Storage and User Interface For Digital Turntable

Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) (Honours) By William Wong

Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland October 2003 ©

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

29 October 2003

Head of School Information Technology and Electrical Engineering The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD 4072

Dear Professor Kaplan

In accordance with the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in the division of Electrical Engineering, I present the following thesis entitled “Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable”. This work was performed under the supervision of Dr Peter Sutton, and is related to another thesis project entitled “The Digital Turntable” by another student, Mr Garth Williams.

I declare that the work submitted for this thesis is my own, except as acknowledged in the text and footnotes, and has not been previously submitted for a degree at the University of Queensland or any other institution.

Yours sincerely

William Wong

William Wong ii 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the following people for their support and assistance throughout my thesis work this year.

Dr Peter Sutton for his supervisory role, guidance and patience

Garth Williams for his friendship and the opportunity of working on this fun project

Keith Bell for his guidance and help on the PCB construction, while keeping the electronic workshop, a safe and friendly environment

Michael Woo for helping me troubleshoot and debug the Atmel AVR when it stopped functioning.

Fellow students at the thesis laboratory (Axon building room 401) for their companies, support and humour during my stay at the labs

My family and God for guiding me through every step during the marathon course of my university study.

William Wong iii 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

ABSTRACT

Vinyl turntables are popular and essential equipment used by professional disc jockeys (DJs) due to their versatility in music playback. These turntables allow music to be played at variable speed, while its rotating platter provides the most intimate control in any part of the music. It is these two main functions that allow DJs to scratch and beat-mix different tracks together to create their own unique sound.

However, the disadvantage of using such device is the fact that music must be recorded on vinyls. As our modern society emphasise on digital technologies, it is apparent that most music are produced and stored in digital form, namely in data file formats such as WAV, MP3 and WMA. Hence, the focus on future development of turntables is pointing towards this direction.

What if a turntable system can be engineered to allow DJs the vinyl way of scratching digital audio files? This thesis in conjunction with another thesis entitled “The Digital Turntable” by another student, Mr Garth Williams are set out to investigate, design, and implement such a system. This grand project was divided into two separate theses with Mr Garth Williams handling the turntable and music playback department, while the author is in charge of the storage management of audio files and its user interface. For the turntable and signal processing part of the project, please refer to Mr Garth Williams’ thesis.

The final product achieved the following: 1. Audio file extraction from HDD 2. Maintain user display of the file system on HDD 3. Provide file system navigation of the HDD

It was unfortunate that the two theses defined above could not be integrated into one project. However, the final product can be further developed in the future to implement this. Other possible development includes the interface with other storage sources such as serial ATA devices, CD/CD-R/CD-RW discs, compact flash cards, and USB flash drives.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...... vii LIST OF TABLES...... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... ix DJ TERMINOLOGY...... x

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Turntablism ...... 1 1.2 The Problem...... 2 1.2.1 Storage Medium for Turntables ...... 2 1.3 Solution...... 3 1.3.1 Coverage ...... 3 1.3.2 Goals...... 4 1.4 Actual Solution ...... 4 1.5 Thesis Structure ...... 5

2.0 PREVIOUS WORK ...... 7 2.1 Keeping a “vinyl feel” on Digital Turntables ...... 7 2.2 Similar Products ...... 7 2.3 CD Turntables ...... 8 2.3.1 Pioneer CDJ Series ...... 8 2.4 Stanton Final Scratch...... 8 2.5 Digital Turntables ...... 9 2.5.1 Denon SN-S5000 ...... 9 2.5.2 Pioneer DMP-555 ...... 9 2.5.3 Numark CDX ...... 9 2.5.4 Technics SL-DZ1200...... 10 2.6 Comparison...... 10 2.7 Summary ...... 11

3.0 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS ...... 13 3.1 Subsystems ...... 13 3.2 Final Product ...... 13 3.3 Functional Definition ...... 14 3.3 Storage...... 14 3.3.1 Storage Medium ...... 14 3.3.2 File Formats...... 14 3.3.3 Data Transfer Rate...... 15 3.3.4 File System Management ...... 15 3.4 User Interface...... 15 3.4.1 User Display ...... 15 3.4.2 User Control...... 15 3.5 Controller ...... 16 3.5.1 Memory ...... 16 3.5.2 Speed...... 16 3.5.3 I/O Ports ...... 17 3.6 Project Integration with Mr Garth Williams’ System ...... 18 3.7 Firmware...... 18 3.7.1 Functions ...... 18 3.7.2 Language ...... 19

4.0 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ...... 21 4.1 Plan ...... 21 4.2 Controller...... 21 4.2.1 Component Decision ...... 21 4.2.2 Programming Interface ...... 23

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4.2.3 Voltage Supervisory ...... 23 4.2.4 RS232 Terminal ...... 24 4.2.4 External Memory ...... 25 4.3 Storage ...... 26 4.3.1 ATA/IDE Interface ...... 26 4.3.2 File System Management ...... 28 4.4 User Interface ...... 29 4.4.1 User Display ...... 29 4.4.2 User Control...... 30 4.5 Project Integration with Mr Garth Williams...... 31 4.6 Overall System Design ...... 31 4.7 PCB Design and Manufacture...... 32 4.8 PCB Soldering and Testing ...... 32 4.9 Product Enclosure ...... 33

5.0 FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION...... 35 5.1 Development Software ...... 35 5.2 Early Developments ...... 35 5.3 User Interface ...... 36 5.3.1 User Display ...... 36 5.3.2 User Control...... 36 5.4 HDD Interface...... 37 5.5 FAT32 File System...... 38

6.0 PRODUCT EVALUATION...... 40 6.1 File System Limitations ...... 40 6.2 Remote Storage Access ...... 40 6.3 Personal Reflections ...... 41

7.0 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS...... 43

8.0 CONCLUSION...... 45

9.0 APPENDICES...... 47 Appendix A: ATmega128 Microcontroller ...... 47 Appendix B: AS7C31026A SRAM ...... 48 Appendix C: Full Hardware Schematic ...... 49 Appendix D: PCB (Protel View)...... 50 Appendix E: PCB (3D View) ...... 51 Appendix F: PCB Soldering ...... 52 Appendix G: Photos of the Final Product ...... 53 Appendix G.1 Top view without cover...... 53 Appendix G.2 Front view ...... 53 Appendix G.3 Rear view...... 54 Appendix G.4 The LCD user display with LED backlight on ...... 54 Appendix H: Firmware (thesis.h) ...... 55 Appendix I: Firmware (thesis15.c)...... 59 Appendix J: Firmware (ide.h)...... 69 Appendix K: Firmware (ide.c)...... 71 Appendix K: Firmware (ide.c)...... 71 Appendix L1: Firmware (keypad.h)...... 77 Appendix L2: Firmware (keypad.c)...... 77

10.0 REFERENCES...... 79 Bibliography ...... 80

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: A typical DJ system setup ______1 Figure 1-2: Project divided into 2 theses ______3 Figure 2-1: Pioneer CDJ-1000 ______8 Figure 2-2: Stanton Final Scratch______8 Figure 2-3: Denon SN-S5000 ______9 Figure 2-4: Pioneer DMP-555 ______9 Figure 2-5: Numark CDX______9 Figure 2-6: Technics SL-DZ1200______10 Figure 3-1: Project subsystems ______13 Figure 3-2: CompactFLASH card______14 Figure 3-3: Controller memory______16 Figure 4-1: ATmega128 pin-outs ______22 Figure 4-2: STK200 programming header ______23 Figure 4-3: ATmega128 voltage supervisory circuit ______24 Figure 4-4: ATmega128 RS232 terminal ______24 Figure 4-5: External memory ______26 Figure 4-6: HDD control pins ______28 Figure 4-7: HDD data bus ______28 Figure 4-8: User display ______29 Figure 4-9: User control ______30 Figure 4-10: Integration with Mr Garth Williams' System______31 Figure 6-1: USB remote storage detection ______41

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Typical maximum minutes of audio stored on various mediums ______2 Table 2-1: Market comparison ______10 Table 3-1: Approximate total of I/O pins for controller ______17 Table 4-1: 40-pin IDE connector signals ______27 Table 4-2: HDD register selections______27 Table 4-3: Maximum current consumption of overall design ______31 Table 5-1: Firmware version control ______35

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Exchange ATA Advanced Technology Attachment FAT32 32-bits File Allocation Table file system IDE Integrated Drive Electronics CD Compact disc DJ Disc jockey DMA Direct memory access GND Ground HDD Hard disk drive I/O Input/Output KB/s Kilo-bytes (thousand bytes) per second Kbps Kilo-bits (thousand bits) per second LCD Liquid crystal display mA milli-Amperes MB Mega-bytes (million bytes) MHz Mega-hertz MIPS Million instructions per cycle MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MP3 MPEG Audio Layer-3 file format PCB Printed circuit board PCM Pulse code modulation SD Secure Digital SPI Serial-parallel interface UDMA Ultra DMA USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UQ The University of Queensland WAV Wave PCM file format WMA Windows Media Audio file format

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DJ TERMINOLOGY

Beat-mix or beat-mixing The beats per minutes on a track are matched and mixed with other track/s to so that the beats on each track is synchronised with each other to create music harmony.

Cue or cueing A track is paused at a desired position waiting for the right time to resume playing. This is usually the method used for cross-fading one track onto the next track.

Cross-fade or cross-fading A track is slowly muted while another track that was muted is played on top of the old track with increasing volume.

Scratch or scratching While a vinyl is playing on a turntable, a hand is placed on top of the vinyl to alter the position of a track when the platter is slid forward or backwards. This creates a unique “scratching” sound which can be used to add special effects to their music. This is also a technique used for beat-mixing whereby the beats of a track is synchronous with other tracks.

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CHAPTER 1:

Introduction

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Before describing the problem area, a brief explanation on the use of turntables by DJs must be understood.

1.1 Turntablism

Vinyl turntables are the most important equipment used by professional DJs due to the intimate playback control over any section of the music recorded on vinyl. A vinyl can be played at variable speed by adjusting the pitch control slider (located on the bottom right corner of the turntable), which changes the speed of the motor driving the platter of the turntable.

In addition, music can be scratched or cued by placing a hand on top of the vinyl to directly control the position of the track when the platter is slid forward and backward. These two main methods allow a DJ to beat-mix different tracks on top of each other to create their own style of music, while ensuring the music flow in harmony with no pauses during a live performance. Tracks are mixed into one channel using an audio channel mixer. Figure 1-1 showcases a typical DJ system setup with an audio mixer in between two vinyl turntables.

Figure 1-1: A typical DJ system setup

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1.2 The Problem

Now that you have an idea on the use of vinyl turntables, you must be wondering what the problem is. The simple answer is that music must be recorded on vinyl records, an analogue medium. As we are living in a modern innovative world, the majority of music produced are recorded in digital form, namely on audio CDs or encoded in audio data formats such as WAV, MP3 and WMA.

With that in mind, turntable manufacturers have focused their attention towards digital design. Pioneer was one of the first companies to produce CD turntables, the CDJ series [1]. It was a huge success with many new DJs plying their trade in the art of CD turntable scratching due to the fact that a lot of people have their music collection on audio CDs, and almost all music produced today are recorded on CDs. However, these CD turntables are not picture perfect, and have their limitations as described below.

1.2.1 Storage Medium for Turntables

A typical audio CD can store around 80 minutes worth of music, and although this is significantly better than what a vinyl record can store, it is quite insignificant when compared with a CD filled with compressed audio file formats like MP3, or even a larger storage medium like the HDD. A typical MP3 file (encoded to near CD quality of 128Kbps bit rate) requires 1MB to represent a minute of audio data, while a typical CD can hold a maximum of 700MB of data. Hence, a CD filled with MP3 files contains approximately 700 minutes of audio, which is more than 8 times the amount of audio stored in an audio CD. For even better capacity, a typical 10GB HDD filled with MP3 files can store approximately 5,500 minutes of audio. Table 1 compares the storage medium and the file format stored in them.

Storage File format Typical maximum minutes medium of audio stored (mins) Vinyl N/A 20 – 30 CD CD audio 80 CD MP3 700 10GB HDD WAVE 1000 10GB HDD MP3 5500

Table 1-1: Typical maximum minutes of audio stored on various mediums

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1.3 Solution

The solution to the storage restriction dilemma in CD turntables is to develop a digital turntable system capable of playing most popular audio file formats from a large capacity storage medium. The target audience range from amateur DJs to music producers and even professional DJs if the product functions well.

The initial aim of the project is to scratch digital WAV files in the vinyl way. The project can later be extended to allow scratching of compressed audio like MP3. The reason for this approach is to minimise the complexity that compressed audio data can add to the project (like MP3 decoding and timing issues associated with it).

1.3.1 Coverage Due to the magnitude of this project, it was divided into two separate theses with Mr Garth Williams handling the turntable and music playback department, while the author is in charge of the storage management of audio files and its user interface, as illustrated in Figure 1-2. Please refer to Mr Garth Williams’ thesis for the turntable and music playback design.

Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable By William Wong The Digital Turntable By Garth Williams

Figure 1-2: Project divided into 2 theses

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1.3.2 Goals

The goals of this thesis are defined below: 4. Extract and buffer audio data from the storage medium 5. Maintain user display of the file system on storage medium 6. Provide file system navigation of the storage medium

Other goals when implemented with Mr Garth Williams’ system: 1. Stream the retrieved audio data across to Mr Garth Williams’ turntable system for signal processing and sound playback 2. Communication with Garth Williams’ turntable system

1.4 Actual Solution

The storage medium chosen for this project was the HDD. Reasons for this are detailed in Chapter 3.3 in Project Specifications. A spare HDD was obtained from Mr Garth Williams for implementing this thesis.

It was unfortunate that we did not get the chance to integrate our two theses together into one project. The reasons for this were: · Not enough time was leftover near the end of thesis for integrating the two theses. It was decided that the remaining time was better spent on improving our own thesis. · Mr Garth Williams had been feeding in live stream of audio CD data as the music source for conducting his thesis work, and it would have taken considerable time to integrate this thesis as his music source. There was also a risk of jeopardising each thesis.

Therefore to demonstrate the final working product, this thesis will extract the audio files of the user’s choice and output the data to an external PC via the serial USART interface. The retrieved data will be captured and saved back to its audio file format for music playback.

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1.5 Thesis Structure

This section summarises the structure of this thesis

· This chapter as discussed before describes the problem area and its solution. Some goals of the thesis were defined.

· Chapter 2 reviews previous work conducted, including the comparison of similar products that are currently available to the DJ market.

· Chapter 3 derives the design specifications of the thesis which characterises the final product and what the thesis aim to complete.

· The engineering process involved in the implementation stage in terms of hardware and firmware are detailed in Chapter 4 and 5 respectively.

· Chapter 6 evaluates the final product against the specifications set out in Chapter 3. The author performance was also examined.

· The future developments and improvements of the project were noted in Chapter 7.

· To conclude this thesis, Chapter 8 takes an overview of the project.

William Wong 5

CHAPTER 2:

Previous Work

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

2.0 PREVIOUS WORK

This chapter will describe some similar products to the thesis that are available to the DJ market. Before we begin, an important characteristic of a turntable is noted in Chapter 2.1.

2.1 Keeping a “vinyl feel” on Digital Turntables

Some vinyl DJs have criticised the CD turntables for the use of a jog wheel to emulate the feel of vinyl turntable scratching. The jog wheel (illustrated on the Pioneer CDJ-1000 in Figure 2-1) is a touch sensitive dial that performs the exact functions of a vinyl turntable when scratched, with the exception that it does not rotate when music are played, unlike the platter of a vinyl turntable.

The critics claimed using such devices will loose the feel of scratching music the old vinyl way. This is especially true for professional DJs who have been lifelong vinyl users. Hence, the turntable platter is a crucial design criterion of a digital turntable, to ensure there is no compromise for professional DJs when it comes to working with digital audio, while also desiring the feel of vinyl turntable scratching.

2.2 Similar Products

Before starting this thesis work in March 2003, there were only two recognisable types of digital turntables: CD turntables, and Stanton’s Final Scratch. These products are further described in Chapter 2.3 and 2.4.

However by the middle of this year, news of standalone digital turntable systems that can play audio CD as well as MP3 has surfaced. The reviews of these new turntables are described later in Chapter 2.5.

Comparison between these digital turntables is summarised in Table 2-1 on Chapter 2.5.

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2.3 CD Turntables

2.3.1 Pioneer CDJ Series

The first serious attempt at bringing vinyl control to a digital turntable was the Pioneer CDJ turntable series [1]. When released in 2001 [2], it sent shockwaves around the world as only before, the thought of scratching on a CD deck was thought to be an impossible task. The Pioneer CDJ-1000 became the industry standard for this CD category, with many top nightclubs and DJs purchasing this innovation. However there are a few downsides to this product as described earlier in Chapter 1.2 and Chapter 2.1; scratching audio CDs only, while using a jog wheel had limited this device. Figure 2-1: Pioneer CDJ-1000 2.4 Stanton Final Scratch

Final Scratch [3] developed by Stanton takes a different approach in scratching digital audio. It utilises existing vinyl turntables to scratch audio files stored on a PC. Timing information recorded on vinyls were created for playback on the turntables, in which the Final Scratch product (pictured in Figure 2-2) process and in turn, control the playback of the selected audio file according to the vinyl’s timing information. Audio file formats supported are audio CD, WAV, AIFF, and MP3. Figure 2-2: Stanton Final Scratch

As can be seen, there is no longer a compromise for professional DJs when using Final Scratch because the music is still controlled by vinyl turntables.

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2.5 Digital Turntables

2.5.1 Denon SN-S5000

The Denon SN-S5000 [4] is the world's first digital turntable that incorporates a motor driven active platter to emulate the platter of a vinyl turntable. Playback is from CDs with the format audio CD and MP3 supported. The disadvantages of this product are the smaller rotating platter design than its 12” vinyl counterpart, and the limitation on playback from CDs only.

Figure 2-3: Denon SN-S5000

2.5.2 Pioneer DMP-555

Pioneer’s solution in manufacturing a digital turntable with MP3 capability is the DMP-555 [5]. Playback from both CD and SD card are supported. The SD card is a new removable digital media about the size of a postage stamp and come in sizes up to 64MB [6].

A jog wheel similar to its CDJ series was once again utilised to emulate the feel of vinyl scratching. This could deter vinyl DJs from using this product. Figure 2-4: Pioneer DMP-555

2.5.3 Numark CDX Details of this turntable were announced back in July and should be on sale near the end of the year [7]. The Numark CDX has most of the features that a vinyl DJ craves for in a digital turntable. It is a tabletop MP3 compatible CD player with an ultra-high torque motorized 12” platter that holds an actual vinyl record for the ultimate in vinyl scratch feel. Figure 2-5: Numark CDX

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2.5.4 Technics SL-DZ1200

This product was only announced recently and could be the dream digital turntable that could signal the end of vinyl scratching. The Technics SL-DZ1200 [8] is designed from its SL-1200 vinyl turntable and plays audio CD as well as MP3 formats stored on CD and SD card. The real weighted platter is of exact design from its vinyl cousin, and hence should give the ultimate vinyl feel as of the SL-1200 vinyl turntable. Technics have obviously thought hard in converting vinyl DJs into the digital world. Figure 2-6: Technics SL-DZ1200 2.6 Comparison

All products are compared in Table 2-1 below.

Products Medium File Turntable Cost Advantages Disadvantages format platter Pioneer CD Audio CD Jog wheel US$ Industry standard Limited to playback CDJ-1000 1000 for CD turntable from audio CD only, jog wheel for platter emulation Stanton HDD on Most Uses existing US$ Support most Requires PC and Final PC audio vinyl 700 audio formats, existing vinyl Scratch formats turntables vinyl turntables turntables for scratching Denon CD Audio 7” motor US$ MP3 capability, Limited to playback SN-S5000 CD, MP3 driven platter 1200 motor driven from CD, platter size platter not standard vinyl 12” , high cost Pioneer CD, SD Audio Jog wheel US$ MP3 capability, Jog wheel for platter DMP-555 card CD, MP3 1100 playback from 2 simulation mediums Numark CD Audio 12” motor Awaiting MP3 capability, Limited to playback CDX CD, MP3 driven platter release motor driven from CD, high cost platter expected Technics CD, SD Audio Platter from Awaiting MP3 capability, High cost expected SL-DZ1200 card CD, MP3 vinyl cousin release playback from 2 SL-1200 mediums, platter is same design of SL-1200

Table 2-1: Market comparison

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2.7 Summary

From Table 2-1, it can be seen that plain CD turntables like the Pioneer CDJ-1000 is limited to playing from audio CD while lacking the vinyl feel of scratching. The Final Scratch by Stanton is not designed as a stand alone digital turntable system, requiring a PC and existing vinyl turntables.

The digital turntables by Denon, Pioneer, Numark, and Technics are capable of MP3 playback but are costly in price. The Denon and Pioneer digital turntables lacks the real vinyl scratch feel while the Numark and Technics have not yet been released.

In addition, although a lot of music can be stored in one CD, it is insignificant when compared with a high capacity storage device like the HDD.

William Wong 11

CHAPTER 3:

Product Specifications

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

3.0 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Subsystems

Embarking on a project like this is easier managed when broken down into subsystems, which can be further divided into smaller sections if necessary. The subsystems can be recognised as: 1. Storage 2. User Interface 3. Controller 4. Data Output and Communication with Mr Garth Williams’ system 5. Firmware Figure 3-1 illustrates the relationship between the subsystems.

User Interface

Firmware Controller Storage

Project Integration with Mr Garth Williams' thesis

Figure 3-1: Project subsystems

3.2 Final Product

The project is aimed to be implemented as a polished product with all subsystems integrated onto once PCB covered enclosed by a professional casing. This casing should be robust, while providing friendly access to user interface. The size of the casing should be large enough to accommodate for a standard HDD size, while allowing easy fastening and removal of the HDD to the casing.

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3.3 Functional Definition

The minimum functionality of the user interface is for the HDD file system to be navigated using user control buttons, while the information is presented on the user display. Some playback functions might be needed to trigger the extraction of audio data if the project is not integrated with Mr Garth Williams’ system

3.3 Storage

3.3.1 Storage Medium As described in Chapter 1.2 and compared with the products in Chapter 2, digital turntables played from CD is limited to the capacity of a CD being 700MB. Storages with larger capacities than CD includes: · HDD · CompactFLASH card · USB flash drive Figure 3-2: CompactFLASH card CompactFLASH cards and USB flash drives with capacities greater than CDs are very expensive costing in excess of $500, whereas the HDD come in capacities greater than 40GB that costs less than $200. This is the reason why the HDD is the undoubted choice for storage in this thesis. For HDD interfacing, the ATA/IDE-3 standard will be followed. ATA/IDE-4 or higher standard utilises UDMA for file transfers which are designed for PC interface.

3.3.2 File Formats Since the choice of storage is a HDD, audio CD formats is no longer possible. However with many people encoding audio CDs into MP3 formats, due to the 80 minutes audio limit on audio CDs, audio CDs for music collection is on the decline.

Initially the project aims to extract WAV file format from the HDD as it requires no audio decoding for playback. However, if the product is not integrated with Mr Garth Williams’ system), the project should be easily extended to extract compressed audio formats like MP3 and WMA. This is because the extracted data are sent to the PC via USART for capture before playback, hence allowing the product can be easily be programmed to extract data from any file extensions – in this case: MP3 and WMA.

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3.3.3 Data Transfer Rate

When dealing with WAV, the data transfer rate of the HDD must be high enough so that no latency results when each sample is extracted. The following calculations can be made on a typical CD-quality WAV file: · Sampling rate at 44,100Hz per channel · For stereo mode (dual channel – left and right), the rate is 88200 samples per seconds. · Each sample is represented by 16 bits which is equivalent to 2 bytes. · Bytes per second rate = 88200´2 =176,400 Therefore the transfer rate of the hard drive must be greater than 176.4KB/s for WAV files. The maximum data rate for MP3 is 320Kbps which is equivalent to 40KB/s. If the HDD can transfer greater than the rate of WAV files, than it is definitely capable of MP3 files encoded with its maximum rate.

3.3.4 File System Management

The file system of the HDD should be compatible with most PC platforms, which is why the FAT32 file system was chosen due to its versatility with most Microsoft operation systems – Windows 95/98/NT/XP. A method is needed for the remote management of the HDD, so that audio files can be easily transferred without removal and connection with the user’s PC. The method chosen should have a high transfer rate and a simple interface with standard PCs.

3.4 User Interface

The user interface can be subdivided into two parts – user display, user control.

3.4.1 User Display The user display should be of reasonable size to allow the display of track information, and folder/file names of the HDD file system. The display should also be visible in dark environments, for example in a nightclub so that the DJ can see what he or she is doing.

3.4.2 User Control

The basic requirement of the user control is to allow easy file system navigation of the HDD. Playback functions like play, stop, pause, fast forward, and rewind will not be needed if the project is integrated with Mr Garth Williams’ thesis, because these controls are part of his system.

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The user control should consist of buttons that are easily controlled, and are placed near the user display to keep both user interfaces intact.

3.5 Controller

The controller can be thought of as the brain of the project which executes the firmware program developed for the system. It will control the extraction and buffering of audio data from the HDD while maintaining the user interface, and communication with Mr Garth Williams’ system. It should also relinquish full access of the HDD when the remote storage interface is detected with the user’s PC for file uploading to the HDD.

With the extraction and buffering of audio data from the HDD the main focal point of the controller, the speed and memory size of the controller is a crucial factor.

