations engaged in microfinance ...................................... 23 Chapter 3: Clashing institutional logics and field stability .......................................... 28 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 28 3.2 Institutions and embedded agency ..................................................................... 28 3.3 The Institutional logics approach: Reconciling agency and structure ............... 29 3.4 The evolution of multi-logic fields towards stable states .................................. 32 3.5 The evolution of multi-logic fields towards unstable states .............................. 37 3.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4: Institutional logics in microfinance – the ideal types of Financial Systems (FS) and Poverty Alleviation (PA) .............................................................................. 44 4.1 Institutional logics and ideal types ....................................................................
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