3.5.1 Memory The memory should be big enough to allow the storage of at least a few seconds of audio data, in addition of storing some FAT32 file system data. With MP3 data, the maximum bit rate is 320Kbps, which works out to 960K bits for 3 seconds of data. Add to that, the space to fill a cluster of FAT32 data (1 cluster = 8 sectors = 8 x 512 bytes = 8 x 512 x 8 bits = 32,768 bits), the total memory size should be a minimum of 1 megabits (refer to Figure 3-3 for the controller memory illustration).

Because the memory of microcontrollers is relatively small, an external memory system might need to be added to extend the controller’s memory capacity.

Store Audio data buffer FAT32 info

1Mbits+

Figure 3-3: Controller memory

3.5.2 Speed

In deciding a suitable speed for the controller, no definite criteria can be set. Obviously, the faster the controller, the better as it means more instructions can be executed at the same time. However, there is a trade off for speed increase, namely higher cost and power consumption.

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A balance should be reached in choosing a fast controller while keeping cost and power consumption down.

3.5.3 I/O Ports

The controller should have enough I/O pins to service all subsystems of the project. Several pins must also be interrupt-table for the detection user control, remote storage access, and communication with Mr Garth Williams’ system. Because the HDD uses 16-bits as its data word transfer, 16 I/O pins will be allocated to the controller as the 16-bit data bus for the data transfer of the HDD, external memory and to Mr Garth Williams’ system. Table 3-1 summarises the approximate I/O pins needed by each subsystem excluding the data bus.

Subsystems I/O pins HDD 8 External memory 3 User interface 14 Communication with Mr Garth 6 Williams’ System TOTAL 31

Table 3-1: Approximate total of I/O pins for controller

The HDD IDE/ATA interface requires a total of 8 I/O pins for signal control, with 5 pins used for addressing, 2 pins for read/write strobe signal, and 1 pin required for HDD reset.

For the external memory, 3 additional I/O pins are needed if the data bus is also used for addressing the memory with the help of latches. 2 pins are required for the memory read/write strobe while 1 pin will signal an address latch.

The user interface should require approximately 14 pins, with the user display occupying 8 pins in view of interfacing with a standard LCD display, while the user control takes up 6 pins to accommodate for a 3x3 matrix buttons design.

The communication with Mr Garth Williams’ system will require 2 I/O pins for the serial USART interface and approximately 2 to 4 more I/O pins for handshaking. More details for this subsystem are given in Chapter 3.6.

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3.6 Project Integration with Mr Garth Williams’ System

The buffered audio data is sent across to Mr Garth Williams’ system via the 16-bit data bus, Communication between both systems is maintained via the serial USART interface, while a few interrupt handshaking pins are also be needed on both systems to signal and coordinate each word transfer.

The USART communication will be used to trigger events and inform the opposite system its current state. For example, this system will need to inform Mr Garth Williams’ system if the user changes the track for playback. In this case, a byte sent to his system via the USART communication can be filled with a protocol message designating this event to interrupt his system.

3.7 Firmware

The firmware is the program written to the controller for execution. It will orchestrate all hardware connected to the controller including the HDD storage medium, user display, and user control.

3.7.1 Functions The main functions of the firmware and controller are: · Manipulate through the file system of the HDD · Extract and buffer audio data from the HDD · Display the current file/folder name being scrolled · Detect user control and implement the designated action · Send the buffered data to Mr Garth Williams’ system with the help of handshaking signals · Serial USART Communication with Mr Garth Williams’ system · Detection of remote storage interface and relinquish HDD

With most tasks occurring concurrently or close to each other, the speed of the controller and along with timing issues of the firmware must be heavily considered.

William Wong 18 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

3.7.2 Language

The C programming language chosen by the author is C, with a minimum use on assembly. The reasons for this are: · Efficient C compilers available for most microcontrollers · Most embedded systems are programmed in C · The magnitude of the firmware is better suited for C than assembly · The author’s familiarity with C in embedded programming

William Wong 19

CHAPTER 4:

Hardware Implementation

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.0 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Plan

The following plan was carried out for implementing the hardware phase of the project: 1. Subsystems design (Chapter 4.1 to Chapter 4.4) 2. Overall system design (Chapter 4.5) 3. Purchase components 4. PCB design and manufacture 5. PCB soldering and testing 6. Final product enclosure

4.2 Controller

4.2.1 Component Decision

Microchip’s PIC microcontrollers were briefly considered for the controller choice due to the author’s familiarity with its PIC16F87x series and already an owner of its programmer. However, with the top of the range microcontroller for the PIC16 family [9], the PIC16F877 has only 368 bytes of internal memory available and this is hardly enough for dealing with 16-bits HDD data transfer and stack sizes for the firmware.

With the higher PIC18 series family, the memory size of these microcontrollers improved. However, a new programmer was needed to program this family of microcontrollers as UQ does not own one. To purchase a programmer just to program a specific series of microcontrollers was considered not feasible.

With Atmel AVR development kits and resources available by UQ [10], the Atmel AVR microcontrollers were investigated for its suitability for the controller of this project. It was found that most Atmel AVR microcontrollers have higher speed and memory sizes than its PIC16 series counterparts, while keeping the cost approximately the same.

William Wong 21 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

The ATmega128 microcontroller [11] is the top of the range microcontroller from its AVR 8- bit family. It contains 4KB of internal SRAM with up to 16MIPS throughput when clocked at 16MHz. It also provides a giant 128KB of reprogrammable flash memory and 53 programmable I/O pins configured in 7 ports. With so many features, this controller is cheaply priced at A$29 from Polykom [12].

Figure 4-1: ATmega128 pin-outs

Using this microcontroller, the controller specifications made in Chapter 3.5 are easily satisfied. Hence, this controller was chosen to form the basis of the entire project. The TQFP package version with +5V operating voltage and 0-16MHz speed grade was purchased. Appendix A contains the first page datasheet of the ATmega128.

As can be seen in Figure 4-1, the schematic design of the ATmega128 is very flexible with turned-pin connectors joined to all I/O lines. This will allow easier debugging of I/O lines, while also realizing into a personal development board.

William Wong 22 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.2.2 Programming Interface

The simplest way to program the ATmega128 is by using the SPI interface for In-system programming which requires the following connections: RESET for holding in reset state, MOSI for serial-data in, MISO for serial-data out, and SCK for serial clock. However for the ATmega128, the MOSI/MISO pins for the programming interface are not mapped to those signals but rather, the PE0(RXD0)/PE1(TXD0) signals.

The STK200 programming dongles constructed by the laboratory supervisor, Mr Len Payne [13], were available at the thesis lab which allows the programming of Atmel AVR microcontrollers when the STK200 dongle is connected from the parallel port of a PC to the standard STK200 header on the system. The dongle requires a +5V supply from the system for powering a buffer chip. The schematic of the 10 pins programming header is illustrated in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2: STK200 programming header

4.2.3 Voltage Supervisory

A voltage supervisory circuit used by the school’s AVR8515 Project Board [13] was implemented for holding the ATmega128 in reset state until the +5V supply have reached above 4.6V. This avoids the microcontroller from triggering a false start if the +5V line is not above the logic high threshold.

William Wong 23 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Figure 4-3: ATmega128 voltage supervisory circuit

4.2.4 RS232 Terminal

A standard RS232 line driver circuit utilising the dual-channel MAX232N [14] was used for interfacing the USART interface with a PC. Jumper headers have been placed to isolate the TX and RX lines to give greater control. The first channel USART0 is designed to be a debugging terminal for the ATmega128 firmware, and hence is connected to a PC DB9 socket.

Figure 4-4: ATmega128 RS232 terminal

William Wong 24 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.2.4 External Memory

An external memory was added to the controller for storing FAT32 files system information of the HDD and to buffer audio data, as described in the specifications in Chapter 3.5. A 1Mbit SRAM arranged in 64K x 16 bits was chosen to accommodate with the system’s 16-bit data bus. The cheapest SRAM found was the Alliance Semiconductor’s AS7C1026 model from Farnell Australia [15], costing A$20.63.

However when the order was made, a fax return was received informing that the product is no longer manufactured but the alternate part was added as replacement. The alternate part was the model AS7C31026A which has the same specifications as the previous model with the exception that it is designed for +3.3V use. After investigating the datasheet for the alternate part (refer to Appendix B), it was found that the device can sustain a maximum rating of +5V. With that in mind, the memory can be biased to 4.5V without affecting performance. This ensures the device is not sustained at its maximum rating for a long period.

Latches are needed for latching the memory address from the data bus to the address lines of the SRAM. Two 8-bit latches were utilised for latching the 16-bit memory address. From the advice given by the external memory interface of the ATmega128 datasheet, the Fairchild 74VHC573 advance high speed latches were used with slower D to Q propagation delay, data setup time, and data hold time.

The output enable OE line along with the LB and UB lines are grounded, while the RD and WR lines from the Atmel controller controls the chip enable CE line and write enable WE line of the SRAM respectively. This configuration allows the SRAM to be in standby state whenever reading and writing to the SRAM is not required, hence saving on power consumption. For reading the SRAM, since the OE line is grounded permanently, an active RD line will enable the data output at the data bus. For writing to SRAM, both WR and RD lines must be active. To summarise the signals to the Atmel controller, two lines from the Atmel WR and RD are for controlling the memory read and write, while one latch line (ALE) is used for latching in the SRAM address from the data bus. This is illustrated in Figure 4-5.

William Wong 25 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Figure 4-5: External memory 4.3 Storage

4.3.1 ATA/IDE Interface The ATA/IDE interface is used for data transfer to and from the HDD, whereby 16 bits of data can be transmitted at the same time. A 40-pins IDE ribbon type cable is used as the medium for transmission. One end of the cable plugs into the hard drive, while the other end connects to the on-board controller. Out of the 40 signals, 6 lines are for grounding. The rest of the signals needed by the system are described below: · DD0 to DD15 represents the 16-bit data bus which is where all data are written to and read from the HDD · CS0, CS1, DA0, DA1, and DA2 are addressing inputs that selects the registers shown in Table 4-2 when combined with the read and write strobe signals (/DIOR and /DIOW) · /RESET is an active low hardware reset of the HDD

Before connecting these signals to the ATmega128, 2 ports are defined as the 16-bit data bus: PORTA as the least significant bits, PORTC as the most significant bits. The reason for choosing these ports is because the pins on these ports are situated next each other.

William Wong 26 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Table 4-1: 40-pin IDE connector signals

Table 4-2: HDD register selections

William Wong 27 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

The 16-bit data bus from the HDD is than connected to the ATmega128 data bus (PORTA, PORTC), while the addressing lines, read/write strobe lines, and /RESET line is connected to PORTF, which will be controlling the HDD operation. No connections are made with the remaining signals as they are used for DMA mode transfer which is not used by the system.

Figure 4-6: HDD control pins Figure 4-7: HDD data bus

4.3.2 File System Management The USB interface was chosen for the remote storage access of the HDD due to its high transfer rate compared with serial or parallel interface. Cypress manufactures a variety of USB microcontroller that can handle the mass storage class of the ATA/IDE interface. Samples were obtained of the Cypress SL11R-IDE chip which is basically a USB to IDE bridge chip. By following the development circuit and uploading the firmware provided, the HDD should appear as a remote drive on a PC when the USB connection is made. For the schematic of this system, please refer to the full hardware schematic in Appendix C.

The SL11R-IDE will be powered by the USB to ensure the chip is inactive when no USB connection is established. Since the chip is +3.3V powered, the LM1117 voltage regulator purchased from RS Components [16] was used to step down to this voltage from the USB voltage of +5V. The firmware of the SL11R-IDE is stored and loaded from the 16Kbits AT24C164 serial I2C EEPROM purchased from RS Components [16].

For the ATmega128 to detect a USB connection with a remote PC, the USB power (USBVCC) is directed to an interrupt-able pin in the ATmega128 to interrupt the system.

William Wong 28 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.4 User Interface

4.4.1 User Display

An alphanumeric LCD was chosen for the user display due to its low cost compared with graphics LCD units. The minimum requirement is a two rows LCD display with LED backlight, with the first row displaying the folder name, and the second row displaying the track name of the file system. The cheapest and most characters LCD that could be found was the GPC402-555-NYPBELY 40x2 characters LCD from PolyKOM [12].

There are 16 lines coming out of the LCD with pin 1 and 2 used by the LCD electronic (+5V and GND). The contrast of the display can be adjusted by placing a potentiometer at pin 3. Pins 7 to 10 are be left unconnected because 4-bit LCD interface mode will be used by the firmware which only utilises the most significant four bits of the LCD data bus (pins 11 to 14) for data transfer to and from the LCD. Pins 4, 5 and 6 are control signals for the LCD (RS, R/W, E), which along with the significant four bit data bus (pins 11 to 14) are connected to PORTB of the controller. Pins 15 and 16 are the anode and cathode points for the LED backlight. The cathode is connected to ground permanently, while the anode is connected to +5V via an ON/OFF switch for the user to control.

Figure 4-8: User display

William Wong 29 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.4.2 User Control

Although not all 9 buttons are needed for controlling the system, a 3x3 row column matrix pushbuttons system for the user control adds flexibility to the design. The columns of the matrix will be output from the system while the rows of the matrix are input to the system. Because the LCD 4-bit data bus is also output from the system, the three column lines of the matrix can utilise these lines.

For input into the system, the row lines of the matrix should be connected to interrupt-able pins so that the system is interrupted by a button press, and take trigger the appropriate event for that button press. Interrupt-able pins 6, 7 and 8 from PORTE are chosen for the row inputs of the user control matrix.

Resistor divider circuit were implemented for each row-column combination. This ensures minimal current drawn while allowing the row inputs to recognise a high when the buttons are pushed. The voltage input to a particular row when a button is pressed from a column outputting high is simply 10k/(10k+1k) x 5V = 4.54 volts, which is within the voltage high threshold for the ATmega128.

Figure 4-9: User control

William Wong 30 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

4.5 Project Integration with Mr Garth Williams

The hardware implementation for integrating with Mr Garth Williams’ system is illustrated in Figure 4-10 below. Signals D0 to D15 denotes the 16-bit data bus, while RXD1 and TXD1 are pins from the second channel USART. CTRL1 to CTRL4 are I/O pins allocated for handshaking with CTRL3 and CTRL4 interrupt-able.

Figure 4-10: Integration with Mr Garth Williams' System

4.6 Overall System Design

Appendix C contains the full hardware schematic with the subsystems combined. The 16-bit data bus located on PORTA and PORTC of the ATmega128 is shared among the HDD, SRAM, and the SL11R-IDE USB-IDE chip.

The power supply of the system will be +12V which is needed by the motor of the HDD. A voltage regulator is required to step down this voltage to +5V. Table 4-3 lists the total maximum current consumption of the overall design for +5V rail by the major subsystems. Components Max current (mA) ATmega128 20 MAX232 10 HDD 600 LCD + LED black 400 SRAM 160 TOTAL 1190

Table 4-3: Maximum current consumption of overall design

William Wong 31 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Add in safety margin of around 300mA, the voltage regulator must be capable of supplying a maximum of 1.5 amps. The L78S05 voltage regulator was found to be able to source 2 amps and was purchased from RS Components [16].

4.7 PCB Design and Manufacture

The full hardware schematic was transferred onto one PCB design in Protel. The PCB dimension was kept to within 5” x 4”, in view of fitting the PCB on top of the HDD. The PCB was manufactured at the Electronics Workshop [17].

Before submitting the PCB for manufacturing, design rules check and netlist compare were carried out to ensure the PCB is thoroughly checked against the design guidelines given by the Electronics Workshop, and the netlist compares exactly that of the schematic file. Appendix D and E contains the PCB in Protel and 3D view.

4.8 PCB Soldering and Testing

After the PCB was manufactured, all connections were checked against the schematic using the continuity tester on a multimeter. This ensures mistakes are picked up before any soldering work. The components were soldered from the smallest components to the largest, and continuity testing was again conducted to ensure correct connections and no undesired short-circuits.

The first thing to test was the power supply, which went smoothly with +5V coming out of the voltage regulator. The Atmel ATmega128 was tested next by ensuring that it can be programmed and detected by the STK200 dongle. The remaining components were eventually tested and be found functioning correctly.

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4.9 Product Enclosure

A metal enclosure was purchased from Dick Smith Electronics to house the HDD and PCB of the final product. A few days were spent at the Mechanical workshop at Hawken Building in drilling and cutting holes of the enclosures. The following tasks were completed on the enclosure:

· Securely mounting the HDD to the enclosure with metal screws · Square holes for USB socket, serial DB9 socket, and LCD user display · Holes for mounting the 6 user control pushbuttons and LEDs · Hole for mounting the potentiometer for LCD contrast · Holes for on/off switch and LCD LED-backlight switch

Appendix G contains photos of the final product.

William Wong 33

CHAPTER 5:

Firmware Implementation

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

5.0 FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Development Software

CodeVisionAVR was used as the C compiler for developing the firmware for the ATmega128. Its library file “stdio.h” allows the transmission of formatted text like printf command to the PC via the channel one USART interface. This proved to be an important debugging tool used for troubleshooting the firmware.

Version control of the firmware was implemented whereby each phase of the developing software was saved to a new file. A total of 15 versions were created during the firmware implementation of this thesis. Table 5-1 lists the descriptions of each version control and what it builds upon from the previous version.

Versions Code Description 0.1 Light a LED on I/O pin 0.2 Use “delay.h” library to blink LED 0.3 Use “lcd.h” library to display characters on LCD 0.4 Use “stdio.h” library to send characters to PC via USART0 0.5 Pushbuttons detection 0.6 SRAM read/write 0.7 Initialise and identify HDD 0.8 Sector reads from HDD send to PC via USART0 0.9 Sector reads from HDD to SRAM 1.0 FAT32 file system recognition 1.1 Process HDD root directory v1 1.2 Process HDD root directory v2 1.3 Root directory navigation with pushbuttons v1 1.4 SL11R-IDE USB interrupt control 1.5 Root directory navigation with pushbuttons v2

Table 5-1: Firmware version control

5.2 Early Developments

Early versions of the firmware were focused on getting familiar with programming in the Atmel AVR environment. The firmware focused on using basic library functions to delay, control the LCD, and send debugging information to PC via USART0.

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5.3 User Interface

5.3.1 User Display

For LCD interface to work with our hardware, the LCD port must be defined to PORTB as in our hardware schematic and library must be included as part of the project: #asm .equ __lcd_port=0x18 #endasm #include

The LCD must be first be initialised to the number of columns of the LCD, which is 40: lcd_init(40); The following commands are mainly used for controlling the LCD throughout the firmware:

· lcd_clear(); - clears the LCD and home the cursor at row 0, column 0

· lcd_gotoxy(x,y); - position the LCD cursor to column x, row y

· lcd_putsf(“str”); - displays at the current display position the string “str”, located in FLASH.

· lcd_putchar(c); - displays the character c at the current display position.

5.3.2 User Control

Timer/counter 1 was used to trigger the scanning of each column every 200 ms (the rate of 5 columns scanned per second). Three interrupts service routines are initialised to interrupt on the rising edge of each row, designating a push button has been pushed. To work out which button was pressed, a global variable last_column stores the last column scanned, and depending on which row interrupts, which pushbutton is triggered will be known.

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5.4 HDD Interface

The firmware begins by running the ata_init() function which executes the following tasks: · Toggle /IDE_RESET pin to hardware reset the HDD · Select device 0 (master mode) and LBA address translation mode in HDD device/head register · Send RECALIBRATE command to HDD command register and display error message on LCD if the error bit is set in the HDD status register

Next the device is identified by sending an IDENTIFY DEVICE command to the HDD command register, and than reading the 256 words of data about the device. Some of the identity information is displayed to the LCD for device information (ie. the HDD model number).

Functions are than created to read sectors or cluster of a hard drive into different form (a cluster is equal to 8 sectors, while a sector is 512 bytes or 256 words):

· ata_read_sector_sram(lba, page) The logical LBA sector is read into a page in external SRAM · ata_read_sector_buffer(lba, *buffer) The logical LBA sector is read into a local buffer array in the ATmega128 SRAM · ata_read_cluster_sram(cluster_no, sram_page) The logical LBA 8 sectors of a cluster is read into a page in SRAM

These functions are than used for reading the FAT32 file system contents on the HDD. Refer to Appendix J and K for firmware on the IDE interface.

William Wong 37 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

5.5 FAT32 File System

After the IDE interfacing, the next step for the firmware is to navigate through the FAT32 file system. The boot sector of the HDD (LBA address 0) is read and than checked to make sure it is formatted to FAT32.

Next, the root directory cluster is read into the first 8 pages of the external SRAM which contains the entries of all files and folders on the root directory of the HDD. Each entry is 32 bytes long, containing information about the file/folder including its name and the starting cluster location for the actual data.

Next, entries in the root directory cluster are scanned for valid audio file format (WAV, MP3 or WMA file extensions), and the position of the valid file’s entry in the root directory is stored in the array table WAVFileTable. For long file name contents, track names greater than 40 characters are ignored, as they cannot be fitted on the LCD screen. After scanning all contents in the root directory cluster and filling up the array table, the file name of the first entry in the table is displayed, and the user control is enabled to allow user navigation of the root directory.

The next track and prev track pushbuttons when activated will search for the next or previous entry in the array table that contains a valid audio file, and outputs that entry’s filename onto the LCD user display. Hence the navigation of the root directory has been implemented.

For extracting the current file displayed on the LCD screen, the play button must be pressed which triggers an interrupt service routine to send all data of the current file to the USART interface for capture and playback

Appendix H to L2 contains the full code listing of the firmware implemented.

William Wong 38 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

CHAPTER 6:

Product Evaluation

William Wong 39 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

6.0 PRODUCT EVALUATION

The final product has achieved most of the specifications defined in Chapter 3, with the main goal of extracting audio file from the HDD functioning well. The hard drive was capable of transferring 300 to 400 MB/s, which surpassed the specifications. The extracted audio files were compared with its original, using the hex editor program – WinHex [18], and was found to be equal in values, but with some additional bytes added.

Baud rate error in the USART interface is the probable cause for this error. Also, the HyperTerminal program used for the capture and saving the extracted audio files might have some emulation type problem, where some low ASCII values are recognised as escape sequences and byte values changes when stored to a file.

6.1 File System Limitations

The limitations of the audio file extraction and FAT32 navigation of the current product are: · Limited to searching audio files in the root directory · Limited to browsing the first 128 files or folders in the root directory. This is due to system’s limit on searching from the first root directory cluster. · All data in the last cluster of an audio file extraction is sent

6.2 Remote Storage Access

The SL11R-IDE USB chip when implemented produces some strange results. The HDD can be recognised as shown on Figure 6-1, with the correct capacity of the HDD displayed. However the drive could not be initialized by Windows and the file system format could not be detected. Some reasons for this could be an old firmware problem in the SL11R-IDE or the HDD is not compatible with the USB chip.

William Wong 40 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Figure 6-1: USB remote storage detection

6.3 Personal Reflections

My overall performance in the project was sound although my project management side of the thesis could be better. The hardware implementation stage of the thesis took too long, allowing not much time to develop the firmware. The use of Gantt chart and project management software would have improved my performance.

But nevertheless, this project was an invaluable experience for me as I gained knowledge in the Atmel AVR microcontrollers, the ATA/IDE interface along with the FAT32 file systems. My Protel skills in designing schematics and PCBs have strengthened.

William Wong 41

CHAPTER 7:

Future Developments

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

7.0 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

The short-term development of the project is to improve the shortcomings of the current file system navigation described in Chapter 6.1, and to get the USB remote interface working.

Another future development is to implementation this project with Mr Garth Williams’ turntable system, so that the audio files extracted in this system can be scratched.

Other possible expansion includes the interface with other storage sources such as serial ATA devices, CD/CD-R/CD-RW discs, compact flash cards, and USB flash drive.

A graphic LCD would also be a nice feature that enhances the appearance of the product.

William Wong 43

CHAPTER 8:

Conclusion

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

8.0 CONCLUSION

The storage and user interface of the project was not integrated with Mr Garth Williams’ system due to the lack of time for implementing the systems together. However the potential is there for combining the two projects into one digital turntable system.

The main goal of extracting audio files ranging from WAV to MP3 to WMA formats was fulfilled. The user interface was functional with the user control able to navigate the FAT32 file system’s root directory and display the right information to the LCD.

William Wong 45

CHAPTER 9:

Appendices

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

9.0 APPENDICES

Appendix A: ATmega128 Microcontroller

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Appendix B: AS7C31026A SRAM

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Appendix C: Full Hardware Schematic D C B A U8C9 100nF D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 GND GND GND GND GND GND +3V3 +3V3 +3V3 +3V3 +3V3 +3V3 +3V3 DATA+ DATA- U8C8 100nF 39 41 42 43 21 20 19 18 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 14 40 64 65 79 90 1 17 50 51 75 87 100 88 89 Revision U8C7 100nF A3 A2 A1 A0 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 GND GND GND GND GND GND VDD VDD VDD VDD VDD VDD VDD GPIO7 GPIO6 GPIO5 GPIO4 GPIO3 GPIO2 GPIO1 GPIO0 DATA- DATA+ Sheet of Drawn By: U8C6 100nF K6R3 4k7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 U8C5 100nF 4 4 SPSYNC IO16 PDIAG DA2 CS1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 U8C4 100nF SL11R-IDE Decoupling Capacitors GPIO31 GPIO30 GPIO29 GPIO28 GPIO27 GPIO26 GPIO25 GPIO24 GPIO23 GPIO22 GPIO21 GPIO20 GPIO19 GPIO18 GPIO17 GPIO16 GPIO15 GPIO14 GPIO13 GPIO12 GPIO11 GPIO10 GPIO09 GPIO08 RESET TEST WRL WRH RD RAS CASL CASH DRAMOE DRAMWR XRAMSEL XROMSEL XMEMSEL X_PCLK X1 X2 D8 D9 NC A2 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 CS1 U8 SL11R-IDE GND GND GND GND GND IO16 GND U8C3 100nF PDIAG SPSYNC 60 61 62 63 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 76 77 78 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 91 48 44 45 46 47 49 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 15 16 Number +3V3 29-Oct-2003 C:\Thesis\protel\ENGG4801_3.Ddb Thesis Project: Storage Management for MP3 Turntable RESET D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 GND DMARQ DIOW DIOR IORDY DMACK INTRQ A1 A0 CS0 DASP U8R1 1M K6 IDE SCL SDA USBPU TX RX PWC INTRQ DASP DIOW CS0 CS1 DIOR DETECT DA2 DA1 DA0 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 B

Title Size Date: File: 1 3 5 7 9 1 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 K14 USB_RESET 40-pins IDE Connector U8Y1 48MHz 3 2 IDE_RST D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 DMARQ DIOW DIOR IORDY DMACK INTRQ DA1 DA0 CS0 DASP +5V VCC USBVCC Power Selection 1 2 3 4 K13 5pins RST U8C1 10nF VDD +5V U8R2 100R 1 2 3 K6R4 5k6 K6R2 4k7 K6R1 470R JP6 PWRJP K6D1 HDDLED U8C2 22pF VSS +5V +5V VCC U9 MCP130-450HI/TO U8L1 3u3H +3V3 1k5 U11C1 100nF 1 U10C2 10uF + 1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 U11R1

U9C1 100nF

SCL SDA 2

USBVCC Vout

7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 29 30 31 32 35 36 37 38 28 23 22 1

JP7 USB_RESET_VDD GND 2 U7C2 100nF 8 7 6 5 NC NC NC I/O0 I/O1 I/O2 I/O3 I/O4 I/O5 I/O6 I/O7 I/O8 I/O9 I/O10 I/O11 I/O12 I/O13 I/O14 I/O15

U7 AS7C31026A-12TC

Vin VCC GND

U10 LM1117-3.3T 33 34

+5V

WP SCL

VCC SDA

GND

VCC R6 10k + 3 11 12 +5V 3 3 I2C EEPROM R5 10k VCC 3.3V Regulator A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 CE WE OE LB UB U7C1 100nF U10C1 10uF A0 A1 A2 GND U11 AT24C164-10PC R4 10k 5 4 3 2 1 6 44 43 42 27 26 25 24 21 20 19 18 17 41 39 40 1 2 3 4 PB PB PB A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 RD WR PB7 PB8 PB9 USBVCC DATA- DATA+ USBPU

LCD_D6 R3 1k J1C2 100nF +5V +5V 36 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 ALE A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 ALE J1R1 36 J1R2 J1R3 1k5 PB PB PB D1 D3 D5 D7 D9 D11 D13 D15 TXD1 CTRL2 CTRL4 PB4 PB5 PB6 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 20 11 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 20 11

LCD_D5 R2 1k O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 2 4 6 8 J1FB1 80(BEAD 1206 TYPE) VCC ALE VCC ALE 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 OE GND D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 OE GND 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 U5 74VHC573N U6 74VHC573N K12 OUTPUT System Output J1C1 100nF 1 2 3 4 USB Socket PB PB PB J1 USB TYPE B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 PB1 PB2 PB3 10 10

LCD_D4 R1 1k D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D0 D2 D4 D6 D8 D10 D12 D14 RXD1 CTRL1 CTRL3 Memory Buffer ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 PA 8pins PC 8pins PGL 3pins PD 8pins User Control 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 U1C1 22pF U1C2 22pF U1Y1 16.000MHz D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 WR RD ALE CTRL1 CTRL2 RXD1 TXD1 CTRL3 CTRL4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 K11 LCD 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 33 34 43 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 23 24 2 2 LCD_RS LCD_R/W LCD_E LCD_D0 LCD_D1 LCD_D2 LCD_D3 LCD_D4 LCD_D5 LCD_D6 LCD_D7 XTAL2 XTAL1 (A8) PC0 (A9) PC1 (T1) PD6 (T2) PD7 (RD) PG1 (A10) PC2 (A11) PC3 (A12) PC4 (A13) PC5 (A14) PC6 (A15) PC7 (WR) PG0 (IC1) PD4 K11C1 100nF (AD0) PA0 (AD1) PA1 (AD2) PA2 (AD3) PA3 (AD4) PA4 (AD5) PA5 (AD6) PA6 (AD7) PA7 (ALE) PG2 (XCK1) PD5 User Display U1C4 100nF

K11S1 LCD_BL

VCC

(INT0 / SCL) PDO GND K11P1 POT1

(INT1 / SDA) PD1 21

(INT2 / RXD1) PD2 (INT3 / TXD1) PD3 53 VCC GND

52 22 +5V +5V +5V U1C3 100nF PF0 (ADC0) PF1 (ADC1) PF2 (ADC2) PF3 (ADC3) PF4 (ADC4 / TCK) PF5 (ADC5 / TMS) PF6 (ADC6 / TDO) PF7 (ADC7 / TDI) AREF AGND AVCC PE0 (PDI / RXD0) PE1 (PDO / TXD0) PE2 (AC+ / XCK0) PE3 (AC- / OC3A) PE4 (INT4 / OC3B) PE5 (INT5 / OC3C) PE6 (INT6 / T3) PE7 (INT7 / IC3) PB0 ( SS ) PB1 (SCK) PB2 (MOSI) PB3 (MISO) PB4 (OC0) PB5 (OC1A) PB6 (OC1B) PB7 (OC2 / OC1C) PEN RESET PG4 (TOSC1) PG3 (TOSC2) U1 ATMEGA128 JP3 RX0JP JP5 RX1JP 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 62 63 64 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 19 18 1 TXD1_RS232 RXD1_RS232 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 K1 ALTPWR 2 PGU 2pins 1 2 3 RXD0 RXD1

CS1 CS0 DA2 DA1 DA0 IDE_RST DIOR DIOW GND +5V RXD0 TXD0 ROW3 ROW2 ROW1 USBVCC LCD_RS LCD_R/W LCD_E LCD_D4 LCD_D5 LCD_D6 LCD_D7 RESET K8 USART1

+12VIN 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SCK K10 PEN K1C1 4.7uF U2C4 1uF + + JP1 PF 8pins PE 8pins

PWRJMP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TXD1_RS232 3

U1C5 100nF

12 9 14 7 4 5 2 1 +5V PB 8pins 1 C2+ C2 - U2C5 100nF U3C2 100nF K9 AREF R1 OUT R2 OUT T1 OUT T2 OUT

2 VCC

16

+5V V-

U2 MAX232N 6

V+ GND

2 15 Vout

1uF 1uF

1 2 3

GND K4 GNDHEADER RS232 Terminal 3 + + R1 IN R2 IN T1 IN T2 IN C1+ C1 - Input Power U2C2 U2C1 1 1 8 1 3 13 11 10 Vin U3 L78S05CV + 1 U3C1 300nF +5V U4S1 RESET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +12V K5 STK200 RESET U4C1 22nF RXD1_RS232 1 2 3 K3 +5VHEADER U2C3 1uF Power Sockets TXD1 1 2 RXD0 +5V RESET SCK TXD0 Voltage Supervisory 1 +5V U3S1 PWRSW 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 JP4 TX1JP U4R1 10k

K5R1 470R

+12VIN 1 2 3 4 INPUT GND

K2 HDDPWR K5D1 PROGLED RESET 2 3 +5V TXD0 1 2 +5V K7 DB9F +5V +12V JP2 TX0JP STK200 Programming Header U4 MC34064P5 K0 12V D C B A

William Wong 49 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix D: PCB (Protel View)

William Wong 50 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix E: PCB (3D View)

William Wong 51 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix F: PCB Soldering

William Wong 52 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix G: Photos of the Final Product

Appendix G.1 Top view without cover

Appendix G.2 Front view

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Appendix G.3 Rear view

Appendix G.4 The LCD user display with LED backlight on

William Wong 54 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix H: Firmware (thesis.h)

/************************************************************* THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: thesis.h Code Description: Header file for thesis15.c **************************************************************/

// * CodeVision LCD Module Library Function using PORTB #asm .equ __lcd_port=0x18 #endasm #include

// * TYPE DEFINITIONS typedef unsigned char byte; // 8-bits typedef unsigned int word; // 16-bits typedef unsigned long int dword;// 32-bits (mainly for LBA-addressing) typedef struct // FAT DIR structure { byte name[11]; dword fstclus; } DIR; typedef struct // FAT Long File Name (LFN) structure { byte LFN_name[40]; dword fstclus; } LFN;

// * FUNCTION PROTOTYPES void init(void); void sram_read(word page, byte hex); void sram_read_buffer(word page, byte *buffer); byte sram_read_rootclus(word offset); void buffer_read(byte *buffer, byte hex); void USART1_tx(byte message); void FAT_BS(void); void scan_files(void); void file_update(void); void next_track(void); void prev_track(void); void play_once(void); dword FAT(dword cluster_no);

// * BITS/VARIABLE DEFINITIONS // System properties #define XTAL 16000000 #define USART0_BAUD 57600 #define USART1_BAUD 57600 // Byte manipulations #define ZERO 0 #define BIT0 0b00000001 #define BIT1 0b00000010 #define BIT2 0b00000100 #define BIT3 0b00001000 #define BIT4 0b00010000 #define BIT5 0b00100000 #define BIT6 0b01000000 #define BIT7 0b10000000 // Data bus #define DATA_BUS_LOW_IN PINA #define DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN PINC

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#define DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT PORTA #define DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT PORTC // SRAM #define SRAM_CONTROL PORTG #define SRAM_CONTROL_DIR DDRG #define SRAM_WR BIT0 #define SRAM_RD BIT1 #define SRAM_ALE BIT2

// * MACRO DEFINITIONS // Assembly #define SEI #asm("sei") #define CLI #asm("cli") #define NOP #asm("nop") #define TWO_NOPS NOP; \ NOP; // Exit - Atmel will do nothing and loops indefinately #define EXIT for(;;) NOP; // I/O ports and data bus initialisation #define DATA_BUS_DIR_IN DDRA = ZERO; \ DDRC = ZERO; #define DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT DDRA = (BIT7 | BIT6 | BIT5 | BIT4 | BIT3 | BIT2 | BIT1 | BIT0); \ DDRC = (BIT7 | BIT6 | BIT5 | BIT4 | BIT3 | BIT2 | BIT1 | BIT0); #define DATA_BUS_INIT DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = ZERO; \ DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT = ZERO; \ DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; #define PORTE_INIT PORTE = ZERO; \ DDRE = BIT1; #define PORTG_INIT SRAM_CONTROL = (BIT1 | BIT0); \ SRAM_CONTROL_DIR = (BIT2 | BIT1 | BIT0); // SRAM #define SRAM_ON SRAM_CONTROL &= ~SRAM_RD; #define SRAM_OFF SRAM_CONTROL |= SRAM_RD; #define SRAM_WRITE SRAM_CONTROL &= ~SRAM_WR; \ NOP; \ SRAM_CONTROL |= SRAM_WR; #define SRAM_LATCH SRAM_CONTROL |= SRAM_ALE; \ NOP; \ SRAM_CONTROL &= ~SRAM_ALE; // LCD #define lcd_blank lcd_clear(); #define lcd_home lcd_gotoxy(0,0); #define lcd_2ndrow lcd_gotoxy(0,1); #define lcd_2ndrowclear lcd_2ndrow; \ lcd_putsf(" "); \ lcd_2ndrow; #define lcd_display_normal _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT3 | BIT2); #define lcd_display_off _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT3); #define lcd_cursor _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT3 | BIT2 | BIT1); #define lcd_blink _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT3 | BIT2 | BIT0); #define lcd_shift_right _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT4 | BIT3 | BIT2); #define lcd_shift_left _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT4 | BIT3); #define lcd_move_right _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT4 | BIT2); #define lcd_move_left _lcd_ready(); \ _lcd_write_data(BIT4); #define lcd_space lcd_putsf(" "); #define lcd_sector_error lcd_blank; \ lcd_putsf("Sector read error! Scan device for disk"); \ lcd_2ndrow; \ lcd_putsf("errors... (Error code = 0x"); \ lcd_putchar(ata_read_register(ATA_REG_ERROR)); \ lcd_putchar(')'); \ delay_ms(5000); #define lcd_not_fat32_error lcd_blank; \ lcd_putsf("FAT32 file system not found! Please"); \ lcd_2ndrow; \ lcd_putsf("format device to FAT32 only..."); \ EXIT;

William Wong 56 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

#define lcd_stop lcd_gotoxy(18,0); \ lcd_putchar(ASCII_STOP); #define lcd_play lcd_gotoxy(18,0); \ lcd_putchar(ASCII_PLAY); // Characters for playback symbols #define ASCII_STOP 0xFF #define ASCII_PLAY 0x7E // USART0 - 'printf' function #define CLEAR_SCREEN "\0x1B[2J" #define cls printf(CLEAR_SCREEN); // Parameters to 'printf' function in HEX or ASCII form #define HEX 1 #define ASCII 0 // USART1 - commands of user control #define USART1_USB 0x00 #define USART1_STOP 0x01 #define USART1_PLAY 0x02 #define USART1_NEXT_FOLDER 0x04 #define USART1_NEXT_TRACK 0x08 #define USART1_PREV_TRACK 0x10 #define USART1_PREV_FOLDER 0x20 #define USART1_OTHER 0x40 // FAT BS - bytes combination #define bytes_to_word(offset) (((unsigned int)(bs[offset+1]) << 8) | (bs[offset])) #define bytes_to_dword(offset) (((unsigned long int)(bs[offset+3]) << 24) | \ ((unsigned long int)(bs[offset+2]) << 16) | \ ((unsigned int)(bs[offset+1]) << 8) | (bs[offset])) // FAT BS contents #define BPB_BytsPerSec bytes_to_word(11) #define BPB_SecPerClus (bs[13]) #define BPB_ResvdSecCnt bytes_to_word(14) #define BPB_NumFATs (bs[16]) #define BPB_RootEntCnt bytes_to_word(17) #define BPB_TotSec16 bytes_to_word(19) #define BPB_Media (bs[21]) #define BPB_FATSz16 bytes_to_word(22) #define BPB_SecPerTrk bytes_to_word(24) #define BPB_NumHeads bytes_to_word(26) #define BPB_HiddSec bytes_to_dword(28) #define BPB_TotSec32 bytes_to_dword(32) #define BPB_FATSz32 bytes_to_dword(36) #define BPB_ExtFlags bytes_to_word(40) #define BPB_FSVer bytes_to_word(42) #define BPB_RootClus bytes_to_dword(44) #define BPB_FSInfo bytes_to_word(48) #define BPB_BkBootSec bytes_to_word(50) #define BS_DrvNum (bs[64]) #define BS_Reserved1 (bs[65]) #define BS_BootSig (bs[66]) #define BS_VolID bytes_to_dword(67) // FAT32 data structure #define RootDirSectors 0 #define FATSz BPB_FATSz32 #define TotSec BPB_TotSec32 #define FirstSectorofCluster(N) (((N - 2) * (unsigned int)(SecPerClus)) + FirstDataSector) #define DataSec (TotSec - (BPB_ResvdSecCnt + (BPB_NumFATs * FATSz) + RootDirSectors)) #define CountofClusters (DataSec / SecPerClus) #define FATOffset (cluster_no * 4) #define ThisFATSecNum (ResvdSecCnt + (FATOffset / 512)) #define ThisFATEntOffset ((FATOffset % 512)) #define cluster_info (((unsigned long int)(fat[ThisFATEntOffset+3]) << 24) | \ ((unsigned long int)(fat[ThisFATEntOffset+2]) << 16) | \ ((unsigned int)(fat[ThisFATEntOffset+1]) << 8) | (fat[ThisFATEntOffset]))

#define BAD_CLUSTER 0x0FFFFFF7 #define EOC 0 // FAT32 root directory cluster contents #define RC_Name(n) (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+n)) #define RC_Attr (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+11)) #define RC_FstClus (((unsigned long int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+21)) << 24) | \ ((unsigned long int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+20)) << 16) | \ ((unsigned int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+27)) << 8) | (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+26)))

William Wong 57 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

#define RC_FileSize (((unsigned long int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+31)) << 24) | \ ((unsigned long int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+30)) << 16) | \ ((unsigned int)(sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+29)) << 8) | (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+28)))

#define ATTR_READ_ONLY 0x01 #define ATTR_HIDDEN 0x02 #define ATTR_SYSTEM 0x04 #define ATTR_VOLUME_ID 0x08 #define ATTR_DIRECTORY 0x10 #define ATTR_ARCHIVE 0x20 // LFN contents #define ATTR_LONG_NAME (ATTR_READ_ONLY | ATTR_HIDDEN | ATTR_SYSTEM | ATTR_VOLUME_ID) #define LFN_Short_Attr (sram_read_rootclus(((i+LFNpos)*32)+11)) #define LFN_Short_Name_Ext1 (sram_read_rootclus(((i+LFNpos)*32)+8)) #define LFN_Short_Name_Ext2 (sram_read_rootclus(((i+LFNpos)*32)+9)) #define LFN_Short_Name_Ext3 (sram_read_rootclus(((i+LFNpos)*32)+10)) #define LRC_Name1(n) (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+(n*2)+1)) #define LRC_Name2(n) (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+(n*2)+14)) #define LRC_Name3(n) (sram_read_rootclus((i*32)+(n*2)+28)) #define LFN_MASK 0x40 // Filename ASCII contents #define ASCII_W 0x57 #define ASCII_A 0x41 #define ASCII_V 0x56 #define ASCII_M 0x4D #define ASCII_P 0x50 #define ASCII_3 0x33 #define ASCII_SPACE 0x20 #define ASCII_DOT 0x2E

// * GLOBAL VARIABLES // Keypad byte last_column = 1; // FAT boot sector byte SecPerClus; word ResvdSecCnt; dword FirstDataSector, RootClus; // Playback - element of WAVFileTable currently being played byte CurrentFile; // Plaback - starting cluster containing current wav file, and its file size in bytes dword CurrentFileStartClus, CurrentFileSize; // Valid WAVE file's entry in root cluster stored in table, otherwise no entry is denoted by "0xFF" byte WAVFileTable[128]; // The number of sub components of LFN stored in its entry in table byte LFNFileTable[128];

William Wong 58 Appendix I: Firmware (thesis15.c)

/************************************************************** THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: thesis15.c Code Version: 1.5 Code Description: Final Firmware **************************************************************/

#include #include #include #include "thesis.h" #include "keypad.c" #include "ide3.c"

// * Timer 1 output compare A ISR // * Scan next keypad column every 200ms interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void) { keypad_scan(); }

// * INT4 ISR: Keypad ROW3 interrupt [EXT_INT4] void ext_int4_isr(void) { // Disable external interrupts except USBVCC (INT7) EIMSK = 0b10000000; EIFR = 0b10000000;

lcd_home; switch (last_column) { case 1: // ROW 3, COLUMN 1 //lcd_putsf("Push button 3 pressed!"); //lcd_space; USART1_tx(USART1_NEXT_TRACK); next_track(); break; case 2: // ROW 3, COLUMN 2 //lcd_putsf("Push button 6 pressed!"); //lcd_space; USART1_tx(USART1_OTHER); break; /* case 3: // ROW 3, COLUMN 3 lcd_putsf("Push button 9 pressed!"); break;*/ default: break; }

// Re-enable external interrupts EIMSK = 0xF0; EIFR = 0xF0; }

// * INT5 ISR: Keypad ROW2 interrupt [EXT_INT5] void ext_int5_isr(void) { // Disable external interrupts except USBVCC (INT7) EIMSK = 0b10000000; EIFR = 0b10000000;

2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

lcd_home; switch (last_column) { case 1: // ROW 2, COLUMN 1 //lcd_putsf("Push button 2 pressed!"); //lcd_space; USART1_tx(USART1_PREV_TRACK); prev_track(); break; case 2: // ROW 2, COLUMN 2 //lcd_putsf("Push button 5 pressed!"); //lcd_space; /* stop_play = !stop_play; if(stop_play == 0) { USART1_tx(USART1_STOP); //lcd_stop; }*/

USART1_tx(USART1_PLAY); play_once(); break; /* case 3: // ROW 2, COLUMN 3 lcd_putsf("Push button 8 pressed!"); break; */ default: break; }

// Re-enable external interrupts EIMSK = 0xF0; EIFR = 0xF0; }

// * INT6 ISR: Keypad ROW1 interrupt [EXT_INT6] void ext_int6_isr(void) { // Disable external interrupts except USBVCC (INT7) EIMSK = 0b10000000; EIFR = 0b10000000;

lcd_home; switch (last_column) { case 1: // ROW 1, COLUMN 1 //lcd_putsf("Push button 1 pressed!"); //lcd_space; USART1_tx(USART1_PREV_FOLDER); break; case 2: // ROW 1, COLUMN 2 //lcd_putsf("Push button 4 pressed!"); //lcd_space; USART1_tx(USART1_NEXT_FOLDER); break; /* case 3: // ROW 1, COLUMN 3 lcd_putsf("Push button 7 pressed!"); break;*/ default: break; }

// Re-enable external interrupts EIMSK = 0xF0; EIFR = 0xF0; }

// * INT7 ISR: USBVCC interrupt [EXT_INT7] void ext_int7_isr(void) { // ATA control pins high Z ATA_CNTRL_DIR = ZERO;

// Data Bus Hi Z DATA_BUS_DIR_IN;

// Switch off SRAM SRAM_OFF;

William Wong 60 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

// Disable global interrupts CLI;

// Signal USB connection to USART1 USART1_tx(USART1_USB);

// User display lcd_blank; lcd_putsf("USB connection established"); lcd_2ndrow; lcd_putsf("Unplug cable when finished");

// Wait indefinately until USB connection ceases while(PINE & BIT7);

// ATA control port re-initialise ATA_CNTRL_DIR = 0xFF;

// Scan root directory again lcd_blank; lcd_putsf("Root directory"); // Read root directory and store wave files entry in WAVFileTAble scan_files();

// Display first file name in WAVFileTAble CurrentFile = 0; file_update(); lcd_stop;

// Re-enable global interrupts SEI; }

// * READ A PAGE OF SRAM // * Returns a page of SRAM data to PC via USART0 // * Hex or ASCII display are chosen by the parameter 'hex' void sram_read(word page, byte hex) { word sram_address, i;

sram_address = page * 256; //printf("\r\n\r\nSRAM read from page = %u\r\n",page);

for(i = 0; i < 256; i++) {

// Latch address DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT; DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT = sram_address >> 8; DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = sram_address & 0x00FF; SRAM_LATCH;

// Send SRAM data to PC from latched address location DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; SRAM_ON; NOP; if(hex == HEX) { if(i % 8 == 0) { printf("\r\n"); } printf("%02X %02X ",DATA_BUS_LOW_IN,DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN); } else { putchar(DATA_BUS_LOW_IN); putchar(DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN); } SRAM_OFF; sram_address++; } }

// * READ A PAGE OF SRAM

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// * Returns a page of SRAM to local buffer in Atmel void sram_read_buffer(word page, byte *buffer) { word i, sram_address;

sram_address = page * 256;

for(i = 0; i < 256; i++) { // Latch address DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT; DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT = sram_address >> 8; DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = sram_address & 0x00FF; SRAM_LATCH;

// Store SRAM data to buffer DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; SRAM_ON; NOP; buffer[i*2] = DATA_BUS_LOW_IN; buffer[i*2+1] = DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN; SRAM_OFF; sram_address++; } }

// * READ A SECTOR STORED IN BUFFER ARRAY // * Returns a sector worth of data to PC via USART0 // * Hex or ASCII display are chosen by the parameter 'hex' void buffer_read(byte *buffer, byte hex) { word i;

printf("\r\n\r\n*** Buffer read ***\r\n\r\n");

for(i = 0; i < 256; i++) { if(hex == HEX) // Display in hex form { if(i % 8 == 0) { printf("\r\n"); } printf("%02X %02X ",buffer[i*2],buffer[i*2+1]); } else // Display in ASCII characters form { printf("%c%c",buffer[i*2],buffer[i*2+1]); } } }

// * READ A BYTE FROM SRAM // * Returns a byte from root cluster in SRAM from given offset number "offset" byte sram_read_rootclus(word offset) { word sram_address; byte data_return;

sram_address = offset / 2;

// Latch address DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT; DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT = sram_address >> 8; DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = sram_address & 0x00FF; SRAM_LATCH;

// return byte in position offset DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; SRAM_ON; NOP; if(offset % 2) { data_return = DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN; } else

William Wong 62 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

{ data_return = DATA_BUS_LOW_IN; } SRAM_OFF; sram_address++;

return data_return; }

// * USART1 TX // * Transmit the byte in parameter 'message' through USART1 void USART1_tx(byte message) { // Only send when USART1 transmit buffer is empty while(!(UCSR1A & BIT5)); UDR1 = message; }

// * MAIN INITIALISE FUNCTION // * Setup PORTs, TIMERs, USARTs, INTERRUPTs, ATA void init(void) { // Disable global interrupts CLI;

// Analog comparator off ACSR = BIT7;

// Pull up on input ports disabled SFIOR |= BIT2;

// 16-bit I/O data bus initialisation // Initialise as inputs // PORTA = D15..D8 // PORTC = D7..D0 DATA_BUS_INIT;

// SRAM I/O control initialisation // Initialise as outputs // PORTG.0 = /WR = '1' // PORTG.1 = /RD = '1' // PORTG.2 = ALE = '0' PORTG_INIT;

// ATA control pins initialisation // Initialise as outputs // PORTF = 0b11111111 (data bus high Z) PORTF_INIT;

// PORTE initialisation // PE0 for USART0 RX input // PE1 for USART1 TX output // PE4/PE5/PE6 for Keypad ROW3/ROW2/ROW1 EXT-INT input // PE7 for USBVCC EXT-INT input PORTE_INIT; // PORTE data direction: I I I I I I O I

// External Interrupts // INT4/INT5/INT6/INT7 Rising Edge Modes EICRA = ZERO; EICRB = 0xFF; EIMSK = 0xF0; EIFR = 0xF0;

// USART0 asynchronous tx mode // 8 data bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, // Baud rate specify in thesis.h header file // Use for data transfer UCSR0A = ZERO; UCSR0B = BIT3; // USART0 TX enable UCSR0C = (BIT2 | BIT1); // Async, 8 data, 1 stop, no parity UBRR0H = ZERO; UBRR0L = (XTAL / (16*USART1_BAUD)) - 1;

// USART1 asynchronous tx mode // 8 data bit, 1 stop bit, no parity, // Baud rate specify in thesis.h header file // Use for communication

William Wong 63 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

UCSR1A = ZERO; UCSR1B = BIT3; // USART1 TX enable UCSR1C = (BIT2 | BIT1); // Async, 8 data, 1 stop, no parity UBRR1H = ZERO; UBRR1L = (XTAL / (16*USART1_BAUD)) - 1;

// Timer/Counter 1 Output Compare A // CTC top = OCR1A mode // fclk/256 clock select (62.5kHz, 16us clk cycle) // OCR1A compare at 200ms (12500 x 16us = 200ms) TCCR1A = ZERO; TCCR1B = ZERO; //Timer 1 stopped for the moment TCNT1H = ZERO; TCNT1L = ZERO; // OCR1A = 12500 = 0x30D4 OCR1AH = 0x30; OCR1AL = 0xD4; // Output Compare A match interrupt enable TIMSK = BIT4;

// Initialise LCD module (40 char x 2 lines) lcd_init(40);

// Print opening message on LCD // Allow > 10 seconds for IDE device to spin up lcd_gotoxy(9,0); lcd_putsf("\0177 DIGITAL TURNTABLE \0176"); lcd_gotoxy(14,1); lcd_putsf("Loading."); delay_ms(2500); lcd_putchar('.'); delay_ms(2500); lcd_putchar('.'); delay_ms(2500); lcd_putchar('.'); delay_ms(2500); lcd_putchar('.');

// Initialise device ata_init();

// Identify device ata_identify();

// Determine file system of IDE device FAT_BS(); delay_ms(4000);

// Read root directory cluster to beginning of SRAM if(ata_read_cluster_sram(RootClus,0)) { lcd_sector_error; }

lcd_blank; lcd_putsf("Root directory");

// Read root directory and store wave files entry in WAVFileTAble scan_files();

// Display first file name in WAVFileTAble CurrentFile = 0; file_update(); lcd_stop;

// Enable global interrupts SEI;

// Start Timer1 256 prescaler (keypad scan) TCCR1B = (BIT3 | BIT2); }

// * UPDATE FILENAME AND FIRST CLUSTER INFO OF CURRENT FILE // * Filename on LCD updated to CurrentFile entry in WAVFileTable updated // * CurrentFileStartClus updated to CurrentFile entry in WAVFileTable updated void file_update(void)

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{ word i, y, LFNpos; byte count;

i = WAVFileTable[CurrentFile]; LFNpos = LFNFileTable[CurrentFile]; lcd_2ndrow;

// Proceed if entry is not a LFN if(LFNpos == 0) { // Display filename in 2nd row of LCD for(count = 0; count < 8; count++) { if(RC_Name(count) != ASCII_SPACE) { lcd_putchar(RC_Name(count)); } } lcd_putchar(ASCII_DOT); // Display file extension after dot after filename in 2nd row of LCD (should be "WAV") for(count = 0; count < 3; count++) { lcd_putchar(RC_Name(count+8)); }

// Store starting cluster for file in global variable CurrentFileStartClus = RC_FstClus; CurrentFileSize = RC_FileSize; } else // Process LFN entry { // Move to 1st long entry i += (LFNpos - 1);

// Write filename to LCD from 1st LFN entry to last LFN entry for(count = 0; count < LFNpos; count++) { for(y = 0; y < 5; y++) { if((LRC_Name1(y) != 0x00) && (LRC_Name1(y) != 0xFF)) { lcd_putchar(LRC_Name1(y)); } } for(y = 0; y < 6; y++) { if((LRC_Name2(y) != 0x00) && (LRC_Name2(y) != 0xFF)) { lcd_putchar(LRC_Name2(y)); } } for(y = 0; y < 2; y++) { if((LRC_Name3(y) != 0x00) && (LRC_Name3(y) != 0xFF)) { lcd_putchar(LRC_Name3(y)); } } i--; }

// Store starting cluster for file in global variable i += (LFNpos+1); CurrentFileStartClus = RC_FstClus; CurrentFileSize = RC_FileSize; } }

// * BOOT SECTOR DECODE // * Determine FAT type and sector/cluster structures of device void FAT_BS(void) { // Store FAT boot sector (512 bytes = 1 sector)

William Wong 65 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

byte bs[512];

// Read boot sector of device and determine its FAT type if(ata_read_sector_buffer(0,bs)) { lcd_sector_error; }

ResvdSecCnt = BPB_ResvdSecCnt; SecPerClus = BPB_SecPerClus; RootClus = BPB_RootClus; FirstDataSector = (ResvdSecCnt + (BPB_NumFATs * FATSz) + RootDirSectors);

if((BPB_RootEntCnt != 0) || (CountofClusters < 65525)) { lcd_not_fat32_error; // Device not formatted to FAT32 } else // Device is FAT32 { lcd_gotoxy(35,0); lcd_putsf("FAT32"); } }

// * READ INFORMATION ABOUT A CLUSTER IN FAT // * Return the result of the information obtained dword FAT(dword cluster_no) { byte fat[512]; // Read the sector in FAT holding information for given cluster

if(ata_read_sector_buffer(ThisFATSecNum,fat)) { lcd_sector_error; }

if(cluster_info > BAD_CLUSTER) // End of cluster, return EOC mark (0) { return EOC; } else if(cluster_info == BAD_CLUSTER) // Bad cluster, return bad cluster marker { return(BAD_CLUSTER); } else // User data, return next cluster of file { return cluster_info; } }

// * Scan root directory and fill the arrays WAVFileTable and LFNFileTable // * with the entries in root directory cluster containing a short or long name WAV file void scan_files(void) { byte WAVFileTablePos, LFNpos; word i;

// Clear WAVFileTAble array with 0xFF for(i = 0; i < 128; i++) { WAVFileTable[i] = 0xFF; } WAVFileTablePos = 0;

// Scan each root cluster entry for(i = 0; i < 128; i++) { // Proceed if there is an entry(!=0x00) and it is not empty (!=0xE5) if((RC_Name(0) != 0x00) && (RC_Name(0) != 0xE5)) { // Process short name entry if(RC_Attr != ATTR_LONG_NAME) { // Proceed if entry is not a directory, and is not a hidden/system/volume ID label file if(!(RC_Attr & ATTR_DIRECTORY) && !(RC_Attr & ATTR_HIDDEN) \ && !(RC_Attr & ATTR_SYSTEM) && !(RC_Attr & ATTR_VOLUME_ID))

William Wong 66 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

{ // Proceed if file extension is WAV or MP3 or WMA if(((RC_Name(8) == ASCII_W) && (RC_Name(9) == ASCII_A) && (RC_Name(10) == ASCII_V)) || \ ((RC_Name(8) == ASCII_M) && (RC_Name(9) == ASCII_P) && (RC_Name(10) == ASCII_3)) || \ ((RC_Name(8) == ASCII_W) && (RC_Name(9) == ASCII_M) && (RC_Name(10) == ASCII_A))) { WAVFileTable[WAVFileTablePos] = i; LFNFileTable[WAVFileTablePos] = 0; WAVFileTablePos++; } } } else // Process LFN entry { // Position of current sub component LFN LFNpos = RC_Name(0) & ~LFN_MASK; // Proceed if LFN is less than 40 characters if(LFNpos < 4) { // Proceed if short entry of LFN is not a directory, hidden/system/volume ID file if(!(LFN_Short_Attr & ATTR_DIRECTORY) && !(LFN_Short_Attr & ATTR_HIDDEN) \ && !(LFN_Short_Attr & ATTR_SYSTEM) && !(LFN_Short_Attr & ATTR_VOLUME_ID)) { // Proceed if short entry of LFN's file extension is WAV or MP3 or WMA if(((LFN_Short_Name_Ext1 == ASCII_W) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext2 == ASCII_A) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext3 == ASCII_V)) || \ ((LFN_Short_Name_Ext1 == ASCII_M) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext2 == ASCII_P) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext3 == ASCII_3)) || \ ((LFN_Short_Name_Ext1 == ASCII_W) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext2 == ASCII_M) && (LFN_Short_Name_Ext3 == ASCII_A))) { WAVFileTable[WAVFileTablePos] = i; LFNFileTable[WAVFileTablePos] = LFNpos; WAVFileTablePos++; i += LFNpos; } else // skip all remaining LFN sub components entry and short entry { i += LFNpos; } } else // skip all remaining LFN sub components entry and short entry { i += LFNpos; } } else // skip all remaining LFN sub components entry and short entry { i += LFNpos; } } } } } void next_track(void) { // point to first file in table if current file is last entry or the next entry is empty if(CurrentFile == 127 || (WAVFileTable[CurrentFile + 1] == 0xFF)) { CurrentFile = 0; } else // increment to next file in WAVFileTable { CurrentFile++; }

William Wong 67 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

// Update current file lcd_2ndrowclear; file_update(); } void prev_track(void) { byte prev = 127;

// point to last valid file entry in table if current file is first entry of table if(CurrentFile == 0) { while(WAVFileTable[prev] == 0xFF) { prev--; } CurrentFile = prev; } else // decrement to prev file in WAVFileTable { CurrentFile--; }

// Update current file lcd_2ndrowclear; file_update(); } void play_once(void) { word CScount; dword FileClus, Cluscount,NextClus; FileClus = (CurrentFileSize / (512 * SecPerClus)); lcd_play;

// Send first cluster ata_read_cluster_sram(CurrentFileStartClus,8); for(CScount = 0; CScount < SecPerClus; CScount++) { sram_read(8+CScount,ASCII); }

// Proceed if file is more than one cluster if(FileClus > 0) { // Get next cluster from FAT NextClus = FAT(CurrentFileStartClus); for(Cluscount = 0; Cluscount < FileClus; Cluscount++) { // Send next cluster given by FAT ata_read_cluster_sram(NextClus,8); for(CScount = 0; CScount < SecPerClus; CScount++) {

sram_read(8+CScount,ASCII); }

// Get next cluster from FAT NextClus = FAT(NextClus); } } lcd_stop; }

// * MAIN ROUTINE // * main void main(void) {

init();

// Loop indefinately EXIT; }

William Wong 68 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

Appendix J: Firmware (ide.h)

/************************************************************* THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: ide.h Code Description: Header file for ide3.c **************************************************************/

// * EXTERNAL FUNCTION PROTOTYPES extern void ata_init(void); extern void ata_hard_reset(void); extern void ata_identify(void); extern void ata_select_device(byte device); extern void ata_write_byte(byte ata_byte_write); extern void ata_write_cmd(byte ata_byte_write); extern byte ata_read_register(byte ata_register); extern byte ata_busy(void); extern byte ata_drdy(void); extern byte ata_drq(void); extern byte ata_err(void); extern word ata_read_word(void); extern byte ata_read_sector(dword lba); extern byte ata_read_sector_sram(dword lba, word page); extern byte ata_read_sector_buffer(dword lba, byte *buffer); extern byte ata_read_cluster_sram(dword cluster_no, word sram_page);

// * BITS/VARIABLE DEFINITIONS // ATA control pins on PORTF #define ATA_CNTRL PORTF #define ATA_CNTRL_DIR DDRF #define CS1 0b00000001 #define CS0 0b00000010 #define DA2 0b00000100 #define DA1 0b00001000 #define DA0 0b00010000 #define IDE_RESET 0b00100000 #define DIOR 0b01000000 #define DIOW 0b10000000 // ATA I/O control block registers // DIOW // |DIOR // ||IDE_RESET // |||DA0 // ||||DA1 // |||||DA2 // ||||||CS0 // |||||||CS1 // |||||||| #define ATA_REG_HIZ 0b11100011 #define ATA_REG_ALTSTATUS 0b11101110 #define ATA_REG_DEVICECNTRL 0b11101110 // ATA I/O command block registers #define ATA_REG_DATA 0b11100001 #define ATA_REG_ERROR 0b11110001 #define ATA_REG_FEATURES 0b11110001 #define ATA_REG_SECTORCNT 0b11101001 #define ATA_REG_SECTORNUM 0b11111001 #define ATA_REG_CYLINDERLOW 0b11100101 #define ATA_REG_CYLINDERHIGH 0b11110101 #define ATA_REG_DEVICEHEAD 0b11101101 #define ATA_REG_STATUS 0b11111101 #define ATA_REG_COMMAND 0b11111101

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// ATA status register #define ATA_STATUS_BUSY BIT7 #define ATA_STATUS_DRDY BIT6 #define ATA_STATUS_DF BIT5 #define ATA_STATUS_DSC BIT4 #define ATA_STATUS_DRQ BIT3 #define ATA_STATUS_CORR BIT2 #define ATA_STATUS_IDX BIT1 #define ATA_STATUS_ERR BIT0 // ATA device/head register #define ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0 0b11100000 // Device 0 LBA mode #define ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV1 0b11110000 // Device 1 LBA mode // ATA commands #define ATA_CMD_RECALIBRATE 0x10 #define ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY_DEVICE 0xEC #define ATA_CMD_READ_SECTORS 0x20

// * MACRO DEFINITIONS // ATA control pins initialisation #define PORTF_INIT ATA_CNTRL = (DIOW | DIOR | IDE_RESET | DA0 | DA1 | DA2 | CS0 | CS1); \ ATA_CNTRL_DIR = (DIOW | DIOR | IDE_RESET | DA0 | DA1 | DA2 | CS0 | CS1); // ATA status #define busy ata_busy() #define drdy ata_drdy() #define drq ata_drq() #define err ata_err()

#define ata_diow_pulse ATA_CNTRL &= ~DIOW; \ TWO_NOPS; \ ATA_CNTRL |= DIOW;

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Appendix K: Firmware (ide.c)

/************************************************************* THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: ide3.c Code Description: IDE interface for hard disk drive **************************************************************/

#include "ide.h"

// * INITIALISE ATA DEVICE // * Initialises Device 0 void ata_init(void) { // Hardware reset while(!drdy); ata_hard_reset(); delay_ms(10);

// Select device 0 LBA mode ata_select_device(0);

// Recalibrate device ata_write_cmd(ATA_CMD_RECALIBRATE);

// Check if error occured while(busy); if(err) { lcd_blank; lcd_putsf("Device error! Ensure device is not"); lcd_2ndrow; lcd_putsf("damaged and is readable..."); EXIT; //printf("\r\nDEVICE ERROR!! Error register = 0x%X.",ata_read_register(ATA_REG_ERROR)); } }

// * ATA DEVICE HARDWARE RESET // * IDE_RESET line is toggled low for 30us, specified in ATA-3 void ata_hard_reset(void) { DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_HIZ; ATA_CNTRL &= ~IDE_RESET; delay_us(30); ATA_CNTRL |= IDE_RESET; }

// * SELECT ATA DEVICE // * Default device is 0 void ata_select_device(byte device) { while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DEVICEHEAD; switch(device) { case 0: ata_write_byte(ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0); break; case 1: ata_write_byte(ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV1); break; default:

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ata_write_byte(ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0); break; } }

// * IDENTIFY ATA DEVICE // * Receive device information void ata_identify(void) { byte i; word word_read;

// Identify device while(!drdy); ata_write_cmd(ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY_DEVICE);

// Display device characteristic on 2nd row of LCD lcd_blank; lcd_2ndrow; while(!drq); word_read = ata_read_word(); if(word_read & 0x8000) lcd_putsf("ATAPI "); else lcd_putsf("ATA "); if(word_read & 0x0080) lcd_putsf("removable device detected"); else lcd_putsf("non-removable device detected");

for(i = 0; i < 26; i++) { ata_read_word(); }

// Display model number on 1st row of LCD lcd_home; for(i = 0; i < 20; i++) { word_read = ata_read_word(); lcd_putchar(word_read >> 8); lcd_putchar(word_read & 0x00FF); }

// Read the rest of identify device words for(i = 0; i < 209; i++) ata_read_word(); }

// * WRITE BYTE TO ATA I/O // * Writes a byte to lower data bus void ata_write_byte(byte ata_byte_write) { DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT; DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = ata_byte_write; ata_diow_pulse; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_HIZ; DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; }

// * WRITE COMMAND TO ATA COMMAND REGISTER // * Sends an ATA command to device void ata_write_cmd(byte ata_byte_write) { while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_COMMAND; ata_write_byte(ata_byte_write); }

// * READ ATA REGISTER // * Returns a byte from the register specified in parameter 'ata_register' byte ata_read_register(byte ata_register) { byte ata_byte_read;

DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; ATA_CNTRL = ata_register; ATA_CNTRL &= ~DIOR;

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TWO_NOPS; ata_byte_read = DATA_BUS_LOW_IN; ATA_CNTRL |= DIOR; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_HIZ; return ata_byte_read; }

// * CHECK BUSY BIT IN ATA STATUS REGISTER // * Returns 1 if device is busy with command block registers byte ata_busy(void) { if(ata_read_register(ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_STATUS_BUSY) return 1; else return 0; }

// * CHECK DRDY BIT IN ATA STATUS REGISTER // * Returns 1 if device is ready to accept command codes byte ata_drdy(void) { byte word_read;

word_read = ata_read_register(ATA_REG_STATUS); if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_BUSY) return 0; else if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_DRDY) return 1; else return 0; }

// * CHECK DRQ BIT IN ATA STATUS REGISTER // * Returns 1 if device is ready to transfer data byte ata_drq(void) { byte word_read;

word_read = ata_read_register(ATA_REG_STATUS); if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_BUSY) return 0; else if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_DRQ) return 1; else return 0; }

// * CHECK ERR BIT IN ATA STATUS REGISTER // * Returns 1 if error occured during last command byte ata_err(void) { byte word_read;

word_read = ata_read_register(ATA_REG_STATUS); if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_BUSY) return 0; else if(word_read & ATA_STATUS_ERR) return 1; else return 0; }

// * READ ATA DATA // * Returns a word from the data register word ata_read_word(void) { word ata_word_read;

DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DATA; ATA_CNTRL &= ~DIOR; TWO_NOPS; ata_word_read = DATA_BUS_HIGH_IN; ata_word_read <<= 8; ata_word_read |= DATA_BUS_LOW_IN; ATA_CNTRL |= DIOR; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_HIZ;

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return ata_word_read; }

// * READ ONE SECTOR // * Reads one LBA-addressed sector to PC via USART and returns an error code if any byte ata_read_sector(dword lba) { byte i,j; //word word_read;

printf("\r\n\r\n SECTOR: %u\r\n",lba);

// 28-bit LBA address lba += 63; //There are 63 sectors before boot sector which we discount lba &= 0x0FFFFFFF;

// Write bits 27 - 24 of LBA address to device head register while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DEVICEHEAD; ata_write_byte((lba >> 24) | ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERHIGH; ata_write_byte(lba >> 16);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERLOW; ata_write_byte(lba >> 8);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORNUM; ata_write_byte(lba);

// Write 1 to Sector count register (indicates only reading 1 sector) while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORCNT; ata_write_byte(1);

// Issue read sector command to command register ata_write_cmd(ATA_CMD_READ_SECTORS);

// Read the sector (512 bytes = 16 x 16 words) while(!drq); for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) { for(j = 0; j < 16; j++) { //word_read = ata_read_word(); printf("%X ",ata_read_word()); //printf("%c%c",(word_read & 0x00FF),(word_read >> 8)); } printf("\r\n"); }

while(busy); return(err); }

// * READ ONE SECTOR TO SRAM // * Reads one LBA-addressed sector into a page of SRAM and returns an error code if any byte ata_read_sector_sram(dword lba, word page) { word i, sram_address;

// 28-bit LBA address lba += 63; //There are 63 sectors before boot sector which we discount lba &= 0x0FFFFFFF;

// Write bits 27 - 24 of LBA address to device head register while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DEVICEHEAD; ata_write_byte((lba >> 24) | ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERHIGH; ata_write_byte(lba >> 16);

William Wong 74 2003 Thesis Report - Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERLOW; ata_write_byte(lba >> 8);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORNUM; ata_write_byte(lba);

// Write 1 to Sector count register (indicates only reading 1 sector) while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORCNT; ata_write_byte(1);

// Issue read sector command to command register ata_write_cmd(ATA_CMD_READ_SECTORS);

// Calculate actual SRAM 16-bit address from given page number // For page number greater than 255, we loop it back around the memory like a ring buffer if(page > 255) { page %= 256; } sram_address = page * 256;

// Read the sector to sram page(1 page = 256 words = 512 bytes) while(!drq); for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) { DATA_BUS_DIR_OUT; DATA_BUS_HIGH_OUT = sram_address >> 8; DATA_BUS_LOW_OUT = sram_address & 0x00FF; SRAM_LATCH;

// Write data to latched address location DATA_BUS_DIR_IN; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DATA; ATA_CNTRL &= ~DIOR; TWO_NOPS; SRAM_ON; SRAM_WRITE; SRAM_OFF; ATA_CNTRL |= DIOR; ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_HIZ; sram_address++; }

while(busy); return(err); }

// * READ ONE SECTOR // * Reads one LBA-addressed sector to internal SRAM and returns an error code if any byte ata_read_sector_buffer(dword lba, byte *buffer) { word i, word_read;

// 28-bit LBA address lba += 63; //There are 63 sectors before boot sector which we discount lba &= 0x0FFFFFFF;

// Write bits 27 - 24 of LBA address to device head register while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_DEVICEHEAD; ata_write_byte((lba >> 24) | ATA_DEVICEHEAD_DEV0);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERHIGH; ata_write_byte(lba >> 16);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_CYLINDERLOW; ata_write_byte(lba >> 8);

while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORNUM;

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ata_write_byte(lba);

// Write 1 to Sector count register (indicates only reading 1 sector) while(!drdy); ATA_CNTRL = ATA_REG_SECTORCNT; ata_write_byte(1);

// Issue read sector command to command register ata_write_cmd(ATA_CMD_READ_SECTORS);

// Read the sector (512 bytes = 256 words) while(!drq); for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) { word_read = ata_read_word(); buffer[i*2] = word_read & 0x00FF; // Low byte buffer[i*2+1] = word_read >> 8; // High byte }

while(busy); return(err); }

// * READ ONE SECTOR TO SRAM // * Reads one LBA-addressed sector into a page of SRAM and returns an error code if any byte ata_read_cluster_sram(dword cluster_no, word sram_page) { byte result, count;

for(count = 0; count < SecPerClus; count++) { result = ata_read_sector_sram(FirstSectorofCluster(cluster_no)+count, sram_page+count); }

return(result); }

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Appendix L1: Firmware (keypad.h)

/************************************************************* THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: keypad.h Code Description: Header file for keypad.c **************************************************************/

// * EXTERNAL FUNCTION PROTOTYPE extern void keypad_scan(void);

// * MACRO DEFINITIONS // Keypad #define clear_column PORTB &= ~(BIT6 | BIT5 | BIT4); #define COL1 PORTB |= BIT4; #define COL2 PORTB |= BIT5; #define COL3 PORTB |=BIT6;

Appendix L2: Firmware (keypad.c)

/************************************************************* THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (EE) 2003 SEMESTER 2 ENGG4801 THESIS PROJECT

Project: Storage and User Interface for Digital Turntable Supervisor: Dr Peter Sutton Author: William Wai-Luen Wong StudentID: 33633134 Email: [email protected]

Code Name: keypad.c Code Description: Keypad scan on columns **************************************************************/

#include "keypad.h" void keypad_scan(void) { clear_column; switch (last_column) { case 1: // Scan COLUMN 2 COL2; last_column++; break; case 2: // Scan COLUMN 1 COL1; last_column = 1; break; /*case 3: // Scan COLUMN 1 COL1; last_column = 1; break;*/ default: break; } }

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CHAPTER 10:

References

William Wong 78 10.0 REFERENCES

[1] Pioneer Electronics Australia Pty Limited. “Professional DJ Audio Products”. , 22 September 2003.

[2] Pioneer Corporation. “Press Release – June 12, 2003, Tokyo”. , 22 September 2003.

[3] Stanton Group. “Final Scratch”. , 14 April 2003.

[4] Denon Electronics. “Denon DN-S5000 Digital Turntable”. , 25 September 2003.

[5] Pioneer Electronics Australia Pty Limited. “Pioneer DMP-555”. , 25 September 2003.

[6] Viewz. “Removable Storage Guide – Flash Memory”. , 25 September 2003.

[7] Sonic State Ltd. “Numark Turntable plays CDs”. , 25 September 2003.

[8] DanceFrontDoor. “Technics SL-DZ1200 Digital DJ CD Player”. , 26 September 2003.

[9] Microchip Technology. “PIC16 Microcontroller Family”. , 28 May 2003.

[10] UQ ITEE. “Atmel AVR Resources”. , 28 July 2003.

[11] Atmel Corporation. “ATmega128 Microcontroller Datasheet”. , 28 July 2003.

[12] POLYkom. “POLYkom online provider”. , 5 August 2003.

[13] Payne, Len. “AVR8515 Project Board and STK200 Dongle Schematics”. , 5 August 2003.

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